Psychological incompatibility and compatibility are very interesting concepts, because each of us knows that it is easy and pleasant to communicate with some people, and almost unbearable with others. In this context, it is very important to understand what psychological compatibility is.

Same and different

Each person is an individual personality with a certain set of character traits, habits, values, attitudes, etc. Depending on this, he selects his social circle and can easily or difficultly converge with other people.

By the way, different factors influence the ability to understand a partner: age, social status, education, cultural level, etc. If all this is too different for people, then often they may have disagreements, and vice versa, if people have a lot in common, then we can talk about social and psychological compatibility. This is a very multifaceted concept, one might even say - multi-level.

In the relationship between people in terms of psychological compatibility, temperaments play a big role. Imagine a sociable, fast in his thoughts and actions, explosive choleric. For example, it is very difficult for him to communicate with phlegmatic people who are focused on their own thoughts, somewhat closed and cannot easily switch from one thing to another.

But not everything depends only on temperament or character. The level of cultural and personal development is of great importance. Psychological compatibility of people is possible when they have common ideas about life and stand in solidarity in expectations from each other.

team

It's no secret that we spend most of our adult conscious life at work, so psychological compatibility in a team is very important. If a person feels that he is comfortable and calm at work, then everything in his life is developing in an excellent way.

Therefore, it is not surprising that many people prefer a good work environment with lower wages to high wages and a bad team. For them, a good emotional environment, a positive mood, mutual assistance and understanding are more important than career growth and money.

In order for the team to function most optimally, psychologists advise managers, directors and other senior staff, when selecting personnel, to take into account not only the level of education, professional knowledge, skills and abilities, but also what kind of mutual understanding they have, how they interact with each other, t .e. whether there is psychological compatibility and synergy between them.

It is noteworthy that in any team, be it a school, an institute or some kind of organization (for example, a factory), the concept of psychological compatibility depends precisely on each of its members. If all of them can work productively together and at the same time feel comfortable, calm and emotionally satisfied, then this will have a good effect both on each of them individually and on the group as a whole and on labor productivity. Moreover, psychology determines that in a team, emotional comfort is all the more important, the longer this very team exists.

By the way, the number of employees will also affect the mood: for a large organization, the problem of psychological compatibility is not as acute as for a team of up to 10 people. It is very important for a small group to feel good emotionally. For such a team, professional skills are not so important, because they can be learned in the course of life, but the character, temperament, habits and values ​​are almost impossible to change.

Incompatibility

As already noted, there is the concept of psychological incompatibility. You can talk about it in the light of both friendship, family, and work relationships. In the latter case, the psychological compatibility of group members is reduced to zero.

Members of the team treat each other not as comrades and friends, do not respect each other, and sometimes they just hate and try to put a spoke in the wheel. In such conditions, people not only experience a lot of negative emotions, but ultimately it has an extremely negative impact on their productivity and the company's activities as a whole.

Psychologists distinguish several main types of psychological incompatibility:

• Psychophysiological - intolerance to the physical characteristics of another person. For example, one may be annoyed that the other stirs sugar loudly with a spoon in a glass, and the other hates the smell of the former's cologne.
• Socio-psychological - occurs when roles are unfairly distributed in a team. For example, the head of a department is a person who does not correspond to the position held and does not have the appropriate level of knowledge.
• Ideological - when beliefs, values ​​and worldviews do not match. For example, one person is a racist, and those around him do not understand; one or more members of the collective are avid communists, while others are representatives of the democratic party. In this case, ideology can influence relationships and even productivity.

All of the above interferes with the interaction of team members. But by and large, the incompatibility of worldviews sometimes leads to civil wars and revolutions.

Family life

In family life, compatibility is also extremely important. It can be described by two characteristics - psychological and physiological. In the first case, we are talking about how emotionally satisfied a person is with his partner, and in the second - for the most part, intimate intimacy is meant - about the harmony of caresses and mutual satisfaction from intimacy. It is worth noting that a normal married life is impossible without spiritual and domestic compatibility.

Psychological compatibility of spouses in some respect can be identified with satisfaction with marriage. If one of the family members or both spouses are unhappy with the way they live in marriage, sooner or later this will most likely lead to a divorce.

Note that the optimal relationship in marriage develops between those spouses who have correctly distributed roles and there are no conflicts. By the way, if we talk about temperaments, then psychologists consider the union between (husband) and (wife) to be the most successful. Their compatibility in marriage is considered the best.

If the marriage was concluded between and a sanguine person, then there is no need to talk about the duration and strength of such an alliance. Both of them are strong personalities, they are not ready to make concessions, they often compete for power and leadership in the family. It turns out that one of them will definitely win, and the second will have to put up with his opinion. Ultimately, this does not lead to anything good.

In a pair between a melancholic and relationship satisfaction is usually low, the union between a melancholic and a choleric can also be called not very good. Psychologists tend to consider relationships between partners of the same type of temperament to be complex; even children cannot hold such unions together - and they cannot help parents in resolving interpersonal issues.

Summing up, let's say that psychological compatibility is possible when people have approximately the same values, interests, goals, lifestyle, cultural development, education, etc. However, in real life this does not always happen, and in order for life to be more harmonious, you have to be more tolerant of each other. Author: Elena Ragozina

One of the integral indicators and the most significant factor of family well-being is the psychological compatibility of spouses (family members in general).

Consider what is meant by compatibility.

Psychological compatibility is defined as the mutual acceptance of partners in communication and joint activities, based on the optimal combination, similarity or complementarity - value orientations, personal and psychophysiological characteristics. Psychological compatibility of partners is a multilevel and multidimensional phenomenon. L.M. Shcheglov, emphasizing that the adaptation of partners

evaluated by the level of their compatibility, subdivides

the latest for the following types:

* spiritual, that is, the compatibility of basic life values;

* psychological, that is, a combination (or imbalance) of certain character traits, properties and characteristics of partners;

* intellectual (sometimes it is called compatibility according to the education index);

* family-role-playing, that is, a combination of the ideas of each of the partners about the roles of husband and wife (that is, ideas about who should do what, what to be responsible for in the family, etc.). At the same time, special attention is paid to

to what distribution of roles is supposed in the seven main areas of family life:

1) raising children;

2) financial support of the family;

3) maintaining the emotional climate in the family;

4) organization of entertainment;

5) playing the role of "owner" / "hostess";

6) responsibility for satisfaction with intimate relationships;

7) organization of family subculture;

* pedagogical, that is, the coincidence of the main ideas of partners about the nature of raising a child;

* material and domestic, that is, the coincidence of partners' ideas about how much money should be, how they can be obtained, how they should be spent, etc.;

* sexy.

It is noted that the more coincidences are observed in terms of compatibility levels, the higher the adaptation in a married couple.

Summarizing, we can say that in family interaction, compatibility includes:

· psychophysiological compatibility (temperament, emotionality, reactivity);

· personal compatibility, including cognitive (comprehension of ideas about oneself, other people and the world as a whole);

· emotional(experiencing what is happening in the external and internal world of a person);

· behavioral(external expression of ideas and experiences);

· value compatibility or spiritual compatibility.

The experience of various specialists working with families shows that the value and psychophysiological compatibility of people is of particular importance in family and marriage relations. All other types of compatibility or incompatibility are subject to dynamic changes and change quite easily in the process of mutual adaptation of family members or in the course of advisory and corrective work. Value and psychophysiological incompatibility is not amenable or with great difficulty can be corrected.

Psychophysiological and, in particular, sexual incompatibility can lead to the breakup of a marriage. And the mismatch of values ​​in the interaction of people, especially in everyday contacts, leads to an almost irreversible destruction of communication and partnerships. It is important here, on the one hand, how different the evaluation criteria of partners are, and on the other hand, how much individual criteria correspond to generally recognized ones. The most common factors that determine success or failure in marriage are the personal qualities of partners and their ability to solve all kinds of problems, to be in harmony with each other. In the absence of these skills, conflict situations often arise as a result of the incompatibility of any forces within one person or between partners. It is important to take into account the individual psychological characteristics of each of the partners. The type of personality can serve as a rational and complex indicator of individuality, the most common cause of marital conflicts, as well as divorces, is “dissimilarity of characters”, incompatibility of partners. Thus, the harmony of family and marriage relations is determined by several basic elements:

* the emotional side of partnerships, the degree of affection;

* the similarity of their ideas, visions of themselves, partners, distribution of roles, ideas about the social world as a whole;

* the similarity of communication models preferred by each of the partners, behavioral characteristics;

* sexual and, more broadly, psychophysiological compatibility of partners;

* general cultural level, the degree of mental and social maturity of partners, the coincidence of partner value systems.

Psychological incompatibility is an unsuccessful combination of temperaments and characters of interacting persons, a contradiction in life values, ideals, motives, goals of activity, a mismatch of worldviews, ideological attitudes, etc., which eventually leads to conflicts.

Introduction

Psychological compatibility is the ratio of personal qualities of two or more people in an organized group, which is a condition for their expedient interaction. People can be so incompatible that it can lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of themselves and other members of the group (for example, a production team, flight crew, management team, firm, organization) and even to the collapse of this group. On the contrary, under the condition of good compatibility, optimal conditions are created.

There are several necessary layers (or levels) of psychological compatibility. One of them is designated as a value-oriented unity, when people internally accept the same promising goals of activity, have similar value ideas and corresponding emotional attitudes, voluntarily and equally take responsibility for success and failure in activity. This creates the effect of good business cohesion of the group.

Another layer (or level) is the consistency of functional and role expectations between group members; namely, they have a fairly clear idea, know who, what, when and how should do in solving tasks accepted by all, and agree on relevant issues.

Based on this, we can say that human incompatibility appears when the necessary layers of psychological compatibility are absent in the process of interpersonal interaction.

Relationships and socio-psychological qualities of a person

If we compare people with each other according to their inherent socio-psychological characteristics, then they differ from each other in the degree of awareness of their relationship to the sides of reality, as well as in the depth and correctness of understanding the reasons that these relationships cause. These factors depend on certain character traits, which in psychology is understood as a property of a person's personality, manifested in its relationship to the world around, work, other people, to oneself.

At the same time, it is quite obvious that many character traits, for example, “sociability - isolation”, “altruism - selfishness”, “non-conflict - conflict” in their origin and content are socio-psychological characteristics of personality relationships. Naturally, all of them are represented to varying degrees and interpenetrate each other differently in different people. At the same time, their different combination determines the existence of certain socio-psychological types of people. Comparison of the latter among themselves shows that some people are widely open to the surrounding people and society, while others are too closed in the narrow circle of their worldview, in personal stable relationships with the closest community of people to them.

Any quality of character, even the most remarkable, when it gets excessive development, begins to acquire a certain negative connotation, complicate the life of the person himself and his environment, determine a “difficult”, “difficult” character. So, even such wonderful qualities as cheerfulness, activity, with their overabundance, cause a “difficult character”. These are constantly cheerful, carefree, cheerful people who always have a good mood, regardless of the circumstances of life, increased activity, energy, but often aimed at inadequate goals (alcoholism, drugs, promiscuity, hooliganism). It is very difficult to maintain business relations with such people, since they do not follow comments, critics, do not feel the boundaries between what is permitted and what is not permitted.

Since many of the above socio-psychological qualities, on the one hand, are universal, and on the other hand, are inherent in certain types of people to a greater or lesser extent, it is important to determine the criterion by which they can be evaluated in specific individuals. Such a criterion may be the desire of a person to use them in different ways. That is why E. Shostrom identifies two types of personality in accordance with this criterion - a manipulator and an actualizer.

Manipulators are characterized by carefully disguised falseness in contacts with people; the desire to falsify personal experiences with actual indifference to others; intentional prudence in the selection of means of influencing the latter; a carefully concealed cynicism about the core values ​​of interpersonal interaction.

This person needs to be watched. He needs to control the situation at all costs: he imposes his will on everything, tries to manipulate any phrase, any situation. Man is not born manipulator. He develops the ability to manipulate other people in order to avoid trouble and achieve what he wants, and develops it unconsciously. Hiding your true emotions is the fate of the manipulator. The manipulator sees his main task in making some “proper impression”. Along with the need to control the manipulator feels the need for guidance from above.

Manipulation is not a necessary attitude to life and does not bring any real benefit. Too often, the manipulator uses his knowledge of other people's psychology as rational explanations for his dysfunctional behavior, justifying his current misfortunes with references to past experiences and past failures.

A manipulator is a self-destructive person who uses or controls himself and other people as "things".

The manipulator treats himself and other people as inanimate objects. He is never himself, he cannot even relax, because his system of games and maneuvers requires him to constantly play the proper role. The life style of a manipulator includes four main characteristics: lying, unawareness, control, and cynicism.

The actualizer is characterized by such socio-psychological qualities as honesty and sincerity in relationships with other people, a steady interest in the latter, independence and openness in expressing one's opinions, faith in one's own strengths and in the mind of those with whom one enters into communication.

Negative forms of interpersonal relationships

The completeness of the analysis of interpersonal relations requires the study of their negative forms. The negative form of friendship is enmity. It involves negative emotional attitudes towards a partner: hatred, antipathy, rejection. Relations of enmity are manifested in a lack of trust, stinginess in contacts and transfer of information to a partner: violation of his plans, an obstacle in activity, deliberate underestimation of his self-esteem, status, deliberate disorganization of the consciousness and self-awareness of the partner. In general, hostility relations are manifested in all sorts of attempts to destabilize, destroy, level the personality of the partner and his life.

It should be noted that relations of enmity, like friendship, arise under the condition of a mutual relationship of equal partners to each other. In the case of the superiority of one of them or in case of unilateral hostility, typically hostile behavior is not observed, the desire to cause significant harm to the partner.

The main function of destructive relationships is the cultivation, maintenance, satisfaction of abnormal needs and personality traits (acquisitiveness, aggression, hooliganism, etc.). This function also determines the number of persons included in the group. Usually it is small, does not exceed the size of a small group. The size of the grouping depends on the ability to meet anomalous needs. Mutual interest in meeting anomalous needs narrows the interaction of members of the group to the framework of interaction, cooperation in meeting this need. As a rule, the entire structure of the personality is involved in the contact, but only those aspects of it that are associated with abnormal needs.

The manifestation of this type of relationship is mutual participation, assistance in meeting abnormal needs in the search for objects of need, mutual stimulation of needs. Membership in the group, the time of its existence, the nature of the relationship is entirely determined by the possibilities and desire to satisfy the common need for these partners.

Communication difficulties as a factor of human incompatibility

Difficulties in communication can be considered from the standpoint of various branches of psychology: general, age and pedagogical, social, labor psychology, legal and medical psychology of individual differences.

During communication, its participants experience various states, each of them manifests certain mental properties of the personality.

Since communication is the interaction of at least two people, difficulties in its course (meaning subjective) can be generated by one participant or both at once. And their consequence usually turns out to be a complete or partial failure to achieve the goal, dissatisfaction of the motivating motive, or failure to obtain the desired result in the activity that communication served.

The psychological reasons for this can be: unrealistic goals, inadequate assessment of the partner, his abilities and interests, misrepresentation of one's own capabilities and misunderstanding of the nature of the assessment and partner's attitude, the use of methods of treating a partner that are not suitable for this case.

Analyzing the difficulties associated with the age of generalized, it is necessary to take into account the psychological characteristics of each age group and make adjustments for how they manifest themselves in a child, adolescent, young man, girl, girl, adult man and woman, in the elderly and the elderly. Particular attention should be paid to the relationship between the level of development of mental processes and personality traits typical for each age and such characteristics specific to interacting people as their ability to empathize, decenter, reflect, identify, to comprehend another person with the help of intuition.

From the standpoint of pedagogical psychology, other difficulties of communication are distinguished. Difficulties in pedagogical communication can be grouped into three main groups: informational, regulatory, and affective.

Information difficulties are manifested in the inability to communicate something, express one's opinion, clarify, add, continue the answer, complete the thought, give the beginning of the sentence, help start the conversation, "set the tone", formulate "narrow" questions that require monosyllabic, predictable answers, and "broad", problem creative questions.

Regulatory difficulties are associated with the inability to stimulate the activity of pupils.

Difficulties in the implementation of affective functions are manifested in the inability to approve the statements of students, agree with them, emphasize the correctness of the language design, the infallibility of statements, praise for good behavior, active work, express disagreement with individual opinions, dissatisfaction with the mistake made, react negatively to a violation of discipline.

In a separate group, communication difficulties can be distinguished, in which the socio-psychological factor predominates.

Socio-psychological difficulties in communication are often experienced by leaders. Three groups of communication difficulties in the managerial environment are distinguished as key ones.

The first group consists of difficulties associated with the process of entry of the individual into the group. They can be characterized by the following personal characteristics of leaders: rejection of another person, lack of interest in him, isolation, internal constraint, lack of restraint.

The second group includes communication difficulties associated with the development of relationships, group processes, group formation, and the preservation of group unity. Leaders are characterized by: the desire to take the position of an expert, a judge in interaction; inflexibility of role behavior; rejection of help from partners; the desire to help a partner without a "request" on his part; centering on the content of one's own "I"; attitude towards another person within the framework of "due", and not real; declaration of pseudo-community: partners are assigned positions, goals based on the transfer of previous experience of interaction, normative prescriptions, etc., as a result of which the concept of “We” is used not as a result of the formation of a psychological community, but declaratively, which manifests a lack of attitude towards partners in general to the group as to real subjects.

The third group includes communication difficulties associated with the absence, unformed means of group activity: inability to accurately and clearly express one's thoughts, difficulties in argumentation, inability to conduct a discussion, discussion, etc.

Difficulties of socio-psychological origin also include barriers that arise between interacting people associated with different social and ethnic affiliations, membership in warring groups or groups that differ significantly in their orientation.

One of the difficulties of the type under consideration may arise from poor command of a specific language characteristic of the community with whose representative one has to enter into contacts. This does not mean the spoken language, but the language of professionals who have been working together for a long time, or the language that has developed in a given community, etc.

A special type of communication difficulties can be analyzed from the standpoint of labor psychology. As you know, in many activities one cannot do without interpersonal interaction. And for these activities to be successful, their performers need to truly cooperate. And for this, they must know the rights and obligations of each other, and the knowledge available to one participant should not differ excessively from the knowledge of other participants in the activity.

Of particular interest are the difficulties considered in the light of individual-personal differences.

Studies have shown that communication is differently deformed by the personal characteristics of its participants. These personality traits include, in particular, egocentrism. Due to the strong focus on oneself, one's person, point of view, thoughts, goals, experiences, the individual is unable to perceive another subject, his opinion and representation. The egocentric orientation of the personality is manifested both emotionally and behaviorally.

It has been established that in the characters of people experiencing difficulties in communication, a complex of labile, sensitive, asthenoneurotic features is found, which indicates their inherent excessive impressionability. Having a need for friendly communication, they cannot realize it due to their exceptional timidity and shyness.

Specific communication difficulties are characteristic of persons with pronounced anxiety. Another type of communication difficulties is associated with shyness - a personal property that occurs in certain situations of interpersonal informal communication and manifests itself in neuropsychic stress and psychological discomfort.

The properties that cause difficulties in communication include, in addition to shyness, alienation, loneliness, excessive sensitivity, hysteria, and neuroticism.

Difficulties in communication can also be considered from the standpoint of medical psychology. A special form of difficulty in communicating with others is experienced by people suffering from logoneuroses. Studies have shown that each of them has its own inferiority complex, which, starting with a deep dissatisfaction with claims in the field of communications, deforms the attitude of the logoneurotic personality to other aspects of his being. Patients with other mental disorders, as well as those suffering from various somatic diseases, also have their own specific communication difficulties.

Conclusion

Each of the relationships of people described above is distinguished by its own functions, the depth of involvement of the individual, the criterion for choosing partners, the content of relationships, and their manifestation. This gives reason to consider them as independent types of interpersonal relations.

Analyzing the various socio-psychological qualities of a person, it should be remembered that many of them are the result of a complex relationship between the “I” - a person and “they” - other people. The essence of this ratio allows not only to clearly understand and comprehend the manifestation of the true characteristics of a particular person in his relations with other people, but also to foresee many options for his possible behavior in various conditions of reality. This is important for preventing conflict situations, overcoming inconsistency in the actions of people in different communities.

Phenomena of greater or lesser psychological incompatibility are possible due to certain features of emotionality, manifestations, types of higher nervous activity, elementary needs, and motor skills.

Bibliography

Social psychology: Proc. Allowance for students. higher textbook institutions / A.N. Sukhov, A.A. Bodalev, V.N. Kazantsev and others; Ed. A.N. Sukhova, A.A. Derkach. - 2nd ed., Rev. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002. - 600 p.

Klimov E.A. General psychology. General education course: Proc. allowance for universities. - M: UNITI-DANA, 2001. - 511 p.

Petrovsky A.V., Yaroshevsky M.G. Psychology: Textbook for students. higher ped. textbook establishments. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2000. - 512 p.

The psychological compatibility of partners is based on a mutual positive psychological perception of the qualities of character, temperament, mind, habits and needs, as well as on mutual respect, sympathy, friendship, love, on the unity of views and ideas. This concept includes mutual acceptance, mutual agreement regarding the contribution of each of the members of the social group.

Compatibility is the effect of the combination and interaction of individuals, which is characterized by the maximum subjective satisfaction of partners with each other at significant emotional and energy costs. Thus, the main indicator of compatibility in a marital union is the subjective satisfaction of partners with each other. Compatibility means proximity, similarity, or such a difference when characters, habits are not hostile, but complement each other.

Psychological compatibility is a set of positive emotions and positive mutual assessments of partners, based on a mutual comprehensive assessment of the way of thinking, behavior, intentions and desires.

The unity of views, emotional mood, the achievement of mutual understanding, the same assessment of life situations, ideas about cooperation, all this is included in the concept of psychological compatibility. It is assumed that the other person does not cause negative emotions when communicating. Psychological compatibility can be defined as an integral psychological category, because it synthesizes a number of qualities, properties of character, temperament, mind of a person, his views. The concept of psychological compatibility also includes the ability to psychologically adapt to the manifestations of the characterological characteristics of another person.

Psychological compatibility is manifested as the willingness of the individual to make many concessions in order to achieve certain goals and expect positive results from joint activities.

In addition, psychological compatibility is defined as the ability of members of a group (collective) to work together. Obviously, when completing groups to achieve the goals of a particular activity, it is necessary to take into account not only the individual psychological qualities of each person, but also the possible effects caused by the combination of the abilities of these people. Psychological compatibility can be due to both the similarity of any characteristics of the members of the group, and their difference. As a result, this leads to the complementarity of people in the conditions of joint activity, moreover, the group represents a certain integrity of individual personal qualities.

The role of psychologically compatible members of social groups is important in all spheres of human activity without exception. The presence of psychological compatibility of group members contributes to their better teamwork and, as a result, greater labor efficiency.

Compatibility is “the mutual acceptance of partners in communication and joint activities, based on the optimal combination (similarity or complementarity) of value orientations, social attitudes, interests, motives, needs, characters, temperaments, pace and rhythm of psychophysiological reactions and other significant for interpersonal interaction individual psychological characteristics. The compatibility criterion is the high direct satisfaction of the partners with the result and, most importantly, the interaction process ... ".

That is, compatibility is the optimal combination of the qualities of people in the process of communication that contribute to the success of joint actions. It is customary to distinguish four types of compatibility: physical, psychophysiological, socio-psychological and socio-ideological.

Physical compatibility is expressed in a harmonious combination of the physical qualities of two or more people performing a joint action (compatibility in strength, endurance, etc.). This type of compatibility is especially important in the selection of athletes for team sports, as well as workers performing any joint, physical work.

Psychophysiological compatibility basically has the features of analyzer systems, as well as the properties of temperament. This type of compatibility presupposes the relationship of people in the course of their joint action, in which sensitivity within the limits of one or another analytical system turns out to be decisive. Even more important within this type of compatibility is temperament. Studies and observations indicate that the "fit" of temperaments is carried out according to certain rules. It has been proven that two different temperaments (choleric and phlegmatic, sanguine and melancholic) are well combined in communication, and people with the same type of temperament (two choleric) do not get along well. On the other hand, in work that requires the mobility of the nervous system from all its participants, opposite temperaments are not suitable, since they do not provide the same rhythm of work.

Socio-psychological compatibility involves the relationship of people with such personal properties that contribute to the successful fulfillment of social roles. In this case, the similarity of characters and abilities is not necessary, but their harmony is obligatory. As life practice testifies, contacts between people are established faster and turn out to be much stronger if the character traits of interacting personalities are complementary to one another: one is cocky, decisive, active, the other is calm, reasonable, unhurried; one is more capable of acquiring intellectual knowledge, the other is more capable of acquiring motor (motor) skills. The foregoing does not mean at all that in any case only people with opposite character traits, with dissimilar abilities and other properties are compatible. Compatibility is also possible with similar temperaments, but the probability of a breakdown of the community in this case is high.

Socio-ideological compatibility presupposes a commonality of ideological views, similarity of social attitudes and values. Ideological kinship, striving for the same moral and aesthetic values ​​brings people together. Compatibility on a socio-ideological basis can be considered a higher level than compatibility on other grounds. Ideological similarity, the coincidence of social attitudes, as it were, overlaps and integrates all other grounds. The physical, psycho-physiological and socio-psychological factors, if they run counter to the socio-ideological ones, can be muted, and incompatibility based on these parameters will not manifest itself. This is due to the fact that a group or collective effort is aimed at solving not private, albeit group, but large-scale tasks facing large communities.

Considering the types of compatibility, it should be borne in mind that they can all be represented in one act of specific communication, although such cases are extremely rare. In practice, compatibility is most often found within only one or two species. For example, physical and psychophysiological; psychophysiological and socio-psychological; socio-ideological and socio-psychological, psycho-physiological, etc.

As indicators of psychological compatibility, two main criteria can be distinguished, namely, psychophysiological and socio-psychological. Psychophysiological compatibility implies a certain similarity of the psychophysiological characteristics of people and, on this basis, the consistency of their sensorimotor reactions, the synchronization of the pace of joint activity. Socio-psychological compatibility is a consequence of the optimal combination of types of behavior of people in groups, as well as the commonality of their social attitudes, needs and interests, value orientations. Subject to good compatibility, optimal conditions for joint activities are created.

If we compare the socio-psychological characteristics of different individuals, it can be noted that they differ from each other in the degree of attitude to the surrounding reality, as well as in the depth and correctness of understanding the reasons that these relationships cause. These factors depend on certain character traits, which in psychology is understood as a property of a person's personality, manifested in her views on the world around, work, people, and herself.

At the same time, it is quite obvious that many character traits, for example, “sociability - isolation”, “altruism - egoism”, “conflict-freeness - conflictness”, in their origin and content, are personal characteristics of the individual. Comparison of these qualities with each other shows that some people are widely open to surrounding people and society, while others are too closed in the narrow circle of their worldview, in personal stable relationships with the community of people closest to them.

Any quality of character can begin to acquire a certain negative connotation and complicate life, both for the person himself and for his environment, causing a “difficult”, “difficult” character.

Since many of the socio-psychological qualities, on the one hand, are universal, and on the other hand, are more or less inherent in certain types of people, it is important to determine the criterion by which they can be evaluated in specific individuals. E. Shostrom singles out, in accordance with this criterion, two types of personality - a manipulator and an actualizer.

Manipulators are characterized by the following features in communication, namely, carefully disguised falsehood, the desire to falsify personal experiences, deliberate prudence in the selection of means of influence, cynicism in relation to the basic values ​​of interpersonal interaction. Such a person needs to be in control of the situation at all costs. He imposes his will on everything, tries to manipulate any phrase, any situation. A person develops the ability to manipulate other people in order to avoid trouble and achieve what he wants, and it develops unconsciously. Hiding your true emotions is the fate of the manipulator. The manipulator sees his main task in making some “proper impression”. Along with the need to control the manipulator feels the need for guidance from above. Manipulation is not a necessary attitude to life and does not bring any real benefit. Too often, the manipulator uses his knowledge of other people's psychology as rational explanations for his dysfunctional behavior, justifying his current misfortunes with references to past experiences and past failures. A manipulator is a self-destructive person who uses or controls himself and other people as "things". The manipulator treats himself and other people as inanimate objects. He is never himself, he cannot even relax, because his system of games and maneuvers requires him to constantly play the proper role. The life style of a manipulator includes four main characteristics: lying, unawareness, control, and cynicism.

The actualizer is characterized by such socio-psychological qualities as honesty and sincerity in relationships with other people, a steady interest in the latter, independence and openness in expressing one's opinions, faith in one's own strengths and in the mind of those with whom one enters into communication.

There are several levels of psychological compatibility. One of them is designated as a value-oriented unity, when people internally accept the same promising goals of activity, have similar value ideas and corresponding emotional attitudes, voluntarily and equally take responsibility for success and failure in activity. This creates the effect of good business cohesion of the group.

Another level is the consistency of functional and role expectations between members of the group; namely, they have a fairly clear idea, know who, what, when and how should do in solving tasks accepted by all, and agree on relevant issues.

Based on this, we can say that human incompatibility appears when the necessary levels of psychological compatibility are absent in the process of interpersonal interaction.

According to N. N. Obozov, four levels of psychological compatibility can be distinguished: psychophysiological; psychological; socio-psychological (family-role); sociocultural.

Comprehensive compatibility is very rare. Incompatibility is much more common, and it is usually enough for a good relationship, if only you treat it carefully.

The concept of psychological compatibility has gained the right to exist thanks to interpersonal relationships. Psychological compatibility is a characteristic of a long-term interaction between two or more individuals, in which the manifestations of stable character traits characteristic of these individuals do not lead to long-term and insoluble contradictions. A similar definition, which is given in Wikipedia, perfectly reflects the essence of the phenomenon we are considering.

Compatibility in society

In any relationship, be it relationships with family, bosses, friends, mutual understanding plays an important role. The psychological compatibility of people means closeness, similarity. This is when the characters and views are not hostile, but complement each other. In the company of other people, we now and then experience the result of psychological compatibility. The atmosphere within the group and the results of any joint activity largely depend on the degree of psychological compatibility. Any team, group exists within the framework of socio-psychological compatibility. It includes a commonality of goals and value orientations, attitudes towards activities and comrades, motivation for actions, as well as the characteristics of the psychological makeup of each member of the group.

Another type of psychological compatibility is psychophysiological compatibility. This is compatibility in terms of the level of physical and psychomotor (development of intellectual and motor skills) development. Here we are talking about the same manifestation of the basic mental processes and a single degree of training of people in certain professional skills and abilities.

The psychological compatibility of temperaments has a strange feature, which is as follows: the more people have similarities in temperament, the greater the chance of both compatibility and incompatibility of these individuals. In other words, the more similar people are, the easier it is for them to find a common language. However, they have a higher chance of mutual hostility. This is such a strange thing, compatibility ...

Family Compatibility

Of course, the psychological compatibility of family members is much more important than compatibility with people unfamiliar and less close to us. Family is the most precious thing in the life of every person. If we do not choose parents, and the issue of compatibility is not particularly relevant here, then we need to talk about the psychological compatibility of spouses, moreover, knowledge of this issue is simply necessary.

The main purpose of marriage is to create a happy union. We are born for happiness, it is in our hands. Understanding by spouses of each other and their relationship to each other is a key factor in the stability of marital relations. Therefore, it is easy to guess that psychological incompatibility stems from the unwillingness to understand the spouse and objectively evaluate their own behavior. In a marital relationship, it is important to understand the complexity of psychological compatibility. Emotional, moral, spiritual, sexual compatibility - these are the levels of psychological compatibility on which the fate of marriage depends. The more complete this compatibility, the better the spouses with each other. The more close sides and common interests a husband and wife have, the more complete their psychological compatibility.

Harmony in family relationships is determined by several main factors of psychological compatibility:

Success or failure in marriage predetermines the personal qualities of the spouses, for the development and control over which each is responsible.

Problems of psychological compatibility, if desired, can be solved. To do this, you need to work on yourself, develop some qualities in yourself, and try to get rid of some. The main thing to remember is that you are doing all this for the sake of love, peace and personal happiness.