A.S. Pushkin
The theme of creativity, the purpose of the poet and poetry occupies a leading place in the works of Pushkin. Your idea of the ideal image poet A.S.P. embodied in a poem Prophet". The poet gives his interpretation of the biblical story. Depicts spiritual transformation, the formation of a poet-prophet. Through painful transformations, the poet acquires wisdom, truth. For the word to be true, the poet must go through suffering. Poem "I erected a monument to myself..."- a poetic generalization by the poet himself of the meaning of his creativity, a poetic testament. The poem reveals the main features of A.S.P.'s poetry: nationality, humanism and love of freedom.
In a poem “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night…” love appears as a source of new experiences and inspirations. The impulse of love is consonant not so much with the tranquility of the night as the sound of the river. Poem "I remember a wonderful moment..." is a poetic autobiography. The meeting with the beloved woman helped the lyrical hero, whose image correlates with the author, to comprehend the beauty of life again and caused poetic inspiration. A.S.P. comes to understand love as the highest value of a person, capable of awakening inspiration and the best human feelings in a poet.
In a poem "I visited again..." sounds philosophical reflection on the meaning of life, about the connection of generations, about memory. The poet understands that the answer lies in the harmony of nature and time moves inexorably forward. He sums up his reflections on the meaning of life and at the same time speaks of the future, expresses his affirmation of life, its unchanging cycle.
S.A. Yesenin
elegy " I do not regret, do not call, do not cry…"- philosophical reflection on life and death, about the perishability of all things, farewell to youth. The image of the “pink horse” symbolizes unrealizable dreams of beauty. The poem also says gratitude theme that "came to flourish and die."
In a poem on theme of love“A blue fire was swept…” reality and a dream, ruined life and the possibility of renewal are contrasted. For the sake of love, the lyrical hero not only renounces the past, but is even ready to forget his native distances, to abandon his poetic vocation.
The theme of the fate of Russia, the theme of the motherland sounds in poetry “I am the last poet of the village…”, Goy you, Russia, my dear…” and others. Dialect words help create a special flavor and express love for the motherland nature. In the poem "Rus" the poet managed to express everything painfully dear, joyful and sad, with which the concept of the motherland, the Russian land, is connected for him. In a poem "The golden grove dissuaded ..." the state of nature reflects the state of mind of the lyrical hero. The poet creates a bright, colorful and multicolored natural world, filled with play of colors and exquisite shades. The lyrical hero of the poem admires "the wide moon over the blue pond", "the fire of the red mountain ash". He feels himself an integral part of nature.
A.A. Blok
Russia Theme- the main one in Blok's poetry. The image of Russia is multifaceted. Poem "Rus" it is read as a confession of a lyrical hero, his spiritual throwing. The secret of Russia is seen by the author in the living soul of the people. The attitude towards the motherland is expressed in a very peculiar way in the cycle "On the Kulikovo field”, which is dedicated to understanding the historical fate of Russia. And this fate is tragic. The swiftly racing steppe mare becomes its symbol. This is a symbolic perception of the unity of human life and the life of nature. The image of Russia is also intertwined with female images: “Oh, my Russia! My wife!" This is the highest degree of unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. This cycle gives rise to faith in the bright future of the motherland.
Love in Blok's verses it acquires great significance, because with it a person has a feeling of true unity with the world. In a poem "Stranger"The image of a beautiful stranger inspires faith in the bright beginning of life, transforms the poet, his poems and thoughts change. The main literary device is the antithesis. In the first part - the dirt and vulgarity of the surrounding world, and in the second - a beautiful stranger. This is Blok's protest against the cruelty of the terrible world, which turns everything that is most lofty and valuable into vulgar everyday life. beautiful lady in "Poems about the Beautiful Lady" - not only a symbol of ideal unity and harmony, she owns the secret of life balance, comprehension of the meaning of being. Message “About valor, about exploits, about glory…” has a ring composition: the first line repeats the last one. But the lyrical hero no longer thinks of valor or exploits, he is looking for at least tenderness, but does not find it either. This poem is about love. The hero experiences a passionate desire to return the love lost many years ago.
philosophical perception of life, the tragic attitude and the identification of personal fate with the fate of the motherland determine the character of the lyrical hero of Blok's poetry. In a poem "Night, street, lamp, pharmacy..." the world is devoid of harmony, music, it is insensitive, closed. The image of a gloomy street is philosophical metaphor of tragedy life. The feeling of the hopelessness of existence is enhanced by the ring composition. In the poem " The girl sang in the church choir ... " A. Blok reveals the world in all its inconsistency. On the one hand, the holiness of prayer and great sorrow. On the other hand, people are capable of such a cruel action as war.
A.A. Akhmatova
Patriotic theme, theme of the motherland (poem "Requiem") sounds in the lyrics of A.A., which forever connected her fate with the fate of her native land. “I am not with those who left the earth ...” - the author declares. Political protest against the expulsion of the color of the Russian intelligentsia is combined with the condemnation of those who voluntarily fled from Soviet Russia and the adoption of their own lot. During the years of the Second World War, Akhmatova, feeling her life as part of the people's life, writes poems that reflect the spiritual mood of the fighting Russia: "... I was then with my people, Where my people, unfortunately, were..."
A.A. often referred to subject of poetic craft. In a cycle "Secrets of the Craft" the lyric heroine says: “If only you knew from what rubbish Poems grow, knowing no shame…” This is the animation of poetic creation, and some independence of the creative process from the will of the creator. And then unexpected and at the same time justified comparisons: Like a yellow dandelion near the fence, Like burdocks and quinoa. The main purpose of poetry, according to the author, is to give people the joy of contact with the creations of high art.
B.L. Pasternak
The theme of the poet and poetry touched upon in the poem "Hamlet", where the author presents himself in the image of Hamlet. Hamlet in the work is compared with Jesus Christ: their destinies are made regardless of their will, according to God's plan. This poem also contains the theme of loneliness, misunderstanding by people around and complex relationships of the individual with society.
M. Yu. Lermontov
Comprehension of complex social and philosophical problems is characteristic of Lermontov's poetry. The main idea of the poem "Thought» - reflections on the fate of generations. The author does not separate himself from his contemporaries, taking at his own expense the listed vices and losses. This testifies to the high responsibility of the poet to the present and future of his fatherland.
F.I. Tyutchev
The main theme in the poet's poetry is nature. This is a landscape-philosophical lyrics. Nature in Tyutchev's lyrics is animated, it is always in motion, often in a transitional state: between the seasons of the day, the seasons. In a poem "Even the earth looks sad..." the poet shows a barely perceptible border between winter and spring, between day and night. Rich sound writing (alliterations for hissing) creates a feeling of oscillating air, a light breeze.
N.A. Nekrasov poem "Railway"
The theme of the nature of the native land is closely intertwined with the theme of the motherland and the hard life of the people.
There is no ugliness in nature! And kochi
And moss swamps, and stumps -
All is well under the moonlight
Everywhere I recognize my dear Russia ...
4. "Bank" of arguments from fiction and journalistic literature
(author - G.T. Egoraeva, as well as from personal experience)
| The problem of the relationship between man and nature | In the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”, Nikolai Petrovich, the father of Arkady, after a dispute between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov, is in a state of sad reflection and does not understand how one can not admire nature. The author describes in detail the summer evening, and we see and feel nature in the same way as N.P. feels it. The last page of the novel is a description of the village cemetery, Bazarov's parents and the main character's grave. This description contrasts the eternity of nature and the temporality of social theories that claim to be eternal. |
| In the story of A.P. Chekhov “The Steppe” Yegorushka, struck by the beauty of the steppe, humanizes it and turns it into his double: it seems to him that the steppe space is capable of suffering, and rejoicing, and longing. His experiences and thoughts become not childishly serious, philosophical. | |
| The problem of human perception of nature. The problem of the influence of nature on man | In Leo Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace, Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. In the scene of Natasha's nighttime conversation with Sonya, Natasha's happy poetic world is revealed, her ability to discover the beauty of the world for herself. Andrei Bolkonsky, during a trip to Otradnoye, saw an old oak, and the changes that subsequently occurred in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree. |
| The problem of caring for nature | V. Rasputin in the story "Farewell to Matyora" touches on the theme of love for a small homeland. Resisting the construction of a power plant on the river, the villagers stand up to protect their homeland, village, history. Depicting the separation of the old people from Matera (both the island and the village), their pain and suffering, the author makes one think about such transformations in life that would not destroy the human in a person. The main character Daria Pinigina watches with pain the destruction of Matera. She, deeply attached to her native land, feeling one with nature, finds it difficult to endure farewell to Matera. Even nature strongly resists attempts to kill her: this year, meadows and fields bring abundant harvests, they are full of live sounds, birdsong. |
| Family problems The problem of the role of childhood in human life | In L.N. He anxiously takes care of the young French captive drummer. |
| The problem of the role of the family in the formation of personality | In the Rostov family in L.N. family of acquired property; Nikolai and Petya participate in the war, Petya dies in a partisan detachment), and in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists who hurt other people. |
| The problem of the relationship between fathers and children The problem of "fathers and children" | In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" the main character Bulba raised his sons Ostap and Andriy as true defenders of the motherland, as valiant warriors. The father could not forgive Andriy, who fell in love with a Pole, betrayal, kills his son. Taras Bulba is proud of Ostap, who courageously fights in battle and steadfastly accepts the execution. For Taras, partnership turned out to be above all blood ties. |
| In the work of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter", his father's instructions to "preserve honor from a young age" helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most difficult moments of his life, to remain honest, true to himself and duty: during the Pugachev rebellion, and during the arrest and trial. | |
| Following the behest of his father "to save a penny", Chichikov, the hero of the poem N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls", devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience, who fraudulently advances in the service, then buys up the dead souls of peasants. | |
| Family relationship problem | In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" depicts a difficult relationship in the family of the Kirsanovs and Bazarovs. The parents of E. Bazarov surrounded their son with such excessive love and care that he prefers to live and work on the Kirsanov estate, although he loves his parents. Arkady Kirsanov, imitating his friend Bazarov, at first moves away from his father, but eventually grows up and not only spiritually approaches his family, but also repeats the fate of his father: he marries, takes care of the estate. |
| The role of a teacher in a person's life | Teacher Lydia Mikhailovna, the heroine of the story V. Rasputin's "French Lessons" taught the hero not only the lessons of the French language, but also kindness, sympathy, the ability to feel someone else's pain. In addition to studying French with the boy, the teacher also tried to help him in life. |
| In a parable de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince" Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, one must learn to peer into him, to forgive minor shortcomings. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away. | |
| Indifference of the adult world | The heroes of A. Pristavkin's story "A golden cloud spent the night" - Kuzmyonyshi - being in an orphanage, became victims of cruelty and indifference of adults. |
| The boy, the hero of the story by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Christ's Boy on the Christmas Tree", came with his mother to St. Petersburg, but after her death, on the eve of Christmas, no one needed it. Nobody even gave him a piece of bread. The child is cold, hungry and abandoned. | |
| The problem of development and preservation of the Russian language | In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, D.S. Likhachev writes that it is necessary to learn a good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully, listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind, our ability not to succumb to the influences of the environment, if it is “dragging”. |
| In N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls", the author, representing different types of landowners, shows their lack of education, bad manners, ignorance. If Manilov speaks in beautiful phrases devoid of meaning, then Nozdryov's speech, on the contrary, is dominated by a reduced vocabulary of colloquial style. As a privileged, ruling class, the landlords must be educated, cultured people, but Gogol's landowners are united by lack of culture, lack of education, and indifference to the people. | |
| In A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”, the speech of all the characters is the main means of characterization. Chatsky’s speech, as a progressive-minded person, is especially aphoristic, accurate (“I would be glad to serve, it’s sickening to serve”, “Who are the judges?”, “Mixture languages: French with Nizhny Novgorod"), who complains about anti-national education, isolation from Russian soil. | |
| The problem of correlation between the name of a person and his inner essence | In comedy D.I. Fonvizin's "Undergrowth" many characters have "talking" surnames: Vralman, a former coachman, lied that he was a foreign teacher; the name Mitrofan means "like his mother", who is depicted in the comedy as a stupid ignoramus. Skotinin Taras - Mitrofan's uncle; he loves pigs very much and, in terms of the rudeness of his feelings, is like cattle, as the surname indicates. |
| Problems associated with negative personality traits. The problem of heartlessness, mental callousness | In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya lives a bright, filled life away from her lonely, old mother. Daughter all matters seem so important and urgent that she completely forgets to write letters home, does not visit her mother. Even when a telegram about her mother's illness arrived, Nastya did not immediately go, and therefore did not find Katerina Ivanovna alive. The mother never waited for her only daughter, whom she loved very much. |
| The problem of the loss of spiritual values The problem of the death of the soul | In N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls", the author depicts a gallery of types, showing the degree of degradation, the moral decline of landowners who sell the dead souls of serfs and are indifferent or cruel to the living. Plyushkin - "a hole in humanity." |
| In the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Gooseberry" the main character, dreaming of an estate with gooseberries, denies himself everything, marries by calculation, saves money. He practically starved his wife to death, but he fulfilled his dream. | |
| The problem of betrayal, irresponsible attitude to the fate of others | In L. Andreev's story "Judas Iscariot", Judas, betraying Christ, wants to test the devotion of his disciples and the correctness of the humanistic teachings of Jesus. However, they all turned out to be cowardly philistines, like the people, who also did not stand up for their Teacher. |
| The problem of meanness, dishonor | In the work of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabri is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and having been refused, he takes revenge, speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social treason: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels. |
| The problem of servility | In the story of A.P. Chekhov "The Death of an Official" Chervyakov is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and splashed his bald head in front of the sitting general, the official was so frightened that after humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear. |
| The hero of the story A.P. Chekhov's "Thick and Thin", official Porfiry, met a school friend at the railway station and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly in career. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn. | |
| Molchalin, the negative character of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", I am sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it is affectionate." The need to tirelessly please is also his affair with Sophia, Famusov's daughter. Maxim Petrovich, whom Famusov tells about as a warning to Chatsky, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls. | |
| The problem of relationships between people | In D. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth", Mrs. Prostakova considers her boorish behavior towards others to be the norm: she is the mistress of the house, whom no one dares to argue with. Therefore, she has Trishka "cattle", "dumbass" and "thieves' mug". |
| In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon" police warden Ochumelov grovels before those who are above him in the ranks and feels like a formidable boss in relation to those who are below. He changes his opinions in each situation to the opposite, depending on which person - significant or not - is hurt in it: the general's dog or not. | |
| The problem of moral decline | In the story of N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" for the sake of the love of a beautiful Polish woman, Andriy renounces his homeland, relatives, comrades, voluntarily goes over to the side of the enemy. This betrayal was aggravated by the fact that he rushed into battle against his father, brother, and former friends. An unworthy, shameful death is the result of his moral fall. |
| The problem of bribery, embezzlement | In comedy N.V. Gogol's “Inspector General”, a mayor, a bribe-taker and an embezzler who deceived three governors in his lifetime, is convinced that any problems can be solved with the help of money and the ability to splurge. Judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin takes bribes with greyhound puppies. |
| The problem of the destructive influence of money | In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" Doctor Startsev, in his youth a talented doctor, with nobility and zeal regarding his work, gradually getting richer, becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money. |
| In the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" the image of Stepan Plyushkin, a miserly landowner, personifies the complete necrosis of the human soul, the death of a strong personality, absorbed by the passion of avarice. This passion caused the destruction of all family and friendly ties, and Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance. | |
| The problem of selfishness | In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Anatole Kuragin invades the life of Natasha Rostova in order to satisfy his own ambitions, destroys her personal life, plans to escape with her, although he is married. |
| In the story A.P. Chekhov's "Anna on the Neck" Anyuta, having become the wife of a wealthy official, feels like a queen, and the rest are slaves. She forgot about her father and brothers, who are forced to sell the most necessary things in order not to die of hunger. | |
| The problem of careerism, pseudo-scholarship | The world of physicists in D. Granin's novel "I'm going into a thunderstorm" is a battlefield on which there is a struggle between genuine scientists (Krylov, Dan) and careerists. Incapable of creativity, by hook or by crook seeking an administrative career in science, these opportunists almost destroyed the scientific search of Tulin, Krylov, who were looking for an effective method of destroying a thunderstorm. |
| The problem of a person's responsibility to himself and society for the realization of his abilities | Oblomov, the protagonist of the novel by I. Goncharov "Oblomov", with all his positive inclinations and abilities, could not realize himself because of laziness, turned into a living corpse. The career failed, the books were not read, the letter to the headman was not written. |
| The problem of loneliness (indifference, indifference to the fate of others) | The cab driver Iona Potapov, the hero of the story A.P. Chekhov "Tosca", the only son died. To overcome longing and an acute feeling of loneliness, he wants to tell someone about his misfortune, but no one wants to listen to him, no one cares about him. And then Jonah tells the horse his whole story: it seems to him that it was she who listened to him and sympathized with grief. |
| The problem of true and false values in life | In the story of A.P. Chekhova "The Jumper" Olga Ivanovna spent her whole life looking for famous people, trying at any cost to earn their favor, not noticing that her husband, Dr. Dymov, was the very person whom she was looking for. Only after his tragic death did the heroine realize her frivolity. |
| The problem of patriotism | The theme of the Motherland and its defense is one of the main and long-standing in Russian literature. She sounded excitedly even in The Tale of Igor's Campaign. The feeling of the Motherland, unity with one's people, according to the author, is the main thing in a person. The defeat of Igor's army and his repentance, Svyatoslav's anxious thoughts and Yaroslavna's grief - all this the author convinces of the need to unite to protect their native land. |
| The action of B. Vasiliev's story “He Was Not on the Lists” takes place at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the Brest Fortress besieged by the German invaders. The main character - Lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov gets into the fortress just before the start of the war. He defended the Brest Fortress for nine months. He went upstairs because he ran out of ammunition, because he found out that the Germans were defeated near Moscow. With his courage, stamina, Nikolai made even enemies admire. Pluzhnikov became a symbol of all those unknown soldiers who fought to the end and died without counting on glory. | |
| The problem of courage, heroism, moral duty | In B. Vasiliev's novel "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", anti-aircraft gunners died destroying a detachment of saboteurs. They were not afraid of the numerical superiority of the enemy. The bright images of girls, their dreams and memories of loved ones, create a striking contrast with the inhuman face of the war, which did not spare them - young, loving, tender. Rita Ovsyanina is the last of the girls to die, only foreman Vaskov remains alive. |
| Pilot Alexei Maresyev, the hero of B. Polevoy's story "The Tale of a Real Man", only thanks to his will and courage survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated when he crawled to our rear of the enemy. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron again, proving to everyone that he was in control of his own destiny. | |
| The problem of moral choice | V. Kondratiev, the author in the story "Sasha", shows us an honest, sympathetic, humane soldier. Being in difficult situations, he often faced the hardest choice, but he always remained a man. |
| In V. Bykov's story "Obelisk", the teacher Oles Moroz voluntarily went to the execution with his students. He could stay alive. But he could not leave the guys alone in the last hours, the minutes of their execution, because this would mean for him a betrayal of his pupils, a betrayal of his moral principles. | |
| In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" during the war, performing the next task of the commander of a partisan detachment, Sotnikov passes with honor through difficult trials and accepts death without renouncing his beliefs, and Rybak becomes a traitor, saving his life. In the face of death, a person remains as he really is. Here the depth of his convictions, his civic fortitude are tested. | |
| The problem of homesickness, love for the motherland | In N. Teffi's book "Memoirs", the writer predicted the fate of a whole generation of emigrants who left Russia during the revolution and the Civil War. These people, yearning for their homeland, are doomed to tragic joint loneliness in foreign countries. |
| Inextricable connection with the motherland, native land | In A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona Dvor" for Matryona Vasilievna, her house, yard, village are much more important than the place where you live. For the heroine, this is the meaning of her existence, part of her life, the memory of the past, of loved ones. |
| Loyalty to this word | In the story of A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky" Masha Troekurova, married to an unloved man - old man Vereisky, refuses to break the oath of lifelong fidelity given to him in the church, when Dubrovsky, with whom she was in love, was late to save her from this marriage and stopped the wedding procession only on the way back from churches. |
| In the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" Tatyana Larina, true to her marital duty and given word, rejected the feeling of her secretly beloved Onegin. She became the personification of sincerity and moral strength. | |
| Man's aspirations for goodness and happiness | In comedy A.P. Chekhov's "The Cherry Orchard" to Anya Ranevskaya is a young faith in happiness, in one's own strength. She sincerely rejoices at the departure from the old estate, because a new life begins. |
| The problem of selfless service | In the story of N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer" Ivan Flyagin, the hero of the story frees a young peasant from the hard soldier's service, under his name going to serve in the army. |
| The moral strength of a person | In the work of V. Bykov "Sotnikov" Sotnikov, physically weak and sick, morally turns out to be much stronger than Rybak, his partner, with whom he went on reconnaissance. The fisherman became a traitor, and Sotnikov preferred death to such a disgrace. |
| The problem of loyalty to one's beliefs | In M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", the fate of the hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, is very tragic; Not every person could endure what the hero had to endure: captivity, news of the death of his wife and daughters, and later of his son. However, Andrei managed to survive and even take on Vanyushka, who was also orphaned by the war. |
| In A. Solzhenitsyn's story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, Ivan Shukhov retained his dignity, managed to remain a man in the hellish conditions of Stalin's camps, not to break down. Shukhov's life is not limited to the camp, he remembers the village, family, war, and this gives him the strength to live. | |
| The problem of friendship, camaraderie | In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Taras Bulba, the central character of the story, believed that partnership is higher than the family, higher than kinship by blood, higher than everything earthly. |
| Internationalism (interethnic relations) | In Y. Bondarev's novel "The Shore", the love of the Russian lieutenant Nikitin and the German Emma, their humanity is the desire to overcome national and ideological barriers. |
| In A. Pristavkin's story "A Golden Cloud Spent the Night" the children - Russian Kolka and Chechen Alkhuzur - became real brothers despite the madness that adults in the Caucasus did. The little Chechen felt how hard it was for Kolka after the terrible death of his brother, he was full of compassion. Only fraternal help helped Kolka come back to life. Alkhuzur renounced his own name, saving a friend: he called himself Sasha. His wise act performed the expected miracle: Kolka got up, but nothing will make him see the enemy in the Chechen. Children of different nationalities were gathered in the children's reception center. For them, there was no concept of national hostility: the children were friends, protected each other. The educator Regina Petrovna claimed: “There are no bad peoples. There are only bad people." | |
| The problem of love and mercy | In M. Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, Margarita is capable of deep, devoted, selfless love, and therefore she is morally invulnerable. Just as Yeshua remains human even when in the grip of murderers, and sympathizes with and helps one of them, so Margarita, even in the role of Satan’s prom queen, remains human: she helps Frida. |
| The problem of humanism | In the work of A. Adamovich "Mute" during the war, one of the Belarusian villages was supposed to be burned by the punishers, but the German Franz cannot kill Polina and her mother, the owners of the house in which he lived. He kills his fascist mentor and hides in the cellar with Polina and her mother. When the Soviet troops arrive, Polina represents the German as a mute brother, saving him, just as Franz once saved them. |
| The problem of faith in man | In M. Gorky’s play “At the Bottom”, Luka, the character of the play, believes that every person is a mystery, but everyone lives for the best, so every person must be respected: “we don’t know who he is, why he was born and what he can do. .. maybe he was born for our happiness ... for our great benefit? .. ”Luke seeks to help the hidden forces of man from secret to become apparent. His faith in people basically corresponds to their inner aspirations and capabilities (Actor, Pepel). |
| Goodness (love) as a resurrecting force | In M. Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the power of goodness, the human power that Yeshua embodies in himself, is that he sees the soul of another, understands him and tries to help him. This is precisely what the prisoner strikes Pilate first of all. Yeshua performed the greatest miracle: he gave a place in his soul to a person who threatens his life, can become his executioner," he fell in love with him! And something turned in Pilate's soul. And from that moment his rebirth begins. |
| The problem of the power of love | In A. Kuprin's story "Garnet Bracelet" For the little official Zheltkov, love for Princess Vera Sheyna became the meaning of life, and the beloved woman became the one in which "all the beauty of the earth was embodied." This feeling helped him become morally superior to Bulat-Tuganovsky, Vera's brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities, love could be forbidden. |
| Talent, natural talent | In the tale of N.S. Leskov "Levsha" oblique and poorly wielding his right hand, the Tula gunsmith Lefty shod a flea that was not visible to the eye. |
| Problems related to the role of art in human life | V. Korolenko's story "The Blind Musician" describes how Petrus was born blind, and music helped him survive and become a truly talented pianist. |
| In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" with her singing, Natasha Rostova is able to influence the best in a person. That is how she saved her brother Nikolai from despair after he lost a large amount of money. | |
| The problem of the role of fiction in the formation of personality | Alyosha, the hero of M. Gorky's story "My Universities", believed that only the books he read helped him to endure the most difficult life trials, to become a man .. |
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The theme of the poet and poetry attracted many creators.
However, the significance of the poet in the world of art was not the same at all times. For example, in Ancient Russia it was very small: a person was considered a small, humble before God (the true Creator!) being, and in most cases the author's names were not preserved.
In the Age of Enlightenment, poets began to realize themselves as the chosen ones, the Creators, the idea of the immortality of their own creations and their own became more and more significant for them.
The theme of the poet and his work is firmly entrenched in the space of Russian classical literature. It is multifaceted and presented in various aspects. This is the problem of the purpose of creativity, and the problem of the relationship between the poet and the crowd, the poet and the authorities, the problem of immortality and the greatness of the Word.
One way or another, many poets at least once, but touched on this topic in their work; it is impossible to cover it in full, we will dwell only on more significant names.
The theme of the poet and poetry is reflected in the work of A.S. Pushkin. The poem "The Prophet" is named so for a reason, because in it Pushkin writes about the poet as a prophet, who is led by the Lord himself, he fulfills the will of the Creator, this is his destiny. From above, the poet was given the power to “burn the hearts of people with a verb,” in other words, to boldly tell people the bitter truth. In the work “The Poet”, Alexander Sergeevich affirms the idea of the insignificance of the poet’s life in the absence of inspiration (“Among the children of the insignificant world, perhaps he is the most insignificant of all ...”), but as soon as “the divine verb touches the sensitive ear”, the poet rises above the crowd , over black. In the poem "The Poet and the Crowd", Pushkin, in relation to the townsfolk, allows such expressions as "stupid mob", "senseless people" and "worm of the earth", thereby even more exalting the image of the poet-creator. The Creator, as it were, is separated from the people, he is alone because of his chosen one.
Another poet who also addressed the theme of the poet and poetry was M.Yu. Lermontov. His "Prophet" is, as it were, a continuation of Pushkin's "Prophet". However, if in the last poem the poet-prophet is lonely because of the greatness of his wisdom and the mission of being chosen, then the loneliness of the Lermontov prophet is explained by his pride and contempt for others. The poet became not the chosen one, but an outcast in society ("Look how naked and poor he is, how everyone despise him!"). In Pushkin, the prophet “dragged in the gloomy desert”, and, having gained a gift, he went to do the will of God, while in Lermontov, the prophet runs back “through the noisy city” to this desert of the inner world - the world of resentment and contempt.
N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Elegy" (1876) also considers the problem of the relationship between the poet and the people, but if Pushkin and Lermontov contrasted the creator with the crowd, then Nikolai Alekseevich writes that the poet has one goal - serving the people ("I dedicated the lyre to his people…”). And until the people are happy, the poet will pursue this goal. Nekrasov affirms the values of civic poetry, he writes about the union of the people and the poet, about the theme of the civic service of art (“You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen” (“Poet and Citizen”)).
Another poet, in whose verses the theme of the poet and poetry is revealed, was A.A. Fet. In his work “With one push to drive the living boat ...” he writes about the poet as a chosen one with a gift that distinguishes him from other people. However, in Fet's poem there is no opposition of the poet to the crowd, like Pushkin's, there are no words about the unification of the poet and the people, like Nekrasov's, and the poet is not at all proud and lonely because of his chosenness, like Lermontov's. Fet writes only about poetry as a gift given from above, he depicts the moment of the descent of this gift to the poet and describes what the creator himself feels at this moment - the unheard-of power of the word that affects the human soul:
Whisper about what the tongue goes numb to,
Strengthen the fight of fearless hearts -
That's what the singer only the chosen one owns,
That is his sign and crown.
In Fet's work, the poet enjoys the ability to feel life in its entirety thanks to his gift.
Vorokhobko Varvara, 11th grade, 2013
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C4, C5. The theme of the poet and poetry in the work of A.A. Blok and M.I. Tsvetaeva (essay)
Comprehending his destiny, the poet reflects on himself and his destiny, on the power and meaning of the word in the context of not only his own life, but also - at least - the literary process of his time or even culture as a whole.
"The poet goes far away..."
Meanings fill the consciousness, and many poets decide for themselves what will become their dominant theme, trying to determine the path of their development, the notorious creative evolution.
"The poet - far leads the speech ..."
Positions converge and diverge, literary criticism develops along with literature itself, and the problematic of the relationship between the poet and the crowd, the poet and criticism is exacerbated.
The 20th century opened up a new, qualitatively different understanding of poetry: Nekrasov's postulate "You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen" is rejected, like many trends of the 19th century. “A poet in exile and doubt at the crossroads of two roads,” writes Blok. The fate of the new prophet is unknown - "what do you want, where to go?". Rhetorical questions and lexical repetition (“in exile and in doubt”) emphasize the intensity of the search for an answer to the question about the poet’s path, which follows: but - “he will see the distance”. What is it? To create - for the sake of the word itself, which becomes a symbol and, therefore, meaning, to create, connecting oneself with the heavenly world, the world of the great Creator and its laws - this is a new, but in fact an old idea that has a long tradition in culture.
The opposition "poet - crowd" is presented in Blok's poem "Poets" (1908), which deals with the opposition of the world of the artist, the poet to the values of the philistine. On the "sorrowful earth" it is dreary for everyone, and "wine and passion" are the realities of both worlds. However - "at least, the poet has both braids, and clouds, and a golden meadow, but all this is inaccessible to you!"
The sarcastic address "dear reader" allows us to draw a parallel with the "newspaper reader" Tsvetaeva. “Void swallowers, newspaper readers” is another appeal to the crowd.
Tsvetaeva devoted many poems to the relationship between the poet and the crowd. In the poem "The Pied Piper", based on a German legend, the conflict between the poet and the bourgeoisie is revealed. In her we will also meet the theme of the fate of the poet and his chosenness - "poetic eclipses are not foreseen by the calendar", . Her attitude to fame was in a short “Why do I need this?”. However, the fate of poetry is more important, dearer, more significant, and that is why, back in 1913, she writes: “My poems, like precious wines, will have their turn,” referring to another traditional theme - the immortality of the poetic word.
Tsvetaeva wrote more than once that poems come true - terrible, portending evil symbols. And yet - "God preserves everything, especially the words of forgiveness and love, as his own voice."
Inspiration is “breathing a moment with a dumb soul”, “a path not foreseen by the calendar”, thirst, “dependence”, as Brodsky wrote in the Nobel lecture. The theme of inspiration - a mysterious moment, irrationally incomprehensible in the process of creativity, attracted these poets.
Where in its "production of meanings" will the speech of today's young poets lead, how the word will be refracted in the understanding of poets - God knows ...
Because - "The poet - far leads the speech ..."
Pashina Olga Grade 11, 2013
1. Personality of E. A. Evtushenko.
2. The evolution of the theme of love in the poet's work.
3. Analysis of poems.
4. Lyricism and publicism of works.
It's time to save love at the very beginning from the ardent "never!", From the children's "forever!". "Don't promise!" - the trains shouted to us, “No need to promise!” the wires hummed.
The theme of love is one of the eternal themes in art and literature. Love poems of ancient Greek and Roman authors, created millennia ago, reach modern readers. This theme, changing and becoming more complex with each new historical era, has passed through the centuries, and will exist forever in prose and poetry, music and painting, until now, as long as a person knows how and can love.
E. A. Yevtushenko is one of the most popular poets of the second half of the 20th century. He was born in 1933 in the Irkutsk region, received his higher education at the Literary Institute. M. Gorky. In 1949, his independent creative activity began.
The first book, entitled Scouts of the Future, was published when the poet was only 19 years old. Since that time, collections of his poems began to appear regularly.
The name of Yevtushenko has firmly entered the literature of the last century. It is known by people of different generations, professions, representatives of various cultural and social strata. But such a popularity is connected not only with a really rare and strong talent.
the ness of the poet. An innate sense of citizenship, merged with a subtle sense of time, makes Yevtushenko's lyrics even more interesting to understand. He is sociable as a lyricist, not indifferent to what is happening around him and to the fate of the people around him, he knows how to subtly select the mood of works for a variety of readers. In addition, this is a poet who always writes in the first person and conveys non-fictional, real stories. The theme of love for this author is of great importance, because in love, as in a magic mirror, the true essence of a person is reflected. At the same time, the theme of love, passing through all the work of the poet, grows and develops with him. The first works, such as “You are great in love ...” and “It’s scary not to understand each other” are saturated with a sense of distrust of what is happening, fear that the feelings experienced by the poet will turn out to be insincere, feigned:
It's scary not to understand each other -
do not understand and embrace,
and yet, oddly enough,
but just as scary, just as scary
understand each other in everything.
However, even in the power of such dual, conflicting sensations and the fear of inflicting mental pain on himself, the lyrical hero treats his beloved with undisguised care and admiration:
And, endowed with early knowledge,
I am your tender soul
I will not offend misunderstanding
and understanding will not kill.
Over time, love for the poet is transformed, a bright and naive feeling begins to acquire a more dramatic, heavy character. The hero of the works of this stage of creativity is trying to find a way out of the clutches of everyday life, to hide from problems on the “forever embedded in the sky” bridge, but, unfortunately, this bridge remains only in dreams. Life places a heavy love burden on the poet's shoulders. The image of a beloved girl is also undergoing changes - it becomes more complicated, becoming both more tragic and more realistic. An example of such a change in the poet's worldview can be the poem "You are completely devoid of pretense ...".
The most outstanding poem of this time is "Incantation". It is original and unusual both stylistically and compositionally. The beginning addressed to the heroine is bewitching, really reminiscent of a spell or a ritual song of love:
Think of me on a spring night
think of me on an autumn night
Let me not be there with you, but somewhere outside,
as far away as in another country,
on a long and cool sheet
rest as if in the sea on your back,
surrendering to the soft slow wave,
with me, as with the sea, all alone.
The same rhyme at the end of each line gives the text a melodiousness, the monotony of the rhythm lulls and soothes the reader's thoughts. It feels like a calm sea surf, gently but inevitably rolling waves over and over again on a gentle coast.
However, at the end of the very first stanza, a feeling of tension arises, which expands with each new line to result in a final breath - a cry:
I beg you - in the quietest silence,
or under the rain, rustling in the sky,
or under the snow shimmering in the window,
already in a dream and yet not in a dream -
spring night think of me
and think of me on a summer night
think of me on an autumn night
and think of me on a winter night.
The lyrical hero of this period is still looking for solace from everyday life and everyday life, but now he is looking for him not in some deserted place, but in a quiet haven of sincere female love. One of Yevtushenko's most cruel love poems is "I fell out of love with you ... Banal denouement ...". the lyrical hero here does not feel any pity either for himself or for his beloved:
I will break the string of a cruel romance,
guitar in half - why break the comedy!
The hero is afraid of a false sense of compassion on the part of a former lover, which can destroy his peace and normal state of mind:
Being sentimental is not a weakness - a crime,
when you soften again, promise again
and you try, groaning, to put on a performance
with the stupid title "Saved Love".
The finale of the poem - on one emotional anguish - is tough, but surprisingly touching and harmonious:
No need to promise... Love is impossible.
Why lead under deceit, as down the aisle?
Vision is good until it evaporates.
It's more humane not to love when it's the end.
Our poor dog is whining to the point of insanity,
sometimes with a paw at my door, then scratching at your door.
For falling out of love, I do not apologize.
Forgive me for loving you.
Creativity Yevtushenko is multifaceted and diverse. The poet addresses the most diverse problems and themes, he sings of various images, relying on the creative heritage of A. Pushkin, N. Nekrasov, V. Mayakovsky, A. Tvardovsky.
In his works, Yevtushenko acts not only as a poet, but also as a publicist. He considers reality not only as something that gives lyrical inspiration, but also as a unity of moral and historical ties:
Yesenin, dear, Russia has changed.
But I won't say it's for the best
And I'm afraid to say that for the worse.
Yevtushenko's mature work has not lost its charm and youth, which enchants readers along with his early works.
The problem of educating love for poetry. Composition of the exam
Yevgeny Alexandrovich Yevtushenko - Soviet and Russian poet. One of the most amazing masters of the artistic word. In his works, the poet touches on a variety of topics, including political ones. “A poet in Russia is more than a poet” - perhaps everyone knows this famous line from his manifesto.
In this text, the author focuses on the problem of spiritual perfection of man. E.A. Yevtushenko invites his readers to think about the problem of poetry, its value and significance in the life of every person. Poetry is more than poetry. This term refers to everything beautiful that inspires and gives us wisdom and life experience.
With the opinion of E.A. Yevtushenko is hard to disagree. Thanks to poetry, we can express, understand and accept many things that haunt us in life. But not everyone who can write poetry is a poet. I agree with the author that it is not enough to have a conscience, intelligence, courage, to love not only your own poems, but also those of others. "There is no poet outside the people, just as there is no son without a father's shadow."
Reflecting on this topic, I would like to recall a quote from Frederico Garcia Lorca, a Spanish poet and playwright: “The poet has one mission: to animate in the literal sense - to give a soul.” Joseph Brodsky dedicated a poem to the memory of the poet, which begins with words about a legend, when, before being shot, Lorca saw the sun rise and said: "But the sun still rises ...", which may have been the beginning of the poem.
The theme of the poet and his work is firmly entrenched in the space of Russian classical literature. It is multifaceted and presented in various aspects. This is the problem of the purpose of creativity, and the problem of the relationship between the poet and the crowd, the poet and the authorities, the problem of immortality and the greatness of the Word.
One way or another, many poets at least once, but touched on this topic in their work. For example, the theme of the poet and poetry is reflected in the work of A.S. Pushkin. The poem "The Prophet" is named so for a reason, because in it Pushkin writes about the poet as a prophet, who is led by the Lord himself, he fulfills the will of the Creator, this is his destiny. From above, the poet was given the power to “burn the hearts of people with a verb,” in other words, to boldly tell people the bitter truth. In the work “The Poet”, Alexander Sergeevich affirms the idea of the insignificance of the poet’s life in the absence of inspiration (“Among the children of the insignificant world, perhaps he is the most insignificant of all ...”), but as soon as “the divine verb touches the sensitive ear”, the poet rises above the crowd , over black.
In conclusion, I would like to say that no matter how a person is enriched with an “external” biography, as E.A. Yevtushenko in this text, only books can help to better understand the world, your country, other people and yourself, thereby enriching the “internal” biography.
According to the text of E. A. Evtushenko
(1) The main educator of any person is his life experience. (2) But in this concept we must include not only the "external" biography, but also the "internal" biography, inseparable from our assimilation of the experience of mankind through books.
(3) An event in Gorky's life was not only what happened in the Kashirins' dye house, but also every book he read. (4) A person who does not love a book is unhappy, although he does not always think about it. (5) His life can be filled with interesting events, but he will be deprived of no less important - empathy with what he read and understanding it.
(6) There are people who say: "I like to read ... but not poetry." (7) This is not true: a person who does not love poetry cannot truly love prose either, education in poetry is the education of a taste for literature in general. (8) The charm of poetry, more than prose, is hidden not only in thought and plot construction, but also in the music of the word itself, in intonation modulations, in metaphors, in the subtlety of epithets. (9) A genuine reading of a literary word (in poetry and prose) does not imply a cursory gleaning of information, but the enjoyment of the word, its absorption by all nerve cells, the ability to feel this word with the skin.
(10) Once I was lucky enough to read the poem "Citizens, listen to me ..." to the composer Stravinsky. (11) Stravinsky listened, it seemed, half aloud, and suddenly on the line “with fingers confusedly wise” he exclaimed, even closing his eyes with pleasure: “What a delicious line!” (12) I was amazed, because not every professional poet could note such a discreet line. (13) I am not sure that there is an innate poetic ear, but I am convinced that such an ear can be cultivated.
(14) And I would like, albeit belatedly and not comprehensively, to express my deep gratitude to all the people in my life who raised me in love with poetry. (15) If I had not become a professional poet, I would still remain a devoted reader of poetry until the end of my days. (16) My father, a geologist, wrote poetry, it seems to me, talented. (17) He loved poetry and conveyed his love for it to me. (18) I read beautifully by heart and, if I didn’t understand something, I explained, but not rationally, namely the beauty of reading, emphasizing the rhythmic, figurative power of the lines, and not only Pushkin and Lermontov, but also modern poets, reveling in verse, especially liked by him.
(19) In 1949, I was lucky when I met the journalist and poet Nikolai Tarasov at the editorial office of the Sovetsky Sport newspaper. (20) He not only printed my first poems, but also sat with me for long hours, patiently explaining which line is good, which is bad and why.
(21) I managed to get acquainted with the work of Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Mandelstam. (22) However, my expanding “poetic education” did not affect the poems that I created at that time. (23) As a reader, I got ahead of myself, the poet.
(24) The turning point in the life of a poet comes when, brought up on the poetry of others, he already begins to educate readers with his poetry. (25) The “powerful echo”, returning, can, by the force of the return wave, knock the poet off his feet if he is not strong enough, or so shell-shock that he loses his hearing to poetry and to time. (26) But such an echo can also bring up. (27) Thus, the poet will be brought up by the return wave of his own poetry.
(28) I sharply separate readers from admirers. (29) The reader, with all his love for the poet, is kind, but exacting. (ZO) I found such readers both in my professional environment and among people of various professions in different parts of the country. (31) It was they who were always the secret co-authors of my poems.
(32) I still try to educate myself with poetry and now I often repeat the lines of Tyutchev, whom I have fallen in love with in recent years:
We can't predict
As our word will respond, -
And sympathy is given to us,
How do we get grace...
(33) I feel happy because I was not deprived of this sympathy, but sometimes I feel sad because I don’t know if I can fully thank for it.
(34) Beginning poets often write letters to me and ask: “What qualities do you need to have in order to become a real poet?” (35) I never answered this, as I thought, naive question, but now I will try, although this may also be naive.
36) There are perhaps five such qualities.
37 First, you need to have a conscience, but that's not enough to become a poet.
38 Second: you need to have a mind, but this is not enough to become a poet.
39 Third: you need to have courage, but this is not enough to become a poet.
40 Fourth: one must love not only one's own poems, but also those of others, but even this is not enough to become a poet.
41 Fifth: you must write poetry well, but if you do not have all the previous qualities, this is also not enough to become a poet, because
There is no poet outside the people,
There is no son without a father's shadow.
42 Poetry, according to a well-known expression, is the self-consciousness of the people. (43) "In order to understand themselves, the people create their own poets."
(According to E. A. Evtushenko*)
Reading a poetic work, a person experiences pleasure, feels the unique charm of poetic speech. In order for poetry to be understandable, to bring pleasure, one must learn to feel the artistic word. It is about this that E.A. Yevtushenko tells in his text and raises the problem of educating a person in love for poetry.
Revealing this problem, the author tries to convey to the reader the idea that a “taste” for poetry can develop in a person. Yevtushenko recalls how he once read poetry to Stravinsky. He was amazed that the composer had such a poetic ear. The author claims that "such a rumor can be cultivated." The poet's father loved poetry, read a lot "reveling in the verse, which he especially liked." The poet is grateful to those people who brought up in him a love of poetry.
The essence of the poetic word must be learned to understand. Many things contribute to this: literature itself, communication with people who can reveal the secrets of poetry.
In Russian literature, there are many lyrical works that cause admiration, such is, for example, Alexander Blok's poem "The Stranger". The lyrical hero admires a beautiful stranger. The hero, looking at the stranger, is immersed in the magical world of beauty and dreams hidden from others, and sees "the shore is charming and enchanted distance." This poem delights: both rhyme, and content, and vivid visual means.
Speaking of poetry, one cannot but recall the work of Vladimir Vysotsky. In my opinion, if not the best, then at least one of his most striking poems is "I do not like ...". The author called this poem a song and even set it to music. Vladimir Vysotsky also spoke about his lyrical work - "It is my life credo ...". In this poem, the author shared with the worlds with his feelings, describing his attitude, what he "never loves." There is nothing "superfluous" in this poem, the author does not deviate from the topic. Every word he says has its place.
I think that the text of E.A. Yevtushenko tells us a lot. One cannot but agree that "a person who does not love poetry cannot truly love prose." A person, cultivating in himself a love for poetry, educates a taste for literature as a whole.
