Soon it will be 103 years since the birth of the prophet of the new Russia, Lev Gumilyov. There will be many events dedicated to this event. Naturally, many absolutely polar points of view will be expressed.

Among the Russian liberals and intelligentsia, there is probably no more hated figure than Lev Gumilyov. And this once again proves the correctness of his position on fundamental issues. In fact, he returned to the Russians their true history, in which there was no Tatar-Mongol yoke, but it clearly shows the fundamental difference between the Russian-Tatar imperial civilization from the East Slavic and, more broadly, European. If it were not for the Tatars, we would probably become Polish serfs, like Ukrainians and Belarusians. Gumilyov showed us our historical roots, the connection with which should help us survive and win in the modern global world of merciless competition for human souls and natural resources.

The theme of the Horde, or, more correctly, Russia as a continuation of the Horde, will again become the focus of the next discussions and, as always, will lead to a clash of opinions. From myself I can say that the economy speaks in favor of Gumilyov. Europe is in a serious crisis, the economic center of power is rapidly shifting towards Asia. This process began back in the mid-2000s, and respected analytical teams of leading Russian and international investment banks wrote about it back then.

The logic of money or greed largely determines the decisions of the elites, probably in all modern countries, and Russia, of course, is no exception. For 25 years now, like all other earthlings, we have been thinking primarily in terms of monetary categories. In Asia, positioning the Slavic brotherhood or liberal democracy is stupid, but declaring oneself the heirs of Batu Khan and Alexander Nevsky is very prestigious. In general, in terms of money and financial gain, if there were no Horde, it would have to be invented. But it was, and, as Gumilyov brilliantly showed, we are its direct continuation, despite the various experiments of the rulers of Romanov Russia and the post-Soviet era.

However, with almost one hundred percent probability, the theme will remain outside the celebrations dedicated to Gumilyov, in the language of the Great Steppe, people of long will, or passionate personalities. The theory is controversial for many, but its correctness has long been confirmed by life itself. The twentieth century greatly reduced the number of such people in Russia: two world wars, the Civil War and repressions, as well as the turmoil of the 90s, when perestroika ended in an active shootout and a struggle for property. At the same time, there are still such people in Russia. And they are absolutely superfluous in modern Russia, which is practically a paradise for the layman.

No one argues that after the twentieth century, rich in upheavals, the country needed a respite. However, the medal, as always, has two sides. The 2000s in Russia was probably a unique period in our history. Russia did not wage active wars, there were no political upheavals. Growth in production and rising oil prices ensured rapid revenue growth. Despite the relatively low overall labor productivity, the Russians quickly became a prosperous nation. Additional demand was provided by the lending activity of banks, while rates were rapidly declining. Privatization is over, the struggle for property has become much less, and it has become softer. The romantics of the knife and the ax went into civilized business. The political regime in the 2000s was probably the mildest in Russian history. Complete freedom: go wherever you want, you can go to Spain, go to church, a nightclub, be a guardian or an ardent oppositionist, an Orthodox fundamentalist or a gay person, nobody cares about that.

However, the prospect of buying a new car and other joys of the consumer society and cozy philistine family happiness clearly could not please passionate individuals. Not that these charms and values ​​were alien, they were simply uninteresting. People of long will quickly turned out to be superfluous people in post-communist Russia. Fate suggested the way out to the author of these lines. In the stock market, potential profits and risks are virtually unlimited. At the same time, professional activity in the stock market itself is a very competitive environment that requires professional feedback 24 hours a day. However, my case is only a rare exception to the general rule.

Of course, situations with extra people arose in different countries, at different times. However, usually there has always been, albeit not ideal, but a way out. A resident of Western Europe could go with the crusaders to fight in Palestine, Poland or the Baltic states, a Spaniard or a Portuguese could take part in the colonization of America, and a Russian could take part in the development of Siberia. There were times when superfluous people made history, it was they who made the formidable Genghis Khan out of the disgraced, deeply unhappy Tsarevich Temujin, it was they who made Peter the Great the Great and created the Russian Empire out of dull Muscovy. This list can be continued for quite some time.

However, recent events two years, Syria and Ukraine, showed a lot of interesting things. Our country faces very serious threats again. As long as we have oil and nuclear weapons, the West is unlikely to leave Russia alone, trying as much as possible to start a new internal turmoil or squabble at our borders. The modern bureaucratic system is much better than the anarchy and anarchy of the 90s, but it is very slow, corrupt and, like the Soviet one in the 80s, often unable to be adequate to the times. The most active and ambitious part of the citizens has been in business for a long time, and not in public service. During his reign, Putin stopped the collapse of the country, increased the size of the economy 10 times in dollar terms, returned natural rent to the treasury, and did many other useful things. However, he did not dare to change the elite, which to a large extent remains a product of the Soviet-Yeltsin era.

Liberals very often like to repeat that Russia is a weak and non-competitive country. And they are partly right about that. The only thing that is largely uncompetitive is not the citizens of Russia or its companies, but its modern elite. Sooner or later, history will send it to the landfill, and I really would not want Russia itself to go to the landfill with it. In the formation of a new elite, one cannot do without superfluous people; at all times, among all peoples, they have been the engine of change. The main thing is to start the process of change, which is so frightening for the layman and which people of long will like so much. They will do the rest themselves, because for them the interests of the state and, in principle, the process itself, associated with risk, are much more interesting than a well-fed, stable philistine life. For them, always and everywhere, as the most famous of the superfluous people - Temujin, who became Genghis Khan, said, "it is better to be the last among wolves than the first among jackals."

Age of Kalmyk Eurasianism: Russia and the Kalmyks

“Kalmyks are my favorite people. Don't call me Leocall me Arslan (Arslan - in Kalmyk - Lion). L.N. Gumilyov

Kalmyks (self-name - Oirats) as an ethnic group formed in the upper reaches of the Yenisei and in the Baikal region, from where they were resettled in Western Mongolia (Altai-Khangai Highlands) Genghis Khan. They became part of the empire of Genghis Khan, and their further history will be closely intertwined with the legacy that remained on the world geopolitical, religious, cultural map after the Mongol campaigns, with the desire of the people to preserve as much as possible everything that the Shaker of the Universe achieved.

In addition to participating in the wars of Genghis Khan as part of the vanguard of the Mongol troops, the Oirats played an important role in establishing the Hulaguid Empire (but named after Hulagu, the son of Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis Khan) in Persia in the middle. 13th century From the end of the XI century. their role in Central Asia increased, and in 1408, in recognition of their power and influence, the three main Oirat princes received the highest Chinese titles. In different periods of the Middle Ages, the Kalmyks subjugated a vast territory from Mongolia to Iran, from Siberia to Tibet. During the fifteenth century they twice united Mongolia under their rule, in 1449, having defeated the imperial army, they could capture Beijing, but the reverent attitude towards the Celestial Empire and the traditional respect for the authorities and authorities inherent in the Kalmyks prevailed - the Oirats did not dare to occupy the practically defenseless city, but a little later, without profit for themselves, they released the captive emperor.

In the history of Central Asia, the state of the Oirats was known as the "union of four": the Oirats consisted of the union of four large clans of the Dzungars, Derbets, Torgouts and Khoshouts. In view of the desire of the Dzungar khans to subjugate all the Oirats, some of the Oirats decided to secede and create their own states. This part of the Oirats moved west and settled in the Lower Volga region. Other Oirats - khoshouts - in the 30s. XVII century moved south, and in 1642 conquered Tibet. It was thanks to the Kalmyk Hoshout tribe that the Dalai Lamas, beginning with the Great Fifth (Ngawang Gyatso, 1617-1682), became the religious and secular heads of Tibet. The Khoshut Khanate in Tibet existed until the 1920s. XVIII century After the departure of the Torgouts, parts of the Derbets and Khoshouts, the remaining Oirats created the Dzungar Khanate.

The future Russian Kalmyks, after about 40 years of wandering in Siberia and the Urals, again found themselves at the same latitude as in their homeland, in Dzungaria. The biodiversity of the steppes was similar, the soil and water conditions allowed the Kalmyks to maintain the quality of their products (meat, milk) and the pedigree of livestock at the same level. Muslims again became neighbors of the Kalmyks in the Volga region, as in Central Asia. What was new was to develop reliable relations with the "white khan", i.e. Russian emperor, and determine their place on the administrative and military-political map of the new homeland.

The Kalmyk Khanate arose in the 30s-40s. XVII century, and almost immediately began to have a great influence on all the processes that took place in the region of the Caspian Sea, the North Caucasus. There have never been wars between Kalmyks and Russians. The Kalmyks initially agreed to be a frontier army (hence, by the way, the Russian outback - from the Kalmyk "zaha ulus", frontier, i.e. distant people), and fulfilled their assignment with honor.

Kalmyks and Russians in the shortest possible time managed to achieve mutual understanding and mutual respect, which was extremely important for the Russian state in the troubled period of the formation of the rule of the house Romanovs. The southern border of the state has been a truly defenseless underbelly since the time of Kievan Rus, and in general, the sudden and imminent appearance here of warlike nomads, known to the whole world since the time of the Mongol yoke, who came with peace and cooperation, allowed Moscow to finally decide on the choice of a strategic ally in this most important area of ​​their geopolitical interests. In the future, the Kalmyks will render invaluable services to the Russian authorities in repulsing the troops of the interventionists, in particular Sweden, Turkey, France, and later Germany. Kalmyks actively participated in the suppression of internal unrest; for example, they suppressed the rebellion of the Nekrasovites, and Kondratiy Bulavina the soldiers of the son of Khan Ayuki - Chakdorzhab were taken prisoner. The energy of the Kalmyks was used by Moscow in a beneficial way for the state - the Kalmyks took an active part in the Caucasian wars (their nomad camps passed along the Terek), the subjugation of Astrakhan, the Crimea, in wars with the Kazakhs and Turkmens (the Turkmen region in the Stavropol Territory is the result of the relocation of the Kalmyks under the control of Moscow Turkmens of Mangyshlak).

The devotion of the Kalmyk soldiers to Russia was confirmed not only in carrying out effective military operations, but also in preventing enemy actions. Sometimes this warning extended to the awakening of sympathy for Russia among entire peoples, including with their subsequent involvement under the protection of Russian weapons. Such actions include the migration of other Kalmyk clans from Dzungaria (modern Xinjiang of the PRC) to the Kalmyk Khanate, the resettlement of the Altai peoples to the Volga in the middle. 18th century, assistance to the Russian authorities in establishing ties with the Chinese and Tibetan sides, etc.

The Kalmyks repeatedly confirmed their loyalty to Russia by participating in the implementation of measures and conducting special operations in Tibet, China, and Mongolia. In 1919, the heads of the Kalmyk Bolsheviks A.Chapchaev and A.Amur-Sanan sent V.I. Lenin dealing with a complete plan for the transfer of Red Army units to the Nepal-Bhutan-Sikkim border, in order to cut off the British from influence on Tibet and Central Asia. The plan was approved by V. Lenin and L. Trotsky, but could not be realized due to the fact that Siberia was then controlled by the Whites. The revolution of 1917 also divided the Kalmyks, as well as all Russians. The Kalmyks made their invaluable contribution both on the side of the Reds and the Whites.

At the end of the civil war, the First Cavalry Red Army, where there was a significant percentage of Kalmyks, was transferred to the Crimea, which was captured by Wrangel. The Red Kalmyk regiments were able to break through the famous Chongar fortifications and break into the peninsula. Wrangel also used the Kalmyk troops, especially at the most difficult moment - to protect the remnants of his army and the civilian population that were being loaded onto ships.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Kalmyks heroically defended their Motherland. In terms of the number of Heroes of the Soviet Union as a percentage of the Kalmyk people proper, the Kalmyks occupied one of the first places in the USSR. The Kalmyks played their part in bringing Europe and Asia closer together, to the benefit of Russia. It is known that a whole galaxy of famous personalities of Russia got acquainted with the East (specifically, with Tibet and China) and Buddhism precisely thanks to the Kalmyks: H. P. Blavatsky, L.N. Tolstoy, they wrote about the special fate of the Kalmyks A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, V.A.Gilyarovsky, N.K. Roerich, many travelers and scientists.

Religion and people

Oirats in the XII-XIV centuries. were Nestorian Christians. The closeness of the ideas of Christianity and Buddhism allowed Buddhism to spread and establish itself among the militant nomads during the 14th-15th centuries in a fairly short period of time. Despite the pacifying effect of the new religion, the Kalmyks continued their active foreign policy. Historically, the Oirats turned out to be the western barrier of the Mongol-Buddhist world, and it was on the Oirat borders that the wave of the spread of Islam stopped in the 15th-16th centuries. Even the Turkic word "Kalmyk" itself, according to a number of scholars, means "those who remained pagans", "those who did not accept Islam".

Despite the rejection of Islam as a religion, the Oirat khans highly valued the education and especially the entrepreneurial spirit of Muslims, and often gave them responsible assignments. For example, the Oirats used Muslims in their trips to China as trade agents, sometimes they were interpreters and even ambassadors from the Oirats to the Russians.

The Oirats managed to so smooth interfaith tensions and relieve interethnic tension that the Muslim peoples considered it good to get closer to the Oirats and call them to arbitrators. "More than once in the history of Central Asia, it happened that it was the alliance with the Kalmyks that determined the viability of states. And even in Lhasa, these warlike and sedate steppe khans enjoyed special honor" ( Shishkin O. Battle for the Himalayas. Moscow, 2000. - S. 178.)

Having voluntarily entered Russia and found themselves far from Tibet, the Kalmyks continued to follow Buddhism. Orthodoxy became somewhat widespread among them, especially among those who converted to the Cossacks. Buddhism, thanks to conformism and openness, entered into peaceful coexistence with Orthodoxy. This was also facilitated by the fact that the ideas of Buddhism and Orthodoxy are generally close. There is every reason to assert that of all the Christian religions, only Orthodoxy most closely converges theologically and historically with our most ancient world religion.

We see the reasons for this, in general, the special position of Russia, in the fact that Russia, as a huge geopolitical entity, was and is at the junction of two civilizations and worlds - East and West, for the West Russia is an eastern country, and this definition suited both Russia and the whole world . The pro-Western policy of Peter the Great was balanced by an active Eastern policy. In this regard, it is interesting to note the great importance that Peter assigned to the Kalmyks, who by that time (the end of the 17th - the beginning of the 18th centuries) had lived in Russia for about a hundred years and had proved their devotion to their new homeland.

Kalmykia, especially within the pre-war borders, is located in a unique zone of Russia: the combination of various natural landscapes, the energy of the region, like a magnet, pulled there the peoples necessary for this region - the Huns, the Khazars, the Mongols of Genghis Khan, and after a certain period of calm - the Kalmyks and Russians. Under the Kalmyks, this land was finally assigned to the Russian state. Thanks to the Kalmyks, Russia became more interested in both their former homeland, Dzungaria, and mysterious Tibet, especially since the Himalayan region has traditionally been of great interest to the eastern policy of the Russian state. Unfortunately, the policy in this direction was inconsistent: thus, bogged down in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1762, Russia was unable to provide assistance to the Kalmyk Dzungar Khanate, which was dying from the Chinese genocide, and later practically gave Xinjiang to China. In Soviet times, the situation did not change much.

Russia's main rival in the East in general, and in this region in particular, has always been England, which surrounded Russia in a dense ring from the south: India, Afghanistan, Persia, and Turkey were under its influence. The growth of contradictions between Russia and England has intensified since the beginning of the 20th century. The first in the 20th century a clash (albeit implicit) between Russia and England should be recognized as the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The position of this island state during the First World War is well known - here England dreamed of expanding its colonies from India to Egypt, from Cairo to Cape Town. At the same time, Great Britain played the role of a natural ally, a friendly mediator, a determined opponent of the Russian invasion and a true defender of Islam.

The establishment of Soviet power led to new forms of struggle between the Soviet Union and Great Britain. The new directions of interests of this island state - the Far East and the Russian North - have been clearly identified. Without abandoning its far-reaching plans, England managed to conclude a trade agreement with Soviet Russia in 1921, which essentially meant the recognition of a new state. In Mongolia, with the active support of the Kalmyks, Soviet power was established. Such successes of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs and the People's Commissariat of National Affairs weakened the authorities' interest in Tibet and Central Asia.

When analyzing Muslim extremism, it is often overlooked that it was in England at different times that the headquarters of extremists were and are located, and it is England, of all Western countries, historically most closely associated with Islam. Now there is only one Muslim region in Eurasia that is not under the influence of Western intelligence services - this is the North Caucasus. It is also unique in that, in fact, it crowns the entire Caspian region, where only Muslims live (with the exception of Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region). Muslim extremism, carefully nurtured as an antipode and replacement for the idea of ​​the national liberation movement of Eastern Islamic countries and initially conceived as ersatz Islam, was aimed at creating a new Balkan "problem hub" in this southern Russian territory. Thus, the entire Caspian region in an extremely short time has turned into a powder keg, the fuse of which is in the Russian North Caucasus. We are currently seeing other manifestations of this policy in Russia. It is possible that Kalmykia is considered as a possible cluster of Anglo-Saxon oil companies in Russia, which would allow them to create a single economic space, including North-Western Kazakhstan (Tengiz), Astrakhan region, Kalmykia, Chechnya and Dagestan, and thereby cut off Moscow from the Caspian .

Having a decisive influence on Iran and Turkey, since the late 80s. England is intensively penetrating into Transcaucasia, and at the present time - into the North Caucasus, in particular, and Kalmykia. In the struggle for the Caspian resources, the countries of the West, as well as Iran and Turkey, are striving to increase their influence in this most important geopolitical region as much as possible. On the territory of Russia, Turkey is still in the lead: its emissaries have been actively and for a long time working in Altai, in Tuva (Muslim figures), as well as in the Baltic countries. Iran wants to gain influence in the Caucasus and the Volga region. Without going into details, I would like to emphasize that if the activity of these countries in the North Caucasus and the Volga region continues in the same direction, i.e. when no attention is paid to the ideological component of this process, then there will be a temptation to organize also a virtually direct official route for the promotion of Wahhabism and the ideology of militants to the north, to purely Orthodox regions (using Buddhist Kalmykia as a springboard). Should Islamic fundamentalists establish themselves in the territory of Kalmykia, the chain reaction of pan-Islamism threatens to spread to the Astrakhan region, and thus Russia will lose all its influence in this key region. Then the newly voiced slogan about secession of Kalmykia from Russia, as already stated by Ilyumzhinov at the end of 1998, will be justified: up to a hundred people leave the republic every day, and up to fifty people from the North Caucasian republics arrive.

In mid-July 2000, Charles Lonsdale, First Secretary of the Embassy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the Russian Federation, and Thomas Drew, Second Secretary of the Embassy, ​​visited Elista for the first time. First of all, they were interested in ... the living conditions of refugees - Meskhetian Turks, the observance of their rights. Presumably, Turkey will soon show its interest in the fate of its fellow tribesmen. In addition, the British were interested in the local media and their capabilities (Izvestia Kalmykia, July 27, 2000, p. 2.).

It should be noted that during the years 1993-2000. Kalmykia moved away from the Mongol-Tibetan world in many respects, and gradually, step by step, delegations from the countries of the Near and Middle East became the most frequent guests of the republic. The unscrupulousness and venality of some politicians and the negligence of others allow such events to unfold on Russian soil. The central authorities, as in all recent years, look at Ilyumzhinov's antics from only one angle: "If only there was no war," And thereby revealing their complete ignorance of both the Kalmyks and Russian-Kalmyk relations.

Kalmyk Diaspora and Buddhism

The entire world is currently in a rebuilding process. Former approaches and views need to be changed; in order to preserve national security, we need new ideas, plans, new people who could revive our Motherland. In this regard, it is necessary to involve the Kalmyks and the Kalmyk diaspora in the implementation of certain areas of Russian Eastern policy. A significant Kalmyk diaspora lives in China, in Europe (in France) and in the USA. In the last two or three years, the Kalmyks, who disagreed with Ilyumzhinov's internal policy, formed a fairly large colony in Prague. And all these people, wherever they live, are worried about the fate of their Motherland - Kalmykia. Under Ilyumzhinov, ties between the republic and foreign Kalmyks (primarily with the Chinese) were broken. Foreign Kalmyks are very influential people in business and politics, even in countries such as China, the USA, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. But, as His Holiness the Dalai Lama said, the homeland of the Kalmyks, the source of the people, their culture and future is not China, not the States, not Europe, but Kalmykia within Russia. That is why the entire Kalmyk diaspora is concerned about the fate of the republic, and especially Kalmyks from China (Xinjiang Kalmyks). In general, Xinjiang can be called a significant, significant region in the system of Russian-Chinese relations. Firstly, it is the gateway to Tibet, together with Xinjiang Tibet - the two largest regions of China, where separatist sentiments are currently strong, in connection with which China has problems with ensuring the internal and external security of the state.

Xinjiang (formerly Dzungaria) is the homeland of the Kalmyks, from where the Kalmyks left for Russia at the end of the 16th century. and where for the most part returned almost 200 years later. It was near this area that the Nerchinsk peace treaty was signed in 1689, as a result of which Russia lost a significant part of the territory of the Albazinsky Voivodeship, and China was able to throw all its forces into the destruction of the Kalmyk Dzungar Khanate. Finally, Xinjiang is a unique enclave of geo- and biodiversity. Unfortunately, the use of the real potential of Xinjiang (this is how one can determine the political, historical and cultural significance of this region for both China and Russia) for Russian Far Eastern policy today is severely limited by internal Russian problems, and to a certain extent (although this may , clearly and not traceable) - the absence of the Kalmyk component in the system of Russian-Chinese relations.

The specifics of the internal situation in Xinjiang (Turkic-Muslim separatism) determined the special approach of the Beijing authorities to the issue of appointments to a particular post in this province: preference is given to Kalmyks, who are traditionally far from all sorts of separatist and anti-state sentiments, and, in fact, whose homeland and is Xinjiang. Thus, our friends, with whom we maintain the closest contact, are not just the leaders of the Chinese Kalmyks, but also high statesmen: Lama Shalva Gegyan is the spiritual head of the Kalmyks, Bada is a deputy of the NPC, and others. Kalmyks also hold responsible positions at various levels of government and administration in neighboring provinces, in Beijing. These leaders are ready to provide any possible assistance not only to Russian Kalmyks, but to Russia as a whole.

Holy places for Kalmyks are the mountains of Tibet. The common historical past has determined mutual respect between our peoples. Tibetans traditionally call Russia a country of gold - gyaser (for example, India is a country of "whites" - "gyagar", since the teachings of the Buddha arose there, China is a country of "blacks" - "gyanag", because Tibet and China have long been at enmity) . The Dalai Lama has always been the head of the Kalmyk Buddhists (whereas, for example, the Buryats had their own Khambo Lama at the head of the community, and the Tuvans had the Kambo Lama), and his authority in Kalmykia is extremely high. We maintain close relations with the current Fourteenth Dalai Lama, who takes the troubles of the republic to heart. For example, it was thanks to the Dalai Lama that since the beginning of 1999 the dissemination of the ideas of munism in the schools of Kalmykia was stopped.

About eastern politics

The Kalmyks are actually the only Russian people who, thanks to a rather influential diaspora in China and centuries-old cultural and historical ties with India (today these ties are strengthened by the residence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan community in the north of India), are able to act as a natural, organic and reliable beginning linking these three great countries - Russia, India and China (with the latter not only as a neighbor, but also as one of the leaders in the Asia-Pacific region).

When developing a new concept of Russia's eastern policy, it is very important to take into account not only the "high" state level, but also the lower ones, on which, in fact, the state level stands. As you know, in China since ancient times, everything that concerned neighbors was included in the chronicles. In their constructions, the Chinese rely on the so-called developed and tested for centuries. "stratagems", which, as the Russian sinologist V.S. Myasnikov notes, "represented a synthesis of an assessment of the situation and a theoretically developed specific plan or plans in case a similar situation repeats. In a certain sense, this stratagem is akin to an algorithm in mathematics." Consequently, in its policy approaches towards Russia, China will rely primarily on the past of Russian-Chinese relations, taking into account all past successes and mistakes. And the Kalmyks played an important role in these relations (suffice it to recall that until the end of the 18th century, the Chinese had contact with St. Petersburg only through the mediation of the Kalmyks). There is also such a complex, and at the same time extremely important aspect in the domestic policy of the Russian Federation, as the relationship of the federal center to small peoples (almost all of them are of Eastern origin), to the Asian republics and other administrative entities. We see that some regions (Bashkortostan, Tataria) receive a lot of attention from the center, while small peoples (Kets, Shors, Nganasans, etc.) get practically none.

Three republics and two entities receive some middle position in this scenario: Kalmykia, Buryatia, Tuva, Ust-Orda and Aginsky Buryat districts (the Republic of Altai can also be included here). Unfortunately, the potentials of these republics practically remain unclaimed. Meanwhile, the Buddhist potential of these regions is fraught with great opportunities. Among them, Kalmykia should be singled out first of all.

Kalmykia is an ideal place to begin implementation of structural adjustment programs in all areas of life - from education to education, from production to consumption. In addition, the republic has a strategically convenient location, and the population, in terms of education, mentality, culture and upbringing, is ready to accept and implement ideas in various fields: in agriculture and the processing industry, in water treatment, in energy and transport, in waste disposal, etc. .d., incl. based on the use of the latest technologies, while maintaining geo-bio-balance, which is extremely important when changing the information envelope of the Earth at the turn of two millennia.

It is Kalmykia, through the territory of which many peoples and cultures have passed, for dozens of centuries, was able to accumulate in itself the energy of peoples and cultures long gone into oblivion, which, multiplied by the aura of the people living in this territory, is a unique enclave capable of playing one of the leading roles in Russia of the 21st century.

Alexander Lezhinov

Since the 17th century, the Kalmyks have taken an active part in the history of Russia. Experienced warriors, they reliably guarded the southern borders of the state. The Kalmyks, however, continued to roam. Sometimes not willingly.

"Call me Arslan"

Lev Gumilyov said: “Kalmyks are my favorite people. Don't call me Leo, call me Arslan." "Arsalan" in Kalmyk - Lev.

Kalmyks (Oirats) - immigrants from the Dzungar Khanate, began to populate the territories between the Don and the Volga at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. Subsequently, they founded the Kalmyk Khanate on these lands.

The Kalmyks themselves call themselves "halmg". This word goes back to the Turkic “remnant”, or “breakaway”, since the Kalmyks were that part of the Oirats that did not accept Islam.

The migration of Kalmyks to the current territory of Russia was associated with internecine conflicts in Dzungaria, as well as with a shortage of pastures.

Their advance to the lower Volga was fraught with a number of difficulties. They had to resist the Kazakhs, Nogais and Bashkirs.

In 1608 - 1609, the Kalmyks for the first time took the oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar.

"Zakha ulus"

The tsarist government officially allowed the Kalmyks to roam the Volga in the second half of the 40s of the 17th century, nicknamed "rebellious" in Russian history. The tense foreign policy relations with the Crimean Khanate, the Turks and Poland posed a real threat to Russia. The southern underbelly of the state needed irregular border troops. This role was assumed by the Kalmyks.

The Russian word "outback" is derived from the Kalmyk "zakha ulus", which means "border" or "distant" people.

The then ruler of the Kalmyks, taisha Daichin, declared that he was always "ready to beat the sovereign's disobedient." The Kalmyk Khanate at that time was a powerful force in the amount of 70-75 thousand cavalry soldiers, while the Russian army in those years consisted of 100-130 thousand people.

Some historians even erect the Russian battle cry "Hurrah!" to the Kalmyk "uralan", which translates as "forward!"

Thus, the Kalmyks could not only reliably protect the southern borders of Russia, but also send part of their soldiers to the West. The writer Murad Aji noted that "Moscow fought in the Steppe with the hands of the Kalmyks."

Warriors of the "white king"

The role of the Kalmyks in Russia's foreign military policy in the 17th century is difficult to overestimate. Kalmyks, along with the Cossacks, participated in the Crimean and Azov campaigns of the Russian army, in 1663 the Kalmyk ruler Monchak sent his troops to Ukraine to fight the army of the hetman of the right-bank Ukraine, Petro Doroshenko. Two years later, the 17,000-strong Kalmyk army again marched on Ukraine, participated in the battles near Belaya Tserkov, Kalmyks defended the interests of the Russian tsar in Ukraine in 1666.

In 1697, before the "Great Embassy", Peter I assigned the responsibility for protecting the southern borders of Russia to the Kalmyk Khan Ayuk, later the Kalmyks took part in the suppression of the Astrakhan rebellion (1705-1706), the Bulavin uprising (1708) and the Bashkir uprising of 1705-1711 years.

Internecine strife, exodus and end of the Kalmyk Khanate

In the first third of the 18th century, internecine strife began in the Kalmyk Khanate, in which the Russian government directly intervened. The situation was aggravated by the colonization of the Kalmyk lands by Russian landowners and peasants. The cold winter of 1767-1768, the reduction of pasture land and the ban on the free sale of bread by the Kalmyks led to mass starvation and loss of livestock.

Among the Kalymks, the idea of ​​returning to Dzungaria, which at that time was under the rule of the Manchu Qing Empire, became popular.

On January 5, 1771, the Kalmyk feudal lords raised the uluses that roamed along the left bank of the Volga. An exodus began, which turned into a real tragedy for the Kalmyks. They lost about 100,000 men and almost all their livestock.

In October 1771, Catherine II liquidated the Kalmyk Khanate. The title "khan" and "viceroy of the khanate" were abolished. Small groups of Kalmyks became part of the Ural, Orenburg and Terek Cossack troops. At the end of the 18th century, the Kalmyks who lived on the Don were enrolled in the Cossack class of the Don Army Region.

Heroism and disgrace

Despite the difficulties of relations with the Russian authorities, the Kalmyks continued to provide significant support to the Russian army in wars, both with weapons and personal courage, and with horses and cattle.

Kalmyks distinguished themselves in the Patriotic War of 1812. Three Kalmyk regiments, numbering more than three and a half thousand people, took part in the fight against the Napoleonic army. For the battle of Borodino alone, more than 260 Kalmyks were awarded the highest orders of Russia.

During the First World War, the tsarist government carried out repeated requisitions of livestock, mobilization of horses and the involvement of "foreigners" in "work on the construction of defensive structures."

Until now, the topic of cooperation between the Kalmyks and the Wehrmacht is problematic in historiography. We are talking about the Kalmyk cavalry corps. Its existence is difficult to deny, but if you look at the numbers, you can’t say that the transition of the Kalmyks to the side of the Third Reich was massive.

The Kalmyk cavalry corps consisted of 3,500 Kalmyks, while during the war years the Soviet Union mobilized and sent to the ranks of the army about 30,000 Kalmyks. Every third of those called to the front died.

Thirty thousand soldiers and officers of the Kalmyks is 21.4% of the number of Kalmyks before the war. Almost the entire male population of active age fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War as part of the Red Army.

Due to cooperation with the Reich, the Kalmyks were deported in 1943-1944. The following fact can testify to how serious the ostracism was in relation to them.

In 1949, during the celebration of the 150th anniversary of Pushkin, Konstantin Simonov made a report on his life and work on the radio. When reading the "Monument" Simonov stopped reading at the place when he should have said: "And a Kalmyk friend of the steppes." The Kalmyks were rehabilitated only in 1957.

EUFSH ZHPFPZTBZHYS: BOOB BODTEKHOB BINBFPCHB U NKhTSEN OILPMBEN UFERBOPCHYUEN ZKHNYMECHSHCHN (ON CH ZHPTNE - IDEF RETCHBS NYTPCHBS CHPKOB) Y USHCHOPN MSHCHPN. “Bi! HMSCHVYUYCHPZP RFEOYUYLB RPDBTYMB NOE UHDSHVB", - RYUBMB POB FTENS ZPDBNY TBOSHIE, CH PLFSVTE 1912-ZP.

... h 1921 ZPDKh OYLPMBK UFERBOPCHYU VKHDEF TBUUFTEMSO RP PVCHYOEOYA CH HYBUFYY CH LPOFTTECHPMAGYPOOPN ЪBZPCHPTE. eZP RPYYS CHETEEFUS L YUYFBFEMA FPMSHLP CH LPOGE CHPUSHNYDEUSFSHCHI. BOOB BODTEECHOB… CHRTPYUEN, P FCHPTYUEUFCHE Y TSOYOY CHEMILPZP THUULPZP RPFFB Y'CHEUFOP DPUFBFPYuOP. h FPN YUYUME Y PV PULPTVMEOYY HER H DPLMBDE b. tsDBOPCHB Y CH RPUFBOPCHMEOYY chlr (V) "p TsHTOBMBI "CHEDDB" Y "MEOYOZTBD" PF 14 BCHZHUFB 1946 ZPDB, LPFPTPE, KhChShch, DP UYI OE PFNEOEOP Y RTYMETSOP YЪHYUBEFUS UFHDEOFBNY. hRPNSOHFSh PV FPN OEPVIPDYNP, RPULPMSHLH UHDSHVB USCHOB CHPRTELY YCHEUFOPK ZHPTNHME "USCHO B PFGB OE PFCHEYUBEF" PLBBMBUSH RTSNPK BCHYUYNPUFY PF TPDYFEMSHULPK: mShChH oYLPMBEChYYuH RTYYMPUSH PFCHEYUBFSH B FTYDGBFSCHI B PFGB (vEMPNPTLBOBM, oPTYMShUL) RSFYDEUSFSCHI B - B NBFSH. "NETSDH" - VSCHMP HYBUFYE CH VPSI CHEMYLPK PFEYUEUFCHEOOOPK, RPUME rPVEDSH - PLPOYUBOYE HOYCHETUYFEFB, DYUUETFBGYS ABOUT UPYULBOYE UFEREOY LBODYDBFB YUFPTYYUEULYI OBL. rPUME TEBVYMYFBGYY - TBVPFB ABOUT ZEPZTBJYUEULPN ZHBLKHMSHFEFE MEOYOZTBDULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPZP HOYCHETUYFEFB (LUFBFY, OPUSEEZP YNS b.tsDBOPCHB), HYUEOPE WHBOYE DPLFPTBY OBYUFPTY. UFEROBS FTYMPZYS m.o zHNYMECHB, PICHBFSCHCHBAEBS RPMFPTB FSHCHUSUEMEFIS TsOYOY OBTPDCH PF bNHTB DP dHOBS, YJCHEUFOB OE FPMSHLP UREGYBMYUFBN - LFOPZTBZHBN, CHPUFPLPCEDBNY, YUFP. PRHVMYLPCHBOSH DEUSFLY UVBFEK, LOIZY YIDBAFUUS Y GB THVETSPN. y CHUE CE "y'CHEUFIS" OEBCCHOP URTBCHEDMYCHP OBRYUBMY PV LFPN YUEMPCHELE: "at PDOK UFPTPOSCH, CHEUSHNB Y'CHEUFOSHCHK, B U DTKhZPK, LBL OY UFTBOOP, NBMP LPNH YYYTPLPK RHVMYLY OBLPNSCHK".

pVMBUFSH OBHYUOSHI YOFETEUPCH m.o. eZP FTHD "FOPZEOE J VYPUZHETB ENMY" W UPPFCHEFUFCHYY have TEYEOYEN hYuEOPZP UPCHEFB MZKh PF 30 1978 PLFSVTS ZPDB, VSCHM PFREYUBFBO FYTBTSPN B PDYO LENRMST J DERPOYTPCHBO PE chUEUPAOSchK YOUFYFHF OBHYUOPK J FEIOYYUEULPK YOZHPTNBGYY (chyoyfy). at FEI RPT U UFPZP FTEIFPNOPZP FTBLFBFB UOSFB OE PDOB FSHCHUSYUB LPRYK, Y CHPF H VHDHEEN ZPDH RMBOYTHEFUS CHSCHHRHUL LOYZY. dTHZBS TBVPFB m.o. zHNYMECHB - "DTECHOSS THUSH Y CHEMYLBS UFERSH" - ZPFPCHYFUS L REYUBFY CH nPULCHE, CH YODBFEMSHUFCHE "NSCHUMSH".

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - lPZDB S OBJOYOBM ЪBOYNBFSHUS OBHLPK, - ZPCHPTYF SWORD OILPMBECHYU, - PVTBFYMUS L DTECHOYN LPOFBLFBN OBTPPDCH, FATLBN, NPOZPMBN. lBMBPUSH LFB RTPVMENBFIILB CHDBMY PF UCHTENEOOSHHI RTPVMEN. th ChDTKhZ OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHE PFOPYEOIS YUFPTYUS NETSOBGYPOBMSHOSHCHI UCHSKEK - CHDTKHZ - CHUE LFP PLBBMPUSH CH GEOPTE CHUEI YOFETEUPCH!

lPTT .: dB, RTPVMENB NETSOBGIPOBMSHOSHCHI PFOPIEOYK, LPFPTBS OEDBCHOP OE CHRPMOE PUPOBCHBMBUSH LBL RTPVMENB, CHUE YUBEE RTYCHMELBEF GENERAL CHOYNBOYE. h PDOPN Yb OEDBCHOYI RBTFYKOSHCHI DPLHNEOPHFCH UDETSBOOP ZPCHPTYFUS P "NOPZPMEFOEN OECHOINBOYY" L OEK. rTEDNEF OBYEZP TBZPCHPTTB - OE RMPDSC LFPZP OECHOYNBOIS, POY YJCHEUFOSHCH, OP UEZPDOSIOEE UPUFPSOYE FEPTYY, RPFTEVOPUFSH CH LPFPTPK FBL CHEMYLB, EUMY NSC IPFYN MKHYUYE OBFSH DTHZB.

SWORD ZKHNYMECH: - LFOPZTBZHYS - OBHLB PRIUBFEMSHOBS. POB UPVITBEF NBFETYBMSCH P MADSI, ABOUT OBU

OE RPIPTSI. eee h dtechoen eZIRFE UENIFSCH YЪPVTTBTSBMYUSH VEMSHCHNY, OZTSCH YUETOSCHNY, EZIRFSOE TSEMFSHCHNY, MYCHYKGSCH LTBUOP-LPTYUOECHCHNY. rPFPN ZTELY PVOBTHTSYMY LHDB VPMSHIEEE YUYUMP MADEK,

ABOUT UEVS OE RPIPTSYI, Y OBCHBMY YI "LFOPUSCH": FFP UMPCHP POBUBEF "RPTPDB". UMBCHSOULYK LCHYCHBMEOF "SHCHGSCH". WHAT LFOPUB OEF OH PDOPZP YUEMPCHELP ABOUT ENME, Y LBCDSCHK - S UEKYUBU GYFYTHA UPVUFCHEOOHA LOIZKH - ABOUT ChPRTPU "lFP FSh?" PFCHEFIF: "THUULYK", "ZHTBOGH", "RETU", "NBUBY" Y F.D., OE BDKHNBCHYUSH OH OB NYOHFH. rPYUENKh PO YNEOOP FBLCH, YuEMPCHEL PVYASUOYFSHOE NPTSEF. DEMP DBCE OE CH TPDYFEMSI. RHYLYO, LBL Y'CHEUFOP, RTPYUIPDYM PF YZHYPRCH RP PFGPCHULPK MYOYY, Y YFP OE RPNEYBMP ENH VSHCHFSH THUULYN YUEMPCHELPN.

.: c

SWORD ZHNYMECH : - dB. bNETYLBOULYE OZTSCH FPTSE, YODBCHBS RHYLYOB ABOUT BOZMYKULPN SHCHLE, UYUYFBMY EZP "OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN RPFPN". OP FFP LHTSHEI...

fBL CHPF, DBTSE CH MBZETE, ZDE CHUE NSC VSCHMY PYOBLPCHP RMPIP PDEFSCH, URBMY CH PDOYI Y FEI TSE VBTBLBI, RYFBMYUSH PYOBLPCHPK VBMBODPK, OILFP OE RHFBMUS. NEOS FBN URTPUYMY PV PDOPN YUEMPCHELE (NBFSH X OEZP THUULBS, PFEG LIFBEG): WH UYUYFBEFE EZP b UCHPEZP? with PFCHEFIM: DB. rPYENH? UFYY YUYFBEF RP-OBYENH, THZBEFUS RP-OBYENH, CHEDEF UEVS RP-OBYENH. UPCHRBDBEF UFETEPFYR RPCHEDEOYS, YNEOOP FFP Y EUFSH PRTEDEMSAEYK DYOBNYUEULYK RTYOBL LFOPUB.

bozmyyuboyo FPF; LFP CHEDEF UEVS RP-BOZMYKULY, B YTPLE FPF, LFP RP-YTPLEUKULY. Uzreybmshop obhuyufshus BFPh Omeshs, Chuhe "Chrjfshchchefus" at Defufchb, in RTPYUPCDEYEY OI RTY YUEN - CEDHS EMUY DBCE TEVEOPL OE TOBEF PFGB NBFETY, LFP OE NEYSFF HRNH, YMY Yopnh Lfoph. CHOHFTY LFOPUB EUFSH UHVFOPUSH...

lPTT .: chsh RPMBZBEFE, ZMBCHOPE - UFETEPFYR RPCHEDEOYS, SOE SHCHL? UEKYUBU CH REYUBFY PUPVEOOP TEURHVMYLBOULPK, ​​YDHF FBLIE STPUFOSHCHE URPTSCH P OBGIPOBMSHOPN SHCHLE, LBL "UFETSOE" OBGIY,

P EZP TPMY CH TBCHYFYY LHMSHFHTSCH.

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - FP PYUEOSH CHBTSOSCHK LPNRPOEOF, OP OE TEYBAEYK, LBL Y RTPYUIPTSDEOYE.

sbshchl NPTsOP Chshchkhuyfsh. NPS NBNB, OBRTYNET, DP YEUFI MEF OE OBMB THUULPZP SHCHLB. "rBRB TBUFTBFIYM NPE RTYDBOPE", - PYASUOSMB VBVHYLB (RP-ZhTBOGKHULY), ZPFCHS NBNKh CH ZKHCHETOBOFLY. th FPMSHLP LPZDB EE UFBMY PFRHUULBFSH ABOUT HMYGH YZTBFSH CH MBRFH U DTKHZYNY DECCHPYULBNY, POB CHSHCHUYMB THUULYK ... rYUBMB-FP UFYY POB RP-THUULY. b OENEGLIE HER RPDTHZY, LUFBFY, ZPCHPTYMY RTYNETOP FBL: YFEMMEO OY DY VBOBL NYF CHBTEOSHE BHJ DEN RPMLB,- Y RTY LFPN PUFBCHBMYUSH OBUFPSEYNY OENLBNY.

LPT T .: pDOBLP OBGYS ABOUT RTPFSTEOYY UCHPEK YUFPTYY OE PUFBEFUS OEYYNEOOOPK ... NEOSAPHUS MY UFETEPFIRSCH?

SWORD

: - dB, EUFSH PRTEDEMEOOOSCHK RTPNETSHFPL READING, H FEYUEOYE LPFPTPZP TSYCHEF MAVPK LFOP. PO YNRYTYYUEULY RPDUYUYFBO - 1200 (1500) MEF. y, ZPCHPTS PV LFOPUE, NSC DPMTSOSCH HUIFSHCHBFSH

OE FPMSHLP EZP ZEPZTBJYUEULPE RPMPTSEOIE, OE FPMSHLP LHMSHFKhTOSHCHE FTBDYGYY, OP Y EZP CHP'TBUF.

NPTsOP UTBCHOYFSH EZP U YuEMPCHEYUEULYN.

nMBDEOEG RPYuFY VE'BEYFEO, OP YNEEF PZTPNOKHA RPFEOGYA, LPFPTBS RPCHPMSEF ENKH TB'CHYCHBFSHUS, HYUYFSHUS, UFBOCHYFSHUS ABOUT OPZY. pVYTSBFSH TEVEOLB ZTEYOP, OBDP DBFSH ENKH CHPNPTSOPUFSH CHSHCHTBUFY.

ъBFEN, YUETEЪ OELPFTPE CHTENS - ZHBB RPDYAENB, - LFOPU UVBOPCHYFUS PYUEOSH BLFICHOSCHN, BZTEUUYCHOSCHN. fBLPC dTECHOYK TYN READING TBOOEK TEURHVMYLY, FBLPCB chYBOFIS RETCHSCHI CHELCH OBYEK TSCHCH.

chTENS YDEF, OBUFHRBEF "RETEZTECH" - LBL X NPMPDSHCHI MADEK, LPFPTSHCHE YURSHCHFSHCHCHBAF FBLPE CHOKHFTEOOE DBCHMEOYE OBLPRMEOOOPK YNY IOETZYY, YUFP UFPETYBAF TSD RPUFHRLPCH, RTPDYLFPCHBOOSCHI

OE FPMSHLP YOE UFPMSHLP OEPVIPDYNPUFSHHA, ULPMSHLP OBMYUYEN Y'VSHCHFPYuOPK IOETZYY.

uFP LFP ЪB OETZYS, URTPUYFE ChSch? pOB PRYUBOB h. y. CHETOBDULYN LBL IOETZYS TSYCHPZP CHEEEUFCHB VYPUZHETSCH, RP RTYTPDE UCHPEK VYPIYNYYUEULBS. POB EUFSH H LBTsDPN PTZBOYNE Y CH UYUFENE PTZBOYHNPCH,

CH FOPUBI, YI ULPRMEOYSI, UHRETFOPUBI, LPFPTSHCHE NSC OBSCCHCHBEN LHMSHFHTTBNY - ZTELP-TYNULBS LHMSHFHTTB, RETUYDULBS LHMSHFHTTB Y FBL DBMEE.

y FEYUEOYEN READING TBUIPD IOETZYY OBJOYOBEF RTECHSCHIBFSH HER RPUFHRMEOYE: CHEDHEIN UFBOPCHYFUS FYR PVSCHCHBFEMS, YURPMOYFEMSHOPZP, YUEUFOPZP, RPUMHYOPZP, OP NBMPFCHPTYUEULPZP. mADY OETZYYUOSCHE, RBUUYPOBTYY (RBUUYPOBTOPUFSH - FP UFTENMEOYE, URPUPVOPUFSH YUEMPCHELB A YNEOEOYA PLTHTSBAEEZP NYTB) UFBOPCHSFUS IHDPTSOYLBNY, RYUBFEMSNY, RPMLPCHPDGBNY, PUOPCHBFEMSNY UELF, LPOLYUFBDPTBNY, YUEUFPMAVGBNY, UMPCHPN, TBVPFBAF ON VHDHEEE, B-FI LBLPK HETE TSETFCHHS UCHPYN TEBMSHOSCHN VSCHFYEN. . RMBOYE J vPOBUShE CHSCHFEUOSAF D "bTFBOShSOPCh J bFPUPCh lUFBFY, PE zhTBOGYY XVIII CHELB TSCHGBTEK (LPFPTSCHI VSCHMP OEULPMSHLP FSCHUSYU) UNEOYMY NHYLEFETSCH (LPFPTSCHI VSCHMP CHUEZP 102 YUEMPCHELB) pUFBMShOSchE RTEDRPYUYFBMY OE TYULPCHBFSH rPFTEVYFEMY -.. VBMMBUF, LPFPTSCHK TBYAEDBEF MAVHA UYUFENH rTYIPDYF HRBDPL. - OE ZPUHDBTUFCHB, POP UMPTSYMPUSH, OP LFOPUB, X LPFPTPZP OEF VPMSHYE OYETZYY DMS TBCHYFYS, YOYGIBFICHSHCH.

LPTT .: b LBL, U chBYEK FPYULY TEOYS, TBCHYCHBMBUSH OBYB UYUFENB, tPUUYS?

SWORD

:- RTYNETOP POB UMPTSIMBUSH L XIV CHELKH. FBL YUFP NShch RTPTSYMY Neosho RPMPCHYOSCH OBYEZP CHPTBUFB Q X OCU EUFSH Chui YBOUSCH RTPTSYFSH J DTHZHA RPMPCHYOH, EUMY NShch VHDEN NHDTSCH J OE TBUFETSEN EF LHMSHFHTOSCHE GEOOPUFY, FTBDYGYY, FH YOZHPTNBGYA, LPFPTBS "RPDOSMB" UYUFENH, LPFPTBS ITS DETTSYF, J HFTBFB LPFPTPK DPCHPMSHOP ULPTP RTYCHEDEF L DEPTZBOYBGYY. b OBLPRMEOP VSCHMP, CH YUBUFOPUFY - RTYDETTSYCHBSUSH OBYEK FENSCH - HNEOYE PVTBEBFSHUS U UPUEDSNNY U HCHBTSEOYEN, FBL, YUFP NSCH RTYCHSCHCHCHBMY YI L UEVE, ULMPOSMY YI UINRBFYY ABOUT UCHPA UFPTPOH. sFP GENERAL CHEMILPE DPUFYTSEOYE b YEUFSHUPF MEF. y'CHEUFOP, UFP YNRETYS - "FATSHNB OBTPDP", PDOBLP, CHYDYNP, YNRETHYS YNRETYEK, B THUULYK OBTPD - OBTPDPN. ChP CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, LPZDB PLPMP REFTPRBCHMPCHULB BOZMYYUBOE CH 1856 lPZDB CH uechbufprpme Chshchubdymus BOZMP-ZHTBOLP-FKhTEGLYK LPTRHU, FP FBFBTSHCH OE RPDDETSBMY YI. lPZDB YMB ZTBTSDBOULBS CHPKOB, uTEDOSS bYS CHRPMOE YNEMB CHPNPTSOPUFSH PFDEMYFSHUS PF tPUUYY, RPFPNH YUFP PVE TSEMEOSCHE DPTPZY, UPEDYOSCHYYE AZ UFTBOSCH have nPULChPK, VSCHMY RETETEBOSCH: PDOB - dHFPChSchN, DTHZBS - NHUBCHBFYUFBNY B bETVBKDTsBOE. pDOBLP DBCE RPRSHCHFLY FBLPK OE VSHMP UDEMBOP. OBEFE, S FBN VSHCM Ch 1932 ZPDKH, IPDYM VPUKH, CH VEMPN IBMBFE Y YUBMNE, TBZPCHBTYCHBM OB RMPIPN FBDTSYLULPN SHCHLE, LPFPTSCHK FHF TSE Y CHSHCHYUYCHBM, Y OILFP OILPZDB NEOSOE. nPCOP, LPOEYUOP, OBKFI Y ZHBLFSCH DTHZPZP TSDB, OP Y FP, P Yuen S ZPCHPTA, - ZHBLFSCH.

lPTT .: dB, ZHBLFSCH, LPFPTSCHE chshch RTYCHPDYFE, OE YЪ RTYCHSHCHUOPZP TSDB. FERETSCH CHUE YUBEE CHURPNYOBAF CHOBYNOSCHE PVYDSCH, UFBTSHCHE UYUEFSHCH, CHPKOSHCH, "DEMSF" ZEPECH Y DESFEMEK LHMSHFHTSCHCH. pUPVEOOP NOPZP CHOYNBOYS - Y YUBUFSHCH RTEFEOYYY - CH BDTEU UBNPZP NOPZPYUYUMEOOPZP OBTPDB, THUULPZP.

SWORD

: - l VPMSHYPNH UPTsBMEOYA, OE CHUEZDB VEURPYUCHEOOSHCHE. ChPF, RPTsBMHKUFB, Ch MAVPN HYUEVOYLE FBFBTULPE YZP RTEDUFBCHMEOP LBL CHBTCBTULPE OBYEUFCHYE. at FPYULY ЪTEOYS CHPEOOPC, VSCFPCHPK,

POP, CHETPSFOP, FBLPCHSHCHN Y CHPURTYOYNBMPUSH, Y FBL Y ЪBREYUBFMEMPUSH CH RBNSFY RPLPMEOIS. OP CHPF UFP YOFETEUOP. dPUFBFPYuOP RTPEIBFSH RP 'PMPFPPNKh LPMShGKh nPULCHSCHCH, RPVSCHCHBFSH PE ChMBDYNYTE, uHDBME, RETEUMBCHME, YUFPVSH HVEDYFSHUS, LBLPE LPMYUEUFCHP RBNSFOILPCH UPITBOYMPUSH PF DPNPZPMTOYSHUL. fBL CHUEZDB MY RTBCHPNETOP ZPCHPTYFSH P RPCHUENEUFOPN KHOYUFPTSEOY NPOZPMBNY THUULPK LHMSHFHTSC? MHYUYE YIKHUYFSH RTEDNEF, YUEN CHSHCHDKHNSCHCHBFSH.

th OE OBDP MADEK OYEBUMHTSEOOP - S RPDYETLYCHBA FFP - PVYTSBFSH, FPZDB POI OE VHDHF PVYTSBFSHUS. CHEDSH LFP ZhBLF, UFP OELPFPTSCHE UFTBOYULY LOYZY h. LBBIY RTYNLOHMY L tPUUYY CH XVIII CHELE DPVTPCHPMSHOP, TSYMY, RPMSHЪKHSUSH FEN RTBCHBNY, LPFPTSCHE VSCHMY PZCHPTEOSCH. y CHDTHZ YI PVCHYOSAF CH FPN, UFP SING PULPTVYMY THUULHA YENMA! POI-FP UCHPA YUFPTYA OBAF: VEMBS PTDB OILPZDB OE DPUFYZBMB tPUUYY.

dTHZPK RTYNET - YOYOJUIBO. FFPF CEUFPLYK UTEDOECELPCHSCHK DEURPF RTPUFP RHZBMP H OBYEK MYFETBFHTE. nPOZPMSH VSCHMY UPAOYLBNY tPUUYY, CH 1912 ZPDKH, PFDEMYCHYUSH PF LIFBS, SING CHPYMY H LPOFBLF U tPUUYEK. YUYOJUIBO DMS OYI U...

lPTT .: LUFBFY, OEDBCHOP VSCHMB ЪBNEFLB CH REYUBFY P FPN, UFP H notes (nPOZPMSHULPK obtpdopc teurhvmyle - RTYN.TED.) WOYNBEFUUS ZHIMSHN P yuyozyuiboe.

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - ChRTPYUEN, URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY TBDY DPMTSEO ULBBFSH, UFP EUFSH BCHFPTSCH, LPFPTSHCHE OE TsBMEAF FTHDB, YUFPVSCH YЪHYUYFSH YUFPTYA FEI UFTBO, P LPFPTSCHI RYYHF. TPNBO yUBS lBMBYOILPCHB
"TSEUFPLYK CHEL" PV LPIE YUYOZYUIBOB OBRYUBO YUEMPCHELPN, OE FPMSHLP FBMBOFMYCHSHCHN, OP Y THDYTPCHBOOSCHN.

OHTSEO FBLF, OHTSOP BOBOIE. LBL-FP PYO YO OBYI DYRMPNBFPCH NEOS HDYCHYM, ULBBCH: B RPYUENKh NSCH DPMTSOSCH DKHNBFSH P YUKHCHUFCHBI? with PFCHEFIM: S RBFTYPF YOE IPYUKH, YUFPVSH PFOPIOYE L NPEK tPDYOE ULMBDSCHCHBMPUSH ABOUT PUOPCHE RPCHETIOPUFOSHCHI UPYOYOEOYK. y CHEDSH RYEFUS-FP RPDPVOPE OY Y LBLYI-OYVKHDSH DBMSHOPCHYDOSCHI IDEPMPZYUEULYI, LPOPNYYUEULYI YMY RPMYFYYUEULYI UPPVTBTSEOIK, B

lPTT .: hNEOYE UPUKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH, HCHBTsBS PFMYUYE DTHZPZP OBTPDB PF FCHPEZP, UYUYFBSUSH U FYN, PYUECHIDOP, PYOBLPCHP OEEPVIPDYNP Y VPMSHYPNKH, NOPZPYUYUMEOOPNKH, OBTY NBMPNKH?

SWORD

: - ChPRTPU P LPOFBLFBI CHUEZDB BLFHBMEO, CHEDSH LFOYYUEULBS NPOPMYFOPUFSH CHUFTEYUBEFUS TEDLP.

eUMY PYO FOPU UYMSHOP RBUUYPOBTEO, DTHZPK - UMBVP, POY NPZHF TSYFSH TSDPN, OE NEYBS DTHZ DTHZH. UYMSHOSHCHE DPCHPMSHUFCHHAFUS FEN, UFP CHMBDEAF FETTYFPTYEK, OP OE NEYBAF TSYFSH UMBVSHCHN FBL, LBL POY HNEAF Y MAVSF. fBLPK FYR UPUKHEEUFCHPCHBOYS OBSCCHCHBEFUUS UINVYPPN.

yOPZDB VSCCHBEF, UFP, UYMSHOSHCHK FOPU PVTBEHEF LPMPOY ABOUT FETTYFPTYY DTHZPZP, FPCE UIMSHOPZP. fBLYE LPMPOYY CH RTPUMPN CH tPUUYY HUFTBYCHBMY OENGSHCH - CH rPCHPMTSHE, REFETVKhTZE; NPTsOP CHURPNOYFSH Y NPULPCHULYK lHLHK... LPMPOYUFSH TsYCHHF YЪPMYTPCHBOOP PF NEUFOPZP OBUEMEOIS, PVEBAFUS U OIN "ABOUT TBCHOSHCHI" RP NET OBDPVOPUFY. UBNPE RTBCHIMSHOPE OBCHBOYE DMS OII " LUEOIS", PF ZTEYUEULPZP" LUEOPU", ZPUFSH.

PUEOSH UFTBYOP VSCCHBEF, LPZDB PYO LFOPU RPDYUYOSEF UEVE DTHZPK Y OBJOBEF RETELTBYCHBFSH EZP ABOUT UCHPK MBD. sFP NEFPD OERMPDPFCHPTOSHCHK.

oEMShS UFTENYFSHUS UDEMBFSH CHUEI MADEK RPDPVOSCHNY UEVE, OHTSOP HYUYFSHUS TSYFSH have OYNY B UYNVYPE, PLBSCHCHBFSH dH CHBYNOSCHE HUMHZY, CHPPVEE PVTBEBFSHUS DEMYLBFOP, J DRYER UBNSCHN UPDBCHBFSH DTHTSVH OBTPDPCH - MHYUYEE, YUFP RTYDHNBOP B FPN CHPRTPUE B Chueh FSCHUSYUEMEFYS UHEEUFCHPCHBOYS YUEMPCHEYUEUFCHB.

.: DMS LFPZP, RPNYNP CHUEZP RTPUEZP, OBDP PYUEOSH IPTPYP OBFSH DTHZ DTHZB. b NSC OBEN?

SWORD

: - ULPTEE OBPVPTPF. CHPF S RTYOYNBA BYUEF. uFHDEOFLB - IPTPYEOSHLBS, OBLTBYEOOBS - RTPUYF ЪBDBFSH UBNShK MEZLYK CHPRTPU.

LFP TSYCHEF ChP zhTBOGYY? - URTBYCHBA S.

ZHTBOGHSHCH Y ECHTEY.

with ZPCHPTA - CHETOP, OP OEDPUFBFPYuOP. b LFP CYCHEF CH vTBBYMYY?

VTBYMSHGSCH Y ECHTEY.

b C oPPPK ZCHYOEEE?

OPCHPZCHYOKGSHCH Y ECHTEY.

with ZPCHPTA - YDYFE, RPDHYUFE.

uMEDPN UFHDEOF. urtbychba TELJ JTBOGYY.

mBHTB (!), - PFCHEUBEF PO.

b LHDB CHRBDBEF?

CH VYULBKULYK ЪBMYCH.

b WHERE zBTPOB?

PLEASE NOTE...

lPTT .: TEBLGIS RTPZHEUUPTB SUOB.

SWORD ZHNYMECH :- EYMY VSC YIKHYUBMY IPTPYEOSHLP IPFS VSC FP, UFP EUFSH CH HYUEVOYLBI, S VSHM VSC DPCHPMEO. oP CHEDSH Y LFPZP OEF. rTBCHDB, OE FPMShLP X OBU (UMBVPE HFEYOYE) ... h 30-I ZPDBI RTPIMPZP CHELB ZHTBOGKHULYK YUFPTYL pZAUFEO fSHETTY U VPMSHA RYUBM, LBL YULBTSBAF YUFPTYA zhTBOGYY. obyuobaf HER YUKHFSH MY OE U DTKHYDCH, LPFPTSHCHE OILBLPZP PFOPIEOYS L ZHTBOGHBN OE YNEAF. y RETCHBS, Y CHFPTBS LPTPMECHULYE DYOBUFYY VSHMY ZETNBOGSCH. zhTBOGYS LBL ZPUHDBTUFCHP OBYUBMBUSH U PVTBCCHBOYS DYOBUFYY zKhZP lBREFB, B LBL OBTPD - U CHEDEOUULPK LMSFCHSHCH. l ffpnh fopuh OE PFOPUYMYUSHOY rTPCHBOU, OH BLCHYFBOIS, OH vTEFBOSH. pV LFPN RYUBMPUSH RPMFPTSCH UPFOY MEF OBBD, Y CHPF X NEOS OPCHBS ZHTBOGKHULBS LOITSLB U FENY CE PYVLBNY... uFP UDEMBEYSH!

h OBKHLE UKHEUFCHHEF EDYOUFCHEOOBS VPTShVB - VPTShVB NETsDH OBOOYEN Y OECHETSEUFCHPN, RTYUEN RPUMEDOEE YUBUFP RPVETSDBEF. FEN OE NEOEE, DPMZ HYUEOSCHI - OPUIFEMEK COBOIS - VPTPFSHUS U OBHYUOSCHNY UPFTHDOYLBNY - OPUIFEMSNY OECHETSEUFCHB.

lPTT .: oBULPMShLP S BOBA, ABOUT chbykh DPMA VPTShVSHCH CHSHCHRBMP U MYICHPK.

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - OE UFPYF DTBNBFYYTPCHBFSH. h ZPDSH BUFPS LBZhEDTB LLPOPNYUEULPK Y UPGYBMSHOPK ZEPZTBZHYY ZEPZHBLB mzh VSCHMB DMS NEOS "LPMPZYUEULPK OYYEK", NEOS OE ZOBMY U TBVPFSCH, VSHMB CHPNPTSOPUFSH RYUBFSH, IPFS ZPDYUBYYBY 1975

OBEFE, PYUEOSH VPMSHYPE OBYUEOYE H MAVPN DEME, FEN VPMEE H OBKHL, YNEEF URPUPVOPUFSH RTYOYNBFSH TBHNOSHCHE TEYOYES. Obtinet, x Piece of MZH Telfptsch, Chlmayubs RPLPKOPZP N.E.M. BHTLYOB, Y RPLPKOPPP B.B.Chpyuuelpzp, B.S. BMELBODTPCH, Vaulting Mady FPMLPchcheche, Sing Choilbmi Chui Chuhetuyufulia Dembi DBCHBMY DEMSSOSCHEYS. and CHDTHZ RTYUMBMY Y feIOPMPZYUEULPZP YOUFYFHFB INYLB part of v.bMEULPCHULPZP. P FPN, LBLPK PO HUEOSCHK, NPTsOP UHDYFSH IPFS VSH RP FPNKh, YuFP MELGIY UCHPY RP IYNYY PO YUYFBM OB ZHYYYYUEULPN ZHBLHMSHFEFE, RPFPNKh UFP ABOUT INYYUEULPN PYUEOSH OENOPSYE RZUEEBS.Ъ. UFP ON DEMBM, VKHDHYU TELFPTPN? OBOBYUBM Y UNEEBM DELBOPH RP UCHPENKH HUNPFTEOYA, DBChS ABOUT KHYUEOSCHK UPCHEF (ZPCHPTA FPMSHLP P FPN, UFP BOBA MYUOP). RETECHEM ZEPZTBZHYUEULYK ZHBLKHMSHFEF YЪ HDPVOPZP ЪDBOYS VMYЪ UNPMSHOPZP (VSCHYYK YOUFYFHF DMS OEVMBZPTPDOSCHI DECHYG) H VPMEE FEUOPE RPNEEEOYE ABOUT CHBUYMSHECHULYK PUFTHUPPCHN, CH zMBCHOPE, RTYYMPUSH RECETCHPIYFSH MBVPTBFPTYY, RTYVPTSCH, LPFPTSHCHE UFPSMY ABOUT VEFPOOSCHI PUOPCHBI. sing RETEUFBMY TBVPFBFSH. DEMP TBCHBMYCHBMPUSH. nPK DTHZ, LPFPTSCHK THLPCHPDYM MBVPTBFPTYEK LBTFPZTBZHYY, HNET, OE RETETSYCH LFPZP RETEEDB.

with YNEM Dempo have bMEULPChULYN RP RPCHPDH YDBOYS Lojze "FOPZEOE J VYPUZHETB ENMY" FBL LBL chyoyfy PVTBFYMUS have RTPUSHVPK YURPMOYFSH BLPO: B FPN UMHYUBE, EUMY RPFTEVOPUFSH B FTHDE RTECHSCHYBEF CHPNPTSOPUFY LUETPLPRYTPCHBOYS (B have THLPRYUY VSCHMP UDEMBOP PLPMP DCHBDGBFY FSCHUSYU LPRYK), ECPAT YDBCHBFSH LOIZH. h PFCHEF TELFPT RTEMPTSYM UPCHUEN CHSHCHLYOHFSH TBVPFKh Y RMBOPCH. UPVUFCHEOOP, NOPZYE Y ChPRTPUPCH, LPFPTSHCHE S RPDOINBA, CH FPK VEUEDE, NPZMY VSC VSHCHFSH RPUFBCHMEOSCH TBOSHIE, EUMY VSC LOIZB METSBMB ABOUT UFPME. nPCEF, Y CH UBNPN TBZPCHPTE OE VSHMP VSH OHTSDSCH.

l UYUBUFSHHA, PO HTS OE SCHMSEFUS TELFPTPN, B LOIZB RMBOITHEFUS ABOUT VHDHEIK ZPD.

LPTT .: h OEK, RP UHFY DEMB, YЪMPTSEOSH PUOPCHSH LFOPMPZYY, FEPTYS. OP EUFSH CHPRTPUSCH, LPFPTSHCHE OKHTsOP VEEPPFMBZBFEMSHOP TEYBFSH. eUMMY ZCHPTYFSH P OPCHPN NSHCHYMEOYY, RTYNEOYFEMSHOP L OBGYPOBMSHOPNKH CHPRTPUKH, FP POP, CHYDYNP, CHPNPTSOP FPMSHLP ABOUT PUOPCHE OBHYUOSCHI TELPNEODBGYK. nOPZPOBGYPOBMSHOSHCHE LPMMELFICHSHCH, RPUEMEOIS, UNEYBOOSCHE WENSHY, NYZTBGYY FP Y DEMP RPDLYDSCHCHBAF OEPTSYDBOOPUFY, U LPFPTSHCHNY NSC CHSHCHOKHTSDEOSCH UYUYFBFSHUS, RSHCHFBFSHUS YI YURTBCHMSFSH YUMPCHMSFSH. CHYDYNP, OHTSOSCH RTYLMBDOSHCHE YUUMEDCHBOYS.

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - nBMP, OP POY CHEDHFUS. obrtynet, lPOUFBOFYO rBCHMPCHYU yCHBOCHB, NPK HYUEOIL, YUUMEDPCHBM UCHSH NETSDH NYZTBGYSNNY MADEK Y UPUFPSOYEN TSYCHPFOCHPDUFCHB CH bTIBOZEMSHULPK PVMBUFY. GERPYULB - PYUEOSH ZTHVP - RPMHYUYMBUSH FBLBS: THUULIE LBL LFOPU UCHSBOSCH U RPKNEOOSHNY MBODYBZHFBNY. uPYuOPK FTBCHPK, LPFPTHA POI ULBYYCHBAF, LPTNSF LPTCH. b LPTPCH OBDP DPYFSh. ftBDYGIPOOP FFYN BOINBMYUSH TSEOEYOSCH. OP ZEOEYOSCH FERETSCH CHUE YUBEE HETSBAF CH ZPTPD HYUIFSHUS, BCCHPDSF FBN UENSHIY OE CHPCHTBEBAFUS. ChPF FBL HNEOSHYBEFUS Y LPMYUEUFCHP LPTCHP...

LPTT.: WHERE IS CE FERESH FFP YUUMEDCHBOYE?

SWORD

: - vSCHMP PFDBOP bTIBOZEMSHULPNKh PVMYURPMLPNKh. yCHBOPCHH DBCE DBMY RTENYA. .: YOFETEUOP, YENEOIMPUSH UFP-OYVHDSH?

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. LBCDShK DPMTSEO LCHBMYZHYGYTPCHBOOP BOINBFSHUS UCHPYN DEMPN. hYuEOSchK RPLBBM RTYYUYOH, B HC NETSCH RTYOYNBFSH ... uEKYuBU lPOUFBOFYO rBChMPChYYu RPEIBM ON sNBM YHYUBFSH UBNPDYKGECH J IBOFPCH, DBTSE PRHVMYLPCHBM VPMSHYHA UFBFSHA B "mYFETBFHTOPK ZBEFE" zde RYUBM, YUFP OE OHTSOP VTBFSH REUPL LCA VPMSHYPZP UFTPYFEMSHUFCHB dv TELY, TSCHVPK LPFPTPK RYFBAFUS IBOFSCH ...

LPTT .: eUMY ZPCHPTYFSH PV LLPMPZYUEULYI RTPVMENBI, FFPF RTYNET, KhChSCH, OE UBNSCHK CHEYUBFMSAEYK.

SWORD

: - according to DPUFBFPYUOP IBTBLFETOP RPLBSCCHBEF UCHSH FOPUB U MBODYBZHFPN. upUFPSOYE MBODYBZHFB - YUKHFLIK VBTPNEFT LFOYYUEULPZP LMYNBFB. "DP UYI RPT RPLB UHEEUFCHHAF MADY, YUFPTYS RTYTPDSCH Y YUFPTYS MADEK CHOBYNOP PVHUMPCHMYCHBAF DTHZ DTHZB". fp nbtlu j ozemshu.

obtpd tsychef h dchkhi YЪNETEOYSI: RTPUFTBOUFCHP - MBODYBZHF Y CHTENS - OBLPRMEOOBS FTBDYGYS. NOPZYE OBYY LLPMPZYYUEULYE VEDSHCH PF FPZP, UFP LBLYE-OYVHDSH CHEDPNUFCHEOOOSCHE OBYUBMSHOILY - B YI NOPZP TBASHCHI! - OE TSEMBAF UYUYFBFSHUS OY W FEN, OH W DTHZYN. rTYECZBAF, LPNBODHAF: DEMBK YOBYUE, RPFPNH UFP NSCH OBYEN THLPCHPDSEEN GEOFTE DEMBEN YOBYUE! lPTEOOPE OBUEMEOYE " YOBYUE» HNEEF RMPIP, MBODYBZHF L LFPNKh OE RTYURPUPVMEO, Y, TBIPTYCH CHUE, DP YuEZP DPFSOHFUS, OBYUBMSHOIL PFVSHCHCHBEF, B OBTPD UFTBDBEF.

UFTBYOKHA CHEESH UPFCHPTYMY U RPFPNLBNY DTECHOYI UZDYKGECH, TSYCHYNY CH PFTPZBI ZYUUBTB, CHULPTE RPUME CHPKOSHCH YI CHPMECHSHCHN TEYOYEN RETEUEMMYMY ABOUT TBCHOYOH UESFSH IMPRYUBFOIL. oBTPD SHCHNET.

LPTT .: h LOYSE "FOPZEOEK Y VYPUZHETB ENMY" HCE OEPDOPPLTBFOP HRPNYOBCHYEKUS,

ChSch RYIEFE, UFP "RTPGEUUSCH LFOPZEOEB OEKHRTBCHMSENSCH Y YDHF RP IPDH READING, Y PFDEMSHOSHCHE MADY OE NPZHF OY YOYGYYTPCHBFSH, OY RTEDPFFCHTBFYFSH FBLYE RMBOEFBTOSHCHE SCHMEOYS, LBLSYOBYTPCH NHMPGY NHMPGY NHMPGY NHMPGY NHMPGY NGMPGAY NHMPGAY NGMPGAY NGMPGAY NGMPGAY NGMPGAY NGMPGAY NGMPGAY NGMPGAY NGMPGAY NGPMPAY NGMPGAY NGMPGAY NGMPGY fPMSHLP UFP chshch UBNY HRPNSOKHMY P RETEUEMEOYY. b FP, UFP RTPYUIPDYMP U YUEYUEOGBNY, YOZHYBNY, LBMNSCHLBNY, TBECHE OE DPLBJSCHCHBEF PVTBFOPZP?

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - oEF. NPTsOP RTELTTBFIFSH RTPGEUU CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHPN Y'CHOE. OP UPDBFSH YuFP-FP OPCHPE OE CH OBYYI UIMBI, FP UMEDUFCHYE NHFBGYK. BOZMYUBOE KHOYUFPTSYMY OBTPD, OBUEMSCHYYK PUFTCH fBUNBOYS. yUFTEVMEOSCH GEMSHE RMNEOB, TSYCHYYE ABOUT FETTYFPTYY UPEDYOEOOOSCHI YFBFPCH.

.: LBL LFP CHMYSEF ABOUT TBCHYFYE YUEMPCHEYUFCHB H GEMPN? rTPZOP FHF ChPЪNPTSEO?

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - dBCE MEZPL. UYUFENB, CH FPN YUYUME FOYYUEULBS, NPTSEF HUMPTSOSFSHUS Y RTY PYUEOSH VPMSHYPN HUMPTSOOYY DEMYFUS, LBL BNEVB. eUMY TSE UYUFENB HRTPEBEFUS, CH OEK UVBOPCHYFUS CHUE NEOSHIE MENEOPHR, Y MPZYUEULPE RTPDPMTSEOYE LFPZP RTPGEUUB - RETEIPD YЪ TSYCHPZP UPUFPSOYS CH OETSYCHPE, CH RPYUCHKH, PUBDPPYUOKHA ...

LPTT .: OBYUYF, UFBMYOULYE RETEUEMEEOIS OBTPDPCH NPTsOP PRIUBFSH Y LBL HRTPEEOOYE UYUFENSCH?

SWORD ZHNYMECH: - CHUE, UFP DEMBM uFBMYO, VSHMP HRTPEEOOYEN UYUFENSCH. b NSC UEKYUBU FFP TBUIMEVSCCHBEN.

.:

SWORD

:- fp OCHETOP. NSC CHUE ЪBLPOPRPUMHYOSCH, OP LBCDSCHK YNEEF RTBChP OB UCHPA EDYOUFCHEOOHA CHOKHFTEOOOAA TSYOSH. y HRTBCHMEOYUEULYE OPTNSCH, KHOJYGYTKHAEYE DBCE FP, UFP CH KHOYZHYLBGYY OE OHTSDBEFUS, - LBL TBI FP, UFP PUMBVMSEF PVEEUFCHP. HOILBMSHOPE - CHEDSH NSCH P MADSI ZPCHPTYN - GEOOE UFBODBTFOPZP.

ChPSHNYFE UHDSHVKH yuPLBOB chBMYIBOPCHB, U OEK VMBZPDBTS FEMECHYDEOYA NOZZYE OBLPNSCH. VSHCHM FBLPK VEDOSCHK NBMSHUYL Y PYUEOSH BTYUFPLTBFYUEULPK LBBIULPK ZHBNYMYY. PO HYUYMUS, CHPURTYOSM THUULHA LHMSHFHTH, B LBBIULPZP, UCHPEZP, OE RPFETSM. rPMHYUYMUS J OEZP LBRYFBO ZEOYFBVB, TBCHEDYUYL, FBMBOFMYCHSHCHK ChPUFPLPCHED.

CHP CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1942-1945 ZZ. ABOUT FYIPN PLEBOE SRPOULYE DEYZHTPCHBMSHEILY TBUYZHTPCHCHCHBMY CHUE BNETYLBOULYE DEREY. fPZDB BNETYLBOGSCH RTYDKHNBMY PVCYUYFSH NPVYMYY'PCHBOOSCHI CH BTNYA YODEKGECH NPTSOL; LBCDSCHK - BRBYUY, OBCHBIY - RETEDBCHBM TBDYPZTBNNKH UPRMENEOOILKH ABOUT UCHPЈN SHCHLE, B HTS FPF, TBUYYZHTPCHBCH, RETECHPDYM ABOUT BOZMYKULYK. ChPEOOBS FBKOB VSHMB UPVMADEOB.

plbschchchbefus, MADY, LPFPTSCHE PUFBAFUS UBNY UPVPK CH FOYYUEULPN UNSCHUME, NPZHF VSHCHFSH PYUEOSH RPMEOYOSCH ZPUHDBTUFCHH.

y CHUE TSE ... gychymyybgys -, PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, CH NBUUPCHPN UPOBOYY - OEYYEVTSOP UCHSBOB U KHOYZHYLBGEK. ChTSD MY UYMSHOP PFMYUBAFUS, ULBTSEN, PDETSDB, RYEB, PVTB TSOYOY UPCTENEOOOPZP "UTEDOEZP" TSYFEMS rBTYTSB Y, DPRHUFYN, mPODPOB. FEN OE NEOEE - OEDBCHOP NOE RPRBMBUSH ABOUT ZMBBUB UVBFShS - BOZMYYUBOE CHUETSHE PBVPYUEOSCH UPITBOEOYEN UCHPEK "BOZMYKULPUFY".

PE CHUEN NYTE TBUFEF OBGIPOBMSHOPE UBNPUPOBOYE. uFP NSCH NPTSEN RPFETSFSh Y RPYUENH FBL VPINUS LFP RPFETSFSh?

SWORD

: - iPTPYK CHPRTPU. s, CH YUBUFOPUFY, TPDYMUS CH REFETVKhTSE Y CHUA TSYOSH RTPTSYM CH MEOYOZTBDE. Hm, REFETVHTTSGSCH, MEOYOZTBDGSCH, BOYNBAEYEUS, FBL ULBBFSH, HNUFCHEOOSCHN FTHDPN, UFTENYNUS UFBFSH IBNBNY OE, OE RPFETSFSH OBOYE SSCHLPCH, CHLHUB L J L YSEOPK MYFETBFHTE MYFETBFHTE RP UREGYBMSHOPUFY, UMPCHPN, FPZP, YUFP UCHPKUFCHEOOP YOFEMMYZEOGYY. TSDPN TSYCHHF RTELTBUOSCHE NBUFETB UCHPEZP DEMB - UMEUBTY YMY YPZHETSCH, POI YЪHYUBAF FEIOILKH, YUIFBAF ZBEEFSHCH, BOYNBAFUS URPTFPN ...

yuyoung UHVFOYUEULYI ZTHRR, YUEN NEOSHIE POI RPIPTSY PDOB ABOUT DTHZHA, FEN MEZUE YN HTSYCHBFSHUS DTHZ U DTHZPN. yFY NEMLYE, RP UTBCHOEOYA U FEN, UFP OBU PVYAEDYOSEF, TBBMYYUYS DTBZPGEOOSCH, POI UPDBAF OF GENERAL MAVPCHSH L RTCHSHCHULBN, FTBDYGESN, OBYE TSEMBOYE CHUE UFP UPTBOSFSH, BYEBFSH.

pVEEUFCHP, UPUFPSEE YЪ MADEK, YNEAEYI YODYCHYDKHBMSHOPUFSH, ZPTBDP VPMEE HUFPKYUYCHP, URPUPVOP L PVCYUEOYA, FBMBOFMYCHP, YUEN, EUMY POP UPUFPIF Y PVPVEEOOPK NBUUSCH. b OBBYUYF, Y VPMEE RETURELFYCHOP.

veuedh CHEMB eMEOB ueumbchyob.

7.4. Why "hunnu"?

Usually the chronicle of social life is called history. In this narrow sense, history constitutes the basis of sociology.

K. Popper

L.N., not knowing at first about the Prague collisions of P. Savitsky, rejoices at the release of "Hun" - albeit in an insignificant circulation of 1000 copies. The next edition - "The Huns in China" was published only 14 years later, but already in 5000 copies. Only after the death of L.N. in 1993 did the “Hunnu” appear in a really mass circulation of 50 thousand copies. The book is framed like a “light gray” elegant and high-quality Moscow series, but it was no longer made at Ecopros (one of the Progress divisions), but in St. Petersburg, under the scientific editorship of a student of L.N., candidate of geographical Sciences Vyacheslav Ermolaev.

Surprisingly, a very special, by no means popular book sold out quite quickly. What is the title hypnosis? After all, the book is by no means about the Huns, whom L.N. touches on the last five pages, but about the Huns - their predecessors. But then it should be called "Huns" and not "Huns". The fact is that the latter is the name of a powerful nomadic state created BC in the Great Steppe.

Long before the appearance of the Huns in Europe, the nomads who lived in Mongolia fought with China and instilled in it the same horror with their raids as Attila's Huns did in Byzantium and Rome. In Chinese chronicles, these nomads are called "Huns". In historical science, the opinion was expressed that the similarity of the names "Huns" and "Huns" is accidental and that the Huns were not descendants of the Huns. Most scholars, however, defend the idea of ​​the succession of the Hunnic migrations from east to west. This point of view is convincingly substantiated by K. A. Inostrantsev in his study “The Huns and the Huns”, originally published in 1910 in Russkaya Starina, and in 1926 in a separate book.

As far as one can judge from the remains of the Xiongnu language, they, like the Huns, were a Turkic-speaking people.

Note that G. Vernadsky, like P. Savitsky, did not make a difference between the Huns and the Huns. He wrote that "the Huns suffered severe changes in China" (about those who remained there), but the same Huns invaded Europe and it was they who started the Great Migration. True, at the end of the last century, strange ideas were also expressed: the Huns were identified with the Slavs by a major Russian historian - D. I. Ilovaisky.

Among the peoples allied and subject to the juntas were the Alans (ancestors of the Ossetians), and the Goths, and indeed the Slavs. The Slavic Magi were probably held in high esteem by the Huns; they also took part in the funeral of Attila. The historian is ready - Alan Jordan (VI century), who wrote in Latin, talking about the memorial feast for Attila, called this rite the ancient Slavic word "strava".

Much has already been written about the Huns (Huns), and it seemed that L. Gumilyov could add to this? Of course, he himself understood that the classic of Oriental studies K.A. Inostrantsev, who once worked a lot on this problem, could know something more about the Huns than L.N. "at the beginning of the journey". No wonder L.N. wrote that he has brilliant work - rarely anyone was honored with such characteristics of him. Scientists who devoted their whole lives only to Mongolian studies (academicians S. A. Kozin or B. Ya. Vladimirtsov) probably knew something about the Mongols that was not yet known to Lev Nikolayevich in the 50s. Yes, and the Teacher, like L.N. called M. I. Artamonov, worked a lot on the history of the Khazars; later he invited L. Gumilyov to be the scientific editor of his monograph. L.N. I knew perfectly well that in some respects I was inferior to the authorities. In a letter to Anna Andreevna dated April 3, 1955, speaking about the staff of the Institute of Oriental Studies, he admitted that “stronger than me ... VV Struve and Petrushevsky. I can't catch up with these!"

L.N. also had his advantages: he worked after them, and therefore he had a larger information base and a range of ideas. He also worked a lot with new foreign sources, although he was aware of his shortcomings in this regard. Something he managed to publish and republish. So, in 1960, the Chuvash State Publishing House published a "jubilee" reprint of Iakinf Bichurin's work - "Collection of Information on the Historical Geography of East and Central Asia", prepared by L. Gumilyov and M. Khvan. "Collection of Information" by I. Bichurin is a systematic extract from Chinese chronicles concerning the Huns and other nomads, starting with the "Historical Notes" by Sima Qian, the famous Chinese historian of the 2nd century BC. BC e. The works of I. Ya. Bichurin were highly valued by Alexander Pushkin, who knew him and was on friendly terms with him. When Pushkin wrote The History of the Pugachev Rebellion, Bichurin gave him the missing information about the Kalmyks. Iakinf Bichurin was born in 1777, graduated from the Kazan Theological Seminary in 1799, then worked there as a teacher. In 1807 he was appointed head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China, where he stayed until 1821. He was a Chuvash by origin.

In addition, L.N. Archaeological expeditions of 1935-1957 gave a lot of new things for his research. . By the way, G. Vernadsky, characterizing Gumilyov, once wrote: "Orientalist, historian and archaeologist." Of course, archeology in Asia promised less returns than in other regions of the world, since “the building material - clay in Inner China, wood in Manchuria and felt in Mongolia - could not survive to our time, as did Hellas marble, Egyptian granite and Assyro brick. -Babylonia. Nevertheless, L.N. rushed to the next archaeological expedition. He was glad that large excavations were planned “in the country of the Kurikans, the ancestors of the Yakuts”, he considered it his task to find the Iron Age, that is, monuments of the 1st millennium AD. e. L.N. assumed that they were "northern Dinlins". Dinlins are one of the mysterious ethnic groups of Central Asia. G. Grumm-Grzhimailo wrote about them: “Sublime noses” indicate that in the veins of the Huns and Chinese of that time the blood of the race to which the Dinlins belonged and which I am inclined to consider akin to the European” . P. N. Milyukov assessed the Dinlins more decisively: “This is undoubtedly a Caucasoid race - but only in the sense of those “Caucasoids” who moved to Siberia. Then they reversed through northern Russia to the Baltics.

Then L.N. left for the Angara to look for the "skewbald horde", in which G.V. Vernadsky was interested. Who would now, in the era of "survival" and harsh rationalism, dreamed of finding something about the "northern dinglins"?

Unlike the classics of oriental studies, L.N. set a special task: to give a consolidated ethnic history of all of Eurasia, the future state-continent, its entire history from the junta to the birth of Russia, to trace and explain the ups and downs of large ethnic groups, rhythms and “quanta of history” (according to the urgent advice of P. Savitsky), to try at least in the first approximation to give a definition of the concept of "ethnogenesis". Before L.N. there was a gigantic task of temporal coverage. At the Gumilev Readings, which took place in Moscow in 1998, it was even evaluated as the creation of a new model of world history, for it turned out that it was the nomads who tied together the destinies of sedentary cultures, distant from each other by mountains, steppes, etc. deserts.

Before the mind's eye of L.N. lay the gigantic space in which this story unfolded. According to P. Savitsky, this is a huge “rectangle of the steppes” with “the largest continuous strip of areas not only in Eurasia, but throughout the world that is convenient for a nomad cattle breeder, is the northern strip of grassy deserts and the area of ​​grassy deserts adjacent to them from the north and west. steppes. We will call this continuous strip of steppes and grassy deserts by the nature of its cartographic outlines and along the extreme boundaries of the strike the Khingan-Carpathian "rectangle of the steppes" (we mean the Greater Khingan - the meridional ridge on the western limit of Manchuria). From the east, the Zakhingan island Manchuria adjoins this rectangle, from the west - the Transcarpathian Hungarian steppe, “symmetrical” to it. Also from the north (from the side of the taiga), the “rectangle of the steppes” is framed by island steppes, especially frequent in the conditions of the rugged relief of Eastern Eurasia (the Yenisei and Lena countries, Mongolia and Transbaikalia).

The great Eurasian was also able to express this poetically:

Windy, steppe, boundless

The world of Bashkirs, Mongols and Turkmens,

Age-old ebb and flow,

Fateful rapid change!

L. N. Gumilev’s approach to the topic was immeasurably larger and more promising (after all, the Huns for him are only the beginning of the history of Eurasia) of any abstract theoretical reasoning of the Tala: “Was the role of the Huns progressive?” Professor A.N. Bernshtam, hated by him, went down such a slippery path, publishing in 1951 in the Publishing House of the Leningrad State University “Essay on the history of the Huns”. A year later, a devastating review of it appeared, and not just anywhere, but in Bolshevik. The review was followed by a couple more "responses" in special journals. Indeed, what kind of progressive role of the Huns could be discussed if I. V. Stalin on November 6, 1943 compared the hordes of Attila with the Nazis, who “trample fields, burn villages and cities, destroy industrial enterprises and cultural institutions” . This means that the author "was trailing in the tail of bourgeois historiography".

The second claim against Bernshtam was that even after the classic work of I. V. Stalin, he did not dissociate himself from Marrism. Finally, he was criticized for the fact that he considered the formation of feudalism in China almost the result of the Hun invasion, while feudalism in China is much older (almost 1000 years), as Comrade Mao Zedong spoke about.

All this should not be understood as just some sweeping criticism; the review in Bolshevik was written by a high-class specialist and, on the whole, looked convincing. L.N. himself believed that A. N. Bernshtam's attempt to apply social categories to pre-class society led the author "to a shameful defeat due to numerous overexposures." The Academic Council of the Institute of the History of Material Culture, as it was supposed to, condemned the position of A. N. Bernshtam and suggested that he prepare a press statement with an analysis and the reason for his mistakes.

We will not go into the essence of these "studies". We note only the noticeable illiteracy of A. N. Bernshtam. The distortion of the name of the Russian geopolitician Savitsky (he calls him N. Savitsky) is a detail. Another thing is anecdotal: he sincerely believed that “vardapet” was the surname of a certain Arminian scientist, while this is a respectful designation of a teacher in general. Bernshtam was not strong in geography either: describing the successes of the Huns in Europe, he names the German cities of Worms, Speyer and Mainz as Gallic cities; The Dnieper is called Istrom, although ancient authors called the Danube that way.

A. Bernshtam himself did not shy away from ideological clichés, and even much harsher ones than his opponents. Here is one of the masterpieces of his style: “In the 20s. 20th century in connection with the decay of the ideology (!) of the imperialist world, there are attempts to create a special science - nomadic studies. N. (!) Savitsky, N. Toll and others worked hard in this direction. The "spiritual father" of these theories was a bright migrationist (?!) and reactionary M. Rostovtsev.

Let's go back to 1956-1957. The “super-idea” of the entire trilogy (except, of course, the creation of a history of two millennia of Eurasia): “the horn of Western pride must be broken!” L.N., working on the previously unpublished manuscripts of N. Ya. Bichurin, discovered a lot of new things there and shared his idea with P. Savitsky: East. Then the very idea of ​​Eurocentrism would be compromised, because it was based on the fact that little was known about Asia and Siberia, and the unknown was considered insignificant. But the heart is especially filled with pride because these new data were obtained not from the West, but from the traditions of our domestic science ”(highlighted by me. - S. L.). These thoughts are developed by L.N. later in the essay "Black Legend".

In the countries of Western Europe, prejudice against non-European peoples was born long ago. It was believed that the Asian steppe is the abode of savagery, barbarism, ferocious customs and khan's arbitrariness. These views were consolidated by the authors of the 18th century, the creators of the universal concepts of history, philosophy, morality and politics.

From Prague, this line was strongly supported by P. Savitsky: “Whoever knows how to take into account the power of the organizational idea will say that the history of nomads from the ancient Xiongnu in the era BC to the Mongols of the XIII-XIV centuries. (and even later) does not lag behind either the Greco-Roman or the Muslim in scope and internal richness. I would say even in its heroism (whatever its roots may be!) and in the breadth of its geographical horizon, it surpasses both. The small number of nomads emphasizes and enhances the sound of this heroism.

This line, which precedes the "Black Legend", is a cross-cutting one, the main one in the entire "Steppe Trilogy" up to its "purely" Russian plots. It is not necessary, however, to think that the positions of L.N. and Eurasians coincided in everything. This is not true. In the "super-idea" of the trilogy, there is one more, albeit secondary, slightly disguised line - an intra-Asian one. It is most frankly expressed in the author's preface to the book "The Huns in China", a promise to give "a holistic description of the medieval steppe culture, the significance of which for world history lies in the fact that it stopped the Han and Tang aggression, thereby ensuring the original development of all cultures of the Eurasian continent . This is already something new among the tasks of the trilogy.

Well, what do the Huns have to do with it? And for this, L.N. There is an answer: for a quarter of a century, the Han Dynasty sought to give China dominance over Asia. Just as Pax Romana originated in the Mediterranean, Pax Sinica was almost created in the Far East. Only the Huns defended the freedom of the peoples of the Great Steppe. It is important for us that the nomadic shield did not allow Siberia to be populated from the south. Moreover, in the later work of L.N. emphasized: “What happiness, if you think that the Chinese did not reach Europe at the turn of our era! But they could, if they had not been detained by the Huns, the main opponent of the Han Empire.

All the steppe ethnic groups felt the “neighborhood phenomenon”, they all lived in their homeland, in the familiar landscape, in their “place of development” quite safely. But penetrating into China or accepting the Chinese at home, they, according to L.N., perished, as well as in contact with other ethnically alien worlds. "Contact at the superethnic level produced negative results".

But what does all this have to do with the present? Pure theory, speculation, interesting only for armchair scientists? It turns out that this is not so... The opposition between "civilized farmers" (China) and barbarian cattle breeders has long roots, has firmly entered the special literature, and through it - into the "mass media". China, fenced off from the steppe hordes by the Great Wall, fighting back from aggressors is one of such false stereotypes that has survived to our time.

The famous French geographer Pierre Gourou in the 50s. 20th century wrote that China created a civilization already fully developed during the second millennium BC; the primitive civilizations of Central and South China were swallowed up by the most brilliant civilization that existed; Chinese civilization was lucky enough not to meet on a vast area of ​​​​another higher civilization capable of challenging its dominance in this area. Because the nomads had neither sufficient numbers, nor institutions, nor ideas that would be able to change the intellectual, moral, social life of this country.

Amazing! Did the French scientist even know about the Great Mongol Empire of the 13th century? Everything that was valuable here in this vast region, it turns out, was given by China alone! This line continues through the centuries, up to the present day. But China was the aggressor, not the victim. This is the thought of both L.N. and modern researchers. Although there was always in one form or another a mechanism of oppression and assertion of the superiority of the conquerors, but the states of the peoples neighboring China were always the states of these peoples - the Huns, Turks, Tibetans, etc., and not parts of some cultural-territorial historical unity . Zhongguo has always existed for three thousand years. E. I. Kychanov writes that we meet on the part of some Chinese historians the desire of the entire multinational population of modern China, almost from the Neolithic period, to consider the zhonghua minzu - "the peoples of China ...". The antihistoricism of such an approach is obvious.

L.N. wrote about the presence of forms of Eurasian culture in agricultural areas, but inhabited by people from the steppes. He attributed to them, first of all, Northern China, where, starting from the 4th century. powerful infiltration of the steppes created a special ethnic substratum that lasted until the 8th century. and created two flowerings of the Wei and Tang cultures, the latter of which had worldwide significance. Stratification was observed outside its landscape; the Chinese broke away from the Turkic-Mongols, which did not benefit either side. Gumilyov believed that there was every reason to expand the boundaries of the steppe culture over historical time and single out a group of hybrid formations in terms of flourishing and accumulation of cultural values.

Everything, it turns out, is not so simple with the "legitimate" and eternal domination of China! However, these theses in no way speak of some kind of “anti-Chinese attitude” of L.N. It's not like that at all. In letters to his mother from Karaganda and Omsk, he repeatedly returned to the Chinese theme, and only in a purely respectful way!

For him, the most interesting books there were Chinese, especially on the Tang and Song dynasties. He, by his own admission, "fell in love with China and our (camp. - S. L.) Chinese appreciate it, invite me for tea and talk about history." In another letter, due to the fact that A.A. he also translates Chinese poets, writes: “I am pleased that you are beginning to feel ancient China. There is nothing more wrong than the notion of Chinese "stagnation". The point, then, is not in some kind of bias - there is none, but in the desire to be objective. Personal sympathy is one thing, but the truth of history is another.

So, what is the originality of Gumilev's "Hunnu"? Here it is easy to stray into a brief retelling of a solid book, an attempt to give a kind of "digest". But it is clearly beyond the power of a historian (and perhaps even a historian without the gift of L.N.), although some kind of “short guide” to the Steppe trilogy is inevitable, since without a minimum of “texture” it is impossible to even try to show L.N. . to the topic.

The peculiarity of this book, in my opinion, is that the first and amazing rise of a nomadic ethnos is traced, which later develops into a complex of ethnoi and a superethnos. And then the second round of ethnogenesis will go (Turks), the third (Mongols), but the Xiongnu - the first! “History is the basis of sociology,” said the famous Karl Popper.

What is the secret of history here? Why did the Xiongnu superethnos rise and die? After all, the Huns lasted their 1500 years and left the unconquered Great Steppe as a legacy to the Mongols and Russians.

And another question: why did the mosaic Xiongnu superethnos, which also included the Xianbei, Tabgachs, Turkuts, and Uighurs, be able to resist other superethnoi for a long time and successfully, and first of all, ancient China, which treated the Huns with undisguised hostility? Why was Chinese culture unacceptable for the Huns?