The spelling of suffixes is closely related to morphology. There are various rules for writing this morpheme, they are studied differently for each part of speech. Consider what are the verbal suffixes.

Suffix -ova-/-eva-, -yva-/-iva-

These suffixes form imperfective verbs, to which the question "what to do?" For example: draw, dance, paint, dance.

Morphemes -ova- / eva- form imperfective verbs from other parts of speech, usually from nouns:

• command - to command;
• test - try;
• envy - envy;
• excitement - to worry;
• expense - to spend;
• grief - grieve;
• conversation - to talk;
• participation - participate;
• feeling - to feel;
• sympathy - sympathize;
• stroke - stroke.

The spelling of these morphemes is checked by the form of the verb in the first person singular. numbers in the present. In order to put the verb in the right form, you need to ask the question: "What am I doing now?" The answer will be:

• I am dancing now;
• I am drawing right now.

As you can see, the verb ends in -th. In this case, the suffix -ova- / -eva- is written.

Examples of words in which the verbal suffix -ova-/-eva- stands out:

• I envy - envy, welcome - welcome, explore - explore, organize - organize, wring - uproot, worry - worry, peck - peck, attack - attack, pursue - pursue, use - use, enmity - enmity.

The morphemes -yva-/-iva- also form verbs that ask the question "what to do?" For example: take a bite.

The suffixes -yva-/-iva- produce imperfective verbs from perfective verbs:

(what to do?) test - (what to do?) test.

The spelling of these morphemes also depends on the 1st letter. the only one. real numbers. time. Let's remember the question: "What am I doing now?" And the answer will be: "I'm dancing now", "I'm finishing now."

After that, we determine that at the end - I am / - I am.

Examples of words in which it stands out:

Choking - choking, inventing - inventing, swaying - swaying, educating - educating, biting off - biting off, refusing - refusing, searching - searching, lubricating - lubricating, hanging - hanging, painting - coloring, sawing - sawing, unwinding - unwinding, pulling away - pull apart, draw - draw, loosen - loosen, scatter - scatter, wink - wink, hang - hang, experience - experience, shudder - shudder, think - think.

Suffixes in participles

Morphemes -ova-/-eva-, -yva-/-iva- are preserved in real participles.

This is due to the fact that participles, denoting a sign of an object by action, are formed from verbs, and the spelling of verbal suffixes is preserved in them. For example:

Verb suffix -va and vowel before it

In the event that the stress falls on the final part of the verb, it is impossible to single out -ova- / eva-, -yva- / -iva-, since the suffix will be different - va. It is always stressed, and this differs from previous derivational morphemes. For example, it is distinguished in the words:

• weaken-wa´-th;
• sweat-wa´-th;
• poly-va´-th;
• sell-va'-t;
• sing-wa'-th.

This suffix forms an imperfective form from a perfective, it appears in the form of nesses. in. and disappears in the verbs of owls. in. This will help to highlight it in the word:

• weaken (sov.v.) - weaken-va-t (non-sov.v.);
• sweat (sov.v.) - fog-wa-be (non-sov. look);
• water (sov.v.) - water-va-t (non-sov.view);
• to pass through (owl. century) - pass through (non-sov. look);
• sing (sov.v.) - sing-wa-t (non-sov.view).

Appearing in verbs, it takes on stress, and the vowel in front of it turns out to be unstressed and turns into a spelling. To select it, the following rule applies: to correctly write a vowel before the stressed suffix -va, you need to skip this suffix.

Suffix -e-

This verbal suffix is ​​written in intransitive verbs, from which questions of the accusative case cannot be raised:

• black-e-be (from what?) from grief;
• seriously-e-be (from what?) From problems;
• rusty-e-be (from what?) from humidity;
• turned white-e-be (from what?) from old age.

Such verbs contain the meaning of an action that occurs without extraneous influence, and this meaning is introduced by the suffix -e.

Vowels before the suffix -l-

The verbal suffix of the past tense -l- is usually found after spelling vowels: ver ... l, ve ... l, hung ... l, measured ... l, detour ... l, despaired ..., glued ... l, se ... l, clean ... l.

To choose a vowel before -l-, you need to put the verb in the initial form. The vowel that comes before -t will remain before -l:

• twirl - spit;
• winnow - winnow;
• to start - started;
• depend - depended;
• measure - measured;
• repent - repented;
• bow - bowed;
• cherish - cherished;
• hope - hoped;
• travel around - traveled;
• despair - despaired;
• glue - glued;
• reyat - reyal;

• listen - listened;
• sow - sowed;
• clean - cleaned;
• hear - heard.

Is the standard. It is also preserved in gerunds before -in- and -lice-: despair-lice, stick-in, listen-in, sow-in, clean-in.

Task for pinning

So, when you know what verbs are and how they are written, you can move on to the practical part.

Letters are missing from this text. It is easy to restore it if you remember some of the studied rules governing the spelling of verbs.

It is interesting to watch the monkeys living in the trees. You can examine them ... and photograph them ... because they, without experiencing fear, freely perform various miracles of dexterity. They don't jump over... waddle, but flutter... waddle from branch to branch, sway... waddle and somersault on the vines. Everything that seems attractive to them, the monkeys pluck, grasp ... with their tenacious paws, inspect ... wail, sniff ... sniff and try to try ... wat, even bring it to their ear to listen ... to. They pawn something ... by the cheek, and discard something ... as unnecessary.

Without any hesitation, they beg for gifts, look at the most beautiful little things, and don’t yawn here, keep your ears open.

Suffixes play a very important role in Russian. With their help, not only new words are formed, but also grammatical forms, and they also serve to convey the emotional component of speech. That is why it is simply necessary to know what suffixes are and what they are used for.

What is a suffix?

A suffix is ​​a morpheme behind a root. Sometimes there are cases when the suffix is ​​behind the ending. In this case, it is called "postfix". First of all, this concerns the morpheme -sya- / -ss-: they wash themselves (ending -yut, postfix -sya-), going, flaunting and others.

The main function of the suffix is ​​the formation of new words, however, there are cases when this morpheme plays a formative role. There are many suffixes of expressive and emotional coloring in the language.

So numerous that it begins to be studied at school from the primary grades. What are the suffixes in Russian, grade 2 takes place already in the middle of the year.

By this morpheme it is easy to find out what part of speech is in front of us. So, thanks to the specific -usch / -yushch and -ashch- / -yashch-, we understand that we have a participle in front of us, and -v- unambiguously says that the word in question is a gerund. Let us first consider these morphemes from the point of view of purpose, and then we will talk about belonging to any part of speech.

A word can exist without a suffix, but it is this suffix that gives the lexeme a special meaning. The opposite cases are also not uncommon, when there are two or even three suffixes. So in the word teaching there are two of them: -tel- and -stv-, and in the word "teach" there are three: the verb -ova- was added to the previous two.

What are the functions?

Consider what suffixes are in terms of their functionality.

Hues of meaning

Also, suffixes can be subdivided depending on what shade of meaning they convey. It is no secret that the main semantic load is carried by the root. The suffix only clarifies, makes the word more expressive. Let's analyze what suffixes are from this point of view and the meanings they convey:

• Diminutive: table-table; lamb; handsome - handsome; child is a child.
• Magnifying: boots, hands, fist, giantess.
• Baby animals: duckling, calf, kitten, elephant.
• Designation of belonging to any profession: saleswoman, crane operator, barmaid; also localities: Siberian, Petersburger, Muscovite, southerner; nationalities: Ukrainian, Georgian, German, Finn.
• Subjective attitude to an object or person: thief, little kid, cunning, greedy, laughter.

Noun suffixes

In high school, they begin to study morphology in detail, therefore, for each part of speech, they determine what suffixes are in Russian (grade 5). Let's analyze this morpheme from this point of view.

We will cite as an example only the most characteristic suffixes, by which one can unambiguously say about their morphological affiliation.

Noun suffixes:

Adjective suffixes

Now let's talk about the suffixes of adjectives.

This is perhaps the richest part of speech for these morphemes.

Verb suffixes

What are the suffixes of verbs in Russian? Most often shaping (we wrote about them earlier). However, there are those who are endowed with certain meanings. So -ova- / -yva- will tell us that the action has not ended, but is in the process (plan, fantasize, care) - these are all imperfective verbs.

The suffixes -sya- / -s-, although they form a reflexive verb, are not inflectional. They are included as a whole.

Pronoun suffixes

The last thing left to talk about is what pronoun suffixes are. There are only three of them: -something, -either, -something. All of them are written with a hyphen and participate in the formation of someone, someone, something.

SUFFIX OR END?

L.S. STEPANOVA

In most textbooks and teaching aids now accepted, morphemes of the indefinite form of verbs (-t, -ti and -ch ) is called "infinitive ending" or "indicator of indefinite form". This point of view is found, for example, in the textbooks of S.G. Barkhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Cheshko.

In the manual M.T. Baranova, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova "Russian language. Reference materials ”(M .: Education, 1987) says:“ Verbs in an indefinite form have the following endings ... ”(p. 104). The following is a table where-ty and -ty are called endings-whose – a suffix followed by a null ending. In the "Collection of exercises in the Russian language for applicants to universities" D.E. Rosenthal (Publishing House of Moscow University, 1994) we also read: “The indefinite form is formed through the endings-t or -ty "(p. 109).

However, in the same "Collection of exercises ..." D.E. Rosenthal, in § 17 “The composition of the word” it says: “The words of the Russian language, from the point of view of the morphological structure, are divided into words that have forms of inflection, and words that do not have forms of inflection. The words of the first group fall into two parts: the stem and the ending, or inflection; the words of the second group represent a pure stem” (pp. 37–38). And further: “The ending, or inflection, is the inflected part of the word, which indicates the relationship of this word to other words, i.e. is a means of expressing the syntactic properties of a word in a sentence” (p. 38). We find the same in the manual “Russian language. Reference materials» M.T. Baranova and others: “In changeable independent words, the basis and ending stand out ... and in unchangeable words, only the basis ...”. And further: “The ending is a changeable significant part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to connect words in a phrase and a sentence ... Unchangeable words have no endings” (p. 34).

There is a contradiction: if the indefinite form of the verb has an ending, then in accordance with the above definitions, it must be a grammatical category that has inflection forms, i.e. one must then recognize the indefinite form of the verb as changing. However, in all the editions cited, we can easily find an unambiguous indication of the invariability of the infinitive. In the section "Phrase" when determining the adjunction, of course, examples of the adjunction of the infinitive are given, and in the textbook of the Russian language S.G. Barkhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Czech for the 8th grade directly says: "A dependent word when adjoining is invariable (adverb, indefinite form of the verb, gerund)".

Probably, in order to avoid this irreconcilable contradiction, in the textbook, ed. V.V. Babaitseva ("Russian language. Theory and practice". M .: Education) final morphemes of the infinitive-t, -ti and -ch defined as suffixes. These morphemes are also defined in the reference publication “Russian language. Encyclopedia "(Ed. 2nd, revised and supplemented. Editor-in-chief Yu.N. Karaulov. M .:" Great Russian Encyclopedia "," Bustard ", 1997). Here in the article "Infinitive" it says: "The infinitive consists of a stem and a suffix" (p. 158).

But here we are faced with another contradiction - with the traditional definition of the stem as part of a word without an ending. It turns out that in the indefinite form of the verb the suffix is ​​not included in the stem.

However, all contradictions are removed if the long-accepted division of suffixes into derivational and inflectional, or form-building suffixes, long accepted in linguistics, is introduced into the school curriculum. In the cited edition “Russian language. Encyclopedia" in the article "Suffix" we read:“Suffixes can be derivational (serving to form individual words) and inflectional (serving to form word forms) ... Comparative and superlative suffixes are inflectional(strong-her, strong-eysh-th), elapsed time and(nes-l-a), infinitive (nes-ti), participles (carry-sh-th, carry-sh-th, brought-enn-th) and gerunds (look-I, write-lice)...» (p. 547). In the textbook for students of higher educational institutions "Modern Russian Language" ed. D.E. Rosenthal, part 1. (M.: Higher school, 1979) inflectional affixes are called formative:“According to their function, affixes are divided into word-building and form-building... Form-building affixes do not form new words, they do not change the lexical meaning of the word, but are used to form forms of the same word”(p. 146). The same textbook says quite definitely: “Most verbs form an indefinite form with the help of suffixes-t and -ti ... Verbs in -ch represent a small group in modern language ... ".

It is clear that in this case the definition of the basis also changes somewhat. Since the formative suffixes are not included in the stem of the word, the very concept of the stem can be defined as follows:the stem is the part of the word that remains after cutting off the ending and the formative suffix(piss-th, piss-l, piss-vsh-th) . In practice, the basis was always determined in this way (explaining to students, for example, the formation of the past tense verb form, the teacher said that it is formed by adding the past tense suffix to the basis-l- ), so it is all the more worthwhile to eliminate the confusion in theory.

Based on the foregoing, I propose to make the following changes to the course of studying the Russian language at school.

1. In the "Word formation" section, give a division of suffixes intoderivational and shaping 1 .

word-buildingsuffixes serve to form new words, changing the lexical meaning of the word: house - house-ik (small house), find out - find out(the verb takes on the meaning of duration / repetition and incompleteness of the action), etc.

Form-buildingsuffixes serve to form word forms and do not change the lexical meaning of the word. Formative suffixes differ from endings primarily in that they cannot serve to express the connection of words in a phrase and sentence. Formative suffixes include the following:

o comparative and superlative suffixes-her, -e (quick-th - quick-her, quick-o - quick-her; clean-e),-eysh-, -aysh- (boring - boring-eysh-th, great-th - great-aysh-th);

o past tense suffix of verbs-l- (piss-l, sit-l-a);

o infinitive suffixes(write, carry, take care)

o infinitive suffixes(write, carry, take care)(while in the case of the suffix-whose the phenomenon of overlay (application) occurs when-h- simultaneously belongs to both the root and the suffix (historical changes:shore-ty - shore);

o participle suffixes-usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch-(write-yush-y, read-yush-y, build-box-y, breathe-ash-y),-sh-, -vsh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t---em-, -om-, -im- (pursued-em-th, led-ohm-th, gon-im-th);

o suffixes of gerunds-a, -ya (shout-a, read-ya), -learn, -yuchi (steal-learn, sorry-yuchi),-in, -lice, -shi (see-in, mind-lice, endured-shi);

o imperative suffix-and (in verbs with the stem of present tense into a consonant)(request) 2 .

2. In graphical morphemic and word-formation analysis, designate formative suffixes with the usual icon ^ accepted for designating suffixes 3 .

3. In graphic morphemic and word-formation analysis, do not include formative suffixes in the stem of the word(washing - I-s, read - vsh-th, bud - teach).

4. Change the definition of the basis.The stem is a part of the word that expresses its lexical meaning and remains after cutting off the ending and formative suffix from the word.. In declined or conjugated words (except for participles, the superlative degree of adjectives and the past tense of verbs), the stem is determined by cutting off the ending from them(sea, hurry-yu-s, autumn) . In participles, superlative adjectives and past tense verbs, in addition, formative suffixes are cut off when determining the stem(bushu -yushch-y, fresh -aysh-y, brought -l-a) . In the comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives, in gerunds, infinitives and the imperative mood of verbs, formative suffixes are cut off when determining the stem(quick-her, lose-in, open-th, brought-and).

5. Undoubtedly, such a definition of the stem will require a somewhat different order of study of the morphemic composition of the word than the currently accepted one. The concept of the basis of the word and its practical finding will become possible only after students get acquainted with the category of "suffix" and "formative suffix".

All of these changes will, in my opinion, without complicating the teaching of the Russian language at school too much, avoid irreconcilable contradictions and confusion in this matter, mechanical memorization by students of the morphemic composition of the word, and will also help bring the level of school study of the Russian language closer to university requirements.

1 The term "formative suffixes" seems to be more successful than "inflectional", primarily because the inflectional morpheme is an ending that really serves as a means of changing words in accordance with syntactic requirements. Endings as an inflectional morpheme are only for inflected (declined or conjugated) words. Formative suffixes are also present in invariable words and do not perform a syntactic function. They just form special forms of the word.

2 The imperative mood suffix -i stands out as formative in the previously cited textbook by D.E. Rosenthal for students of higher educational institutions, vol. 1, p. 258. In some other works, -i is defined as the ending of imperative verbs (see "Russian language. Encyclopedia", 2nd edition, p. 346). However, in my opinion, this morpheme does not correspond to the definition of the ending, because does not serve to express the syntactic links of a given word with other words in a phrase and sentence.

3 In some recent works, you can find the “^” (“house”) icon to indicate the final morpheme of the infinitive. This is motivated by the fact that this morpheme combines the signs of a suffix and an ending. However, this point of view seems to me unconvincing, because. the ending is an inflectional morpheme that serves to express the syntactic relations of agreement and control of a given word with other words of a phrase and sentence. The formative suffix never performs and cannot perform such a syntactic function, i.e. it is devoid of the main properties and signs of the end.

SUFFIX OR END?

L.S. STEPANOVA

In most textbooks and teaching aids now accepted, morphemes of the indefinite form of verbs ( -ty, -ty and -whose ) is called "infinitive ending" or "indicator of indefinite form". This point of view is found, for example, in the textbooks of S.G. Barkhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Cheshko.

In the manual M.T. Baranova, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova "Russian language. Reference materials ”(M .: Education, 1987) says:“ Verbs in an indefinite form have the following endings ... ”(p. 104). The following is a table where -th and -ti are called endings -whose – a suffix followed by a null ending. In the "Collection of exercises in the Russian language for applicants to universities" D.E. Rosenthal (Publishing House of Moscow University, 1994) we also read: “The indefinite form is formed through the endings -th or -ti "(p. 109).

However, in the same "Collection of exercises ..." D.E. Rosenthal, in § 17 “The composition of the word” it says: “The words of the Russian language, from the point of view of the morphological structure, are divided into words that have forms of inflection, and words that do not have forms of inflection. The words of the first group fall into two parts: the stem and the ending, or inflection; the words of the second group represent a pure stem” (pp. 37–38). And further: “The ending, or inflection, is the inflected part of the word, which indicates the relationship of this word to other words, i.e. is a means of expressing the syntactic properties of a word in a sentence” (p. 38). We find the same in the manual “Russian language. Reference materials» M.T. Baranova and others: “In changeable independent words, the basis and ending stand out ... and in unchangeable words, only the basis ...”. And further: “The ending is a changeable significant part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to connect words in a phrase and a sentence ... Unchangeable words have no endings” (p. 34).

There is a contradiction: if the indefinite form of the verb has an ending, then in accordance with the above definitions, it must be a grammatical category that has inflection forms, i.e. one must then recognize the indefinite form of the verb as changing. However, in all the editions cited, we can easily find an unambiguous indication of the invariability of the infinitive. In the section "Phrase" when determining the adjunction, of course, examples of the adjunction of the infinitive are given, and in the textbook of the Russian language S.G. Barkhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Czech for the 8th grade directly says: "A dependent word when adjoining is invariable (adverb, indefinite form of the verb, gerund)".

Probably, in order to avoid this irreconcilable contradiction, in the textbook, ed. V.V. Babaitseva ("Russian language. Theory and practice". M .: Education) final morphemes of the infinitive -ty, -ty and -whose defined as suffixes. These morphemes are also defined in the reference publication “Russian language. Encyclopedia "(Ed. 2nd, revised and supplemented. Editor-in-chief Yu.N. Karaulov. M .:" Great Russian Encyclopedia "," Bustard ", 1997). Here in the article "Infinitive" it says: "The infinitive consists of a stem and a suffix" (p. 158).

But here we are faced with another contradiction - with the traditional definition of the stem as part of a word without an ending. It turns out that in the indefinite form of the verb the suffix is ​​not included in the stem.

However, all contradictions are removed if the long-accepted division of suffixes into derivational and inflectional, or form-building suffixes, long accepted in linguistics, is introduced into the school curriculum. In the cited edition “Russian language. Encyclopedia" in the article "Suffix" we read: “Suffixes can be derivational (serving to form individual words) and inflectional (serving to form word forms) ... Comparative and superlative suffixes are inflectional (strong-her, strong-eysh-th), elapsed time and (nes-l-a), infinitive (carry), participles (carry-sh-th, carry-sh-th, brought-enn-th) and gerunds (look-I, write-lice)...» (p. 547). In the textbook for students of higher educational institutions "Modern Russian Language" ed. D.E. Rosenthal, part 1. (M.: Higher school, 1979) inflectional affixes are called formative: “According to their function, affixes are divided into derivational and formative ... Formative affixes do not form new words, they do not change the lexical meaning of the word, but are used to form forms of the same word” (p. 146). The same textbook says quite definitely: “Most verbs form an indefinite form with the help of suffixes -th and -ti ... Verbs on -whose represent a small group in modern language ... ".

It is clear that in this case the definition of the basis also changes somewhat. Since the formative suffixes are not included in the stem of the word, the very concept of the stem can be defined as follows: the stem is the part of the word that remains after cutting off the ending and the formative suffix (writing-th, writing-l, writing-vsh-th) . In practice, the basis was always determined in this way (explaining to students, for example, the formation of the past tense verb form, the teacher said that it is formed by adding the past tense suffix to the basis -l- ), so it is all the more worthwhile to eliminate the confusion in theory.

Based on the foregoing, I propose to make the following changes to the course of studying the Russian language at school.

1. In the "Word formation" section, give a division of suffixes into derivational and shaping 1 .

word-building suffixes serve to form new words, changing the lexical meaning of the word: house - house-ik(little house), find out - find out(the verb takes on the meaning of duration / repetition and incompleteness of the action), etc.

Form-building suffixes serve to form word forms and do not change the lexical meaning of the word. Formative suffixes differ from endings primarily in that they cannot serve to express the connection of words in a phrase and sentence. Formative suffixes include the following:

• comparative and superlative suffixes -her, -e(quick-th - quick-her, quick-o - quick-her; clean-e), -eysh-, -aysh-(boring - boring-eysh-th, great-th - great-aysh-th);

  past tense suffix of verbs -l-(piss-l, sit-l-a);

  infinitive suffixes (write, carry, take care)

  infinitive suffixes (write, carry, take care)(while in the case of the suffix -whose the phenomenon of overlay (application) occurs when -h- simultaneously belongs to both the root and the suffix (historical changes: shore-ty - shore);

  participle suffixes -usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch-(write-yush-y, read-yush-y, build-box-y, breathe-ash-y), -sh-, -vsh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t-- -em-, -om-, -im-(pursued-em-th, led-ohm-th, gon-im-th);

  suffixes of gerunds -and I(shout-a, read-i), - learn, - yuchi(steal-learn, sorry-yuchi), -in, -lice, -shi(see-in, mind-lice, endured-shi);

  imperative suffix -and (in verbs with the stem of present tense into a consonant) (request) 2 .

2. In graphical morphemic and word-formation analysis, designate formative suffixes with the usual icon ^ 3, accepted for designating suffixes.

3. In graphic morphemic and word-formation analysis, do not include formative suffixes in the stem of the word (washing-I- camping, read-vsh-th, bud- teach).

4. Change the definition of the basis. The stem is the part of the word that expresses its lexical meaning and remains after cutting off the ending and formative suffix from the word. In declined or conjugated words (except for participles, the superlative degree of adjectives and the past tense of verbs), the stem is determined by cutting off the ending from them (pestilence-e, hurry-Yu- camping, autumn-th). In participles, superlative adjectives and past tense verbs, in addition, formative suffixes are cut off when determining the stem (bush-yusch-th, fresh-aysh-y, brought-l-a). In the comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives, in gerunds, infinitives and the imperative mood of verbs, formative suffixes are cut off when determining the stem (fast-her, lose-in, open-th, brought-and).

5. Undoubtedly, such a definition of the stem will require a somewhat different order of study of the morphemic composition of the word than the currently accepted one. The concept of the basis of the word and its practical finding will become possible only after students get acquainted with the category of "suffix" and "formative suffix".

All of these changes will, in my opinion, without complicating the teaching of the Russian language at school too much, avoid irreconcilable contradictions and confusion in this matter, mechanical memorization by students of the morphemic composition of the word, and will also help bring the level of school study of the Russian language closer to university requirements.

1 The term "formative suffixes" seems to be more successful than "inflectional", primarily because the inflectional morpheme is an ending that really serves as a means of changing words in accordance with syntactic requirements. Endings as an inflectional morpheme are only for inflected (declined or conjugated) words. Formative suffixes are also present in invariable words and do not perform a syntactic function. They just form special forms of the word.

2 The imperative mood suffix -i stands out as formative in the previously cited textbook by D.E. Rosenthal for students of higher educational institutions, vol. 1, p. 258. In some other works, -i is defined as the ending of imperative verbs (see "Russian language. Encyclopedia", 2nd edition, p. 346). However, in my opinion, this morpheme does not correspond to the definition of the ending, because does not serve to express the syntactic links of a given word with other words in a phrase and sentence.

3 In some recent works, you can find the “^” (“house”) icon to indicate the final morpheme of the infinitive. This is motivated by the fact that this morpheme combines the signs of a suffix and an ending. However, this point of view seems to me unconvincing, because. the ending is an inflectional morpheme that serves to express the syntactic relations of agreement and control of a given word with other words of a phrase and sentence. The formative suffix never performs and cannot perform such a syntactic function, i.e. it is devoid of the main properties and signs of the end.