COURSE WORK

in the discipline "Military Affairs"

on the topic: "Development of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia"

Introduction

Internal and escort guards of the Russian Empire (1811-1917)

The Soviet stage in the development of internal troops (1917 - 1991)

Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (1991 - present)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In Russia, until the beginning of the 19th century, there were no special armed formations to maintain order and ensure the safety of the population, provide assistance to people in case of natural disasters, and perform other law enforcement tasks.

In the 16th-17th centuries, some of these functions were performed mainly by units of the archery army. Under Ivan the Terrible, formations of the so-called "residents" were created to protect Moscow. It was an army consisting of serving nobles, numbering about three thousand people. Subsequently, units of "residents" were placed in Kyiv, Belgorod, Kursk and some other cities.

Under Peter I, internal security in the state was provided mainly by formations of soldiers incapable of field service. They were called "garrisons", later - "garrison" and (or) "internal battalions" and were a reserve of field troops.

In the early years of the 19th century, the tasks of protecting and maintaining order in cities were carried out by the police, garrison battalions, as well as provincial regular companies and teams of soldiers not fit for military service, who were subordinate to the local administration.

Parties of prisoners were escorted to Siberia under the protection of armed teams of Bashkirs (Bashkirs), Meshcheryaks (a people who lived in the neighborhood of the Bashkirs) and a regiment of Cossacks specially allocated for this. In some cases, army units were also involved in escorting large parties of prisoners.

The development of internal troops can be divided into three historical periods:

1. Internal and escort guards of the Russian Empire (1811-1917), which lasted more than a hundred years, from the creation of internal guard troops, their reorganization into local troops and escort guards until the October Revolution of 1917.

2. The Soviet stage in the development of internal troops (1917-1991) - the formation of the troops of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD of the USSR, their formation, development and service and combat activities.

3. Internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (from 1991 to the present).

1. Internal and escort guards of the Russian Empire (1811-1917)

Radical transformations in the matter of ensuring internal order and escort service in Russia took place during the reign of Emperor Alexander I. On March 27, 1811, he issued a Decree on replenishment at the expense of regular companies transferred back in January of the same year “from civilian to military authorities”, garrison battalions, which became known as "provincial battalions" and were soon merged into a single structure - the internal guard of Russia. March 27 became the Day of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, which was established in 1996 by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation.

2-3 battalions of the internal guard made up a brigade, and 2-4 brigades were part of the district of the internal guard. Initially, the territory of the European part of Russia was divided into eight districts. Each of them had a serial number and geographically covered several provinces. Subsequently, the number of districts reached 12. The Internal Guard was part of the Russian Military Department.

On July 3, 1811, Alexander approved the Regulations for the internal guard, which determined its purpose and tasks. They were: the fight against robbers, robbers and other criminals; detention of fleeing criminals and deserters; combating the smuggling of smuggled and prohibited goods; ensuring order and security during, as we say now, mass events - fairs, folk festivals, church holidays; rendering assistance to the population in case of natural disasters - floods, fires and others, escorting prisoners, prisoners, recruits, the state treasury (large sums of money) and other law enforcement tasks.

The first commander of the internal guard was General E.F. Komarovsky, a professional military man, a participant in the Italian and Swiss campaigns (1799) of the Russian army under the command of A.V. Suvorov, then assistant to the St. Petersburg military governor. An experienced and talented administrator and military leader, E.F. Komarovsky led the internal guard for more than 17 years.

In 1812, the Russian Empire was intensively preparing to repel the invasion of the Napoleonic army. In accordance with the published rules, the recruitment was assigned to the commanders of the provincial battalions of the internal guard. Recruit depots are formed at the battalions, which produce a set of recruits, their initial military training and preparation for army service.

The provincial garrison battalions became the main core of the collection of militia formations. Even before the start of hostilities, officers and lower ranks of the provincial battalions of the internal guard formed and led two divisions from among the recruits.

The battalions of the internal guard were not intended to conduct direct combat operations with enemy forces. But during the invasion of Napoleonic troops into Russia, the battalions and teams of the internal guard located in the western provinces were forced to come into combat contact with the enemy. One of the first enemy strikes was taken by the Grodno provincial garrison battalion. In a skirmish with the French on the bridge over the Neman River, a soldier of this unit became the first heroically fallen soldier of the Russian army.

As the enemy troops were driven out, the garrison battalions of the internal guard moved after the attackers. Their task was to organize garrison service, restore and maintain order.

During and after the war, many veterans who were expelled from the active army due to injury and illness ended up serving in the battalions of the internal guard. Most of the soldiers and officers could be proud of their military past.

The inspector of the internal guard, Adjutant General Count Komarovsky, successfully completed the mission assigned to him during the war, and to a large extent, he and his subordinate troops contributed to the achievement of victory. When the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was built in Moscow in honor of the victory over Napoleon, the names of many generals and officers of the internal guard who distinguished themselves in battles and battles were immortalized on the slabs of its walls.

Since 1816, the internal guard became known as the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard (OKVS). Its structure and tasks have been supplemented and changed over time. So, in 1817, St. Petersburg and Moscow gendarmerie divisions and gendarme teams in provincial and large port cities were established as part of the internal guard. They remained in the OKVS until 1836, when they were transferred to the gendarme corps.

By royal decree of July 25, 1829, 5 linear battalions and 3 mobile companies were formed to protect the mining plants of the Urals and Nerchinsk, where gold and silver were mined, the St. Petersburg Mint. They were supported by the Ministry of Finance. We can say that these were the first units for the protection of important industrial facilities and escort of special cargo.

Radical transformations of the internal guard took place in the 60s of the XIX century in the course of the military reform being carried out in Russia. Then the district command and control system was introduced in the Russian army. The entire territory of the country was divided into military districts. In August 1864, the headquarters of the Separate Corps and the district of the internal guard were abolished, and the brigades and battalions were reorganized into the corresponding units of the local troops, which also included escort teams. Local troops were part of the corresponding military district. The district commander had an assistant in command of local troops.

In terms of structure, local troops differed little from the internal guard: in each province, a local brigade was stationed, which included battalions and county teams that performed the tasks of escorting prisoners and assisting the police in maintaining public order.

The next stage in the reform of the internal security forces took place in 1886, when the escort teams were consolidated into escort guards. By order of the Military Department of May 16, 1886, it was prescribed to form 567 teams for escort service on the basis of the existing stage, escort and local teams.

The escort guard was entrusted with:

Accompanying prisoners of all categories, sent in stages along the routes of European Russia (with the exception of Finland and the Caucasus) and along the main exiled Siberian route;

Accompanying prisoners of the civil department to external work and to judicial institutions;

Assistance to the prison administration in the production of surprise searches and suppression of riots in places of detention;

Implementation of external protection of prisons where it will be deemed necessary.

New teams of escort guards were named after their places of deployment (Moscow escort team, etc.). These units were completed on general army grounds. At the same time, preference was given to quick-witted, quick, physically strong recruits.

But no matter how the military formations for ensuring internal order and security are called - internal guards or local troops, their personnel at all times were faithful to the oath and military duty, performed their tasks with honor and dignity, as evidenced by numerous examples.

In November 1824, St. Petersburg suffered a severe flood. It is described by A. S. Pushkin in the poem "The Bronze Horseman". Together with other forces, units of the internal guard, led by commander General E.F., entered the fight against the raging elements. Komarovsky. They rescued drowning people, dismantled rubble, restored dams and bridges. The distribution of hot food and warm clothes to the affected population was organized, and medical assistance was provided. Energetic actions, clear orderliness of General E.F. Komarovsky, the courage and dedication of the soldiers and officers were highly appreciated by the emperor.

Information about the author of the article
Major of the Internal Troops Vlasenko Valery Timofeevich. Born in 1949. Served in the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR for 22 years, then served in the police. Total length of service 35 years. Was on business trips in Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya.

Foreword by Veremeev Yu.G.
The events on Manezhnaya Square in Moscow, which took place on December 11, 2010, clearly show that the Russian state today needs the existence of the Internal Troops as an effective means of suppressing riots.

Without going into the root causes of these riots and without trying to analyze them, without affirming or denying the right of the population to such a manifestation of their anger, I will say that any person, whether a citizen of the country or a foreigner, has the right to life, security, protection of his personal dignity, and peaceful existence. And the state, first of all, exists in order to ensure these fundamental human rights, including by force. This is what the Internal Troops are needed for, if the police are no longer able to cope with the tasks in terms of the scale of what is happening.
Another issue is that today's democratic regime in Russia turned out to be incapable of fulfilling its basic functions, and gave reasons to citizens to come to the conclusion that they themselves must protect their rights and dignity. And not today, but from the very first days of the existence of the Russian Federation.
And if citizens cease to trust state power, then there are always leaders (formal and informal) who begin to use popular discontent for their own, usually selfish purposes. There are many examples of this. The most formidable is the two wars in the Caucasus in the nineties and two thousand years.
To explain the riot of the crowd on Manezhnaya Square by the murder of a Spartak fan by a Caucasian is about the same as if a doctor explained to a patient with syphilis his poor health with pimples in a certain place. Like, now we will anoint with brilliant green and everything will pass. I am afraid that our authorities are also trying to treat the most serious internal illness of the Russian state with brilliant green (that is, the Internal Troops). And the more acute the disease, the more green stuff we will produce, i.e. increase the number of explosives.
So what?
The reasons for the riots were not eliminated by the dispersal of this crowd. Riots will occur in one city, then in another. And they will happen more often and become bigger and bigger. For the time being, explosive forces will be enough to suppress. And then?

No doubt, BBs are needed. Until they find ways to satisfy the majority of the population and correct the gravest internal political mistakes made earlier, there is no way to do without explosives. And I respect the soldiers who courageously carry out their difficult and unpleasant duties with all respect. But it would be better if the need for them were reduced, and their functions would again be reduced to police patrols, the protection of important state facilities from individual mentally unhealthy lone terrorists. The healthier the state, and the more the people are satisfied with their government, the less reason the people have to rebel. So there is no need for a huge number of explosives.
Of course, I would also like to have a smaller Army. But reducing external threats depends little on the government, but reducing internal threats is quite possible. To do this, it is worth taking care not so much of the prosperity of "small and medium-sized businesses" as of the well-being of the bulk of the population. And business is only real business when it can flourish in any conditions. To create greenhouse conditions for him means only to weaken his vital forces.

End of preface.

One of the main tasks of any state, along with the protection of its citizens from external enemies, is the protection of public order, i.e. protection of citizens from criminal encroachments of persons who do not want to live according to generally accepted norms of behavior.

Any state has structures that perform this task. In the life of the Russian state at the present stage, this task is performed by one of the oldest law enforcement agencies of the Russian state - the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Even in ancient times, long before the period when this department was created in the Russian Empire, one can find historical evidence that the Russian princes made sure that their subjects lived in safe conditions. During the time of Kievan Rus, the princes, through combatants and servants, were engaged in the fight against crime in the territory of the principality. Free people - community members were also involved in this work.

During the period of further development of the Russian feudal state, the development of structures responsible for ensuring the protection of public order and the fight against crime can be traced. On the princely lands in the county, these functions (which would later receive the name of policemen) were carried out by the governor, in the rest of the territory, in the volosts - by the volosts. Each of them had its own staff of employees: tiuns (tried), closers (called participants in the process to court) and pravetchikov (judicial executors).

At the initial stage of the formation of the Russian state, the police apparatus as such did not exist at all, the same governing bodies regulated relations in all spheres of life. In many ways, law and order was ensured in the territories by the forces of the inhabitants themselves.

The first third of the 16th century was marked by the creation in the counties of the so-called "Lip huts". Their appearance is connected with the need to create permanent bodies that would be called upon to catch robbers, conduct investigations, and carry out sentences.
The opening of each mouth hut took place on the basis of royal letters addressed to the population of a particular territory.
Initially, as full-time positions in the gable huts, the positions of elders and kissers were introduced. Tselovalnikov were elected at popular meetings, and taking office was preceded by taking an oath with kissing the cross.
In the future, the states of the lab huts are replenished with clerks, sots, fifties.

In the next century, labial huts become widespread. Then they pass into the jurisdiction of the governor.
The competence of the huts was continuously improved and included the fight against “guided” robbers and thiefs, the investigation of “murderous” and all sorts of other cases (rape, pandering, arson, insulting parents by children), bringing to justice people who avert the people from the Orthodox faith, preventing and suppressing any “dashing”, compilation of bonded books, supervision of crafts and fishing, conducting land affairs, control over the movement of the population, etc.
A wide range of duties performed required further expansion of the staff of provincial officials: watchmen, birichs and executioners appeared. In the fight against crime, the headman of the lab hut involved not only his assistants, but also the local population (in the order of duty on a gratuitous basis). The activities of the labial huts were supervised by the Rogue Order (1555).

Another notable milestone in the history of law enforcement agencies of that time is the establishment by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the middle of the 17th century Order of Secret Affairs who was in charge of monitoring the activities of other orders.

Ivan the Terrible in 1565 was introduced oprichnina to combat the self-will of the boyar aristocracy, who believed that in their lands they have the right to repair court and reprisal according to their arbitrariness. This kind of "secret police" was called upon to identify and exterminate traitors.

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. Oprichnina can be considered a kind of forerunner of the Soviet apparatus of the Cheka-GPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-KGB. The oprichnina was obviously just as necessary as the state security organs were in Soviet times.
And not being afraid to arouse the wrath of liberals and democrats, I will say that it is the Russian intelligentsia, more than any other social group of the population, that has always needed and still needs strict supervision by the state, environment of all sorts of dissidents.
It seems that if in the Russian Empire the state security agencies were effective to the proper extent, and the laws were cruel in relation to the "destroyers of the foundations of autocracy", then the country would never have been plunged into the revolution of 1917, would not have known the horrors of the Civil War and the notorious 37 of the year.
After all, Bolshevism, so fiercely scolded by today's intellectuals, was precisely generated and developed precisely by the "advanced thinking part of Russian society."
What they gave birth to, they got.
After all, the ideas of communism were brought into the country and actively promoted by the intelligentsia, and not by the peasants, workers or landowners with manufacturers. Forgot about it? So who is to blame for the repressions of 37 and other years, if not the intelligentsia.

In the same period, Ivan the Terrible introduced the so-called "residents", which were the prototype of the internal troops.
According to the outfits of the voivode, the nobles allocated from different cities gathered every three months to "life in the capital", who made up an army of up to 3 thousand people.

For some time, the function of maintaining public order was carried out by guardsmen. Of these, in 1565 the tsar created a special "oprichnina army".

In the future, to protect the southern borders of Russia, cities were placed "living shelves".

Under Peter I, "residential regiments" began to be called garrisons. The report card of February 19, 1711 provided for the organization of 43 infantry garrison regiments, to which dragoon garrison regiments were later added. Already in post-Petrine times, in 1764, the garrison regiments were reorganized into border and internal battalions.

Note Veremeeeva Yu.G. Obviously, the garrison regiments can be considered a direct forerunner of the Internal Troops. And obviously, their first and main task was the operational suppression of various kinds of riots and rebellions, which so abound in the history of Russia in the 18th century.

In fact, the reign of Peter I is a turning point in the history of the Russian state. You can argue a lot about Peter I. There was a lot of good and bad in his reign, as in the history of any ruler. One thing is certain - Russia after Peter I is strikingly different from the pre-Petrine Old Testament boyar Russia. But this turn in the history of the state was not at all smooth and smooth. Suffice it to recall the numerous streltsy riots. Any ruler at any time can lose power and even life.

Peter I in the reorganization of the Russian state met with the most active resistance and sabotage of the boyars. Therefore, the tsar surrounded himself with reliable people, created a new nobility - people without a family, without a tribe, who advanced with their talents in the field of serving the tsar and the Fatherland.

It should be noted that Peter widely used the army to solve various state problems. It began from the time of the confrontation between Peter and Princess Sophia in the struggle for power. Then the only support of Peter was the Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments.

In the era of Peter the Great, the Semenovites and Preobrazhenians, in addition to the usual military service, were sent to different parts of the country and abroad to organize the execution of royal decrees, sometimes endowed with fairly broad powers.
It also happened that a Transfiguration or Semyonov sergeant or officer who arrived on a royal assignment could even remove the local governor from his post and send him to Siberia.

Suffice it to recall that Sergeant Yaguzhinsky from the Preobrazhensky Regiment was once sent as Russian ambassador to France.
And in the future, sergeants and officers of the Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments carried out various assignments of the tsar, including those of a police nature.

The army remained the most reliable support of power. At the same time, in the middle of the 18th century, there were still no specialized police bodies in Russia, and the rural police did not yet exist at all. Therefore, the practice of attracting officers and soldiers of city garrisons to the police service continues.

After the suppression of the rebellion led by Yemelyan Pugachev, the tsarist government realized the need to create a strong system of state bodies on the ground that could effectively resolve emerging conflicts and problems, oversee the observance of order and the implementation of laws.

In 1775, a reform of local government bodies was carried out in Russia: the country was divided into provinces and counties, in relation to which a network of police institutions was being built.

Almost simultaneously, in order to "preserve peace and tranquility in the state," inside the country, they began to create local military teams, which are actually a power base and support for local authorities. Until the beginning of the 19th century, in the Russian state, these functions, along with the police, were performed by Cossack regiments and provincial teams. All this motley army was directly subordinate to local chiefs.

By decrees of Alexander I of January 16 and March 27, 1811, local military teams responsible for "preserving peace and tranquility in the state" were removed from the subordination of civil authorities and transferred to the military department.

The generally recognized date of birth of the Internal Troops should be considered March 27, 1811, when by decree of Emperor Alexander I, regular provincial companies and teams began to be located in provincial cities and military battalions were formed from them inner guard, which has become one of the most important parts of the protective system of the state.

Retreat. It should be noted that under the tsar-father, the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire differed significantly from the modern Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Peter I, in the image and likeness of European public authorities, created the Colleges (prototypes of ministries).
On September 20, 1802, Emperor Alexander I created eight ministries instead of colleges:
- ground forces
- maritime forces
- foreign affairs,
- internal affairs,
- justice,
- finance,
- commerce,
- public education.

A Committee of Ministers was also established. The administration of the country was divided into two large spheres: internal and external.

External activities were mainly carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and during wars, also by the military and naval departments.

Internal tasks were solved by other ministries, of which the most significant amount of work fell on the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The duties of the Ministry of Internal Affairs included concern for the widespread welfare of the people, for civil order and the improvement of the empire; he was in charge of all branches of the state industry, except for mining, the construction and maintenance of all public buildings in the state, "the aversion of the lack of living supplies and the necessary needs of a hostel" - i.e. providing the population with food and consumer goods.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs was engaged in:
- trade (fairs),
- crafts;
- allotment of state lands;
- measures to strengthen serfdom, and since 1861. to free the peasants from serfdom;
- resettlement (including by foreign natives);
- maintenance and arrangement of roads,
- shipping;
- medicine and veterinary medicine throughout the country;
- statistics;
- by mail;
- censorship;
- arrangement and management of the territories to be joined;
- orders of public charity;
- implementation of city, zemstvo, recruit duties;
- collection of taxes and arrears.

The affairs of Jews and Gypsies, the management of the spiritual affairs of other faiths (Protestantism, Islam, Judaism) were especially distinguished.

And only then were purely police tasks set: establishing and maintaining calm, fighting fugitives and deserters, taking into custody, etc. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of that time, in terms of tasks, their nature and volume, was significantly different from the modern one.

The history of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes is a vivid example of the development of Peter I's idea of ​​using the army to strengthen state power.

Separate corps of gendarmes.

Through the efforts of the Soviet propaganda machine, already at the dawn of Soviet power, a sharply negative understanding was firmly embedded in the consciousness of an ordinary person regarding this institution. The very word "gendarme" has become a household word, a synonym for the destroyer of freedoms, the cruel murderer of innocent victims, etc.

But let's see what the Separate Corps of Gendarmes of the Russian Empire was, what they did, and why the Bolsheviks so carefully formed persistent hatred towards him.

The words "gendarmerie" and "gendarme" in Russia have been used for the first time since 1772. Then, as part of the Gatchina troops of Tsarevich Pavel Petrovich, a cavalry was established, called the "gendarme" regiment (sometimes - the cuirassier regiment).
When the Tsarevich became Emperor Paul I, this cavalry became part of the Life Guards of the Horse Regiment. After that, the word "gendarme" was not remembered in Russia until 1815, when on August 27 the Borisoglebsky Dragoon Regiment was renamed into a gendarme regiment with the assignment of military and police duties to it.

Former dragoons, and now gendarmes, were assigned to other regiments of the army to keep order. Those. Initially, the gendarmerie in Russia was a military police that monitored order and mood in the army.

The army is the basis and support of power, and the army police (gendarmerie) is the most loyal and reliable part of the army in relation to the authorities. Therefore, the gendarmerie subsequently received the broadest powers in the field of control of state power, while remaining part of the army.

After the Decembrist rebellion of 1825, the gendarmerie was reorganized, as a result of which it became not only the military police, but also the main instrument of the Russian Empire in controlling state authorities, and then in the fight against the revolutionary movement.
At the same time, the gendarmerie was not subordinate to local authorities, therefore, it was an independent controlling organization.

On July 3, 1826, Nicholas I established under the command of Count Alexander Benckendorff Third Branch of His Majesty's Own Office, which significantly increased the status of the created department.
Division III was responsible for:
- all orders and notices of the police;
- information on the number of different sects and splits existing in the state;
- news about detected counterfeit banknotes, coins, stamps, etc.;
- details of all people under police supervision;
- deportation and placement of people "suspicious and harmful";
- management of the observational and economic life of all places of detention;
- all resolutions and orders on foreigners arriving within the state and from it
leaving;
- statistics related to the police.

Digression from the topic. The origin of the word "Arkharovets".
Nikolai Petrovich Arkharov (May 7, 1740 - January 1814), Chief of Police of Moscow. He is famous for the fact that the term "Arkharovets" came from his surname, in its original meaning - an ironic designation of a police officer. The activities of Arkharov as the Moscow Chief of Police lived for a long time in the memory of Muscovites. The chief police chief knew to the smallest detail everything that was happening in Moscow, all kinds of losses were found with amazing speed. Arkharov used rather harsh and often controversial measures to restore order on the streets of Moscow (he often determined the guilt of a suspect simply by looking at him), but his activity was quite effective. The techniques used by Arkharov to solve the most complex crimes were often original and gave rise to numerous anecdotes about him. According to one version, it was his employees who began to be called "Arkharovtsy" - later this word became winged, although it somewhat changed its meaning.

The executive and armed force of the III branch, necessary for carrying out its activities during arrests, performing the duties of the "surveillance police", was corps of gendarmes.

A separate corps of gendarmes (OKZh) was created on April 28, 1827 by decree of Emperor Nicholas I. Did it have a purely military organization? and in administrative, combatant and economic terms, it was originally subordinate to the War Ministry.
Its commander had the rights of an army commander.
The number of gendarme corps of the empire was 4278 people, that is, one gendarme per 10.5 thousand inhabitants of Russia.

The number of officials of the III branch ranged from 16 to 40 officials in the entire history of its existence. So the reality of the "tsarist repressive regime" is mere trifles compared to what the internal affairs bodies were turned into under Soviet power.

Initially, the gendarmerie units subordinate to the III department included 4,278 ranks. Among them - 3 generals, - 41 staff officers, - 160 chief officers, - 3617 privates, - 457 non-combatant ranks.

In subsequent years, the number of generals increased 4 times, officers and lower ranks - 1.5 times.

In 1880, a separate corps of gendarmes became part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but remained on the budget of the Military Ministry.

The gendarmerie, according to the nature of the duties performed, was divided into:
- the gendarmerie of the capital and provincial departments,
- railway gendarmerie (each railway had its own gendarme department),
- border (carried out the service of protecting the borders and exercised control over the entry into the empire and the exit beyond its borders),
- the field gendarmerie, which carried out the functions of the military police, similar functions in the fortresses were performed by the fortress gendarmerie;
- surveillance police and their own agents, which were actively used for counterintelligence activities.

The number of gendarmerie was small - at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was a little more than 6 thousand people.

In the photograph of 1890: a group of ranks of the railway gendarmerie in various types of uniforms. It is worth noting that the lower ranks wear a red aiguillette at the right shoulder. In no other type of weapon did the lower ranks have aiguillettes. And all the lower ranks, with the exception of the officer standing behind, have a chevron of extra-long service on the left sleeve. Of interest is an officer in a frock coat and with a silver aiguillette, sitting on a special railway bicycle capable of moving along rails, which ensured rapid movement within the railway.

Functionally, OKZh belonged to the security police and was an integral part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But he was completely independent of the provincial administration. The special status of the gendarmes was established by the Regulations on the Corps of September 9, 1867.

The functions performed by the gendarmerie are completely natural for any state. So, for example, many of the same functions in Soviet times were performed by the unforgettable KGB.

The gendarmerie fought subversive elements, carried out a search for revolutionary subversive organizations, escorted especially dangerous criminals and prisoners, led the capture of fugitive recruits, criminals, reported to the 3rd department, and subsequently to the Police Department about the mood in various segments of the population.

A separate corps of gendarmes was a military unit and was on the allowance of the Military Ministry, obeying only its own leadership. It should be emphasized that the performance of control functions by the gendarmes and the independent position of the gendarmes in relation to the governors and the police did not please the local authorities. Provincial administrations constantly tried to either subdue the gendarmes or get out of the burdensome "guardianship". However, projects of such reorganizations have always been rejected in the upper echelons of power. (Probably, it is here that one should look for the origins of hatred for the “blue uniforms”, known to us from the works of prominent Russian writers).

The gendarmerie divisions and city equestrian teams were staffed with lower ranks on a common basis (i.e., like an army), while the rest of the gendarme corps were re-enlisted non-commissioned officers.

The gendarme corps accepted only officers who had the rights of the 1st category for serving military service or graduated from the cadet school in the 1st category, served at least three years in the ranks and passed a special test.
Quite high initial requirements were imposed on the candidates, some of which may seem superfluous in our dissolute age or, as they say, "undemocratic". Officers with disciplinary sanctions in court and investigation, with state or private debts, persons of Polish origin, persons of the Catholic faith or married to Catholic women, as well as Jews, including those who were baptized, were not allowed to serve in the corps.

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. Here it should be noted that in the Russian Empire, national restrictions or advantages were not determined by laws. Restrictions were set depending on the religion (i.e., the religion that a person adhered to), as well as depending on the area where he permanently resides or was born. Usually, in literature and journalism, for brevity, the concepts of "Jew", "Pole" are used today. In those days, the terms "natives of the Kingdom of Poland", "persons of the Jewish faith" were used. Hence - a baptized Jew is no longer a Jew. But obviouslyto enter the gendarmes, it was not enough to be baptized.

In the picture on the right: gendarmerie ranks in the form of 1884. From left to right - a gendarme non-commissioned officer in full dress, a staff officer in full dress and a chief officer in everyday winter uniform.

But, even after passing the preliminary exams at the headquarters of the corps in St. Petersburg, the officer was not sent to the gendarmerie courses. He had to return to his military unit and expect a call. Sometimes up to two years. Meanwhile, the local gendarmerie collected the most detailed information about the candidate. Political reliability and financial condition were subjected to the greatest test. The corps did not include officers who depended on anyone financially.

Even then, there was an unshakable rule that if a transfer to the corps was refused, the reason for the refusal was not explained. At the same time, it must be emphasized that, in contrast to the sometimes "vague" uncertainty of the personnel bodies of modern special services, the gendarmerie corps gave a definite answer - positive or negative.

The training of gendarmerie officers at the beginning of the 20th century was quite serious for those times. They were trained at special courses in St. Petersburg, where officers of the army and navy arrived, who had undergone a thorough selection and passed preliminary tests. Lecturers read to future gendarmes criminal law, a course on conducting inquiries and investigating political crimes, and a railway charter. Later, lectures on the programs of political parties and their history were added to them. Future gendarmes were introduced to the technique of photography, fingerprinting and other skills that could be useful to a search officer. Attention was paid to practical courses on the possession of weapons, self-defense techniques.

After the final exam, those who completed the courses were transferred by imperial decree to serve in the corps and were assigned to various gendarme departments and army units.

The last document that regulated the transfer to the corps was the General Staff Circular of 1914 No. 19. According to its requirements, officers of all branches of the military, both in active service and in the reserve or retired, who had served in officer ranks in the ranks for at least three years and had an age of 24 to 33 years, could be transferred to the corps. There was also a limitation in rank - no higher than the captain or captain of the army.

The motives for the transition of officers to serve in the gendarmes were very different. There were ideological people among them, but the majority applied for a vacancy in the corps because it was much more profitable to serve in it than in the army, and rank production was faster.
The salary of the gendarme significantly exceeded the army. The understanding that for good money it would be necessary to carry out a difficult moral and psychological service usually came later. But the choice was made, and the officers had to bear the heavy burden of gendarme work: to conduct searches, arrests, and inquests.

The gendarmerie divisions and city teams performed the duties of the executive police, while the other parts of the gendarme corps were responsible for detecting and investigating state crimes, supervising state criminals held in prisons, maintaining order and decorum in the railway area and inspecting passports at the border.

I am in no way idealizing the work of the OKJ. As always in our country, there were both positive and negative aspects in the activities of the OKZh (as in the activities of the modern police). Therefore, the attitude towards it can be very different. But an impartial examination of the tasks performed by the Separate Corps of Gendarmes leads to the conclusion that such an organization was undoubtedly vital to the Russian Empire. Moreover, many gendarmes fulfilled their duty (according to their own understanding) to the end, including in the fight against the new Soviet power.

The gendarmerie corps of Russia has sunk into oblivion, having fulfilled its duty to the fatherland to the end. Literally a few of the former gendarmes served with the Bolsheviks. During the civil war, gendarmerie officers continued to fight in the intelligence and counterintelligence agencies of the armed formations of the White Movement.

Actually, the war never stopped for them even in the so-called "peaceful" time. Very often, the life and health of not only gendarmerie officers, but also members of their families were in great danger. Many fell on their battle posts...

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. In general, the cleanliness of the Russian democratic intelligentsia is amazing. "A decent person will never give a hand to a gendarme...", "I will never stoop to communicate with gendarmes...", "It is simply indecent to have a gendarme among my acquaintances..." - books of Russian classics are full of such lines. And at the same time, the "genius of Russian literature" Count Leo Tolstoy did not hesitate to ask to send a gendarme team to the estate to protect his property, Kuprin was indignant at the "inaction of the gendarmes during the Jewish pogroms", Koltsov demanded that the gendarmes be brought to court, who did not protect the life of the banker Grinberg. It turns out like this: "We despise you and will not give you a hand, but you still protect us."

inner guard

The internal guard is a branch of the troops that existed in Russia from 1811 to 1886 to carry out guard and escort service.

March 27, 1811. by decree of Emperor Alexander I, regular provincial companies and teams were relocated to provincial capitals. Military battalions were formed from the transferred teams, which were consolidated into internal guard brigades.

July 3, 1811. Emperor Alexander I approved the "Regulations for the internal guard", which (in addition to general military duties) assigned guard and escort service.

The Inner Guard was assigned:
1) assistance in the execution of laws and court sentences;
2) the capture, pursuit and extermination of robbers and the scattering of crowds prohibited by law;
3) pacification of disobedience and riots;
4) capture of fugitive, departed criminals and deserters;
5) pursuit of prohibited and smuggled goods;
6) assistance in the free movement of domestic food;
7) assistance in the collection of taxes and arrears;
8) protection of order and tranquility of church rites of all confessions, tolerable by law;
9) maintaining order at fairs, auctions, folk and church festivals, etc.;
10) acceptance and escort of recruits, criminals, prisoners and prisoners;
11) sending the military who overstayed their vacations to their teams;
12) assistance in fires, in case of flooding of rivers, etc.;
13) the dispatch of the necessary sentries to government offices, prisons and jails;
14) escorting the treasury, and moreover, for use in recesses at the opening of the tavern and to guard the guilty before sending them to court.

In addition, the Inner Guard was obliged to:
1) take into custody and present to the provincial authorities people caught at the scene of a crime, riot, or violence against a person or property and found with a bloodied weapon or dress;
2) capture gatherings of thieves and robbers.

Thus, the Inner Guard was a police body, but with a military organization.

During 1811, 8 districts of the Internal Guard were formed, each commanded by a major general.
The district was subordinate to several brigades, consisting of 2-3 battalions.
The battalions were stationed in the provincial cities and bore their name (Astrakhan, Minsk, etc.).

Each county town housed a disabled team or a mobile company of the Inner Guard.

Disabled - military personnel who are unable to further military service in the ranks due to injuries, injuries, illnesses or decrepitude. However, in the 19th century, veterans of military service were also called disabled. Usually it was already difficult for them to carry out military service, but the military department did not want to lose experienced soldiers and officers.

In 1809, under the guards regiments, disabled companies began to form from the lower ranks of the guard, unable to serve. Disabled companies and teams received a certain organization in 1811.
All disabled people were divided into 3 categories:
1. Mobile (hospital servants and others);
2. Employees;
3. Unemployed, or incapable of service.

The invalids of each category formed special teams, which were subordinate to the commanders of the battalions of the Inner Guard. Teams of employees and non-employees with disabilities were in all county towns. Teams of invalids of the first category, or mobile invalid companies, intended for service at hospitals, subsequently began to be established in other departments: provisions, commissars, mining, as well as in fortresses and districts of military settlements.

From the author. Imagine: a person served in the army as a soldier for 20 or more years, participated in wars, was injured or maimed, became unfit for service due to illness or old age. He has no specialty; there is no land allotment in the village; there are no livelihoods, usually no family. Ever since the time of Peter I, retired soldiers received pensions, housing and care.
But a person, in addition to pensions, still needs to feel needed in this life. An old soldier, he swore allegiance to power, accustomed to discipline, diligence and "duty" for him are not empty words. What should he do "in civilian life"? But the "evil oppressor - tsarism" took care of this. Even those unfit for further military service found a use according to their strength. Retirees - soldiers gathered in disabled companies and teams. Thus, everyone who had previously served the state in the army remained in the "state service" according to their strengths and capabilities.

And in modern democratic Russia, they shamelessly reduce the army, throwing thousands of officers and other military personnel into the streets. The state does not need "sovereign people". Oh, gentlemen, you will spit on the officers.

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. Modern Russian rulers do not want to know, let alone fulfill, one of the key precepts of Emperor Peter the Great:

“Surely, in old age, he must endure the need, who donated the best summers to my service? And who will serve me zealously in the best years when he will know that in old age he will be neglected and set aside from the very one in whose service he exhausted his strength.

Such a structure of the Internal Guard was created throughout Russia (with the exception of Siberia).

By the way, a few memorable dates.
On October 2, 1829, the Minister of War, in order to distinguish the military personnel of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard from other troops, maroon-colored edging was introduced for their uniforms.
On March 3, 1858, a Special Escort Department was formed to escort prisoners by rail between St. Petersburg and Moscow (the beginning of rail transport of prisoners).

Escort Guard
(1886-1917)

A small retrospective on the chronology of the escort guards. On January 20, 1886, the State Council decided during 1886 to form an escort guard in the amount of 567 escort teams.

Tasks:
- escort of prisoners of all departments and categories;
- escort of prisoners within settlements to administrative and judicial institutions in
cases provided by law;
- assistance to the prison administration in the event of open disturbances among the prison
the population and in the production of mass searches of prisons;
- escorting those arrested for forced labor:
- external protection of prisons and other places of detention.

The escort guards were divided into escort teams led by officers (65 of them were created) and led by non-commissioned officers (466 teams).

In fact, 532 escort teams were formed. The escort teams were part of the local troops and were named after the place of deployment (Moscow, Kyiv, etc.).

1900 Convoy teams are armed with 3-line rifles.

October 10, 1902. The General Staff instructed to send recruits of strong constitution, with good eyesight, to the escort teams. It was forbidden to call Jews. In addition, it was instructed to transfer an inferior recruit to the escort team of the county from where he was called up.

April 25, 1914. The escort guards begin to guard the communication routes. On the railways, the police guard is replaced by the railway guard. Armed guards have been established on the South-Eastern Railways.

August 23, 1914. With the outbreak of the First World War, the Main Committee for the Protection of Railways decided to strengthen the protection of bridges, install internal supervision in trains and a pass system on bridges.

1915 The escort teams of the western provinces of Russia are entrusted with escorting prisoners of war and escorting military cargo to the front. They transported 176,060 transit soldiers, 134,000 foreign nationals sent deep into the country and for transfer to the authorities of their states, 142,000 prisoners of war, and 5,090,325 pounds of military cargo.

September 24, 1916. The tunnels on the Transbaikal road were taken under protection. Post and mobile armed guards have been created.

The turning point of 1917,

February 27. February Revolution in Russia. The overthrow of autocracy. Formation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Formation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.

The revolutionary moods that have engulfed the army are also penetrating into the escort guards. The soldiers of the Petrograd and Moscow escort teams supported the revolution.

2nd of March. Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government (Prince G.E. Lvov became Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior).

Digression from the topic. Let's clear up some terminology. In our democratic times, the topic of "murder of the tsar", "execution of the royal family" is being intensively exaggerated. I would like to recall that Emperor Nicholas II abdicated back in March 1917. And in Yekaterinburg, it was not Emperor Nicholas II who was in exile, but simply a citizen of the Russian Republic, Nikolai Romanov, with his family. I do not in the least justify the murder (especially of the whole family), but it was the murder of the family of citizens of the Romanovs, and not the royal one.

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. And whatever one may say, it was not even a political murder, and not the execution of crowned persons, like the execution in France of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, but an ordinary criminal murder, dictated by personal hatred and hostility of one of the top leaders of the socialist revolution. The murder, forever tarnished not only the figure of V.I. Lenin, but the entire Bolshevik Party.
Nicholas II as a person has long been an uninteresting and unnecessary political corpse to anyone. Even among the monarchists, who, although they wanted the restoration of the monarchy in Russia, did not consider Nikolai Alexandrovich as the new tsar. Suffice it to recall that from the moment the royal family was arrested until the night of the execution, no one made a single serious attempt to free and save Nicholas II. Even from his English relatives - the royal family. Although they had plenty of technical capabilities.

March, 3rd. The program of the new government has been promulgated. It provided for an amnesty "in all political and religious matters", the granting of political freedoms to all, including military personnel, the abolition of estate, religious and national restrictions, the replacement of the police by the people's militia, democratic elections of local self-government bodies, preparations for convening a constituent assembly to establish a form governance and the development of the country's constitution, etc.

So, the Russian bourgeois and democratic parties have finally come to power victoriously. The long-standing confrontation between the autocracy (and its support represented by the army, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the police, and the gendarmerie) and radical, ultra-extremist political forces has ceased.

The long bitter struggle of the parties was accompanied by the growing hatred of the revolutionaries for the forces of law and order.
Therefore, the winners could not resist the temptation to settle accounts with representatives of the former government they hated.

Although the police in the days of the February Revolution generally remained neutral, the country's police institutions were destroyed, and employees (especially city and police officers) were subjected to a real “hunt”.

The provisional government, which consisted of people who did not have state thinking, did not understand the basics of state administration, did not actually rule the country, but went with the flow and, in its desire to preserve at least statehood itself, obediently fulfilled all the requirements of those who had real power in those months , political influence, and just the crowd.

Naturally, it followed the lead of the radical intelligentsia, whose views were rosy dreams of universal freedom and justice that were extremely far from reality. Moreover, these utopias turned out to be very convenient for the criminal world, who dreamed of destroying the tsarist apparatus for combating crime that interfered so much with them.

Hence it is not surprising that on March 11, 1917, the Provisional Government abolished the Police Department, and on April 6, the Separate Corps of Gendarmes.

All this unleashed the hands of individuals and organizations for whom it was very important that all traces of their activities before March 1917 disappear. Starting with the leaders of democratic parties and ending with petty criminals. They set about destroying police stations, destroying archives, file cabinets, investigative and supervisory files and other documents incriminating them literally on the very first day of the riots in Petrograd in February 1917. Decrees and resolutions of the Provisional Government turned this vandalism into "legal acts."

From the author. It is curious how the Provisional Government itself gave rise to that rampant crime and permissiveness, which in the end, in a few months, will lead not only to its collapse, but also to the collapse of democracy in Russia.

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. To paraphrase a well-known Leninist slogan, one can say "Any democracy is only worth something if it knows how to defend itself." Russia's beautiful-hearted liberal democrats did not understand this, and could not understand it. The Bolsheviks, having come to power (oddly enough, but at the head of their movement were all the same intellectuals) understood this immediately and instantly. Three days after the storming of the Winter Palace, the Workers' Militia was already created, and on December 20, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK) was created, which from the first days of its existence began to terrify everyone who in one way or another interfered with the new government

But in reality, the new Russian bourgeois state could not do without “organs” even for a week. Already on March 11, 1917, the Militia ("armed people") was established by the Decree of the Provisional Government.

In the rosy dreams of armchair thinkers, it was assumed that a free people would by itself ensure order in the country. (This is in Russia, then!). The activities of the militia were regulated by the “Temporary Regulations”. The militia is subdivided into county and city militia (as under the tsar).
Otherwise, major changes are being made. Becomes an elective position of the head of militia. New states are being introduced: the chief of police, his assistants, district police chiefs, their assistants, senior policemen, policemen.

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. Any sober-minded person should be clear that criminals, crooks and other dark personalities are always more initiative, organized, active and assertive than ordinary ordinary citizens who are a priori passive in public life. And the criminal world always has much more financial and other opportunities to push its people to power than the amorphous "public". We were once again convinced of this in the dashing nineties, when deputies, mayors, governors, senators, etc. "elected" crooks and crooks of all ranks and stripes. Under these conditions, in order to preserve at least their own seats, the supreme authorities of the country had to gradually eliminate the election of officials and reduce the entire electoral system to the well-known Soviet principle of "universal approval" and "chosen by unanimous vote."

Uniform uniforms for employees were not provided. The policemen wore armbands with the letters "GM" (civilian police). Various kinds of democrats and romantics - students really liked to proudly walk the streets with a bandage on their sleeves and a rifle on their shoulders (which they did not really know how to use). When meeting with real hooligans or raiders, the policemen simply ran away.

The powers of the new militia, in comparison with the police, also turned out to be somewhat curtailed - the “Temporary Regulations” did not stipulate the right to conduct an inquiry or preliminary investigation. She was in charge of:
- taking measures to stop violations of laws and public order;
- notification of the population about the orders of central and local authorities;
- protection of political freedoms;
- assistance to authorities in the performance of duties;
- issuance of various kinds of documents to citizens;
- keeping records of the population;
- drawing up acts and protocols for a wide range of cases (state of emergency, natural disasters, etc.);
- protection of good condition of roads, bridges, streets;
- supervision of traffic order;
- Ensuring order during natural disasters.

From this list it is clearly seen that the "Temporary situation" was compiled by people from the category of "sofa thinkers" who see real life in pink.

The "temporary situation" failed to create the necessary conditions for the activities of the reorganized militia bodies, which in those historical conditions had far-reaching consequences.

The fight against crime in tsarist Russia was carried out by an established system consisting of an external (completely destroyed by the new leadership) and detective police (preserved in small numbers).

The destruction of one of the elements broke the mechanism of interaction of the constituent parts and predetermined the drop in the effectiveness of the work. If the Democratic ministers had known that along with the unwillingness to continue the war, dissatisfaction with the ugly food supply of cities, the indignation of the population with the growth of crime and corruption would be one of the reasons for their “fall” in October 1917, they might have acted differently .. .

It cannot be argued that the Provisional Government did not fully understand the impending danger, and did not try to do something. As early as April, it assigned to the militia a number of functions previously performed by the gendarmes. In accordance with the circular of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, information concerning: agrarian, labor, national issues, mass riots, arbitrariness of individuals or groups aimed at creating obstacles to the activities of government institutions, cases of “outstanding agitation” against the new government .
The received report allowed the center to demand from local authorities "...to take the most decisive measures to eliminate ... the phenomena that are disorganizing the country and ensure normal living conditions."

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. The "Provisional" could demand that, but they did not have effective tools in their hands to ensure the implementation of the laws and regulations adopted by them. And what is curious - the Russian liberal democrats themselves refused to have them, and those people who offered these tools and undertook to restore law and order, at least in the capital, were rejected and branded as "counter-revolutionaries." I mean, for example, General L.G. Kornilov.

However, in the field of ensuring public security, the Provisional Government and its militia did practically nothing worthy of mention in a positive sense. On the contrary, in the period from March to October 1917, a rampant crime was observed in the country, which was largely facilitated by the indiscriminate amnesties carried out by the government, in which all those held there were released from places of deprivation of liberty almost indiscriminately.
Belated attempts to save the situation did not yield results, since the authorities were not only unable to control vast territories, but also to deal “with themselves”:
In the period from March to October 1917 alone, four ministers of the interior changed!

All this was one of the many reasons that predetermined the violent flowering of crime in Russia in the conditions of the destruction of the old Russian police and gendarmerie. In the absence of a well-functioning system of internal affairs bodies, combat units of the opposition parties emerged from the underground. Squads of militants of any political parties and organizations and their weapons depots are openly created. Armed people move around the cities, the prospects for an armed uprising are openly discussed in the media.

And no opposition!

By the way, the most radical organizations were just not the Bolsheviks, but the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Anarchists, who were so much cooler!

An act of desperation was the order of the Minister of War, requiring the involvement of military units in the protection of public order. But it was not possible to implement it. As a result of the democratization of the army, it decomposed and disintegrated at an ultra-fast pace. According to General A.I. Denikin, the Russian Army turned from a state of a fully controlled and combat-ready organization into an armed rabble in just four months.

As a result, the activities of the Provisional Government in the implementation of the law enforcement function ended in complete failure: another political coup could not be prevented, the old internal affairs bodies were destroyed, the new ones were inoperative, the streets of the capitals were dominated by the crowd ...

This is how the first coming to power of Russian democrats ended sadly.

Sources and literature.

1. G.S. Beloborodov. History of the Internal troops. Chronicle of events (1811-1991). GUVV MIA of Russia. Moscow 1995
2.A.I. Denikin. Essays on Russian Troubles. Volume one. The collapse of power and the army. Iris press. Moscow. 2005
3.V.K.Shenk Rules for wearing uniforms by officers of all types of weapons and Civil ranks of the Military Administration. St. Petersburg. 1910.
4. S.M. Goryainov. Regulations on military service. Commissioner of military educational institutions. St. Petersburg 1913

Many garrison formations are considered to be the prototype of internal units on the territory of modern Russia back in the hours when Ivan the Terrible ruled. Being on the throne, this monarch introduced a special security system for the protection of Moscow - the institution of residents. In accordance with the orders of the governor, every 3 months, representatives of the nobility constantly arrived in the capital city of the state from other settlements of the country. They were supposed to maintain order in the city.
There was a time when the functions of suppressing unrest and maintaining order fell on the shoulders of the guardsmen, and in 1565 a special army was created from their units - the guardsmen. In subsequent times, so-called residential regiments were placed in the cities to protect the southern borders of the state.
Under another tsar, Peter I, such units were renamed into garrison formations. Already in 1764, after the reform, these units were reorganized into internal and border battalions. Further, almost until the beginning of the 19th century in Russia, the duties and functionality of the internal troops, together with the police, belonged to the provincial teams and the so-called Cossack regiments. In the winter of 1811, all military teams that kept order in the settlements and in the country as a whole were removed from the subordination of the city rulers and transferred to the subordination of the military command. "The history of the creation of internal troops" in Russia is a complex and lengthy process. But officially the day of March 27 is considered the day of the creation of the internal troops of Russia. In those distant times, by decree of Tsar Alexander I, all provincial units or companies, as well as teams, were transferred to the main cities of the provinces and special military battalions of the so-called internal guards were created from them. It was they who became the basis of all security units, which were responsible for order in the country.
A special provision for the internal guards clearly defined the tasks of the units. The duties of these troops included:

• maximum assistance to local authorities in maintaining the existing order and laws;
• assistance in the execution of court decisions and sentences;
• assistance in the investigation and search for thieves and other lawbreakers;
• functions to maintain order in cities and places of greatest concentration of people.

How explosives were created after the revolutionary processes of 17

"" immediately after the revolution, boils down to the fact that in 18 the so-called commissariat for internal affairs reorganized the escort guards. After at least one year, the government decided to combine all the forces of official mission into military units for internal protection. Further, the military units of the VOHR-VNUS-VChK-OGPU-NKVD were restructured more than once, but, nevertheless, their tasks and purpose remained the same, that is, the quick and effective protection of the country's inhabitants from impending threats of any plan.

VV after the collapse of the Union

In the post-Soviet period, in the second half of the 90s, the reform of troops of such a plan as the BB is being carried out in the Russian Federation. Their task, which they previously constantly performed in terms of carrying out security functions, escorting convicts, etc., was removed from them, but their rights were expanded in terms of protection and maintaining order in the country. Another reform in the Ministry of Internal Affairs took place in 2008, according to which reorganization processes were carried out in the administration of the districts - they became regional.

The origin of the Internal Troops

The prototype of the internal troops was the military garrisons of the times of Ivan the Terrible, who introduced the institute of so-called residents to “protect Moscow”. According to the outfits of the voivodes, nobles allocated from different cities gathered every three months, who made up an army of up to 3 thousand people . For some time, the function of maintaining public order was carried out by guardsmen. Of these, in 1565 the tsar created a special "oprichnina army". In the future, "residential regiments" were placed in the cities to protect the southern borders of Russia.

Under Peter I, "residential regiments" began to be called garrisons. The report card dated February 19, 1711 provides for the organization of 43 infantry garrison regiments, to which dragoon regiments were later added. In 1764, the garrison regiments were reorganized into border and internal battalions. Until the beginning of the 19th century, in the Russian state, the functions of internal troops, along with the police, were performed by Cossack regiments and provincial teams.

In January 1811, the local military teams responsible for "preserving peace and tranquility in the state" were removed from the subordination of civil authorities and transferred to the military department. The generally accepted date of birth of the internal troops was March 27, when by decree of Emperor Alexander I, regular provincial companies and teams were relocated to provincial capitals and military battalions of internal guards were formed from them, which became one of the most important parts of the state's security system.

The “Regulations for the internal guard” defined its tasks: assisting the authorities in the execution of laws and court sentences, catching and exterminating robbers, dispersing crowds prohibited by law, maintaining order at fairs, auctions, folk and church festivals, escorting criminals, treasuries, and also holding rescue operations in case of fires, river floods, etc. From 1811 to 1828, the Adjutant General Count E.F. Komarovsky (1769 - 1843). The soldiers of the internal guard took part in the battles in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Crimean War of 1854-1855, when 17.5 thousand soldiers of the guard joined the ranks of the militia. The military reform carried out by Alexander III also affected the internal guard. In May 1886, by order of the military department, it was announced the creation of an escort guard, consisting of 567 teams to escort prisoners of all categories to administrative and judicial institutions, to places of detention and to forced labor. The continuity of the internal and escort guards is evidenced by the fact that on March 27, 1911, the 100th anniversary of the escort guards was solemnly celebrated in Russia. On this day, Emperor Nicholas II announced to all officer and class ranks "Highest Favor", and to the lower ranks - "Royal Thanks". In honor of the anniversary, a special badge was established.

Introduction

Any state should have the Armed Forces in the power structure to ensure stability and public security. World history has shown that, regardless of the change in the state system and socio-economic formation, each country has always been in dire need of protection and protection, which was carried out by a man with a gun - an armed guard. Today, internal troops are one of the most important parts of the security system of the Russian state. With their selfless work, they ensure the security of our Fatherland, stand guard over law and order, protecting the rights and freedom of citizens. They are entrusted with a responsible mission to prevent and suppress criminal manifestations, political extremism and terrorism, ensure the safety of the population, maintain public order and effectively solve service and combat tasks.

Internal troops are warring troops. There are no breaks or pauses in this war. There is a tense struggle to ensure public safety. We wish the servicemen and veterans of the internal troops success in their hard work, peace, prosperity and health.

Purpose of writing work on the topic "Internal Law Enforcement Troops" is a comprehensive study of the institute of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

To achieve the above goal, you need to solve the following tasks, which should be considered in detail:

1. Study the history of internal troops;

2. Internal troops in daily activities;

3. Internal troops in the fight against terrorism.

History of internal troops

A separate corps of the internal guard was created by bringing together, in 1816 on February 7, the units of the internal guard created in 1811, by decrees of Alexander the First of January 16 and March 27 (the European territory of the Russian Empire was divided into districts of the internal guard. There were at different times from 8 to 12 -ti districts (50 battalions)). On February 1, 1817, the regulation "On the establishment of gendarmes of the internal guard" was approved, developed by the favorite of Alexander I, cavalry general A.A. Arakcheev, who headed the State Council and the Committee of Ministers. The gendarme guards include metropolitan divisions (with a staff of 334 people) and gendarme teams (31 people) in 56 cities. The metropolitan gendarmerie divisions are subordinate to the chief police officers of the capitals, and the provincial and port gendarme teams are subordinate to the commanders of local garrison battalions. The duties of the gendarmes coincided with the duties of the internal guard, with the exception of collecting taxes and protecting the presence of places and prisons. The whole country was divided into several (first five, then eight) gendarmerie districts. After the revolution, in 1918, the escort guards were reorganized on new principles, and a year later the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense adopted a resolution on the unification of all auxiliary troops that existed under certain departments and the creation of internal guard troops of the Republic. Subsequently, the troops of the VOHR-VNUS-VChK-OGPU-NKVD were repeatedly reorganized, but their tasks remained the same - protecting the population from any threat, including external ones. So it was in the civil war, and during the incidents on Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin-Gol River, and in the Soviet-Finnish war.

Chronology of the reform: 1918-1920 - internal security troops (VOHR), 1920-1921 - internal service troops (VNUS), 1922-1923 - GPU troops, 1923--1934 - OGPU troops (also included border troops), 1934-1938 - border and internal guard troops, 1938-1939 - border and internal troops, 1939 - division into 6 parts, 1941-1951 - internal troops, 1951-1956 - troops internal security, 1956-1957 - border and internal troops, 1957-1960 - internal and escort troops, since 1960 - internal troops.