Tiun is a princely or boyar servant who managed the feudal economy in Ancient Russia.
Three fields- crop rotation with alternating fallow, winter, spring crops on a land plot divided into three parts. One part of the land is sown in spring, the second - in late autumn, the third - remains fallow.
Tysyatsky - a military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia - "a thousand" and was initially appointed by the prince. Then, in cities where veche administration developed, this position became elective (Novgorod), where veche administration did not play much importance, the thousandth was always appointed by the prince.
taxes- in Russia in the 15th - early 18th century. monetary and in-kind state duties of peasants and townspeople. In the 18-19 centuries. t. - a unit of taxation of peasants with duties in favor of the landowners. In 1722 this term fell into disuse.
specific principality - lot in RussiaXII-XVI centuries. an integral part of large grand principalities, ruled by a member of the grand ducal family
county- an administrative-territorial unit from the 13th century.
Laid commissions- temporary collegiate bodies in Russia. They were convened to codify laws that came into force after the conciliar code of 1649.
Union- association, union of states.
Urbanization- the concentration of the population in large communities - cities.
Standard of living- the degree of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs.
A factory is an industrial enterprise based on machine production with a division of labor.
Favorite- a person who enjoys the favor of the ruler, an influential person, receiving various privileges from him and in turn exerting influence on him.
historical fact- an event or phenomenon of historical reality; source message; those. information about reality; element of the logical structure of historical science, obtained on the basis of the interpretation of source information about the event.
Federation- a form of government, which is a complex (union) state, consisting of state entities with legally defined political independence.
Feudal fragmentation- a natural process of economic strengthening and political isolation of feudal estates. Starting from the 30s of the XII century.
feudal rent- one of the forms of land rent, existed in labor (corvee), grocery (natural dues) and monetary types.
Fiscal- in 1711-1729. civil servant to supervise the activities, mainly financial, of government agencies and officials. In a figurative sense - a snitch, an informer.
Union of Florence - an agreement on the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches at the cathedral in Florence in 1439. Orthodoxy was supposed to accept the dogmas of the Catholic dogma, while preserving the Orthodox rites. The Greek clergy and the Byzantine emperor agreed to the signing of the Union, hoping to get the support of Western Europe in the fight against the Turks. The document was also signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore (Greek by nationality), but Vasily II and the Russian clergy refused to accept the Union. Isidore was deposed, and in 1443 the union was also rejected by Byzantium.
Formation socio-political - a society that is at a certain stage of historical development.
Charisma- the property of some people to inspire people to believe in their special abilities.
Charismatic power- this is power based on devotion to the leader, to whom certain higher, almost mystical properties are attributed.
"Journey to the People"- mass movement of democratic and revolutionary youth to the countryside (1873-1874).
Tsar- the official title (title) of the head of state (monarch) in Russia (until 1917). The title of king is equivalent to the title of king, is the highest monarchical title.
The centralized state a state that united previously disparate lands around a strong centralized authority. The association is political and economic in nature.
Tsesarevich- the official title of the heir to the throne. Since 1797, it has been passed down only through the male line.
Civilization- a stable cultural and historical community of people, characterized by a common spiritual and moral values and cultural traditions, similarities in material production and socio-political development, lifestyle and personality type, in most cases common ethnic characteristics and corresponding geographical boundaries.
Special purpose parts - military party detachments in 1919-1925. at factory cells, district committees, city committees of the party to help the Soviet authorities in the fight against counter-revolution, actively participated in the organization of the "Red Terror".
Servants- in the 9th-12th centuries. slaves, later a wide range of feudal dependent people. In the 18-19 centuries. courtyard people of landowners, servants.
Black-nosed peasants - in the 14th-17th centuries. personally free peasants who owned communal lands and carried state feudal duties. In the 18th century became state peasants.
Chin- service category of military and civil servants, with which certain rights and obligations are associated.
Official- a civil servant who had a certain class rank according to the table of ranks.
Standard- banner of cavalry units in the Russian army (since 1731).
Evolution - the development of a phenomenon or process - as a result of gradual continuous changes, passing one into another without jumps and breaks
Expropriation is the forced gratuitous seizure of property carried out by the state.
Emigration- departure of citizens from their country to another for permanent residence or for a long period of time for political, economic or other reasons.
Epoch- a period of time in the development of nature, society, science, etc., which has some characteristic features.
Paganism- a term introduced into circulation by theologians of monotheistic religions and served to refer to religious beliefs, rites and holidays developed over many centuries before the advent of monotheism.
Labels- preferential letters of the Mongol-Tatar khans of the golden horde subject to secular and spiritual feudal lords.
The oldest Russian concept for designating a slave, as we have seen, is chelyadin in plural - servants. The term is found in Old Church Slavonic texts and is also used in Russian-Byzantine treaties of the tenth century.
Another ancient term rob(otherwise - slave; in the feminine - robe, later - slave), suggestive in connection with the verb robotati. In this sense, a slave is a "worker" and vice versa,
In the middle of the eleventh century, a new term appears - serf, which can be compared with Polish clap(in Polish spelling chlop), "peasant", "serf". The Proto-Slavic form was holp; in the transcription used by most Slavic philologists - cholpas.In Russian term serf denoted a male slave. The slave was constantly named slave.
Slavery in Kievan Rus was of two types: temporary and permanent. The latter was known as "total slavery" (servility is abundant). The main source of temporary slavery was captivity in war. Initially, not only the soldiers of the enemy army, but even civilians captured in the course of hostilities, were enslaved. With the passage of time, more mercy was shown to civilians, and finally, by the time of the conclusion of the treaty between Russia and Poland, signed in 1229, the necessity of not affecting the civilian population was recognized.
By the end of the war, the captives were released for a ransom, if one was offered. The Russo-Byzantine treaties set a redemption ceiling in order to exclude abuses. If it was not possible to collect a ransom, the captive remained at the disposal of the person who captured him. According to the "Law of Judgment by People", in such cases, the work of the prisoner was considered as the payment of a ransom, and after covering it in full, the prisoner had to be released.
The rule had to be properly observed in relation to the citizens of the states with which the Russians entered into special agreements, such as, for example, with Byzantium. In other cases, it could be ignored. In any case, it is important that Russkaya Pravda does not mention captivity in the war as a source of complete slavery.
According to paragraph 110 of the expanded version, "full slavery is of three kinds." A person becomes a slave: 1) if he voluntarily sells himself into slavery; 2) if he marries a woman without having previously concluded a special agreement with her master; 3) if he is employed in the service of the master in the position of butler or housekeeper without special agreement that he must remain free. As for self-sale into slavery, two conditions had to be observed in order for the transaction to become legal: 1) the minimum price (at least half a hryvnia) and 2) payment to the city secretary (one nogata). These formalities were prescribed by law in order to prevent a person from being enslaved against his will. This part of Russkaya Pravda does not say anything about female slaves, but it can be assumed that a woman can sell herself into slavery, like a man. On the other hand, a woman was not privileged to retain her freedom by agreement with her master if she married a male slave. Although this is not mentioned in Russkaya Pravda, we know from later legislation, as well as from various other sources, that such a marriage automatically made the woman a slave. This must have been an ancient custom, and therefore it was not considered worthy of mention in Russkaya Pravda.
In addition to the main sources of the slave population mentioned, the sale agreement can be characterized as a derived source. Obviously, the same formalities as in the case of self-sale had to be observed in the case of the sale of a slave. Thus, a minimum price was set for full slaves. There was no minimum price for prisoners of war. After the victory of the Novgorodians over the Suzdalians in 1169, the captive Suzdalians were sold two nogata each. The Tale of Igor's Campaign says that if the Grand Duke Vsevolod took part in the campaign against the Polovtsy, the latter would be defeated and then the female captives would be sold by one leg, and the men by one cut.
No upper price was set for slaves, but public opinion—at least among the clergy—was against speculation in the slave trade. It was considered sinful to buy a slave at one price and then sell it for more; it was called "outrageous".
The slave had no civil rights. If he was killed, then compensation was to be paid by the killer to his master, and not to the relatives of the slave. There is no regulation in the laws of this period regarding the killing of a slave by its owner. Obviously, the master was responsible if he killed a temporary slave.
If the slave was "full", then the owner was subjected to church repentance, but this was obviously the only sanction in such a situation. The slave could not bring charges in court and was not accepted as a full-fledged witness in litigation. By law, he was not supposed to own any property, with the exception of his clothes and other personal belongings, known as peculium in Roman law (Old Russian version - old woman); a slave could not assume any obligations or sign any contract. In fact, many of the Kievan Rus' slaves had property and assumed obligations, but in each case this was done on behalf of their owner. If in such a case the slave did not fulfill his obligations, his owner paid the loss, if the person with whom the slave was dealing was not aware that the other side was a slave. If he knew about the fact, he acted at his own risk.
Slaves were used by their owners as domestic servants of various types and as field workers. It happened that they were men and women experienced in the craft, or even teachers. They were judged on their ability and services rendered. So, according to Russkaya Pravda, the amount of compensation to the prince for the murder of his slaves varied from five to twelve hryvnias, depending on what kind of slave the victim was.
As for the end of the slave state, leaving aside the death of a slave, temporary slavery could end after a sufficient amount of work had been done. The end of complete slavery could come in two ways: either the slave redeemed himself (which, of course, few could afford), or the master could release his slave or slaves by a willful decision. The Church constantly encouraged him to do this, and many rich people followed this advice, freeing slaves posthumously in a special section of the will.
There was also, of course, an illegal way of self-liberation of a slave - flight. Many slaves appear to have taken this route to freedom, as Russkaya Pravda has several paragraphs about runaway slaves. Any person who gave shelter to such a slave, or assisted him in any way, was to be fined.
Tiun is a well-established generic name for a number of categories that included personal princely and boyar servants. Even this name in Ancient Russia was called civil servants, or rather their positions in the administrative-judicial field.
Meaning
In Kievan Rus, a tiun (tivun) was called a princely or boyar manager, clerk, manager, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the Muscovite state until the 17th century. - the name of economic, vicegerent, church and judicial positions. The function itself has Scandinavian roots and arrived on the territory of Russia thanks to the Varangians (ancient Scandinavian thionn). The etymology of the word demonstrates its very wide distribution: from Old Russian this word means “manager”, in Ukrainian it is “supervisor”, “manager of the estate”. Tiun is also a servant of the princely court, and also the lower link of the administration in the villages.
Tiun in Russia
Tiun in Ancient Russia are household managers who are in the service of the boyars or princes and are responsible for order. Fiery, later name - palace, was responsible for the house, yard. The stable tiun, respectively, was responsible for the horses and stalls, work in the stable. Field work, etc., lay on the rural and ratai. Tiuns were the most necessary support and help for feudal landowners in administration and court. Most of them were not free. As Russkaya Pravda says, as soon as a person accepted a position called "tiun", he passed into the category of those who are called serfs. In order to preserve their freedom, it was necessary to conclude a special agreement. Russkaya Pravda also speaks of "Tivun without a row" (this means the absence of a proper contract) as one of the sources of servility. Despite this, the social position of the princely tiuns was very high. For the murder of a village or warrior - 12 hryvnia, for the murder of a servant of a boyar - 40 hryvnia. For the princely fireworks, the largest size is set - 80 hryvnias.
Kholopa-tiuna was allowed to be a witness in court, if there were no other free ones, although the rule said "obedience is laid down for a serf." At the same time, only the prince himself could conduct a trial over him. Secondary officials who belonged to the judicial and administrative power were also called tiuns. They were appointed by princes, volostels or governors. In the 13-14 centuries, the number of tiuns of the governor was determined with the help of statutory letters. If we compare the court of minor officials with that of the governor, then the first was the lowest instance. Despite the fact that the remuneration of the tiun was carried out on an equal footing, his income did not reach half the profit of the governor. The population rebelled against the hated officials (one can recall the uprising of the inhabitants of Kyiv in 1146). In literary monuments, tiun is a selfish oppressor of the people (for example, in the Word
Tiuns in and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Here the emphasis shifts from economic to managerial and judicial functions. In the 14th-17th centuries. continued to exist princely tiun, engaged in his economy. There were also those included in the vicegerent apparatus and those who had judicial functions. called tiuns large feudal lords who were responsible for managing the volosts (later they were called governors) and collected tribute (which at that time was also called "polyudye"). In some parts of Galician Rus, where vestiges of ancient Russian law still existed, these were elected representatives of rural communities.
Tiunas and the Church
Church tiuns were of two kinds: those who were subordinate to secular bishops' officials, and those who called themselves "lords." The last group lived in the cathedral city and served with the bishop himself. According to the decree, the main duty of the tiun was to issue banners to the priests who visited the cathedral and were hired to serve the liturgy. The latter were the right to carry out such actions. Later, the tiuns are responsible for order in the church. They watch how the clergy and priestly elders do their duty.
Tiun hut
Tiun, whose importance was great at the church, and the priestly elders sat together in the Popovskaya hut, and then in Tiunskaya until 1667. However, the situation has changed. From 1674 to 1690, the Tiun hut was replaced by Patriarch Joachim on the orders of church affairs. In 1724 it was finally closed. The hierarchs followed the example of the patriarch and brought into fashion the opening of Tiun huts or orders. The latter were responsible for the same matters related to diocesan administration, as in the old days and tiun. In order to create assistance to the Synod during the time of Peter I, a chamber was created, which was also called an office, but the next year it was abolished.
Chiun is a person who was deprived of his freedom, but also endowed with a lot of responsibilities. These people looked after the house, the field, animals, occupied a certain position in the church or were officials.
Three fields- crop rotation with alternating fallow, winter, spring crops on a land plot divided into three parts. One part of the land is sown in spring, the second - in late autumn, the third - remains fallow.
Tysyatsky - a military leader who led the ancient Russian city militia - "a thousand" and was initially appointed by the prince. Then, in cities where veche administration developed, this position became elective (Novgorod), where veche administration did not play much importance, the thousandth was always appointed by the prince.
taxes- in Russia in the 15th - early 18th century. monetary and in-kind state duties of peasants and townspeople. In the 18-19 centuries. t. - a unit of taxation of peasants with duties in favor of the landowners. In 1722 this term fell into disuse.
specific principality - inheritance in Russia XII - XVI centuries. an integral part of large grand principalities, ruled by a member of the grand ducal family
county- an administrative-territorial unit from the 13th century.
Laid commissions- temporary collegiate bodies in Russia. They were convened to codify laws that came into force after the conciliar code of 1649.
Union- association, union of states.
Urbanization- the concentration of the population in large communities - cities.
Standard of living- the degree of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs.
A factory is an industrial enterprise based on machine production with a division of labor.
Favorite- a person who enjoys the favor of the ruler, an influential person, receiving various privileges from him and in turn exerting influence on him.
historical fact- an event or phenomenon of historical reality; source message; those. information about reality; element of the logical structure of historical science, obtained on the basis of the interpretation of source information about the event.
Federation- a form of government, which is a complex (union) state, consisting of state entities with legally defined political independence.
Feudal fragmentation- a natural process of economic strengthening and political isolation of feudal estates. Since the 30s of the XII century.
feudal rent- one of the forms of land rent, existed in labor (corvee), grocery (natural dues) and monetary types.
Fiscal- in 1711-1729. civil servant to supervise the activities, mainly financial, of government agencies and officials. In a figurative sense - a snitch, an informer.
Union of Florence - an agreement on the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches at the cathedral in Florence in 1439. Orthodoxy was supposed to accept the dogmas of the Catholic dogma, while preserving the Orthodox rites. The Greek clergy and the Byzantine emperor agreed to the signing of the Union, hoping to get the support of Western Europe in the fight against the Turks. The document was also signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore (Greek by nationality), but Vasily II and the Russian clergy refused to accept the Union. Isidore was deposed, and in 1443 the union was also rejected by Byzantium.
Formation socio-political - a society that is at a certain stage of historical development.
Charisma- the property of some people to inspire people to believe in their special abilities.
Charismatic power- this is power based on devotion to the leader, to whom certain higher, almost mystical properties are attributed.
"Journey to the People"- mass movement of democratic and revolutionary youth to the countryside (1873-1874).
Tsar- the official title (title) of the head of state (monarch) in Russia (until 1917). The title of king is equivalent to the title of king, is the highest monarchical title.
The centralized state a state that united previously disparate lands around a strong centralized authority. The association is political and economic in nature.
Tsesarevich- the official title of the heir to the throne. Since 1797, it has been passed down only through the male line.
Civilization- a stable cultural and historical community of people, characterized by a common spiritual and moral values and cultural traditions, similarities in material production and socio-political development, lifestyle and personality type, in most cases common ethnic characteristics and corresponding geographical boundaries.
Special purpose parts - military party detachments in 1919-1925. at factory cells, district committees, city committees of the party to help the Soviet authorities in the fight against counter-revolution, actively participated in the organization of the "Red Terror".
Servants- in the 9th-12th centuries. slaves, later a wide range of feudal dependent people. In the 18-19 centuries. courtyard people of landowners, servants.
Black-nosed peasants - in the 14th-17th centuries. personally free peasants who owned communal lands and carried state feudal duties. In the 18th century became state peasants.
Chin- service category of military and civil servants, with which certain rights and obligations are associated.
Official- a civil servant who had a certain class rank according to the table of ranks.
Standard- banner of cavalry units in the Russian army (since 1731).
FREE SERVANTS FREE SERVANTS - in specific Russia XIII-XIV centuries. junior warriors who were not connected with the prince by compulsory service and, together with the boyars, enjoyed the right to refuse and leave (transfer to service) to another prince.
Big legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .
See what "Free Servants" is in other dictionaries:
This was the name in ancient Russia of service people who enjoyed the right to leave, mainly the less noble and powerful of them; the best of them were usually called boyars. The right to leave was the right to freely leave the service ... ...
FREE SERVANTS- in ancient and specific Russia, service people who enjoyed the right to leave; the best of them were usually called boyars. The right to leave consisted in the right to freely move from the service of one prince to the service of another. In treaties between princes ... ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - beginning of XX century
free servants- in Specific Russia XIII XIV centuries. junior warriors who were not connected with the prince by compulsory service and, together with the boyars, enjoyed the right to refuse and leave (transfer to service) to another prince ... Big Law Dictionary
I as the highest ruling class in Russia arose on the basis of public service. Since in ancient times the public service was no different from personal service to the prince, this primarily explains the diverse composition of public ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
This was the name we used to call the contract, for the designation of which the equivalent terms were used, the row, or the kiss of the cross. The meaning of the contract in ancient times was much wider than it is today. They determined not only civil relations ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
A. History of Russian law. 1) An outline of the development of state institutions and sources of law formation until the beginning of the 18th century. The period is princely, or veche. The sources of law have a double meaning: these or those creative forces that give rise to law ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
nobles- NOBILIES. At a specific time, D. were called persons who were constantly at the prince's court: these were not free princely courtyard people and free representatives of the younger squad, gridi. In the monuments, for the first time, the term nobles is found under ... ... Military Encyclopedia
I The system of state S., which currently exists in various European states, is the result of a long historical process, which is closely connected with the development of the state itself. In the states founded by the Germans, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- (“Departure”) is a term used in Russian sources of the 14th and 16th centuries. to denote the right of feudal lords to transfer to the service of another overlord. Right "Oh." had boyars and free servants, and it was recorded in contractual letters (the last time in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Service fee; in the old days it meant mourning, sadness, then mercy, favor, gift. This was the nature of the salary that free servants (see) received for service from the Old Russian princes, in the form of various land holdings. Over time,… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
