The most unexplored object in the solar system
Introduction.
The moon is a special object in the solar system. It has its own UFOs, the Earth lives according to the lunar calendar. The main object of worship for Muslims.
No one has ever been to the moon (the arrival of the Americans on the moon is a cartoon filmed on Earth).
1. Glossary
| Light | electromagnetic wave perceived by the eye | (4 – 7.5)*10 14 Hz (lambda = 400-700 nm) | ||
| Light year | Distance traveled by light in a year | 0.3068 parsec = 9.4605*10 15 m | ||
| Parsec (ps) | The distance from which the mean radius of the earth's orbit (1 AU), perpendicular to the angle of view, is visible at an angle of 1 second | 206265 AU \u003d 31 * 10 15 m | ||
| diameter of our galaxy | 25000 parsec | |||
| Radius of the Universe | 4*10 26 m | |||
| Sidereal month (S) | This is a sidereal month - the period of movement of the Moon in the sky relative to the stars (a complete revolution around the Earth) | 27.32166 = 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes | ||
| Sidereal year (T) | The period of revolution of the earth around the sun | |||
| Synodic month (P) Saros cycle, or METON | ST = PT - PS phase change | 29.53059413580..29 d 12 h 51 m 36″ | ||
| Dragon Month (D) | The period of the Moon's revolution relative to the nodes of its orbit, i.e. the points of intersection of its ecliptic plane | 27.21222 = 27 days 5 hours 5 minutes | ||
| Anomaly month (A) | The period of revolution of the Moon relative to perigee, the point of its orbit closest to the earth | 27.55455 = 27 days 13 hours 18 minutes | ||
| The line of nodes of the lunar orbit slowly rotates towards the motion of the moon, making a complete revolution in 18.6 years, while the major axis of the lunar orbit rotates in the same direction as the moon moves, with a period of 8.85 years | ||||
| APEX (direction of the Sun) | Lambda-Hercules, located above the main plane of the star system (offset 6 pc) | |||
| Outer boundary of the solar system (Hill's sphere) |
1 pc \u003d 2 * 10 5 a.u. |
|||
| The boundary of the solar system (Pluto's orbit) | ||||
| Astonomical unit - the distance of the Earth from the Sun (AU) | ||||
| S.S. distance from the central plane of the Galaxy | ||||
| Linear speed of movement S.S. around the galactic center | ||||
SUN
| Radius | 6.96*105 km | |
| Perimeter | 43.73096973*10 5 km | |
| Diameter | 13.92*105 km | |
| Acceleration of free fall at the level of the visible surface | 270 m/s 2 | |
| Average rotation period (Earth days) | 25,38 | |
| Tilt of the equator to the ecliptic | 7,25 0 | |
| solar wind range | 100 a.u. |
3 moons have arrived. 2 Moons are destroyed by a planet (Phaeton) that blew itself up. Parameters of the remaining Moon:
|
Encyclopedia |
||
| Orbit - elliptical | ||
| Eccentricity | ||
| Radius R | ||
| Diameter | ||
| Circumference (perimeter) |
10920.0692497 km |
|
| apogelion | ||
| Perihelion | ||
| Average distance | ||
| Barycenter of the Earth-Moon system from the Earth's center of mass | ||
| Distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon: Apogelion - Perigee - |
379564.3 km, angle 38 ‘ 384640 km, angle 36' |
|
| Inclination of the plane of the orbit (toward the plane of the ecliptic) |
5 0 08 ‘ 43.4 “ |
|
| Orbital average speed |
1.023 km/s (3683 km/h) |
|
| The daily speed of the apparent movement of the moon among the stars | ||
| Period of orbital motion (sidereal month) = Period of axial rotation |
27.32166 days |
|
| Change of phases (Synodic month) |
29.5305941358 days |
|
| The equator of the moon has a constant inclination to the plane of the ecliptic |
1 0 32 ‘ 47 “ |
|
| Libration in longitude | ||
| Libration by latitude | ||
| The observed surface of the moon | ||
| Angular radius (from Earth) of the visible disk of the Moon (at an average distance) |
31 ‘ 05.16 “ |
|
| Surface area |
3.796* 10 7 km 2 |
|
| Volume |
2.199*10 10 km 3 |
|
| Weight |
7.35*10 19 t (1/81.30 from m. W.) |
|
| Average density | ||
| From the moon to the corner of the earth | ||
| The density of the ionic structure is uniform and is |
2. The composition of the ionic structure includes ionic formations of almost the entire table of ionic structures of the cubic structure with a predominance of S (sulfur) and radioactive rare earth elements. The surface of the Moon is formed by sputtering followed by heating.
There is nothing on the surface of the moon.
The moon has two surfaces - outer and inner.
The outer surface area is 120 * 10 6 km 2 (Moon code - complex N 120), the inner surface is 116 * 10 10 m 2 (code mask).
The side facing the Earth is 184 km thinner.
The center of gravity is located behind the geometric center.
All complexes are reliably protected and do not detect themselves even during operation.
At the moment of the impulse (radiation), the speed of rotation or the orbit of the Moon may not change significantly. Compensation - due to the directed radiation of octave 43. This octave coincides with the octave of the Earth's grid and does no harm.
The complexes on the Moon are designed primarily to maintain autonomous life support, and secondly, to provide (in the case of an excess of charge equivalent) life support systems on Earth.
The main task is not to change the albedo of the Solar System, and due to the difference characteristics, taking into account the correction of the orbit, this task has been completed.
Geometrically, the pyramids of correction are ideally inscribed in the existing law of form, which makes it possible to withstand a 28.5-day tact of changing the sequence of radiations (the so-called phases of the moon), which completed the construction of the complexes.
There are 4 phases in total. The full moon has a radiation power of 1, the other phases are 3/4, 1/2, 1/4. Each phase is 6.25 days, 4 days no radiation.
The clock frequency of all octaves (except 54) is 128.0, but the clock frequency density is low, and therefore the brightness in the optical range is negligible.
Orbit correction uses a clock frequency of 53.375. But this frequency can change the lattice of the upper atmosphere, and a diffraction effect can be observed.
In particular, from the Earth, the number of Moons can be 3, 6, 12, 24, 36. This effect can last for a maximum of 4 hours, after which the grid is restored at the expense of the Earth.
A long-term correction (if the albedo of the Solar System is disturbed) can lead to an optical illusion, but in this case, the protection layer can be eliminated.
3. Metric of space
Introduction.
It is known that atomic clocks installed on top of a skyscraper and in its basement show different times. Any space is connected with time, and when establishing the range and trajectory, it is necessary to present not only the final destination, but also the features of overcoming this path in conditions of changing fundamental constants. All aspects related to time will be given in the “time metric”.
The purpose of this chapter is to determine the real values of some fundamental constants, such as the parsec. In addition, taking into account the special role of the Moon in the life support system of the Earth, we will clarify some concepts that remain outside the scope of scientific research, for example, the libration of the Moon, when not 50% of the Moon's surface is visible from the Earth, but 59%. Note also the spatial orientation of the Earth.
4. The role of the moon.
Science knows the huge role of the Moon in the life support system of the Earth. Let's just give some examples.
- At full moon partial weakening of the Earth's gravity leads to the fact that plants absorb more water and trace elements from the soil, therefore, the medicinal herbs collected at this time have a particularly strong effect.
The Moon, due to its proximity to the Earth, strongly affects the Earth's biosphere with its gravitational field and causes, in particular, changes in the Earth's magnetic field. The rhythm of the Moon, the tides and the tides cause changes in the biosphere at night, in air pressure, in temperature, in the action of the wind and the Earth's magnetic field, and in the water level.
Plant growth and harvest depend on the stellar rhythm of the Moon (period of 27.3 days), and the activity of animals hunting at night or in the evening depends on the degree of brightness of the Moon.
- With the waning of the moon, the growth of plants decreased, when the moon arrived, it increased.
- The full moon affects the growth of crime (aggressiveness) in people.
The time of maturation of the egg in women is associated with the rhythm of the moon. A woman tends to produce an egg in the phase of the moon when she was born herself.
- During the full moon and new moon, the number of women with menstruation reaches 100%.
- During the waning phase, the number of boys born increases and the number of girls decreases.
- Weddings are usually held during the rising of the moon.
- When the Moon was growing, they sowed what grows above the surface of the Earth, when it was decreasing - vice versa (tubers, roots).
- Lumberjacks cut trees during the waning moon, because the tree contains it time less moisture and longer does not rot.
With the full moon and new moon, there is a tendency to reduce uric acid in the blood, the 4th day after the new moon is the lowest.
- Full moon vaccinations are doomed to fail.
- With a full moon, lung diseases, whooping cough, and allergies worsen.
- Color vision in humans is subject to the lunar periodicity..
- With a full moon - increased activity, with a new moon - reduced.
- It is customary to cut your hair during the full moon.
- Easter - the first Sunday after the spring equinox, the first day
Full moon.
There are hundreds of such examples, but the fact that the Moon significantly affects all aspects of life on Earth can be seen from the above examples. What do we know about the moon? This is what is given in the tables for the solar system.
It is also known that the Moon does not "lie" in the plane of the Earth's orbit:
The actual purpose of the Moon, the features of its structure, purpose are given in the appendix, and then questions arise in time and space - how much everything is consistent with the actual state of the Earth as an integral part of the Solar System.
Let's consider the state of the main astronomical unit - the parsec, based on the data available to modern science.
5. Astronomical unit of measurement.
For 1 year, the Earth, moving along the orbit of Kepler, returns to its starting point. The eccentricity of the Earth's orbit is known - apohelion and perihelion. Based on the exact value of the Earth's velocity (29.765 km/sec), the distance to the Sun was determined.
29.765 * 365.25 * 24 * 3600 = 939311964 km is the length of the journey per year.
Hence, the radius of the orbit (excluding eccentricity) = 149496268,4501 km, or 149.5 million km. This value is taken as the basic astronomical unit - parsec .
The whole Cosmos is measured in this unit.
6. The actual value of the astronomical unit of distance.
If we leave out that it is necessary to take the distance from the Earth to the Sun as an astronomical unit of distance, then its value is somewhat different. Two values are known: the absolute velocity of the Earth's motion V = 29.765 km/sec and the angle of inclination of the Earth's equator to the ecliptic = 23 0 26 ‘ 38 “ , or 23.44389 0 . To question these two values, calculated with absolute accuracy over centuries of observation, is to destroy everything that is known about the Cosmos.
Now it's time to reveal some secrets that were already known, but no one paid attention to them. This is, first of all, what The Earth moves in space in a spiral, not in Kepler's orbit . It is known that the Sun moves, but it moves along with the entire System, which means that the Earth moves in a spiral. The second is that the solar system itself is in the field of action of the gravitational benchmark . What it is will be shown below.
It is known that the center of the Earth's gravitational mass is shifted towards the South Pole by 221.6 km. However, the Earth is moving in the opposite direction. If the Earth were simply moving along the orbit of Kepler, according to all the laws of motion of the gravitational mass, the movement would be forward the South Pole, not the North.
The top does not work here due to the fact that the inertial mass would take a normal position - the South Pole in the direction of motion.
However, any top can rotate with a displaced gravitational mass only in one case - when the axis of rotation is strictly perpendicular to the plane.
But the spinning top is affected not only by the resistance of the medium (vacuum), the pressure of all radiation from the Sun, the mutual gravitational pressure of other structures of the Solar System. Therefore, the angle equal to 23 0 26 ‘ 38 ” is precisely taking into account all external influences, including the influence of the gravitational benchmark. The Moon's orbit has an inverse angle to the Earth's orbit, and this, as will be shown below, does not correlate with the calculated constants. Imagine a cylinder on which a spiral is “wound”. Spiral pitch = 23 0 26 ‘ 38 “. The radius of the spiral is equal to the radius of the cylinder. Let's expand one turn of this spiral onto a plane:
 |
The distance from point O to point A (apogee and apogee) is 939311964 km.
Then the length of the Kepler orbit: OB = OA*cos 23.44839 = 861771884.6384 km, hence the distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the Sun will be equal to 137155371,108 km, that is, somewhat less than the known value (by 12344629 km) - by almost 9%. Is it a lot or a little, let's look at a simple example. Let the speed of light in vacuum be 300,000 km/sec. With a value of 1 parsec = 149.5 million km, the time of passage of the Sun's ray from the Sun to the Earth is 498 seconds, with a value of 1 parsec = 137.155 million km, this time will be 457 seconds, that is, 41 a second less.
This difference of almost 1 minute is of tremendous importance, since, firstly, all distances in space change, and secondly, the clock interval of life support systems is violated, and the accumulated or unreached power of life support systems can lead to a breakdown in the operation of the system itself.
7. Gravitational reference.
It is known that the plane of the ecliptic has an inclination relative to the lines of force of the gravitational reference point, but the direction of motion is perpendicular to these lines of force.
8. Libration of the Moon. Consider the refined scheme of the Moon's orbit:
Given that the Earth moves in a spiral, as well as the direct effect of the gravitational reference point, this reference also has a direct effect on the Moon, as can be seen from the angle calculation scheme.
9. Practical use of the “parsec” constant.
As shown earlier, the value of the parsec constant differs significantly from the value that is used in everyday practice. Let's look at a few examples of how this value can be used.
9.1. Time control.
As you know, any event on Earth occurs in time. In addition, it is known that any space object with a non-inertial mass has its own time, which is provided by a high octave clock generator. For the Earth it is 128 octaves, and the beat = 1 second (the biological beat is slightly different - Earth's colliders give a beat of 1.0007 seconds). The inertial mass has a lifetime determined by the density of the charge equivalent and its value in the connection of ionic structures. Any non-inertial mass has a magnetic field, and the decay rate of the magnetic field is determined by the decay time of the upper structure and the need for lower (ionic) structures in this decay. For the Earth, taking into account its Universal scale, a single time is accepted, which is measured in seconds, and time is a function of the space that the Earth passes through in one complete revolution, progressively moving in a spiral after the Sun.
In this case, there must be some structure that cuts off the “0” time and, relative to this time, perform certain manipulations with life support systems. Without such a structure, it is impossible to ensure both the stability of the life support system itself and the system's communications.
Previously, the motion of the Earth was considered, and it was deduced that the radius of the Earth's orbit is significant (by 12344629 km) differs from that accepted in all known calculations.
If we take the speed of propagation of the gravito-magneto-electrowave in the Cosmos V = 300,000 km/sec, then this orbital difference will give 41.15 sec.
There is no doubt that only this value will make significant adjustments not only to the problems of solving life support problems, but it is extremely important - to communication, that is, messages simply may not reach their destination, which other civilizations can take advantage of.
From here - it is necessary to understand what a huge role the time function plays even in non-inertial systems, so let's consider once again what is well known to everyone.
9.2. Autonomous structures for the control of coordination systems.
Unusually - but the pyramid of Cheops in El Giza (Egypt) - 31 0 east longitude and 30 0 north latitude should be attributed to the system of coordination.
The total path of the Earth in one revolution is 939311964 km, then the projection onto the Kepler orbit: 939311964 * cos(25.25) 0 = 849565539,0266.
Radius R ref = 135212669.2259 km. The difference between the initial and current state is 14287330.77412 km, that is, the projection of the Earth's orbit has changed by t= 47.62443591374 sec. Much or little depends on the purpose of the control systems and the duration of communication.
10. Initial benchmark.
The location of the initial benchmark is 37 0 30 'East longitude and 54 0 22 '30 "North latitude. The inclination of the benchmark axis is 3 0 37 ‘ 30 “ to the North Pole. Reference direction: 90 0 – 54 0 22 ‘ 30 “ – 3 0 37 ‘ 30 = 32 0 .
Using the Star Map, we find that the original benchmark is directed to the constellation Ursa Major, the star Megrets(4th star). Consequently, the original benchmark was created already in the presence of the Moon. Note that it is this star that astronomers are most interested in (see N. Morozov “Christ”). In addition, this star is named after Yu. Luzhkov (there were no other stars).
11. Orientation.
The third remark is the lunar cycles. As you know, the non-Julian calendar (Meton) has 13 months, but if we give a complete table of optimal days (Easter), we will see a serious shift that was not taken into account in the calculations. This offset, expressed in seconds, takes the desired date far from the optimal point.
 |
Consider the following scheme: After the appearance of the Moon, due to a change in the angle of inclination of the equator by 1 0 48 ‘22 “, the Earth’s orbit shifted. While maintaining the position of the initial benchmark, which today no longer determines anything, only the original benchmark remains, but what will be shown below may at first glance seem like a small misunderstanding that can be easily corrected. However, here lies something that is able to bring any life support system to collapse. The first relates, as mentioned earlier, to the change in the time of the Earth's motion from apogee to apogee. The second is that the Moon, as observations have shown, tends to change the correction term with time, and this can be seen from the table: It was previously stated that the Moon's orbit in relation to the Earth's orbit has an inclination: |
|
Group A corners:
5 0 18 ‘58.42’ – apoglia,
5 0 17 ‘24.84’ – perihelion
Group B corners:
4 0 56 ‘58.44’ – apogelion,
4 0 58 ‘01 “- perihelion
However, introducing a correction term, we obtain other values for the Moon's orbit.
12. CONNECTION
Energy characteristics:
Transmission: EI \u003d 1.28 * 10 -2 volt * m 2; MI \u003d 4.84 * 10 -8 volt / m 3;
These two rows define only the alphabetic group and sign of the character system, and not all angles are always used.
When using all angles, the power is increased by 16 times.
8-digit alphabet is used for encoding:
DO RE MI FA SOL LA SI NA.
The main tones do not have a sign, i.e. The 54th octave determines the main tone. The separator is 62 octaves of potential. Between two adjacent corners there is an additional breakdown of 8, so one corner contains the entire alphabet. The positive row is intended for coding commands, orders and instructions (coding table), the negative row contains textual information (table - dictionary).
In this case, the 22-sign alphabet known on Earth is used.. 3 angles are used in a row, the last characters of the last angle are a period and a comma. The more significant the text, the higher octaves of angles are used.
Message text:
1. Code signal - 64 characters + 64 gaps (fa). repeat 6 times
2. Message text - 64 characters + 64 gaps and repeat 6 times, if the text is urgent, then 384 characters, the rest - gaps (384) and no repetitions.
3. Text key - 64 characters + 64 gaps (repeated 6 times).
Given the presence of gaps, a mathematical cord of the Fibonacci series is superimposed on the received or transmitted texts, and the text flow is continuous.
The second mathematical cord cuts off the redshift.
According to the second code signal, the type of cutoff is set and the reception (transmission) is carried out automatically.
The total length of the message is 2304 characters,
reception-transmission time - 38 minutes 24 seconds.
Comment. The main tone is not always 1 character. When repeating a character (urgent execution mode), an additional row is used:
Command line tableCommand repetition table
|
53.00000000 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
53.12501250 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
53.25002500 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
53.37503750 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
53.50005000 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
53.62506250 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
53.75007500 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
53.87508750 |
Messages were decoded automatically using a conversion table in accordance with the frequency parameters of the spine, if the commands were intended for people. This is the full 2nd octave of the piano, 12 characters, a table 12 * 12, in which Hebrew was placed until 1266, English until 2006, and from Easter 2007 - the Russian alphabet (33 letters).
The table contains numbers (12th number system), signs like “+”, “$” and others, as well as service symbols, including code masks.
13. There are 4 complexes inside the Moon:
|
Complex |
pyramids |
Octave A |
Octaves |
Octave C |
Octave D |
||
|
changeable geometry (all frequency sets) |
|||||||
|
fixed geometry |
|||||||
|
fixed geometry |
|||||||
|
fixed geometry |
|||||||
Octaves A - produced by the pyramids themselves
Octaves B - receive from the Earth (Sun - *)
Octaves C - are in the tube of communication with the Earth
Octaves D - are in the tube of communication with the Sun
14. Luminosity of the Moon.
When the Programs are dropped to the Earth, a halo is observed - rings around the Moon (always in phase III).
15. Archive of the Moon.
However, its capabilities are limited - the complex consisted of 3 Moons, 2 were destroyed (the meteorite belt is a former planet in which the Control System blew itself up along with all the objects (UFOs) that got to the secrets of the existence of the planetary system.
At a certain time, the remnants of the planet in the form of meteorites fall on the Earth, and mainly on the Sun, creating black spots on it.
16. Easter.
All Earth Control Systems are synchronized according to the clock set by the Sun, taking into account the movement of the Moon. The movement of the Moon around the Earth is the Synodic month (P) of the Saros cycle, or METON. Calculation - according to the formula ST = PT -PS. Calculated value = 29.53059413580.. or 29 d 12 h 51 m 36″.
The population of the Earth is divided into 3 genotypes: 42 (the main population, more than 5 billion people), 44 (“golden billion”, having a brain brought from the satellites of the planets) and 46 (“golden million”, 1,200,000 people dropped from the planet Sun) .
Note that the Sun is a planet, not a Star, its size does not exceed the size of the Earth. To transfer genotype 42 to 44 and 46, there is Easter, or a certain day when the Moon resets the Programs. Until 2009, all Easters were held only in the third phase of the moon.
By 2009, the formation of genotypes 44 and 46 is completed and genotype 42 can be destroyed, therefore Easter 2009-04-19 will take place on a new moon (phase I), and the Earth's Control Systems will destroy genotype 42 in the conditions of removal of the remains of the brain by the Moon. 3 years are allotted for destruction (2012 - completion). Previously, there was a weekly cycle starting on 9 Ab, during which everyone who had their old brain removed, but the new one did not fit, was destroyed (holocaust). Calendar structure:
Control Systems work according to Meton, but on Earth (in churches, churches, synagogues) they use the Julian or Gregorian calendar, which take into account only the movement of the Earth (the average value for 4 years is 365.25 days).
The full cycle (19 years) of Meton and 19 years of the Gregorian calendar roughly coincide (within hours). Therefore, knowing Meton and combining it with the Gregorian calendar, you can joyfully meet your transformation.
17. Objects of the Moon (UFO).
All "sleepwalkers" are inside the moon. The atmosphere of the Moon is necessary only for control, and existence in this atmosphere without means of protection is impossible.
To control the surface and atmosphere, the Moon has its own objects (UFOs). These are mostly machine guns, but some of them are manned.
The maximum lifting height does not exceed 2 km from the surface. “Sleepwalkers” are not intended for life on Earth, they have quite comfortable conditions for work and recreation. In total, there are 242 objects (36 types) on the Moon, of which 16 are manned. Similar objects are available on some satellites (and on Phobos too).
18. Protection of the Moon.
The moon is the only satellite that has a connection with Sur, a planet under Megrets, the 4th star of Ursa Major.
19. Long-distance communication system.
The communication system is on the 84th octave, but this octave is formed by the Earth. Communication with Sur requires huge energy costs (octave 53.5). Communication is possible only after the spring equinox, for 3 months. The speed of light is a relative value (relative to 128 octaves) and therefore, relative to 84 octaves, the speed is 2 20 lower. In one session, 216 characters (including service ones) can be transmitted. Communication - only after the completion of the cycle according to Meton. The number of sessions is 1. The next session is in about 11.4 years, while the energy supply of the solar system drops by 30%.
20. Let's return to the phases of the moon.
Number 1 = new moon,
2 = young month (while the diameter of the Earth is approximately equal to the diameter of the Moon),
3 = first quarter (diameter of the Earth is greater than the actual diameter of the Earth),
4 = The moon was sawn in half. The physical encyclopedia states that this is an angle of 90 0 (Sun - Moon - Earth). But this angle can exist for 3-4 hours, but we see this state for 3 days.
Number 5 - what shape of the Earth gives such a "reflection"?
Note that the Moon revolves around the Earth and, according to the encyclopedia, we should observe the change of all 10 phases within one day.
The Moon does not reflect anything, and if the Moon Complexes are switched off due to the elimination of a number of frequencies in the Moon-Earth communication tube, then we will no longer see the Moon. In addition, the elimination of some gravitational frequencies in the Moon-Earth communication tube will move the Moon in the conditions of non-working Lunar Complexes to a distance of at least 1 million km.
The Moon is the second brightest object in the solar system that earthlings can observe in the sky. This is a natural satellite of the Earth, which determines an impressive part of the climatic features of our planet.
The Moon is also the fifth largest satellite of all that currently exist in the solar system.
From the Earth, we see the Moon in different ways: sometimes it has the correct shape of a disk, sometimes it becomes like a thin sickle (we often call it a crescent). The way we see the Moon depends on the relative position of the Sun, the Earth and its satellite. The fact is that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and around the Earth, and the trajectories of these celestial bodies determine how the Moon is seen from the Earth in a given period.
How does the moon rotate?
You can often read that the Moon rotates not only around the Earth, but also around its axis. But this statement is not entirely true. The fact is that if the Moon rotated around its axis in the literal sense of the word, we would see it from different sides. 
Meanwhile, the Moon always faces the Earth with only one side. Its rotation around its own axis is only apparent, due to human ideas about mathematical models and reference systems. In fact, the Moon does not have a straight line from which centrifugal forces diverge (that is, the same axis). And the rotation around this conditional axis can only be called indirect.
To imagine this, imagine that you are going around a round table clockwise, not turning to the table either sideways, then back, then the other side, but remaining all the time in one position - facing the table.
By the time you complete the walk, you will have turned 360 degrees around your axis. In fact, you did not spin around yourself, because your gaze was constantly directed towards the table.
Similarly, the Moon, always turned to our planet on one side, makes one revolution around the Earth and an indirect revolution around its axis.
If the Moon made a full revolution around its axis, then by the end of the revolution around the Earth, it would have already made two revolutions around its axis. At the same time, earthlings could see the hemisphere of the moon hidden from them.
Moon phases and lunar rhythms
Regular changes in the position of the Moon relative to the Sun give reason to distinguish the so-called phases of the Moon. This is a new moon, when the moon is on the side of the luminary, and that part of it, with which it is turned to the Earth, is not illuminated. Full moon, when the disk of the moon has the correct shape, because it is completely illuminated by the sun (the moon and the sun are on opposite sides of the earth).
There are two more lunar phases - the first quarter and the last quarter, or the waxing and waning moon. The mass of the Moon is almost thirty million times less than the mass of the Sun, but due to the fact that the satellite is 374 times closer to the Earth than the Sun, the Moon greatly influences many processes on our planet.
For example, the position of the Moon determines the tides that occur in different parts of the planet every 12 hours and 25 minutes (since the Moon makes a complete revolution around the Earth in 24 hours and 50 minutes). 
Regularly repeating changes in the nature and intensity of various biological processes associated with the position of the moon are called lunar rhythms. There are lunar-daily and lunar-monthly rhythms.
Reproduction of some species of animals and plants on Earth occurs only in a specific phase of the lunar cycle. People can feel changes in well-being and mood, depending on the phase of the moon.
The Earth and the Moon are in continuous rotation around their own axis and around the Sun. The moon also revolves around our planet. In this regard, we can observe in the sky numerous phenomena associated with celestial bodies.
nearest space body
The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth. We see it as a luminous ball in the sky, although by itself it does not emit light, but only reflects it. The source of light is the Sun, whose radiance illuminates the lunar surface.
Each time you can see a different moon in the sky, its different phases. This is a direct result of the rotation of the Moon around the Earth, which, in turn, revolves around the Sun.
Moon exploration
Many scientists and astronomers have been observing the Moon for many centuries, but the study of the Earth’s satellite began in 1959 in a truly, so to speak “live” way. Then the Soviet interplanetary automatic station "Luna-2" reached this celestial body. At that time, this device was not able to move on the surface of the Moon, but could only record some data with the help of instruments. The result was a direct measurement of the solar wind, a stream of ionized particles emanating from the Sun. Then a spherical pennant with the emblem of the Soviet Union was delivered to the Moon.
The Luna-3 spacecraft, launched a little later, took from space the first photograph of the far side of the Moon, which is not visible from Earth. A few years later, in 1966, another automatic station called "Luna-9" landed on the earth's satellite. She was able to make a soft landing and transmit telepanoramas to Earth. For the first time, earthlings saw a television show directly from the moon. Prior to the launch of this station, there were several unsuccessful attempts at a soft "lunar landing". With the help of studies carried out with this apparatus, the meteor-slag theory about the external structure of the Earth's satellite was confirmed.
The journey from Earth to the Moon was carried out by the Americans. The first people to walk on the moon were Armstrong and Aldrin. This event took place in 1969. Soviet scientists wished to explore the celestial body only with the help of automation, they used lunar rovers.
Characteristics of the Moon
The average distance between the Moon and the Earth is 384,000 kilometers. When the satellite is closest to our planet, this point is called Perigee, the distance is 363 thousand kilometers. And when there is a maximum distance between the Earth and the Moon (this state is called apogee), it is 405 thousand kilometers.
The Earth's orbit has an inclination with respect to the orbit of its natural satellite - 5 degrees.
The moon moves in its orbit around our planet at an average speed of 1.022 kilometers per second. And in an hour it flies approximately 3681 kilometers.
The radius of the Moon, unlike the Earth (6356), is approximately 1737 kilometers. This is an average value, since it can vary at different points on the surface. For example, at the lunar equator, the radius is slightly larger than average - 1738 kilometers. And in the region of the pole, it is slightly less - 1735. The moon is also more of an ellipsoid than a ball, as if it had been "flattened" a little. The same feature exists in our Earth. The shape of our home planet is called the geoid. It is a direct consequence of rotation around the axis.
The mass of the Moon in kilograms is approximately 7.3 * 1022, the Earth weighs 81 times more.
Moon phases
The phases of the moon are the different positions of the Earth's satellite relative to the Sun. The first phase is the new moon. Then comes the first quarter. After that comes the full moon. And then the last quarter. The line separating the illuminated part of the satellite from the dark part is called the terminator.
The new moon is the phase when the Earth's satellite is not visible in the sky. The moon is not visible because it is closer to the Sun than our planet, and accordingly, its side facing us is not illuminated.
The first quarter - half of the heavenly body is visible, the star illuminates only its right side. Between the new moon and the full moon, the moon "grows". It is at this time that we see a shining crescent in the sky and call it the "growing month."
Full Moon - The moon is visible as a bright circle that illuminates everything with its silver light. The light of the heavenly body at this time can be very bright.
The last quarter - the Earth's satellite is only partially visible. In this phase, the Moon is called "old" or "waning", because only its left half is illuminated.
It is easy to distinguish a growing month from a waning moon. When the moon is waning, it resembles the letter "C". And when it grows, if you put a stick on the month, you get the letter "P".
Rotation
Since the Moon and Earth are close enough to each other, they form a single system. Our planet is much larger than its satellite, so it affects it with its force of attraction. The moon faces us with one side all the time, so before space flights in the twentieth century, no one saw the other side. This is because the Moon and the Earth rotate around their axis in the same direction. And the rotation of the satellite around its axis lasts the same time as the rotation around the planet. In addition, together they make a revolution around the Sun, which lasts 365 days.
But at the same time, it is impossible to say in which direction the Earth and the Moon rotate. It would seem that this is a simple question, either clockwise or counterclockwise, but the answer can only depend on the point of reference. The plane on which the Moon's orbit is located is slightly inclined relative to that of the Earth, the angle of inclination is approximately 5 degrees. The points where the orbits of our planet and its satellite intersect are called nodes of the lunar orbit.
Sidereal and Synodic
A sidereal or stellar month is the length of time it takes for the Moon to revolve around the Earth, returning to the same place it started from, relative to the stars. This month lasts 27.3 days flowing on the planet.
The synodic month is the period during which the Moon makes a full revolution, only relative to the Sun (the time during which the lunar phases change). Lasts 29.5 Earth days.
The synodic month is two days longer than the sidereal month due to the rotation of the Moon and the Earth around the Sun. Since the satellite revolves around the planet, and that, in turn, revolves around the star, it turns out that in order for the satellite to go through all its phases, additional time is needed in excess of a full revolution.
The Moon is said to be a satellite of the Earth. The meaning of this lies in the fact that the Moon accompanies the Earth in her constant movement around the Sun - she accompanies her. While the Earth is moving around the Sun, the Moon is moving around our planet.
The movement of the Moon around the Earth can be generally imagined as follows: sometimes it is on the same side where the Sun is visible, and at that time it moves, as it were, towards the Earth, rushing along its path around the Sun: sometimes it passes to the other side and moves in the same direction. the direction in which our earth is also rushing. In general, the Moon accompanies our Earth. This actual motion of the Moon around the Earth can easily be noticed in a short time by any patient and attentive observer.
The proper movement of the Moon around the earth is not at all that it rises and sets, or, together with the entire starry sky, moves from east to west, from left to right. This apparent movement of the Moon is due to the daily rotation of the Earth itself, that is, for the same reason that the Sun rises and sets.
As for the proper motion of the Moon around the Earth, it affects something else: the Moon, as it were, lags behind the stars in their apparent daily motion.
Indeed, notice any stars in apparent close proximity to the Moon on this evening of your observations. Remember more precisely the position of the Moon relative to these stars. Then look at the moon in a few hours or the next evening. You will be convinced that the Moon has lagged behind the stars you have noticed. You will notice that the stars that were on the right of the Moon are now farther from the Moon, and the Moon has become closer to the stars on the left, and the closer the more time has passed.
This clearly indicates that, apparently moving from east to west for us, due to the rotation of the Earth, the Moon at the same time slowly but steadily moves around the Earth from west to east, completing a complete revolution around the Earth in about a month.
This distance is easy to imagine by comparing it with the apparent diameter of the Moon. It turns out that in one hour the Moon travels in the sky a distance approximately equal to its diameter, and in a day - an arc path equal to thirteen degrees.
the orbit of the Moon is drawn with a dotted line, that closed, almost circular path along which, at a distance of about four hundred thousand kilometers, the Moon moves around the Earth. It is not difficult to determine the length of this huge path if we know the radius of the lunar orbit. The calculation leads to the following result: the orbit of the moon is approximately two and a half million kilometers.
There is nothing easier to obtain immediately and the information we are interested in about the speed of the Moon around the Earth. But for this * we need to know more precisely the period during which the Moon will run all this huge path. Rounding up, we can equate this period to a month, that is, approximately consider it equal to seven hundred hours. By dividing the length of the orbit by 700, we can find that the Moon travels about 3,600 km in an hour, that is, about one kilometer per second.
This average speed of the Moon's movement shows that the Moon does not move so slowly around the Earth, as it may appear from observations of its displacement among the stars. On the contrary, the Moon is rapidly rushing along its orbit. But since we see the Moon at a distance of several hundred thousand kilometers, we hardly notice this rapid movement of it. Similarly, a courier train seen from a distance seems to be barely moving, while it rushes past nearby objects with extreme speed.
For more accurate calculations of the speed of the Moon, readers can use the following data.
The length of the lunar orbit is 2,414,000 km. The period of revolution of the Moon around the Earth is 27 days 7 hours. 43 min. 12 sec.
Did any of the readers think that a typo was made in the last line? Shortly before this (p. 13) we said that the cycle of the lunar phases takes 29.53 or 29% of the day, and now we indicate that the full rotation of the Moon around Earth occurs in 27 g / s of a day. If the indicated data are correct, then what is the difference? We will talk about this a little further.
Basic information about the moon
© Vladimir Kalanov,
website"Knowledge is power".
The Moon is the closest large cosmic body to the Earth. The moon is the only natural satellite of the earth. Distance from the Earth to the Moon: 384400 km.
In the middle of the surface of the Moon, facing our planet, there are large seas (dark spots).
They are areas that have been flooded with lava for a very long time.
Average distance from Earth: 384,000 km (min. 356,000 km, max. 407,000 km)
Equator diameter - 3480 km
Gravity - 1/6 of the earth
The period of revolution of the Moon around the Earth is 27.3 Earth days
The period of rotation of the Moon around its axis is 27.3 Earth days. (The period of revolution around the Earth and the period of rotation of the Moon are equal, which means that the Moon always faces the Earth on one side; both planets revolve around a common center located inside the globe, so it is generally accepted that the Moon revolves around the Earth.)
Sidereal month (phases): 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 03 seconds
Average orbital speed: 1 km/s.
The mass of the moon is 7.35 x10 22 kg. (1/81 earth mass)
Surface temperature:
- maximum: 122°C;
- minimum: -169°C.
Average density: 3.35 (g/cm³).
Atmosphere: absent;
Water: not available.
It is believed that the internal structure of the Moon is similar to the structure of the Earth. The moon has a liquid core with a diameter of about 1500 km, around which there is a mantle about 1000 km thick, and the upper layer is a crust covered on top with a layer of lunar soil. The most superficial layer of soil consists of regolith, a gray porous substance. The thickness of this layer is about six meters, and the thickness of the lunar crust is on average 60 km.
People have been observing this amazing night star for thousands of years. Every nation has songs, myths and fairy tales about the Moon. Moreover, the songs are mostly lyrical, sincere. In Russia, for example, it is impossible to meet a person who would not know the Russian folk song "The Moon Shines", and in Ukraine everyone loves the beautiful song "Nich Yaka Misyachna". However, I cannot vouch for everyone, especially young people. After all, there may, unfortunately, be those who are more to the liking of the "Rolling Stones" and their fatal effects. But let's not digress from the topic.
Interest in the Moon
People have been interested in the Moon since ancient times. Already in the 7th century BC. Chinese astronomers found that the time intervals between the same phases of the moon are 29.5 days, and the length of the year is 366 days.
At about the same time in Babylon, stargazers published a kind of cuneiform book on astronomy on clay tablets, which contained information about the moon and the five planets. Surprisingly, the stargazers of Babylon already knew how to calculate the time periods between lunar eclipses.
Not much later, in the VI century BC. The Greek Pythagoras already argued that the moon does not shine by its own light, but reflects sunlight to the Earth.
Based on observations, accurate lunar calendars for various regions of the Earth have long been compiled.
Observing dark areas on the surface of the moon, the first astronomers were sure that they were seeing lakes or seas similar to those on Earth. They did not yet know that it was impossible to talk about any water, because on the surface of the Moon the temperature during the day reaches plus 122°C, and at night - minus 169°C.
Before the advent of spectral analysis, and then space rockets, the study of the Moon was essentially reduced to visual observation or, as they say now, to monitoring. The invention of the telescope expanded the possibilities of studying both the Moon and other celestial bodies. Elements of the lunar landscape, numerous craters (of various origins) and "seas" subsequently began to receive the names of prominent people, mostly scientists. On the visible side of the Moon appeared the names of scientists and thinkers of different eras and peoples: Plato and Aristotle, Pythagoras and, Darwin and Humboldt, and Amundsen, Ptolemy and Copernicus, Gauss and, Struve and Keldysh, and Lorentz and others.
In 1959, the Soviet automatic station photographed the far side of the moon. To the existing lunar riddles, another one was added: in contrast to the visible side, there are almost no dark areas of "seas" on the far side of the Moon.
The craters discovered on the far side of the Moon, at the suggestion of Soviet astronomers, were named after Jules Verne, Giordano Bruno, Edison and Maxwell, and one of the dark areas was called the Sea of Moscow. The names are approved by the International Astronomical Union.
One of the craters on the visible side of the Moon is named Hevelius. This is the name of the Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius (1611-1687), who was one of the first to view the moon through a telescope. In his native city of Gdansk, Hevelius, a lawyer by education and a passionate lover of astronomy, published the most detailed atlas of the moon at that time, calling it "Selenography". This work brought him worldwide fame. The atlas consisted of 600 folio pages and 133 engravings. Hevelius himself typed the texts, made engravings and printed the edition himself. He did not begin to guess which of the mortals is worthy and which is not worthy to imprint his name on the eternal tablet of the lunar disk. Hevelius gave earthly names to the mountains discovered on the surface of the Moon: Carpathians, Alps, Apennines, Caucasus, Riphean (i.e. Ural) mountains.
Much knowledge about the Moon has been accumulated by science. We know that the Moon shines by sunlight reflected from its surface. The moon is constantly turned to the Earth on one side, because its complete revolution around its own axis and the revolution around the Earth are the same in duration and equal to 27 Earth days and eight hours. But why, for what reason, did such synchronicity arise? This is one of the mysteries.
Moon phases
When the Moon rotates around the Earth, the lunar disk changes its position relative to the Sun. Therefore, an observer on Earth sees the Moon successively as a full bright circle, then as a crescent, becoming a thinner crescent until the crescent completely disappears from view. Then everything repeats itself: the thin crescent of the Moon reappears and increases to a crescent, and then to a full disk. The phase when the moon is not visible is called the new moon. The phase during which a thin "crescent", appearing on the right side of the lunar disk, grows to a semicircle, is called the first quarter. The illuminated part of the disk grows and captures the entire disk - the full moon phase has come. After that, the illuminated disk decreases to a semicircle (the last quarter) and continues to decrease until the narrow "crescent" on the left side of the lunar disk disappears from the field of view, i.e. the new moon comes again and everything repeats.
A complete change of phases occurs in 29.5 Earth days, i.e. within about a month. That is why in popular speech the moon is called the month.
So, there is nothing miraculous in the phenomenon of changing the phases of the moon. It is also not a miracle that the Moon does not fall to the Earth, although it experiences the powerful gravitation of the Earth. It does not fall because the gravitational force is balanced by the inertia force of the Moon's motion in orbit around the Earth. The law of universal gravitation, discovered by Isaac Newton, operates here. But ... why did the movement of the Moon around the Earth, the movement of the Earth and other planets around the Sun arise, what was the reason, what force initially made these celestial bodies move in this way? The answer to this question must be sought in the processes that took place when the Sun and the entire solar system arose. But where can one get knowledge about what happened many billions of years ago? The human mind can look both into the unimaginably distant past and into the future. This is evidenced by the achievements of many sciences, including astronomy and astrophysics.
Landing a man on the moon
The most impressive and, without exaggeration, epochal achievements of scientific and technical thought in the 20th century were: the launch in the USSR of the first artificial satellite of the Earth on October 7, 1957, the first manned flight into space, performed by Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on April 12, 1961, and the landing of a man on the moon, carried out by the United States of America July 21, 1969.
To date, 12 people have already walked on the moon (they are all US citizens), but the glory always belongs to the first. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first people to walk on the moon. They landed on the moon from the Apollo 11 spacecraft, which was piloted by astronaut Michael Collins. Collins was on a spacecraft that was in orbit around the moon. After completing work on the lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin launched from the Moon on the lunar compartment of the spacecraft and, after docking in lunar orbit, transferred to the Apollo 11 spacecraft, which then headed for Earth. On the Moon, the astronauts made scientific observations, took pictures of the surface, collected samples of lunar soil and did not forget to plant the national flag of their homeland on the Moon.
Left to right: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.
The first astronauts showed courage and real heroism. These words are standard, but they fully apply to Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins. Danger could await them at every stage of the flight: when starting from the Earth, when entering the orbit of the Moon, when landing on the Moon. And where was the guarantee that they would return from the Moon to the ship piloted by Collins, and then safely reach the Earth? But that's not all. No one knew in advance what conditions would meet people on the Moon, how their space suits would behave. The only thing that the astronauts could not be afraid of was that they would not drown in lunar dust. The Soviet automatic station "Luna-9" in 1966 landed on one of the plains of the Moon, and its instruments reported: there is no dust! By the way, the general designer of Soviet space systems, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, even earlier, in 1964, based solely on his scientific intuition, stated (and in writing) that there is no dust on the Moon. Of course, this does not mean the complete absence of any dust, but the absence of a layer of dust of a noticeable thickness. Indeed, earlier, some scientists assumed the presence on the Moon of a layer of loose dust up to 2-3 meters deep or more.
But Armstrong and Aldrin were personally convinced of the correctness of Academician S.P. Koroleva: There is no dust on the Moon. But this was already after landing, and when entering the surface of the moon, the excitement was great: Armstrong's pulse rate reached 156 beats per minute, the fact that the landing took place in the "Sea of calm" was not very reassuring.
An interesting and unexpected conclusion based on the study of the features of the surface of the Moon was recently made by some Russian geologists and astronomers. In their opinion, the relief of the side of the Moon facing the Earth is very similar to the surface of the Earth, as it was in the past. The general outlines of the lunar "seas" are, as it were, an imprint of the contours of the earth's continents, which they were 50 million years ago, when, by the way, almost the entire land of the Earth looked like one huge continent. It turns out that for some reason the "portrait" of the young Earth was imprinted on the surface of the Moon. This probably happened when the lunar surface was in a soft, plastic state. What was this process (if there was one, of course), as a result of which such a "photographing" of the Earth by the Moon occurred? Who will answer this question?
