The theory of evolution by Ch. Darwin and A. Wallace.
Basic provisions:
1. All kinds of living organisms arose naturally.
2. Organisms slowly and gradually transformed and improved.
3. The basis for the transformation of species is variability, heredity and natural selection. Selection is carried out through the interactions of organisms with each other and environmental factors. These interactions are called the struggle for existence.
4. Individuals that are most adapted to changing environmental conditions survive and give full-fledged offspring.
Synthetic theory of evolution - this is a rethinking of a number of provisions of Darwinism from the standpoint of genetics (S. Chetverikov, J. Haldane, N. Timofeev-Resovsky, R. Fisher). It is characterized as a theory of evolution occurring through natural selection of traits determined genetically.
Basic provisions:
1. The elementary unit of evolution is the population.
2. The material for evolution is mutational and combinational variability.
3. Natural selection is considered as the main reason for the development of adaptations, speciation and the origin of supraspecific taxa.
4. A species is a group of populations reproductively isolated from populations of other species.
5. Speciation consists in the emergence of genetic isolating mechanisms and is carried out in conditions of geographic isolation.
The process of formation of new genera from species, from genera to families, from families to orders, etc. called macroevolution. Unlike microevolution occurring within a population, macroevolution is supraspecific and very long-term evolution.
Evolutionary processes are evidenced by paleontological, morphological, embryological and biochemical data.
There are three main directions of evolution.
Aromorphosis – evolutionary changes leading to a qualitatively new level of organization (multicellularity, central nervous system, photosynthesis). Thanks to aromorphosis, new large taxonomic units arise: types (departments), classes.
Idioadaptation - small evolutionary changes, expressed in adaptation to the environment. There is no increase in the level of organization. Thanks to idioadaptation, small taxonomic groups are formed: species, genera, families.
Mutations constantly arise in populations under the influence of factors and cause changes in its gene pool. population waves- this is a phenomenon of fluctuations in the number of populations, which are associated with periodic changes in the intensity of environmental factors (change of seasons, precipitation, temperature fluctuations).
Insulation contributes to the prevention of interbreeding between individuals of different parts of the population and leads to a divergence of characters within the same species.
Geographic isolation leads to a rupture of a single range of a species into separate parts and prevents crossing. The reasons for its appearance are the emergence of mountains, new rivers, straits, etc.
Environmental isolation based on differences in dispersal or breeding times. For example, some species of salmon spawn in a year, and in the same rivers one population of fish spawns in one year, and another in another.
biological isolation associated with differences in the structure of the genital organs, in marriage songs, courtship rituals, emitted odors, etc.
The greatest importance in the evolutionary process is natural selection. It plays a creative role in nature, distinguishing from undirected hereditary changes only those that lead to the formation of new groups of individuals that will be more adapted to new environmental conditions.
Soviet biologist I.I. Schmalhausen developed (1946) the concept of group selection - the survival of populations, species, genera, families, orders, etc. But since group selection occurs on the basis of the experience of the organisms that make up these groups, individual natural selection also plays a leading role in evolution - the selection of the most adapted individuals.
OPTION 1.
1. The main merit of Charles Darwin is:
A) formulation of the biogenetic law; C) development of the theory of natural selection;
B) creation of the first evolutionary theory; D) creation of the law of natural series.
2. Ch. Darwin considered the most intense form of struggle for existence:
A) the fight against adverse conditions; B) interspecific;
B) intraspecific; D) all of the listed forms equally.
3. Natural selection operates at the level of:
A) an individual organism B) type;
B) populations; D) biocenosis.
4. Homologous organs are:
A) a cat's paw and a fly's leg; C) reptile scales and bird feathers;
B) human eye and spider eye; D) butterfly wing and bird wing.
5. Ape people include:
A) Cro-Magnon B) pithecanthropus;
B) Australopithecus; D) Neanderthal.
6. An environmental factor that goes beyond endurance is called:
A) stimulating B) abiotic;
B) limiting; D) anthropogenic
7. Eukaryotes:
A) capable of chemosynthesis; C) do not have many organelles;
B) have circular DNA; D) have a nucleus with its own shell.
8. A common feature of plant and animal cells is:
A) heterotrophy; C) the presence of chloroplasts;
B) the presence of mitochondria; D) the presence of a rigid cell wall.
9. Biopolymers are:
A) proteins B) nucleic acids;
B) polysaccharides; D) all of the above.
10. Uracil forms a complementary bond with:
A) adenine B) cytosine
B) thymine D) guanine.
11. Glycolysis is called:
A) the totality of all processes of energy metabolism in the cell;
B) oxygen-free breakdown of glucose;
C) complete breakdown of glucose; D) polymerization of glucose with the formation of glycogen.
12. The sequence of the stage of mitosis is as follows:
A) metaphase, telophase, prophase, anaphase; C) prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase;
B) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; D) telophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase;
13. Doubling of chromosomes occurs in:
A) interphase B) metaphase
B) prophase D) telophase
14. In the anaphase of mitosis, a divergence occurs:
A) daughter chromosomes B) non-homologous chromosomes
B) homologous chromosomes D) cell organelles.
15. Of the listed animals, the largest egg in:
A) sturgeon B) lizards
B) frogs D) chickens.
16. from the ectoderm are formed:
A) muscles B) skeleton
B) lungs D) sense organs.
17. With Mendeleev monohybrid crossing, the proportion of individuals with at least one recessive gene in the second generation will be equal to:
A) 25% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%
18. Linked are genes located in:
A) one chromosome B) sex chromosomes
B) homologous chromosomes D) autosomes.
19. Mutations manifest themselves phenotypically:
A) always B) only in the homozygous state
B) only in the heterozygous state D) never.
20. Polyploidy is:
A) a change in the number of individual chromosomes B) a change in the structure of chromosomes
B) a multiple change in the haploid number of chromosomes; D) changes in the structure of individual genes.
ANSWER: 1 - C, 2 - B, 3 - B, 4 - C, 5 - C, 6 - B, 7 - D, 8 - B, 9 - D, 10 - A, 11 - B, 12 - B, 13 - A, 14 - A, 15 - D, 16 - D, 17 - C, 18 - A, 19 - C, 20 - B.
Biology test grade 11. (one)
OPTION - 2
1. According to Ch. Darwin, the driving forces of evolution are:
A) the struggle for existence; B) natural selection;
B) hereditary variability; D) all of the above.
2. The following type of variability plays a leading role in evolution:
A) certain B) group;
B) modification; D) mutational.
3. The driving form of selection usually leads to:
A) the destruction of individuals with deviations; B) the expansion of the previous norm of reaction;
from the previous rate of reaction;
B) narrowing of the previous norm of reaction; D) shift of the previous rate of reaction.
4. Similar bodies are:
A) crayfish gills and fish gills; C) birch leaves and cactus needles;
B) a dog's paw and a bird's wing; D) all of the listed pairs.
5. In the era of glaciation lived:
A) Cro-Magnons B) synanthropes;
B) Neanderthals; D) all of the above.
6. The productivity of an ecosystem is called:
A) its total biomass; C) total biomass of producers;
B) the growth of this biomass per unit of time; D) total biomass of consumers.
7. In prokaryotic cells there are:
A) nuclei B) mitochondria;
B) ribosomes; D) all of the listed organelles.
8. Leukoplasts are cell organelles in which:
A) protein synthesis is carried out; C) there are pigments of red and yellow color;
B) the process of photosynthesis is carried out; D) starch builds up.
9. Nucleotides in the strands of the DNA molecule are connected by the following bond:
A) covalent; B) peptide;
B) hydrogen; D) disulfide bridges.
10. Transcription is:
A) synthesis of an i-RNA molecule B) delivery of amino acids to ribosomes
according to the template of one of the DNA strands; during protein synthesis;
B) transfer of information from i-RNA to protein D) the process of assembling a protein molecule.
during its synthesis;
11. ATP synthesis in the cell occurs in the process:
A) glycolysis; B) cellular respiration;
B) photosynthesis; D) all of the above.
12. The longest phase of mitosis is:
A) prophase; B) anaphase;
B) metaphase; D) telophase.
13. Reduction of the number of chromosomes occurs during:
A) anaphase of mitosis; C) II division of meiosis;
B) I division of meiosis; D) in all of the above cases.
14. The biological significance of meiosis is to ensure:
A) genetic stability; C) genetic variability;
B) tissue regeneration and increase D) asexual reproduction.
the number of cells in the body;
15. The nervous system is formed from:
A) ectoderm; B) mesoderm;
B) endoderm; D) there is no correct answer.
16. From the mesoderm are formed:
A) lungs; B) circulatory system
B) nervous system; D) sense organs.
17. How many types of gametes form diheterozygous individuals:
A) one; At four;
B) two; D) there is no correct answer.
18. Mutational variability includes:
A) changes in chromosomes; C) changes that are inherited;
B) changes in genes; D) all of the above.
19. The main source of combinative variability is:
A) chromosome crossing B) independent chromatid separation
In prophase I of meiotic division; in anaphase II of meiotic division;
B) independent discrepancy D) all of the above processes equally.
homologous chromosomes
in anaphase I of the division of meiosis;
20. Interline hybridization of cultivated plants leads to:
A) maintaining the same productivity; B) increase productivity;
B) cleavage of new features; D) fixing signs.
ANSWER: 1 - D, 2 - D, 3 - D, 4 - A, 5 - B, 6 - B, 7 - B, 8 - D, 9 - A, 10 - A, 11 - D, 12 - A, 13 - B, 14 - C, 15 - A, 16 - C, 17 - C, 18 - D, 19 - D, 20 - C.
OPTION 1.
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid is the level of organization of wildlife:
A) cellular; B) molecular;
B) organismic; D) population
2. The science of cytology studies:
A) the structure of cells of unicellular and multicellular organisms;
B) the structure of organs and organ systems of multicellular organisms;
C) the phenotype of organisms from different kingdoms;
D) plant morphology and features of their development.
3. Proteins are synthesized into cells:
A) in the cytoplasm; B) in lysosomes;
B) on ribosomes; D) in the Golgi complex.
4. Proteins that can accelerate chemical reactions perform the following function in the cell:
A) hormonal B) signaling
C) enzymatic D) informational.
5. Transfer RNA is:
A) protein B) fat
C) enzyme D) nucleic acid.
6. Chromosome conjugation is characteristic of the process:
A) fertilization B) prophase of the second division of meiosis
C) mitosis D) prophase of the first division of meiosis
7. Blastula consists of a cavity and:
A) two layers of cells B) connective tissue
C) one layer of cells D) epithelial tissue.
8. Which cells transmit mutations to offspring during sexual reproduction:
A) epithelial B) muscle
C) gametes D) neurons.
9. The ancient people include:
A) Neanderthal B) Pithecanthropus
C) Sinanthropus D) Cro-Magnon.
10. There is competition between elk and bison, as they:
A) eat the same food B) have approximately the same body parameters
C) have few offspring D) belong to the class of mammals.
11. Agroecosystems include:
A) mixed forest B) water meadow
C) an overgrown lake D) a wheat field.
12. Fitness in the process of evolution arises as a result of:
A) geographical isolation B) interaction of the driving forces of evolution
C) mutational variability D) artificial selection.
13. Cytoplasm in a cell does not fulfill function:
A) transport of substances B) internal environment
C) communication between the nucleus and organelles; D) photosynthesis.
14. The ability of the plasma membrane to surround a solid particle of food and move it inside the cell underlies the process:
A) diffusion B) osmosis
C) phagocytosis D) pinocytosis.
15. Where does the anaerobic stage of glycolysis take place?
A) in mitochondria B) in the lungs
C) in the digestive tube D) in the cytoplasm.
16. In an individual with the Aavv genotype, gametes are formed:
A) Av, cc B) Av, av
C) Aa, AA D) Aa, cc.
17. When crossing heterozygous plants with red and round fruits with individuals recessive in both traits (red BUT and round AT- dominant traits), offspring with genotypes AaBb, aaBb, Aavb, aavb will appear in the ratio:
A) 3:1, B) 9:3:3:1
C) 1:1:1:1 D) 1:2:1.
18. A girl develops from an egg, if during the process of fertilization in the zygote there are chromosomes:
A) 44 autosomes +XY B) 23 autosomes +X
C) 44 autosomes +XX D) 23 autosomes +Y.
19. A significant part of the mutations does not appear in the phenotype of the offspring, since they6
A) not associated with a change in genes B) not associated with a change in chromosomes
C) are dominant D) are recessive.
20. A reservoir inhabited by various species of plants and animals is:
A) biogeocenosis B) noosphere
C) biosphere D) agroecosystem.
Answers: 1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - C, 4 - C, 5 - D, 6 - D, 7 - C, 8 - C, 9 - A, 10 - A, 11 - D, 12 - B, 13 - D, 14 - C, 15 - D, 16 - B, 17 - C, 18 - C, 19 - D, 20 - A.
Biology test grade 11. (2)
OPTION - 2
1. To identify common anatomical features characteristic of the kingdom of wildlife, use the method:
A) microscopy B) prediction
C) comparisons D) simulations
2. According to the cellular theory, eukaryotic cells must have:
A) cell wall B) nucleus
C) vacuoles D) plastids
3. In the process of cell division, the most significant transformations undergo:
A) ribosomes B) chromosomes
C) mitochondria D) lysosomes
4. The structure of the DNA molecule is:
A) two polynucleotide strands twisted one around the other
B) one helical twisted polynucleotide strand
C) two spirally twisted polypeptide filaments
D) one straight polypeptide filament.
5. At the preparatory stage of energy exchange, energy:
A) is absorbed as heat B) is released as heat
C) is absorbed by the cytoplasm of the cell D) is released due to the breakdown of ATP.
6. "The predominant sign of one of the parents" G. Mendel called:
A) recessive B) dominant
C) homozygous D) heterozygous
7. When crossing a heterozygote with a homozygote, the proportion of homozygotes in the offspring will be:
A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%
8. Changes that not transmitted by inheritance and arise as adaptations to the external environment, they are called:
A) indefinite B) individual
C) mutational D) modification.
9. The law of homologous series in hereditary variability was established:
A) V.I. Vernadsky B) I.V. Michurin
C) N.I. Vavilov D) T. Morgan.
10. The presence in humans, as in other mammals, of live birth, feeding of cubs with milk indicates:
A) about a higher level of human development; B) about their divergent evolution
C) about the historical development of the class of mammals; D) about their relationship.
11. The metabolism in the cell consists of the following processes:
A) excitation and inhibition B) plastic and energy metabolism
C) growth and development D) transport of hormones and vitamins.
12. Producers in ecosystems include:
C) saprophytic bacteria D) fungi.
13. New species in nature arise as a result of interaction:
A) hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection
B) non-hereditary changes and seasonal changes in nature
C) adaptability of organisms and artificial selection
D) abiotic environmental factors
14. The main reason for the biological regression of many species at present is:
A) climate change B) human economic activity
C) change in relief D) increase in the number of predators.
15. The nucleus plays an important role in the cell, as it is involved in the synthesis of:
A) glucose B) fiber
C) lipids D) nucleic acids.
16. Substances capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water or entering into electrostatic interaction in a living organism are:
A) hydrophobic B) hydrophilic
C) neutral D) alkaline.
17. In the oxygen-free stage of energy metabolism, molecules are split:
A) glucose to pyruvic acid B) protein to amino acids
C) starch to glucose D) pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water
18. When dividing animal and plant cells, the main source of energy are molecules:
A) ATP B) tRNA C) mRNA D) DNA.
19. A variety of underwater and surface arrowhead leaves - an example:
A) modification variability B) the action of mutogens
C) combinative variability D) differences in the genotypes of different cells
20. In human evolution, the initial milestones in the development of art are found among:
A) Neanderthals B) Cro-Magnons
B) Australopithecus Pithecanthropus
Answers: 1 - C, 2 - B, 3 - B, 4 - A, 5 - B, 6 - B, 7 - C, 8 - D, 9 - C, 10 - D, 11 - B, 12 - A, 13 - A, 14 - B, 15 - D, 16 - B, 17 - A, 18 - A, 19 - A, 20 - B.
General lesson on the topic: "Fundamentals of the doctrine of evolution"
Level A
1. The following type of variability plays a leading role in evolution
A) certain
B) modification
B) group
D) mutational
2. The ability of living beings to produce a large number of offspring and the limited habitats and life resources are the immediate causes of:
A) hereditary variation
B) struggle for existence
B) extinction
D) speciation
3. Charles Darwin considered the most intense form of struggle for existence:
A) dealing with adverse conditions
B) intraspecific
B) interspecies
D) all of the above equally
4. Hereditary variability in the process of evolution:
A) create new species
B) supplies material for evolution
C) fixes the material created in the process of evolution
D) saves the most useful changes
5. Natural selection operates at the level of:
A) individual organism
B) populations
D) biocenosis
6. The driving form of selection usually results in:
A) to the destruction of individuals with deviations from the previous norm of reaction
B) expansion of the previous rate of reaction
B) narrowing the previous reaction norm
D) a shift in the previous rate of reaction
7. The result of natural selection is not:
A) adaptability of organisms to the environment
B) the diversity of the organic world
B) struggle for existence
D) improvement of the organization of living beings
A) aromorphosis
B) idioadaptation
B) general degeneration
D) directed evolution
11. Idioadaptations include:
A) multicellularity
B) four-chambered heart of mammals
B) needle-like leaves of desert plants
D) all of the above evolutionary changes
12. An example of aromorphosis is:
A) flattening of the body in bottom fish
B) protective coloration
D) the occurrence of the sexual process
13. Natural selection is:
A) complex relationships between organisms and inanimate nature
B) the process of preserving individuals with useful hereditary traits
C) the process of formation of new species in nature
D) the process of population growth
14. The struggle for existence plays a big role in evolution:
A) preserves individuals predominantly with beneficial changes
B) preserves individuals with any hereditary changes
B) supplies material for selection
D) aggravates the relationship between individuals
15. As a result of the interaction of the driving forces of evolution, the following occurs:
A) reproduction of organisms
B) the formation of new species in nature
B) mutation process
D) isolation of populations
16. Point out the incorrect statement: “In the process of evolution, the struggle with adverse conditions leads to ...”
A) to increase the resistance of organisms
B) the survival of the most viable individuals
B) species extinction
D) improving the look
17. The driving forces of evolution include:
A) variety of species
B) struggle for existence
B) speciation
D) fitness
18. The factor of evolution, the basis of which is the emergence of barriers to free crossing of individuals, is called:
A) modification
B) natural selection
B) isolation
D) population waves
19. Among the driving forces of evolution, leading to the emergence of adaptations in individuals to the environment, the guiding character has:
A) natural selection
B) artificial selection
B) isolation
D) struggle for existence
20. The type of selection acting in populations living in relatively constant environmental conditions, - ...
A) natural
B) stabilizing
B) driving
D) sexual
21. What are the consequences of stabilizing selection?
A) preservation of old species
B) maintaining the reaction rate
C) the emergence of new species
D) preservation of individuals with unchanged characteristics
22. What are the consequences of motive selection?
A) preservation of old species
B) maintaining the reaction rate
C) the emergence of new species
D) elimination of individuals with new mutations
23. The formation of new species in nature occurs as a result of
A) methodical selection
B) artificial selection
B) human activities
D) interactions of the driving forces of evolution
24. In case of geographical speciation, the formation of a new species occurs as a result of:
A) disintegration or expansion of the original range
B) artificial selection
C) isolation of populations within the old range
D) genetic drift
Level B.
Establish correspondences between the signs of variability and its types:
- It is caused by the appearance of new combinations of genes a. Mutational
Caused by changes in genes and chromosomes b. combinative
The offspring have new traits
Offspring have parental traits
In individuals, the amount or structure of DNA changes
Individuals do not change the amount or structure of DNA
Adaptations to life in the water, formed in the process of evolution in whales:
B) breathing oxygen dissolved in water
B) streamlined body shape
D) developed subcutaneous fat layer
D) constant body temperature
The result of evolution is:
B) the emergence of new drought-resistant plant varieties
C) breeding of highly productive breeds of cattle
D) the formation of new adaptations to life in changed conditions
E) conservation of new species in changed conditions
E) obtaining highly productive broiler chickens
Level C.
What aromorphoses allowed the ancient amphibians to master the land?
What aromorphoses allowed angiosperms to occupy a dominant position on Earth?
Biology test OPTION - 1. 1. The main merit of Charles Darwin is: A) the formulation of the biogenetic law; C) development of the theory of natural selection; B) creation of the first evolutionary theory; D) creation of the law of natural series. 2. Most...
Biology test OPTION - 1. 1. The main merit of Charles Darwin is: A) the formulation of the biogenetic law; C) development of the theory of natural selection; B) creation of the first evolutionary theory; D) creation of the law of natural series. 2. Ch. Darwin considered the most intense form of the struggle for existence: A) the struggle with adverse conditions; B) interspecific; B) intraspecific; D) all of the listed forms equally. 3. Natural selection operates at the level of: A) an individual organism; B) type; B) populations; D) biocenosis. 4. Homologous organs are: A) a cat's paw and a fly's leg; C) reptile scales and bird feathers; B) human eye and spider eye; D) butterfly wing and bird wing. 5. Ape people include: A) Cro-Magnon; B) pithecanthropus; B) Australopithecus; D) Neanderthal. 6. An environmental factor that goes beyond endurance is called: A) stimulating; B) abiotic; B) limiting; D) anthropogenic 7. Eukaryotes: A) capable of chemosynthesis; C) do not have many organelles;
Biology test OPTION - 1. 1. The main merit of Charles Darwin is: A) the formulation of the biogenetic law; C) development of the theory of natural selection; B) creation of the first evolutionary theory; D) creation of the law of natural series. 2. Ch. Darwin considered the most intense form of the struggle for existence: A) the struggle with adverse conditions; B) interspecific; B) intraspecific; D) all of the listed forms equally. 3. Natural selection operates at the level of: A) an individual organism; B) type; B) populations; D) biocenosis. 4. Homologous organs are: A) a cat's paw and a fly's leg; C) reptile scales and bird feathers; B) human eye and spider eye; D) butterfly wing and bird wing. 5. Ape people include: A) Cro-Magnon; B) pithecanthropus; B) Australopithecus; D) Neanderthal. 6. An environmental factor that goes beyond endurance is called: A) stimulating; B) abiotic; B) limiting; D) anthropogenic 7. Eukaryotes: A) capable of chemosynthesis; C) do not have many organelles; B) have circular DNA; D) have a nucleus with its own shell. 8. A common feature of plant and animal cells is: A) heterotrophy; C) the presence of chloroplasts; B) the presence of mitochondria; D) the presence of a rigid cell wall. 9. Biopolymers are: A) proteins; B) nucleic acids; B) polysaccharides; D) all of the above. 10. Uracil forms a complementary bond with: A) adenine C) cytosine B) thymine D) guanine. 11. Glycolysis is called: A) the totality of all processes of energy metabolism in the cell; B) oxygen-free breakdown of glucose; C) complete breakdown of glucose; D) polymerization of glucose with the formation of glycogen. 12. The order of the stage of mitosis is as follows: A) metaphase, telophase, prophase, anaphase; C) prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase; B) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; D) telophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase; 13. Chromosome doubling occurs in: A) interphase C) metaphase B) prophase D) telophase 14. In the anaphase of mitosis, a divergence occurs: A) daughter chromosomes C) non-homologous chromosomes B) homologous chromosomes D) cell organelles. 15. Of the listed animals, the largest egg is in: A) sturgeon C) lizard B) frog D) chicken. 16. From the ectoderm are formed: A) muscles C) skeleton B) lungs D) sense organs. 17. With Mendeleev monohybrid crossing, the proportion of individuals with at least one recessive gene in the second generation will be: A) 25% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%
18. Linked genes are those located in: A) one chromosome C) sex chromosomes B) homologous chromosomes D) autosomes. 19. Mutations manifest themselves phenotypically: A) always C) only in the homozygous state B) only in the heterozygous state D) never. 20. Polyploidy consists in: A) a change in the number of individual chromosomes; B) a change in the structure of chromosomes; B) a multiple change in the haploid number of chromosomes; D) changes in the structure of individual genes. ANSWER: 1 - C, 2 - B, 3 - B, 4 - C, 5 - C, 6 - B, 7 - D, 8 - B, 9 - D, 10 - A, 11 - B, 12 - B, 13 - A, 14 - A, 15 - D, 16 - D, 17 - C, 18 - A, 19 - C, 20 - B. OPTION - 2 1. According to Ch. Darwin, the driving forces of evolution are: A) struggle for existence; B) natural selection; B) hereditary variability; D) all of the above. 2. The following type of variability plays a leading role in evolution: A) certain; B) group; B) modification; D) mutational. 3. The driving form of selection usually leads to: A) the destruction of individuals with deviations; B) the expansion of the previous reaction rate; from the previous rate of reaction; B) narrowing of the previous norm of reaction; D) shift of the previous rate of reaction. 4. Similar organs are: A) crayfish gills and fish gills; C) birch leaves and cactus needles; B) a dog's paw and a bird's wing; D) all of the listed pairs. 5. In the era of glaciation lived: A) Cro-Magnons; B) synanthropes; B) Neanderthals; D) all of the above. 6. The productivity of an ecosystem is: A) its total biomass; C) total biomass of producers; B) the growth of this biomass per unit of time; D) total biomass of consumers. 7. In prokaryotic cells there are: A) nuclei; B) mitochondria; B) ribosomes; D) all of the listed organelles. 8. Leukoplasts are cell organelles in which: A) protein synthesis is carried out; C) there are pigments of red and yellow color; B) the process of photosynthesis is carried out; D) starch builds up. 9. Nucleotides in the strands of the DNA molecule are connected by the following bond: A) covalent; B) peptide; B) hydrogen; D) disulfide bridges. 10. Transcription is: A) the synthesis of an i-RNA molecule; B) the delivery of amino acids to ribosomes along the template of one of the DNA chains; during protein synthesis; B) transfer of information from i-RNA to protein D) the process of assembling a protein molecule. during its synthesis; 11. Synthesis of ATP in the cell occurs in the process of: A) glycolysis; B) cellular respiration; B) photosynthesis; D) all of the above. 12. The longest phase of mitosis is:
A) prophase; B) anaphase; B) metaphase; D) telophase. 13. Reduction of the number of chromosomes occurs during: A) anaphase of mitosis; C) II division of meiosis; B) I division of meiosis; D) in all of the above cases. 14. The biological significance of meiosis is to ensure: A) genetic stability; C) genetic variability; B) tissue regeneration and increase D) asexual reproduction. the number of cells in the body; 15. The nervous system is formed from: A) ectoderm; B) mesoderm; B) endoderm; D) there is no correct answer. 16. From the mesoderm are formed: A) lungs; B) circulatory system B) nervous system; D) sense organs. 17. How many types of gametes form diheterozygous individuals: A) one; At four; B) two; D) there is no correct answer. 18. Mutational variability includes: A) changes in chromosomes; C) changes that are inherited; B) changes in genes; D) all of the above. 19. The main source of combinative variability is: A) chromosome crossing B) independent chromatid segregation In prophase I of meiotic division; in anaphase II of meiotic division; B) independent discrepancy D) all of the above processes equally. homologous chromosomes in anaphase I of meiotic division; 20. Interline hybridization of cultivated plants leads to: A) maintaining the same productivity; B) increase productivity; B) cleavage of new features; D) fixing signs. ANSWER: 1 - D, 2 - D, 3 - D, 4 - A, 5 - B, 6 - B, 7 - B, 8 - D, 9 - A, 10 - A, 11 - D, 12 - A, 13 - B, 14 - C, 15 - A, 16 - C, 17 - C, 18 - D, 19 - D, 20 - C.
