One of the fundamental sciences of our planet is physics and its laws. Every day we use the benefits of physicists who have been working for many years to make people's lives more comfortable and better. The existence of all mankind is built on the laws of physics, although we do not think about it. Thanks to whom the light is on in our homes, we can fly planes through the sky and swim across the endless seas and oceans. We will talk about scientists who dedicated themselves to science. Who are the most famous physicists whose work has changed our lives forever. There are a lot of great physicists in the history of mankind. We will talk about seven of them.
Albert Einstein (Switzerland) (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein, one of the greatest physicists of mankind, was born on March 14, 1879 in the German city of Ulm. The great theoretical physicist can be called a man of the world, he had to live in a difficult time for all mankind during the two world wars and often move from one country to another.
Einstein wrote over 350 papers in physics. He is the creator of the special (1905) and general theory of relativity (1916), the principle of equivalence of mass and energy (1905). Developed many scientific theories: quantum photoelectric effect and quantum heat capacity. Together with Planck, he developed the foundations of quantum theory, representing the basis of modern physics. Einstein has a large number of awards for his work in the field of science. The crown of all awards is the Nobel Prize in physics received by Albert in 1921.
Nikola Tesla (Serbia) (1856-1943)
The famous physicist-inventor was born in the small village of Smilyan on July 10, 1856. Tesla's work was far ahead of the time in which the scientist lived. Nicola is called the father of modern electricity. He made many discoveries and inventions, receiving more than 300 patents for his creations in all countries where he worked. Nikola Tesla was not only a theoretical physicist, but also a brilliant engineer who created and tested his inventions.
Tesla discovered alternating current, wireless transmission of energy, electricity, his work led to the discovery of X-rays, created a machine that caused vibrations of the earth's surface. Nikola predicted the advent of the era of robots capable of doing any job. Due to his extravagant demeanor, he did not gain recognition during his lifetime, but without his work it is difficult to imagine the daily life of a modern person.
Isaac Newton (England) (1643-1727)
One of the fathers of classical physics was born on January 4, 1643 in the town of Woolsthorpe in the UK. He was first a member, and later the head of the Royal Society of Great Britain. Isaac formed and proved the main laws of mechanics. He substantiated the movement of the planets of the solar system around the sun, as well as the onset of ebbs and flows. Newton created the foundation for modern physical optics. From the huge list of works of the great scientist, physicist, mathematician and astronomer, two works stand out, one of which was written in 1687 and "Optics" published in 1704. The top of his work is the law of universal gravitation, known even to a ten-year-old kid.
Stephen Hawking (England)
The most famous physicist of our time appeared on our planet on January 8, 1942 in Oxford. Stephen Hawking was educated at Oxford and Cambridge, where he later taught, and also worked at the Canadian Institute of Theoretical Physics. The main works of his life are connected with quantum gravity and cosmology.
Hawking explored the theory of the emergence of the world as a result of the Big Bang. He developed the theory of the disappearance of black holes, due to the phenomenon that received the name Hawking radiation in his honor. Considered the founder of quantum cosmology. A member of the oldest scientific society, which Newton was also a member of, the Royal Society of London for many years, joining it in 1974, and is considered one of the youngest members accepted into the society. With all his might, he introduces contemporaries to science with the help of his books and participating in television programs.
Maria Curie-Sklodowska (Poland, France) (1867-1934)
The most famous female physicist was born on November 7, 1867 in Poland. She graduated from the prestigious Sorbonne University, where she studied physics and chemistry, and subsequently became the first female teacher in the history of her Alma mater. Together with her husband Pierre and the famous physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel, they studied the interaction of uranium salts and sunlight, as a result of the experiments they received new radiation, which was called radioactivity. For this discovery, together with her colleagues, she received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. Mary was a member of many learned societies around the globe. Forever went down in history as the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in two categories in chemistry in 1911 and physics.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Germany) (1845-1923)
Roentgen first saw our world in Lennep, Germany on March 27, 1845. He taught at the University of Würzburg, where on November 8, 1985 he made a discovery that changed the life of all mankind forever. He managed to discover x-radiation, which later received the name in honor of the scientist - x-rays. His discovery was the impetus for the emergence of a number of new trends in science. Wilhelm Conrad went down in history as the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov (USSR, Russia)
On May 21, 1921, the future creator of the hydrogen bomb was born. Sakharov wrote many scientific papers on elementary particles and cosmology, magnetic hydrodynamics and astrophysics. But his main achievement is the creation of the hydrogen bomb. Sakharov was a brilliant physicist in the history of not only the vast country of the USSR, but also the world.
Municipal educational institution
"Secondary school No. 2 p. Energetik"
Novoorsky district of the Orenburg region
Essay on physics on the topic:
“Russian physicists are laureates
Ryzhkova Arina,
Fomchenko Sergey
Head: Ph.D., teacher of physics
Dolgova Valentina Mikhailovna
Address: 462803 Orenburg region, Novoorsky district,
Energetik village, Tsentralnaya st., 79/2, apt. 22
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………3
1. The Nobel Prize as the highest honor for scientists ………………………………………..4
2. P.A. Cherenkov, I.E. Tamm and I.M. Frank - the first physicists of our country - laureates
Nobel Prize …………………………………………………………………………..…5
2.1. “Cherenkov effect”, Cherenkov phenomenon………………………………………….….….5
2.2. The theory of electron radiation by Igor Tamm…………………………………….…….6
2.2. Frank Ilya Mikhailovich ………………………………………………………….….….7
3. Lev Landau - the creator of the theory of helium superfluidity …………………………………...8
4. Inventors of the optical quantum generator ……………………………………….….9
4.1. Nikolay Basov…………………………………………………………………………..9
4.2. Alexander Prokhorov………………………………………………………………………9
5. Pyotr Kapitsa as one of the greatest experimental physicists ………………..…10
6. Development of information and communication technologies. Zhores Alferov ………..…11
7. Contribution of Abrikosov and Ginzburg to the theory of superconductors ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7.1. Alexey Abrikosov ………………………………..……………………………….…12
7.2. Vitaly Ginzburg ……………………………………………………………………….13
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………....15
List of literature used ………………………………………………………….15
Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………….16
Introduction
Relevance.
The development of the science of physics is accompanied by constant changes: the discovery of new phenomena, the establishment of laws, the improvement of research methods, the emergence of new theories. Unfortunately, historical information about the discovery of laws, the introduction of new concepts, is often beyond the scope of the textbook and the educational process.
The authors of the abstract and the leader are unanimous in their opinion that the implementation of the principle of historicism in teaching physics inherently implies the inclusion in the educational process, in the content of the studied material, of information from the history of development (birth, formation, current state and development prospects) of science.
Under the principle of historicism in teaching physics, we understand the historical and methodological approach, which is determined by the focus of training on the formation of methodological knowledge about the process of cognition, the education of students in humanistic thinking, patriotism, and the development of cognitive interest in the subject.
The use of information from the history of physics in the lessons is of interest. An appeal to the history of science shows how difficult and long the path of a scientist to the truth, which today is formulated in the form of a short equation or law. Among the information students need, first of all, are the biographies of great scientists and the history of significant scientific discoveries.
In this regard, our abstract examines the contribution to the development of physics of the great Soviet and Russian scientists who were awarded world recognition and a great award - the Nobel Prize.
Thus, the relevance of our topic is due to:
the role played by the principle of historicism in educational cognition;
the need to develop cognitive interest in the subject through the communication of historical information;
· the importance of studying the achievements of outstanding Russian physicists for the formation of patriotism, a sense of pride in the younger generation.
It should be noted that there are 19 Russian Nobel Prize winners. These are the physicists A. Abrikosov, Zh. ; Russian writers I. Bunin, B. Pasternak, A. Solzhenitsyn, M. Sholokhov; M. Gorbachev (award for peace), Russian physiologists I. Mechnikov and I. Pavlov; chemist N. Semenov.
The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to the famous German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen for the discovery of the rays that now bear his name.
The purpose of the abstract is to systematize materials on the contribution of Russian (Soviet) physicists - Nobel Prize winners to the development of science.
Tasks:
1. To study the history of the emergence of a prestigious international award - the Nobel Prize.
2. Conduct a historiographic analysis of the life and work of Russian physicists awarded the Nobel Prize.
3. Continue developing the skills to systematize and generalize knowledge based on the material of the history of physics.
4. Develop a series of speeches on the topic "Physicists - Nobel Prize winners."
1. Nobel Prize as the highest honor for scientists
After analyzing a number of works (2, 11, 17, 18), we found that Alfred Nobel left his mark on history not only by being the founder of a prestigious international award, but also by being a scientist-inventor. He died on December 10, 1896. In his famous will, written in Paris on November 27, 1895, he formulated:
“All my remaining realizable state is distributed as follows. The entire capital is to be deposited by my executors in safe custody under surety and must form a fund; its purpose is the annual awarding of monetary prizes to those persons who, during the previous year, have managed to bring the greatest benefit to mankind. What has been said regarding the nomination provides that the prize fund shall be divided into five equal parts, awarded as follows: one part to the person who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the second part to the person who achieves the most important improvement or discovery in the field of chemistry; the third part - to the person who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth part - to the person who in the field of literature will create an outstanding work of an idealistic orientation; and, finally, the fifth part - to the person who will make the greatest contribution to strengthening the commonwealth of nations, to eliminating or reducing the tension of confrontation between the armed forces, as well as to organizing or facilitating the holding of congresses of peace forces.
Prizes in physics and chemistry are to be awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; awards in the field of physiology and medicine should be awarded by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; literature awards are given by the (Swedish) Academy in Stockholm; finally, the peace prize is awarded by a committee of five members chosen by the Norwegian Storting (parliament). This is my will, and the awarding of awards should not be linked to the laureate's affiliation to a particular nation, just as the amount of remuneration should not be determined by affiliation to a particular citizenship ”(2).
From the section "Nobel Prize Winners" of the encyclopedia (8) we received information that the status of the Nobel Foundation and the special rules governing the activities of the institutions that award the prizes were promulgated at a meeting of the Royal Council on June 29, 1900. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded on December 10 1901 Current Special Rules for the Nobel Peace Prize Awarding Organization, i.e. for the Norwegian Nobel Committee, dated April 10, 1905.
In 1968, the Swedish Bank, on the occasion of its 300th anniversary, proposed a prize in the field of economics. After some hesitation, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences assumed the role of awarding institution in this field, following the same principles and rules that apply to the original Nobel Prizes. The said prize, which was established in memory of Alfred Nobel, is awarded on December 10, following the presentation of other Nobel laureates. Officially referred to as the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, it was first awarded in 1969.
These days, the Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the highest distinction for human intelligence. In addition, this prize can be attributed to the few awards known not only to every scientist, but also to a large part of non-specialists.
The prestige of the Nobel Prize depends on the effectiveness of the mechanism used for the selection procedure for the winner in each direction. This mechanism was established from the very beginning, when it was considered expedient to collect documented proposals from qualified experts from different countries, thus once again emphasizing the international nature of the award.
The awards ceremony is as follows. The Nobel Foundation invites laureates and their families to Stockholm and Oslo on 10 December. In Stockholm, the honor ceremony takes place in the Concert Hall in the presence of about 1200 people. Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology and Medicine, Literature and Economics are presented by the King of Sweden after a summary of the laureate's achievements by representatives of the awarding assemblies. The celebration ends with a banquet organized by the Nobel Foundation in the hall of the City Hall.
In Oslo, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony is held at the university, in the assembly hall, in the presence of the King of Norway and members of the royal family. The laureate receives the award from the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. In accordance with the rules of the award ceremony in Stockholm and Oslo, the laureates present their Nobel lectures to the audience, which are then published in a special edition of the Nobel Laureates.
Nobel Prizes are unique awards and are especially prestigious.
When writing this essay, we asked ourselves why these awards attract much more attention than any other awards of the XX-XXI centuries.
The answer was found in scientific articles (8, 17). One reason may be the fact that they were introduced in a timely manner and that they marked some fundamental historical changes in society. Alfred Nobel was a true internationalist, and from the very beginning of the awards named after him, the international nature of the awards made a special impression. Strict rules for the selection of laureates, which have been applied since the inception of the awards, have also played a role in recognizing the importance of the awards in question. As soon as the election of the current year's laureates ends in December, preparations begin for the election of the next year's laureates. Such a year-round activity, in which so many intellectuals from all over the world participate, orients scientists, writers and public figures to work for the development of society, which precedes the awarding of prizes for "contribution to human progress."
2. P. A. Cherenkov, I. E. Tamm and I. M. Frank - the first physicists of our country - Nobel Prize winners.
2.1. "Cherenkov effect", Cherenkov phenomenon.
Abstracting sources (1, 8, 9, 19) allowed us to get acquainted with the biography of an outstanding scientist.
Russian physicist Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov was born in Novaya Chigla near Voronezh. His parents Alexei and Maria Cherenkov were peasants. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Voronezh University in 1928, he worked as a teacher for two years. In 1930 he became a graduate student at the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad and received his Ph.D. in 1935. P.N. Lebedev in Moscow, where he worked in the future.
In 1932, under the leadership of Academician S.I. Vavilov Cherenkov began to investigate the light that arises when solutions absorb high-energy radiation, such as radiation from radioactive substances. He succeeded in showing that in almost all cases the light was due to known causes, such as fluorescence.
The Cherenkov radiation cone is similar to a wave that occurs when a boat moves at a speed exceeding the speed of wave propagation in water. It is also analogous to the shock wave that occurs when an aircraft crosses the sound barrier.
For this work, Cherenkov received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1940. Together with Vavilov, Tamm, and Frank, he received the Stalin (later renamed the State) Prize of the USSR in 1946.
In 1958, together with Tamm and Frank, Cherenkov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect." Manne Sigban of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted in his speech that "the discovery of the phenomenon now known as the Cherenkov effect provides an interesting example of how a relatively simple physical observation, if done right, can lead to important discoveries and pave the way for further research." .
Cherenkov was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1964 and an Academician in 1970. He was a laureate of the State Prize of the USSR three times, had two Orders of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and other state awards.
2.2. The theory of electron radiation by Igor Tamm
The study of biographical data and scientific activities of Igor Tamm (1,8,9,10, 17,18) allows us to judge him as an outstanding scientist of the 20th century.
July 8, 2008 marks the 113th anniversary of the birth of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, the 1958 Nobel Prize winner in physics.
Tamm's works are devoted to classical electrodynamics, quantum theory, solid state physics, optics, nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, and problems of thermonuclear fusion.
The future great physicist was born in 1895 in Vladivostok. Surprisingly, in his youth, Igor Tamm was much more interested in politics than science. As a high school student, he literally raved about the revolution, hated tsarism and considered himself a convinced Marxist. Even in Scotland, at the University of Edinburgh, where his parents sent him worrying about the future fate of his son, young Tamm continued to study the works of Karl Marx and participate in political rallies.
From 1924 to 1941, Tamm worked at Moscow University (since 1930 - professor, head of the department of theoretical physics); in 1934, Tamm became the head of the theoretical department of the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now this department bears his name); in 1945 he organized the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, where for a number of years he was the head of the department.
During this period of his scientific activity, Tamm created a complete quantum theory of light scattering in crystals (1930), for which he carried out quantization of not only light, but also elastic waves in a solid, introducing the concept of phonons - sound quanta; together with S.P. Shubin laid the foundations of the quantum mechanical theory of the photoelectric effect in metals (1931); gave a consistent derivation of the Klein-Nishina formula for the scattering of light by an electron (1930); using quantum mechanics, he showed the possibility of the existence of special states of electrons on the surface of a crystal (Tamm levels) (1932); built together with D.D. Ivanenko one of the first field theories of nuclear forces (1934), in which the possibility of transferring interactions by particles of finite mass was shown for the first time; together with L.I. Mandelstam gave a more general interpretation of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation in terms of "energy-time" (1934).
In 1937, Igor Evgenievich, together with Frank, developed the theory of the radiation of an electron moving in a medium at a speed exceeding the phase velocity of light in this medium - the theory of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect - for which, almost a decade later, he was awarded the Lenin Prize (1946), and more than two - Nobel Prize (1958). Simultaneously with Tamm, I.M. Frank and P.A. Cherenkov, and this was the first time that Soviet physicists became Nobel laureates. True, it should be noted that Igor Evgenievich himself believed that he received the award not for his best work. He even wanted to give the award to the state, but he was told that this was not necessary.
In subsequent years, Igor Evgenievich continued to study the problem of the interaction of relativistic particles, striving to construct a theory of elementary particles, including the elementary length. Academician Tamm created a brilliant school of theoretical physicists.
It includes such outstanding physicists as V.L. Ginzburg, M.A. Markov, E.L. Feinberg, L.V. Keldysh, D.A. Kirzhnits and others.
2.3. Frank Ilya Mikhailovich
Summarizing the information about the remarkable scientist I. Frank (1, 8, 17, 20), we learned the following:
Frank Ilya Mikhailovich (October 23, 1908 - June 22, 1990) - Russian scientist, Nobel Prize in Physics (1958), together with Pavel Cherenkov and Igor Tamm.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank was born in St. Petersburg. He was the youngest son of Mikhail Ludwigovich Frank, professor of mathematics, and Elizaveta Mikhailovna Frank. (Gratsianova), a physicist by profession. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in physics, where his teacher was S.I. Vavilov, later president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, under whose leadership Frank conducted experiments on luminescence and its decay in solution. At the Leningrad State Optical Institute, Frank studied photochemical reactions by optical means in the laboratory of A.V. Terenina. Here, his research attracted attention by the elegance of the methodology, originality and comprehensive analysis of experimental data. In 1935, on the basis of this work, he defended his dissertation and received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.
At the invitation of Vavilov in 1934, Frank entered the Physical Institute. P.N. Lebedev Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow, where he has worked since then. Together with his colleague L.V. Groshev Frank made a thorough comparison of theory and experimental data concerning the recently discovered phenomenon, which consisted in the appearance of an electron-positron pair when krypton is exposed to gamma radiation. In 1936-1937. Frank and Igor Tamm were able to calculate the properties of an electron moving uniformly in some medium at a speed exceeding the speed of light in this medium (something like a boat that moves through the water faster than the waves it creates). They found that in this case, energy is radiated, and the propagation angle of the resulting wave is simply expressed in terms of the speed of the electron and the speed of light in the given medium and in vacuum. One of the first triumphs of Frank and Tamm's theory was the explanation of the polarization of Cherenkov radiation, which, in contrast to the case of luminescence, was parallel to the incident radiation, not perpendicular to it. The theory seemed so successful that Frank, Tamm, and Cherenkov experimentally verified some of its predictions, such as the existence of some energy threshold for incident gamma radiation, the dependence of this threshold on the refractive index of the medium, and the shape of the resulting radiation (a hollow cone with an axis along the direction of the incident radiation ). All these predictions were confirmed.
Three living members of this group (Vavilov died in 1951) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958 "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect." In his Nobel Lecture, Frank pointed out that the Cherenkov effect "has numerous applications in high-energy particle physics." “The connection between this phenomenon and other problems has also become clear,” he added, “such as the connection with plasma physics, astrophysics, the problem of generating radio waves and the problem of particle acceleration.”
In addition to optics, among other scientific interests of Frank, especially during the Second World War, one can name nuclear physics. In the mid 40s. he performed theoretical and experimental work on the propagation and increase in the number of neutrons in uranium-graphite systems and thus contributed to the creation of the atomic bomb. He also considered experimentally the production of neutrons in the interactions of light atomic nuclei, as well as in the interactions between high-speed neutrons and various nuclei.
In 1946, Frank organized the laboratory of the atomic nucleus at the Institute. Lebedev and became its leader. Since 1940, a professor at Moscow State University, Frank from 1946 to 1956 headed the laboratory of radioactive radiation at the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at the Moscow State University. university.
A year later, under the direction of Frank, a neutron physics laboratory was established at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Here, in 1960, a pulsed fast neutron reactor was launched for spectroscopic neutron studies.
In 1977 a new and more powerful pulsed reactor went into operation.
Colleagues believed that Frank possessed the depth and clarity of thinking, the ability to reveal the essence of the matter by the most elementary methods, as well as a special intuition regarding the most difficult questions of experiment and theory.
His scientific papers are highly valued for their clarity and logical clarity.
3. Lev Landau - the creator of the theory of helium superfluidity
We received information about the brilliant scientist from Internet sources and scientific and biographical directories (5,14, 17, 18), which indicate that the Soviet physicist Lev Davidovich Landau was born in the family of David and Lyubov Landau in Baku. His father was a well-known petroleum engineer who worked in the local oil fields, and his mother was a doctor. She was engaged in physiological research.
Although Landau attended high school and graduated brilliantly when he was thirteen, his parents considered that he was too young for a higher educational institution and sent him to the Baku Economic College for a year.
In 1922, Landau entered Baku University, where he studied physics and chemistry; two years later he transferred to the physics department of Leningrad University. By the time he was 19, Landau had published four scientific papers. One of them was the first to use the density matrix, a now widely used mathematical expression for describing quantum energy states. After graduating from the university in 1927, Landau entered the graduate school of the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, where he worked on the magnetic theory of the electron and quantum electrodynamics.
From 1929 to 1931 Landau was on a scientific mission in Germany, Switzerland, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.
In 1931, Landau returned to Leningrad, but soon moved to Kharkov, which was then the capital of Ukraine. There, Landau becomes the head of the theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR awarded him in 1934 the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences without defending a dissertation, and the following year he received the title of professor. Landau made a great contribution to quantum theory and to studies of the nature and interaction of elementary particles.
The unusually wide range of his research, covering almost all areas of theoretical physics, attracted many highly gifted students and young scientists to Kharkov, including Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz, who became not only Landau's closest collaborator, but also his personal friend.
In 1937, Landau, at the invitation of Pyotr Kapitsa, headed the Department of Theoretical Physics at the newly created Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow. When Landau moved from Kharkov to Moscow, Kapitsa's experiments with liquid helium were in full swing.
The scientist explained the superfluidity of helium using a fundamentally new mathematical apparatus. While other researchers applied quantum mechanics to the behavior of individual atoms, he treated the quantum states of a volume of liquid in much the same way as if it were a solid. Landau put forward a hypothesis about the existence of two components of motion, or excitation: phonons, which describe the relatively normal rectilinear propagation of sound waves at low values of momentum and energy, and rotons, which describe rotational motion, i.e. more complex manifestation of excitations at higher values of momentum and energy. The observed phenomena are due to the contributions of phonons and rotons and their interaction.
In addition to the Nobel and Lenin Prizes, Landau was awarded three State Prizes of the USSR. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1946 he was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The academies of sciences of Denmark, the Netherlands and the USA, the American Academy of Sciences and Arts have elected its members. French Physical Society, Physical Society of London and Royal Society of London.
4. Inventors of the optical quantum generator
4.1. Nikolai Basov
We have revealed (3, 9, 14) that the Russian physicist Nikolai Gennadievich Basov was born in the village (now the city) of Usman, near Voronezh, in the family of Gennady Fedorovich Basov and Zinaida Andreevna Molchanova. His father, a professor at the Voronezh Forestry Institute, specialized in the impact of forest plantations on groundwater and surface drainage. After graduating from school in 1941, the young Basov went to serve in the Soviet Army. In 1950 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
At the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, Basov and Prokhorov proposed the design of a molecular generator based on inverse population, the idea of which they, however, did not publish until October 1954. The following year, Basov and Prokhorov published a note on the "three-level method." According to this scheme, if the atoms are transferred from the ground state to the highest of the three energy levels, there will be more molecules in the intermediate level than in the lower one, and induced radiation can be obtained with a frequency corresponding to the difference between the two lower energy levels. "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle", Basov shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Prokhorov and Townes. Two Soviet physicists had already received the Lenin Prize for their work in 1959.
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Basov received the title twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1969, 1982), was awarded the gold medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1975). He was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1962), a full member (1966) and a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1967). He is a member of many other academies of sciences, including the academies of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and France; he is also a member of the Leopoldina German Academy of Natural Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering and the American Optical Society. Basov is Vice-Chairman of the Executive Council of the World Federation of Scientists and President of the All-Union Society "Knowledge". He is a member of the Soviet Committee for the Protection of Peace and the World Peace Council, as well as the editor-in-chief of the popular science magazines "Nature" and "Quantum". He was elected to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, was a member of its Presidium in 1982.
4.2. Alexander Prokhorov
The historiographic approach to the study of the life and work of the famous physicist (1,8,14, 18) allowed us to obtain the following information.
Russian physicist Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, the son of Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (nee Mikhailova) Prokhorova, was born in Atherton (Australia), where his family moved in 1911 after the escape of Prokhorov's parents from Siberian exile.
Prokhorov and Basov proposed a method for using stimulated radiation. If the excited molecules are separated from the molecules in the ground state, which can be done using an inhomogeneous electric or magnetic field, then it is possible to create a substance whose molecules are at the upper energy level. Radiation incident on this substance with a frequency (photon energy) equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground levels would cause the emission of induced radiation with the same frequency, i.e. would lead to an increase. By diverting part of the energy to excite new molecules, it would be possible to turn the amplifier into a molecular generator capable of generating radiation in a self-sustaining regime.
Prokhorov and Basov reported the possibility of creating such a molecular generator at the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, but their first publication was in October 1954. In 1955 they proposed a new "three-level method" for creating a maser. In this method, atoms (or molecules) are “pumped” to the highest of three energy levels by absorbing radiation with an energy corresponding to the difference between the highest and lowest levels. Most of the atoms quickly "fall" to an intermediate energy level, which turns out to be densely populated. The maser emits radiation at a frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the intermediate and lower levels.
Since the mid 50s. Prokhorov is concentrating his efforts on the development of masers and lasers and on the search for crystals with suitable spectral and relaxation properties. His detailed studies of ruby, one of the best crystals for lasers, led to the widespread use of ruby resonators for microwave and optical wavelengths. To overcome some of the difficulties that have arisen in connection with the creation of molecular generators operating in the submillimeter range, P. offers a new open resonator, consisting of two mirrors. This type of resonator proved to be particularly effective in the creation of lasers in the 1960s.
The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 was divided: one half was awarded to Prokhorov and Basov, the other half to Townes "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" (1). In 1960, Prokhorov was elected a corresponding member, in 1966, a full member, and in 1970, a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1969 he was appointed chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Prokhorov Honorary Professor of the Universities of Delhi (1967) and Bucharest (1971). The Soviet government awarded him the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1969).
5. Pyotr Kapitsa as one of the greatest experimental physicists
When reviewing articles (4, 9, 14, 17), we were greatly interested in the life path and scientific research of the great Russian physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa.
He was born in Kronstadt, a naval fortress located on an island in the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg, where his father Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, lieutenant general of the engineering corps, served. Mother Kapitsa Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa (Stebnitskaya) was a famous teacher and collector of folklore. After graduating from the gymnasium in Kronstadt, Kapitsa entered the faculty of electrical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1918. For the next three years, he taught at the same institute. Under the leadership of A.F. Ioffe, who was the first in Russia to start research in the field of atomic physics, Kapitsa, together with his classmate Nikolai Semenov, developed a method for measuring the magnetic moment of an atom in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, which was improved in 1921 by Otto Stern.
At Cambridge, Kapitsa's scientific authority grew rapidly. He successfully moved up the steps of the academic hierarchy. In 1923, Kapitsa became a doctor of science and received the prestigious James Clerk Maxwell Scholarship. In 1924 he was appointed Associate Director of the Cavendish Laboratory for Magnetic Research, and in 1925 became a Fellow of Trinity College. In 1928, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR awarded Kapitz the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and in 1929 elected him its corresponding member. The following year, Kapitsa became a research professor at the Royal Society of London. At the insistence of Rutherford, the Royal Society is building a new laboratory especially for Kapitz. It was named the Mond Laboratory in honor of the German-born chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond, whose funds, bequeathed to the Royal Society of London, were built. The opening of the laboratory took place in 1934. Kapitsa became its first director, but he was destined to work there for only one year.
In 1935, Kapitsa was offered to become director of the newly created Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, but before giving his consent, Kapitsa refused the proposed post for almost a year. Rutherford, resigned to the loss of his outstanding collaborator, allowed the Soviet authorities to buy Mond's laboratory equipment and ship it by sea to the USSR. Negotiations, transportation of equipment and its installation at the Institute of Physical Problems took several years.
Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 "for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics." He shared his award with Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson. Introducing the laureates, Lamek Hulten of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences remarked: "Kapitza stands before us as one of the greatest experimenters of our time, an undeniable pioneer, leader and master in his field."
Kapitsa was awarded many awards and honorary titles both at home and in many countries of the world. He was an honorary doctor of eleven universities on four continents, was a member of many scientific societies, academies of the United States of America, the Soviet Union and most European countries, was the owner of numerous awards and prizes for his scientific and political activities, including seven Orders of Lenin.
- Development of information and communication technologies. Zhores Alferov
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in Belarus, in Vitebsk, on March 15, 1930. On the advice of a school teacher, Alferov entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering.
In 1953 he graduated from the institute and, as one of the best students, was hired by the Physico-Technical Institute in the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich. Alferov has been working at this institute to this day, since 1987 as a director.
The authors of the abstract summarized these data using Internet publications about the outstanding modern physics (11, 12, 17).
In the first half of the 1950s, Tuchkevich's laboratory began to develop domestic semiconductor devices based on germanium single crystals. Alferov participated in the creation of the first transistors and power germanium thyristors in the USSR, and in 1959 he defended his Ph.D. thesis on the study of germanium and silicon power rectifiers. In those years, the idea of using not homo-, but hetero-junctions in semiconductors was first put forward to create more efficient devices. However, many considered work on heterojunction structures to be futile, since by that time the creation of a transition close to ideal and the selection of heteropairs seemed an unsolvable task. However, based on the so-called epitaxial methods, which make it possible to vary the parameters of a semiconductor, Alferov managed to select a pair - GaAs and GaAlAs - and create effective heterostructures. He still likes to joke about this topic, saying that “it’s normal when it’s hetero, not homo. Hetero is the normal way of development of nature.
Beginning in 1968, the LPTI competed with the American firms Bell Telephone, IBM, and RCA to be the first to develop an industrial technology for creating semiconductors based on heterostructures. Domestic scientists managed to get ahead of competitors literally for a month; The first cw heterojunction laser was also created in Russia, in Alferov's laboratory. The same laboratory is justifiably proud of the development and creation of solar batteries, which were successfully used in 1986 on the Mir space station: the batteries worked for the entire period of operation until 2001 without a noticeable decrease in power.
The technology of designing semiconductor systems has reached such a level that it has become possible to set almost any parameters for a crystal: in particular, if the band gaps are arranged in a certain way, then conduction electrons in semiconductors can only move in one plane - the so-called "quantum plane" will be obtained. If the band gaps are arranged differently, then the conduction electrons will be able to move in only one direction - this is the “quantum wire”; it is possible to completely block the possibility of moving free electrons - you get a "quantum dot". It is the production and study of the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures - quantum wires and quantum dots - that Alferov is currently engaged in.
According to the well-known “Phystech” tradition, Alferov has been combining scientific research with teaching for many years. Since 1973, he has been the head of the basic department of optoelectronics at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (now the St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University), since 1988 he has been the dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of the St. Petersburg State Technical University.
Alferov's scientific authority is extremely high. In 1972 he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1979 - its full member, in 1990 - vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences and President of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Alferov is an honorary doctor of many universities and an honorary member of many academies. He was awarded the Ballantyne Gold Medal (1971) of the Franklin Institute (USA), the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society (1972), the H. Welker Medal (1987), the A.P. Karpinsky Prize and the A.F. Ioffe Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the National the non-governmental Demidov Prize of the Russian Federation (1999), the Kyoto Prize for advanced achievements in the field of electronics (2001).
In 2000, Alferov received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for achievements in electronics" together with the Americans J. Kilby and G. Kroemer. Kroemer, like Alferov, received an award for the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components (Alferov and Kroemer received half of the cash prize), and Kilby for the development of the ideology and technology for creating microchips (the second half).
7. Contribution of Abrikosov and Ginzburg to the theory of superconductors
7.1. Alexey Abrikosov
Many articles written about Russian and American physicists give us an idea of the extraordinary talent and great achievements of A. Abrikosov as a scientist (6, 15, 16).
A. A. Abrikosov was born on June 25, 1928 in Moscow. After graduating from school in 1943, he began to study energy engineering, but in 1945 he switched to studying physics. In 1975, Abrikosov became an honorary doctor at the University of Lausanne.
In 1991, he accepted an invitation from the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois and moved to the USA. In 1999, he takes American citizenship. Abrikosov is a member of various famous institutions, for example. US National Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Science and American Academy of Sciences and Arts.
In addition to scientific activities, he also taught. First at Moscow State University - until 1969. From 1970 to 1972 at Gorky University and from 1976 to 1991 he headed the Department of Theoretical Physics at the Physicotechnical Institute in Moscow. In the USA he taught at the University of Illinois (Chicago) and at the University of Utah. In England he taught at Lorborough University.
Abrikosov, together with Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered a new class of superconductors, superconductors of the second type, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory. This new type of superconductors, in contrast to the superconductors of the first type, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 T). Abrikosov was able to explain such properties, developing the reasoning of his colleague Vitaly Ginzburg, by the formation of a regular lattice of magnetic lines that are surrounded by ring currents. Such a structure is called the Abrikosov vortex lattice.
Abrikosov also dealt with the problem of the transition of hydrogen to a metallic phase inside hydrogen planets, high-energy quantum electrodynamics, superconductivity in high-frequency fields and in the presence of magnetic inclusions (in doing so, he discovered the possibility of superconductivity without a cut-off band) and was able to explain the Knight shift at low temperatures by taking into account spin- orbital interaction. Other works were devoted to the theory of non-superfluid ³He and matter at high pressures, semimetals and metal-insulator transitions, the Kondo effect at low temperatures (he predicted the Abrikosov-Sul resonance), and the construction of semiconductors without a stopband. Other studies have concerned one-dimensional or quasi-one-dimensional conductors and spin glasses.
In the Argon National Laboratory, he was able to explain most of the properties of cuprate-based high-temperature superconductors and established in 1998 a new effect (the effect of linear quantum magnetic resistance), which was first measured back in 1928 by Kapitza, but was never considered as an independent effect.
In 2003, he, together with Ginzburg and Leggett, received the Nobel Prize in Physics for "fundamental work on the theory of superconductors and superfluids."
Abrikosov received a lot of awards: Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (today the Academy of Sciences of Russia) since 1964, Lenin Prize in 1966, Honorary Doctor of the University of Lausanne (1975), State Prize of the USSR (1972), Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ( today of the Academy of Sciences of Russia) since 1987, Landau Prize (1989), John Bardeen Prize (1991), foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts (1991), member of the US Academy of Sciences (2000), foreign member of the Royal Society of Science (2001 ), Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003
7.2. Vitaly Ginzburg
Based on the data obtained from the analyzed sources (1, 7, 13, 15, 17), we have formed an idea of the outstanding contribution of V. Ginzburg to the development of physics.
V.L. Ginzburg, the only child in the family, was born on October 4, 1916 in Moscow and was. His father was an engineer and his mother a doctor. In 1931, after finishing seven classes, V.L. Ginzburg entered the X-ray diffraction laboratory of one of the universities as a laboratory assistant, and in 1933 he unsuccessfully passed exams for the Physics Department of Moscow State University. Entering the correspondence department of the physics department, a year later he switched to the 2nd year of the full-time department.
In 1938 V.L. Ginzburg graduated with honors from the Department of Optics of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, which was then headed by our outstanding scientist Academician G.S. Landsberg. After graduating from the University, Vitaly Lazarevich was left in graduate school. He considered himself not a very strong mathematician and at first did not intend to study theoretical physics. Even before graduating from Moscow State University, he was given an experimental task - to study the spectrum of "channel rays". The work was carried out by him under the guidance of S.M. Levy. In the autumn of 1938, Vitaly Lazarevich turned to the future academician and Nobel Prize winner Igor Evgenievich Tamm, head of the Department of Theoretical Physics, with a proposal for a possible explanation of the supposed angular dependence of the radiation of canal rays. And although this idea turned out to be wrong, it was then that his close cooperation and friendship with I.E. began. Tamm, who played a huge role in the life of Vitaly Lazarevich. The first three articles by Vitaly Lazarevich on theoretical physics, published in 1939, formed the basis of his Ph.D. thesis, which he defended in May 1940 at Moscow State University. In September 1940 V.L. Ginzburg was enrolled in doctoral studies at the theoretical department of FIAN, founded by I.E. Tamm in 1934. From that time on, the whole life of the future Nobel Prize winner passed within the walls of FIAN. In July 1941, a month after the start of the war, Vitaly Lazarevich and his family were evacuated from FIAN to Kazan. There, in May 1942, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the theory of particles with higher spins. At the end of 1943, returning to Moscow, Ginzburg became I.E. Tamm's deputy in the theoretical department. He remained in this position for the next 17 years.
In 1943, he became interested in the study of the nature of superconductivity, discovered by the Dutch physicist and chemist Kamerling-Ohness in 1911 and which had no explanation at that time. The most famous of the large number of works in this area was written by V.L. Ginzburg in 1950, together with Academician and also future Nobel laureate Lev Davydovich Landau, undoubtedly our most outstanding physicist. It was published in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JETF).
On the breadth of the astrophysical horizons of V.L. Ginzburg can be judged by the titles of his reports at these seminars. Here are some of the topics:
· September 15, 1966 "Results of the conference on radio astronomy and the structure of the galaxy" (Holland) in collaboration with S.B. Pikelner;
V.L. Ginzburg has published over 400 scientific papers and a dozen books and monographs. He was elected a member of 9 foreign academies, including: the Royal Society of London (1987), the American National Academy (1981), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1971). He has been awarded several medals from international scientific societies.
V.L. Ginzburg is not only a recognized authority in the scientific world, which was confirmed by the decision of the Nobel Committee, but also a public figure who devotes a lot of time and energy to the fight against bureaucracy of all stripes and manifestations of anti-scientific tendencies.
Conclusion
In our time, knowledge of the basics of physics is necessary for everyone in order to have a correct understanding of the world around us - from the properties of elementary particles to the evolution of the Universe. For those who have decided to connect their future profession with physics, the study of this science will help to take the first steps towards mastering the profession. We can learn how even seemingly abstract physical research gave birth to new areas of technology, gave impetus to the development of industry and led to what is commonly called scientific and technological revolution. The successes of nuclear physics, solid state theory, electrodynamics, statistical physics, and quantum mechanics determined the appearance of technology at the end of the 20th century, such areas as laser technology, nuclear power engineering, and electronics. Is it possible to imagine in our time any field of science and technology without electronic computers? Many of us will have a chance to work in one of these areas after graduation, and no matter what we become - skilled workers, laboratory assistants, technicians, engineers, doctors, astronauts, biologists, archaeologists - knowledge of physics will help us better master our profession.
Physical phenomena are studied in two ways: theoretically and experimentally. In the first case (theoretical physics), new relationships are derived using the mathematical apparatus and based on previously known laws of physics. Here the main tools are paper and pencil. In the second case (experimental physics), new connections between phenomena are obtained with the help of physical measurements. Here, the instruments are much more diverse - numerous measuring devices, accelerators, bubble chambers, etc.
In order to learn new areas of physics, in order to understand the essence of modern discoveries, it is necessary to assimilate well-established truths.
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Appendix
Nobel Prize Winners in Physics
1901 Roentgen W.K. (Germany). Discovery of "x"-rays (X-rays).
1902 Zeeman P., Lorenz H. A. (Netherlands). Investigation of the splitting of spectral emission lines of atoms when a radiation source is placed in a magnetic field.
1903 Becquerel A. A. (France). Discovery of natural radioactivity.
1903 Curie P., Sklodowska-Curie M. (France). Investigation of the phenomenon of radioactivity, discovered by A. A. Becquerel.
1904 Strett J. W. (Great Britain). The discovery of argon.
1905 Lenard F. E. A. (Germany). Study of cathode rays.
1906 Thomson J. J. (Great Britain). Study of the electrical conductivity of gases.
1907 Michelson A. A. (USA). Creation of high-precision optical devices; spectroscopic and metrological studies.
1908 G. Lipman (France). Discovery of color photography.
1909 Brown C. F. (Germany), Marconi G. (Italy). Works in the field of wireless telegraph.
1910 Waals (van der Waals) J. D. (Netherlands). Studies of the equation of state of gases and liquids.
1911 Win W. (Germany). Discoveries in the field of thermal radiation.
1912 N. G. Dalen (Sweden). Invention of a device for automatic ignition and extinguishing of beacons and luminous buoys.
1913 Kamerling-Onnes H. (Netherlands). Study of the properties of matter at low temperatures and the production of liquid helium.
1914 Laue M. von (Germany). Discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystals.
1915 W. G. Bragg, W. L. Bragg (Great Britain). Study of the structure of crystals using x-rays.
1916 Not awarded.
1917 Barkla Ch. (Great Britain). Discovery of the characteristic X-ray radiation of the elements.
1918 Plank M. K. (Germany). Merits in the field of development of physics and the discovery of discreteness of radiation energy (quantum of action).
1919 Stark J. (Germany). Discovery of the Doppler effect in canal beams and splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.
1920 Guillaume (Guillaume) C. E. (Switzerland). Creation of iron-nickel alloys for metrological purposes.
1921 Einstein A. (Germany). Contribution to theoretical physics, in particular the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.
1922 Bor N. H. D. (Denmark). Merits in the field of studying the structure of the atom and the radiation emitted by it.
1923 R. E. Milliken (USA). Works on the determination of the elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect.
1924 Sigban K. M. (Sweden). Contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy.
1925 Hertz G., Frank J. (Germany). Discovery of the laws of the collision of an electron with an atom.
1926 J. B. Perrin (France). Works on the discrete nature of matter, in particular for the discovery of sedimentary equilibrium.
1927 Wilson C. T. R. (Great Britain). Method of visual observation of the trajectories of electrically charged particles using vapor condensation.
1927 Compton A. H. (USA). Discovery of changing the wavelength of X-rays, scattering by free electrons (Compton effect).
1928 O. W. Richardson (Great Britain). Investigation of thermionic emission (dependence of emission current on temperature - Richardson's formula).
1929 Broglie L. de (France). Discovery of the wave nature of the electron.
1930 Raman C. V. (India). Works on light scattering and discovery of Raman scattering of light (Raman effect).
1931 Not awarded.
1932 Heisenberg W. K. (Germany). Participation in the creation of quantum mechanics and its application to the prediction of two states of the hydrogen molecule (ortho- and parahydrogen).
1933 Dirac P. A. M. (Great Britain), Schrödinger E. (Austria). The discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory, that is, the creation of the equations of quantum mechanics.
1934 Not awarded.
1935 Chadwick J. (Great Britain). Discovery of the neutron.
1936 Anderson K. D. (USA). Discovery of the positron in cosmic rays.
1936 Hess W. F. (Austria). Discovery of cosmic rays.
1937 Davisson K.J. (USA), Thomson J.P. (Great Britain). Experimental discovery of electron diffraction in crystals.
1938 Fermi E. (Italy). Evidence for the existence of new radioactive elements produced by irradiation with neutrons, and the related discovery of nuclear reactions caused by slow neutrons.
1939 Lawrence E. O. (USA). Invention and creation of the cyclotron.
1940-42 Not awarded.
1943 O. Stern (USA). Contribution to the development of the molecular beam method and the discovery and measurement of the magnetic moment of the proton.
1944 Rabi I.A. (USA). Resonance method for measuring the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei
1945 Pauli W. (Switzerland). Discovery of the prohibition principle (Pauli principle).
1946 Bridgeman P. W. (USA). Discoveries in the field of high pressure physics.
1947 Appleton E. W. (Great Britain). Study of the physics of the upper atmosphere, the discovery of a layer of the atmosphere that reflects radio waves (the Appleton layer).
1948 Blackett P. M. S. (Great Britain). Improvement of the cloud chamber method and the discoveries made in connection with this in the field of nuclear physics and cosmic ray physics.
1949 Yukawa H. (Japan). Prediction of the existence of mesons based on theoretical work on nuclear forces.
1950 Powell S. F. (Great Britain). Development of a photographic method for studying nuclear processes and the discovery of mesons based on this method.
1951 J. D. Cockcroft, E. T. S. Walton (Great Britain). Investigations of the transformations of atomic nuclei with the help of artificially dispersed particles.
1952 Bloch F., Purcell E. M. (USA). Development of new methods for accurate measurement of the magnetic moments of atomic nuclei and related discoveries.
1953 Zernike F. (Netherlands). Creation of the phase-contrast method, invention of the phase-contrast microscope.
1954 Born M. (Germany). Fundamental research in quantum mechanics, statistical interpretation of the wave function.
1954 Bothe W. (Germany). Development of a method for registering coincidences (the act of emitting a radiation quantum and an electron during X-ray quantum scattering on hydrogen).
1955 Kush P. (USA). Accurate determination of the magnetic moment of an electron.
1955 W. Y. Lamb (USA). Discovery in the field of fine structure of hydrogen spectra.
1956 J. Bardeen, W. Brattain, W. B. Shockley (USA). Investigation of semiconductors and discovery of the transistor effect.
1957 Li (Li Zongdao), Yang (Yang Zhenning) (USA). Investigation of conservation laws (discovery of parity nonconservation in weak interactions), which led to important discoveries in elementary particle physics.
1958 Tamm I. E., Frank I. M., Cherenkov P. A. (USSR). Discovery and creation of the theory of the Cherenkov effect.
1959 Segre E., Chamberlain O. (USA). Discovery of the antiproton.
1960 Glazer D. A. (USA). Invention of the bubble chamber.
1961 Messbauer R. L. (Germany). Research and discovery of resonant absorption of gamma radiation in solids (Mössbauer effect).
1961 R. Hofstadter (USA). Investigations of electron scattering on atomic nuclei and related discoveries in the field of nucleon structure.
1962 L. D. Landau (USSR). The theory of condensed matter (especially liquid helium).
1963 Y. P. Wigner (USA). Contribution to the theory of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles.
1963 Geppert-Mayer M. (USA), Jensen J. H. D. (Germany). Discovery of the shell structure of the atomic nucleus.
1964 Basov N. G., Prokhorov A. M. (USSR), Towns C. H. (USA). Works in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the principle of a maser-laser.
1965 Tomonaga S. (Japan), Feynman R. F., Schwinger J. (USA). Fundamental work on the creation of quantum electrodynamics (with important implications for elementary particle physics).
1966 Kastler A. (France). Creation of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms.
1967 Bethe H. A. (USA). Contribution to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially for discoveries concerning the energy sources of stars.
1968 Alvarez L. W. (USA). Contributions to particle physics, including the discovery of many resonances using a hydrogen bubble chamber.
1969 Gell-Man M. (USA). Discoveries related to the classification of elementary particles and their interactions (quark hypothesis).
1970 Alven H. (Sweden). Fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics and its applications in various fields of physics.
1970 Neel L. E. F. (France). Fundamental works and discoveries in the field of antiferromagnetism and their application in solid state physics.
1971 Gabor D. (Great Britain). Invention (1947-48) and development of holography.
1972 J. Bardeen, L. Cooper, J. R. Schrieffer (USA). Creation of the microscopic (quantum) theory of superconductivity.
1973 Giever A. (USA), Josephson B. (UK), Esaki L. (USA). Research and application of the tunnel effect in semiconductors and superconductors.
1974 Ryle M., Hewish E. (Great Britain). Pioneering work in radio astrophysics (in particular, aperture synthesis).
1975 Bor O., Mottelson B. (Denmark), Rainwater J. (USA). Development of the so-called generalized model of the atomic nucleus.
1976 Richter B., Ting S. (USA). Contribution to the discovery of a new type of heavy elementary particle (gipsy particle).
1977 Anderson F., Van Vleck J. H. (USA), Mott N. (Great Britain). Fundamental research in the field of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.
1978 Wilson R. V., Penzias A. A. (USA). Discovery of microwave background radiation.
1978 Kapitsa P. L. (USSR). Fundamental discoveries in the field of low temperature physics.
1979 Weinberg (Weinberg) S., Glashow S. (USA), Salam A. (Pakistan). Contribution to the theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions between elementary particles (the so-called electroweak interaction).
1980 Cronin J.W, Fitch W.L. (USA). Discovery of violation of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons.
1981 Blombergen N., Shavlov A. L. (USA). Development of laser spectroscopy.
1982 Wilson K. (USA). Development of the theory of critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.
1983 Fowler W. A., Chandrasekhar S. (USA). Works in the field of structure and evolution of stars.
1984 Mer (Van der Meer) S. (Netherlands), Rubbia K. (Italy). Contribution to research in the field of high energy physics and to the theory of elementary particles [discovery of intermediate vector bosons (W, Z0)].
1985 Klitzing K. (Germany). Discovery of the "quantum Hall effect".
1986 G. Binnig (Germany), G. Rohrer (Switzerland), E. Ruska (Germany). Creation of a scanning tunneling microscope.
1987 Bednorz J. G. (Germany), Müller K. A. (Switzerland). Discovery of new (high-temperature) superconducting materials.
1988 Lederman L. M., Steinberger J., Schwartz M. (USA). Proof of the existence of two types of neutrinos.
1989 Demelt H. J. (USA), Paul W. (Germany). Development of the method of confining a single ion in a trap and high-resolution precision spectroscopy.
1990 Kendall G. (USA), Taylor R. (Canada), Friedman J. (USA). Fundamental research important for the development of the quark model.
1991 De Gennes P.J. (France). Advances in the description of molecular ordering in complex condensed systems, especially in liquid crystals and polymers.
1992 Charpak J. (France). Contribution to the development of elementary particle detectors.
1993 Taylor J. (Jr.), Hulse R. (USA). For the discovery of binary pulsars.
1994 Brockhouse B. (Canada), Shull K. (USA). Technology for the study of materials by bombardment with neutron beams.
1995 Pearl M., Raines F. (USA). For experimental contributions to elementary particle physics.
1996 Lee D., Osheroff D., Richardson R. (USA). For the discovery of the superfluidity of the helium isotope.
1997 Chu S., Phillips W. (USA), Cohen-Tanuji K. (France). For the development of methods for cooling and capturing atoms using laser radiation.
1998 Robert B. Lauglin, Horst L. Stomer, Daniel S. Tsui.
1999 Gerardas Hoovt, Martinas J.G. Veltman.
2000 Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kromer, Jack Kilby.
2001 Eric A. Komell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman.
2002 Raymond Davies I., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giassoni.
2003 Alexey Abrikosov (USA), Vitaly Ginzburg (Russia), Anthony Leggett (Great Britain). The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for important contributions to the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.
2004 David I. Gross, H. David Politser, Frank Vilsek.
2005 Roy I. Glauber, John L. Hull, Theodore W. Hunch.
2006 John S. Mather, Georg F. Smoot.
2007 Albert Firth, Peter Grunberg.
MURRY GELL-MANN (b. 1929)
Murray Gell-Mann was born on September 15, 1929 in New York and was the youngest son of emigrants from Austria Arthur and Pauline (Reichstein) Gell-Mann. At the age of fifteen, Murry entered Yale University. He graduated in 1948 with a Bachelor of Science degree. He spent the following years as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Here, in 1951, Gell-Mann received his Ph.D. in physics.
LEV DAVIDOVICH LANDAU (1908-1968)
Lev Davidovich Landau was born on January 22, 1908 in the family of David Lyubov Landau in Baku. His father was a famous petroleum engineer! who worked in the local oil fields, and his mother was a doctor. She was engaged in physiological research. Landau's older sister became a chemical engineer.
IGOR VASILIEVICH KURCHATOV (1903-1960)
Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov was born on January 12, 1903 in the family of an assistant forester in Bashkiria. In 1909, the family moved to Simbirsk. In 1912, the Kurchatovs moved to Simferopol. Here the boy enters the first grade of the gymnasium.
PAUL DIRAC (1902-1984)
English physicist Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born on August 8, 1902 in Bristol, in the family of Charles Adrien Ladislav Dirac, a native of Sweden, a French teacher in a private school, and an Englishwoman, Florence Hannah (Holten) Dirac.
WERNER HEISENBERG (1901-1976)
Werner Heisenberg was one of the youngest scientists to win the Nobel Prize. Purposefulness and a strong competitive spirit inspired him to discover one of the most famous principles of science - the uncertainty principle.
ENRICO FERMI (1901-1954)
“The great Italian physicist Enrico Fermi,” wrote Bruno Pontecorvo, “occupies a special place among modern scientists: in our time, when narrow specialization in scientific research has become typical, it is difficult to point to such a universal physicist who was Fermi. It can even be said that the appearance on the scientific arena of the 20th century of a person who made such a huge contribution to the development of theoretical physics, and experimental physics, and astronomy, and technical physics, is a rather unique phenomenon than a rare one.
NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH SEMENOV (1896-1986)
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov was born on April 15, 1896 in Saratov, in the family of Nikolai Alexandrovich and Elena Dmitrievna Semenov. After graduating from a real school in Samara in 1913, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, where, studying with the famous Russian physicist Abram Ioffe, he proved to be an active student.
IGOR EVGENIEVICH TAMM (1895-1971)
Igor Evgenievich was born on July 8, 1895 in Vladivostok in the family of Olga (née Davydova) Tamm and Evgeny Tamm, a civil engineer. Evgeny Fedorovich worked on the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Igor's father was not only a versatile engineer, but also an exceptionally courageous person. During the Jewish pogrom in Elizavetgrad, he alone went to the crowd of Black Hundreds with a cane and dispersed it. Returning from distant lands with three-year-old Igor, the family traveled by sea through Japan to Odessa.
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894-1984)
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was born on July 9, 1894 in Kronstadt in the family of a military engineer, General Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, builder of the Kronstadt fortifications. He was an educated, intelligent man, a gifted engineer who played an important role in the development of the Russian armed forces. Mother, Olga Ieronimovna, nee Stebnitskaya, was an educated woman. She was engaged in literature, pedagogical and social activities, leaving a mark on the history of Russian culture.
ERWIN SCHROEDINGER (1887-1961)
Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger was born on August 12, 1887 in Vienna His father, Rudolf Schrödinger, was the owner of an oilcloth factory, was fond of painting and had an interest in botany The only child in the family, Erwin received his primary education at home His first teacher was his father, about whom he later Schrödinger spoke of "a friend, a teacher and an interlocutor who does not know fatigue." In 1898, Schrödinger entered the Academic Gymnasium, where he was the first student in Greek, Latin, classical literature, mathematics and physics. In his gymnasium years, Schrödinger developed a love for the theater.
NIELS BOHR (1885-1962)
Einstein once said: “What is surprisingly attractive about Bohr as a scientist-thinker is a rare fusion of courage and caution; few people had such an ability to intuitively grasp the essence of hidden things, combining this with heightened criticism. He is without a doubt one of the greatest scientific minds of our age."
MAX BORN (1882-1970)
His name is put on a par with such names as Planck and Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg. Born is rightfully considered one of the founders of quantum mechanics. He owns many fundamental works in the field of the theory of the structure of the atom, quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955)
His name is often heard in the most common vernacular. “There is no smell of Einstein here”; "Wow Einstein"; "Yes, it's definitely not Einstein!" In his age, when science dominated as never before, he stands apart, like a symbol of intellectual power. Sometimes the thought even seems to arise: "humanity is divided into two parts - Albert Einstein and the rest of the world.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1871-1937)
Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871 near the town of Nelson (New Zealand) in the family of a migrant from Scotland. Ernest was the fourth of twelve children. His mother worked as a rural teacher. The father of the future scientist organized a woodworking enterprise. Under the guidance of his father, the boy received good training for work in the workshop, which later helped him in the design and construction of scientific equipment.
MARIA CURIE-SKLODOWSKA (1867-1934)
Maria Skłodowska was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw. She was the youngest of five children in the family of Władysław and Bronislaw Skłodowski. Maria was brought up in a family where science was respected. Her father taught physics at the gymnasium, and her mother, until she fell ill with tuberculosis, was the director of the gymnasium. Mary's mother died when the girl was eleven years old.
PETER NIKOLAEVICH LEBEDEV (1866-1912)
Petr Nikolaevich Lebedev was born on March 8, 1866 in Moscow, into a merchant family His father worked as a trusted clerk and treated his work with real enthusiasm In his eyes, the trading business was surrounded by a halo of significance and romance He instilled the same attitude in his only son, and at first successfully In the first letter, an eight-year-old boy writes to his father, “Dear dad, are you in good health and are you a good trader?”
MAX PLANK (1858-1947)
German physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born on April 23, 1858 in the Prussian city of Kiel, in the family of civil law professor Johann Julius Wilhelm von Planck, professor of civil law, and Emma (nee Patzig) Planck. As a child, the boy learned to play the piano and organ, revealing outstanding musical abilities. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and there Planck entered the Royal Maximilian Classical Gymnasium, where an excellent teacher of mathematics first aroused in him an interest in the natural and exact sciences.
HEINRICH RUDOLF HERZ (1857-1894)
In the history of science, there are not many discoveries that you have to come into contact with every day. But without what Heinrich Hertz did, it is already impossible to imagine modern life, since radio and television are a necessary part of our life, and he made a discovery in this area.
JOSEPH THOMSON (1856-1940)
The English physicist Joseph Thomson entered the history of science as the man who discovered the electron. He once said: "The discoveries are due to the sharpness and power of observation, intuition, unshakable enthusiasm until the final resolution of all the contradictions that accompany pioneer work."
GENDRIK LORENTZ (1853-1928)
Lorentz entered the history of physics as the creator of the electronic theory, in which he synthesized the ideas of field theory and atomism. Gendrik Anton Lorentz was born on July 15, 1853 in the Dutch city of Arnhem. He went to school for six years. In 1866, after graduating from school as the best student, Gendrik entered the third grade of a higher civilian school, roughly corresponding to a gymnasium. His favorite subjects were physics and mathematics, foreign languages. To study French and German, Lorenz went to churches and listened to sermons in these languages, although he did not believe in God since childhood.
WILHELM RENTGEN (1845-1923)
In January 1896, a typhoon of newspaper reports swept over Europe and America about the sensational discovery of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, professor at the University of Würzburg. It seemed that there was no newspaper that would not have printed a picture of the hand, which, as it turned out later, belonged to Bertha Roentgen, the professor's wife. And Professor Roentgen, having locked himself in his laboratory, continued to intensively study the properties of the rays he had discovered. The discovery of X-rays gave impetus to new research. Their study led to new discoveries, one of which was the discovery of radioactivity.
LUDWIG BOLTZMANN (1844-1906)
Ludwig Boltzmann was without a doubt the greatest scientist and thinker that Austria has given the world. Even during his lifetime, Boltzmann, despite the position of an outcast in scientific circles, was recognized as a great scientist, he was invited to lecture in many countries. And yet, some of his ideas remain a mystery even today. Boltzmann himself wrote about himself: "The idea that fills my mind and activity is the development of theory." And Max Laue later clarified this idea as follows: “His ideal was to combine all physical theories in a single picture of the world.”
ALEXANDER GRIGORYEVICH STOLETOV (1839-1896)
Alexander Grigoryevich Stoletov was born on August 10, 1839 in the family of a poor Vladimir merchant. His father, Grigory Mikhailovich, owned a small grocery store and a leather dressing workshop. The house had a good library, and Sasha, having learned to read at the age of four, began to use it early. At the age of five, he already read quite freely.
WILLARD GIBBS (1839-1903)
The mystery of Gibbs is not whether he was a misunderstood or unappreciated genius. The riddle of Gibbs lies elsewhere: how did it happen that pragmatic America, in the years of the reign of practicality, produced a great theoretician? Before him, there was not a single theorist in America. However, as there were almost no theorists after. The vast majority of American scientists are experimenters.
JAMES MAXWELL (1831-1879)
James Maxwell was born in Edinburgh on June 13, 1831. Shortly after the birth of the boy, his parents took him to their estate Glenlar. Since that time, the "lair in a narrow gorge" has firmly entered the life of Maxwell. Here his parents lived and died, here he himself lived and was buried for a long time.
HERMANN HELMHOLTZ (1821-1894)
Hermann Helmholtz is one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century. Physics, physiology, anatomy, psychology, mathematics... In each of these sciences, he made brilliant discoveries that brought him worldwide fame.
EMILY KHRISTIANOVICH LENTS (1804-1865)
Fundamental discoveries in the field of electrodynamics are associated with the name of Lenz. Along with this, the scientist is rightfully considered one of the founders of Russian geography. Emil Khristianovich Lenz was born on February 24, 1804 in Dorpat (now Tartu). In 1820 he graduated from the gymnasium and entered the Dorpat University. Lenz began his independent scientific activity as a physicist in a round-the-world expedition on the sloop "Enterprise" (1823-1826), in which he was included on the recommendation of university professors. In a very short time, he, together with the rector E.I. Parrothom created unique instruments for deep-sea oceanographic observations - a winch-depth gauge and a bathometer. On the voyage, Lenz made oceanographic, meteorological, and geophysical observations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. In 1827, he processed the received data and analyzed them.
MICHAEL FARADEY (1791-1867)
only discoveries that a good dozen scientists would suffice to immortalize their name. Michael Faraday was born on September 22, 1791 in London, in one of its poorest quarters. His father was a blacksmith, and his mother was the daughter of a tenant farmer. The apartment in which the great scientist was born and spent the first years of his life was in the backyard and was located above the stables.
GEORGE OM (1787-1854)
Professor of physics at the University of Munich E. Lommel spoke well about the significance of Ohm's research at the opening of the monument to the scientist in 1895: “Ohm's discovery was a bright torch that illuminated the area of electricity that had been shrouded in darkness before him. Om pointed out) the only correct way through the impenetrable forest of incomprehensible facts. Remarkable advances in the development of electrical engineering, which we have observed with surprise in recent decades, could be achieved! only on the basis of Ohm's discovery. Only he is able to dominate the forces of nature and control them, who will be able to unravel the laws of nature, Om wrested from nature the secret that she had been hiding for so long and handed it over to the hands of his contemporaries.
HANS OERSTED (1777-1851)
“The learned Danish physicist, professor,” Ampère wrote, “with his great discovery paved a new path for physicists to research. These studies have not remained fruitless; they attracted to the discovery of many facts worthy of the attention of all who are interested in progress.
AMEDEO AVOGADRO (1776-1856)
Avogadro entered the history of physics as the author of one of the most important laws of molecular physics. Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto was born on August 9, 1776 in Turin, the capital of the Italian province of Piedmont, in the family of Philippe Avogadro, an employee of the judicial department. Amedeo was the third of eight children. His ancestors from the XII century were in the service of the Catholic Church as lawyers and, according to the tradition of that time, their professions and positions were inherited. When the time came to choose a profession, Amedeo also took up law. In this science, he quickly succeeded and at the age of twenty he received the degree of Doctor of Church Law.
ANDRE MARIE AMPERE (1775-1836)
The French scientist Ampère is known in the history of science mainly as the founder of electrodynamics. Meanwhile, he was a universal scientist, having merits in the field of mathematics, chemistry, biology, and even in linguistics and philosophy. He was a brilliant mind, striking with his encyclopedic knowledge of all the people who knew him closely.
CHARLES PENDANT (1736-1806)
To measure the forces acting between electric charges. Coulomb used the torsion balance he invented. The French physicist and engineer Charles Coulomb achieved brilliant scientific results. The patterns of external friction, the law of torsion of elastic threads, the basic law of electrostatics, the law of interaction of magnetic poles - all this has entered the golden fund of science. "Coulomb field", "Coulomb potential", and finally, the name of the unit of electric charge "coulomb" is firmly entrenched in physical terminology.
ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1726)
Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day 1642 in the village of Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire His father died before the birth of his son Newton's mother, nee Eiskof, gave birth prematurely shortly after the death of her husband, and the newborn Isaac was strikingly small and frail They thought that the baby would not survive Newton, however, he lived to a ripe old age and always, with the exception of short-term disorders and one serious illness, was distinguished by good health.
CHRISTIAN HUYGENS (1629-1695)
The principle of operation of the anchor escapement mechanism. The running wheel (1) is untwisted by a spring (not shown in the figure). Anchor (2), connected to the pendulum (3), enters the left pallet (4) between the teeth of the wheel. The pendulum swings to the other side, the anchor releases the wheel. It manages to turn only one tooth, and the right flight (5) enters into engagement. Then everything is repeated in reverse order.
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Blaise Pascal, son of Étienne Pascal and Antoinette née Begon, was born in Clermont on June 19, 1623. The entire Pascal family was distinguished by outstanding abilities. As for Blaise himself, from early childhood he showed signs of extraordinary mental development. In 1631, when little Pascal was eight years old, his father moved with all the children to Paris, selling his position according to the then custom and investing a significant part of his small capital in the Hotel de Bill.
ARCHIMEDES (287 - 212 BC)
Archimedes was born in 287 BC in the Greek city of Syracuse, where he lived almost his entire life. His father was Phidias, the court astronomer of the ruler of the city of Hieron. Archimedes, like many other ancient Greek scientists, studied in Alexandria, where the rulers of Egypt, the Ptolemies, gathered the best Greek scientists and thinkers, and also founded the famous, largest library in the world.
Great and comprehensive are the laws of physics. The arena of action of the forces and processes studied by it is the entire universe.
The laws governing physical phenomena must be known to an astronomer, a geologist, a chemist, a doctor, a meteorologist, and an engineer of any specialty. The victories won by physicists are embodied in a variety of engines, machines, machine tools and structures.
The works of Russian physicists give us remarkable examples of the use of all means of scientific research: observation, experiment, theoretical analysis.
Observers have a whole arsenal of devices that greatly sharpen human feelings. There are also devices that detect what a person is unable to feel - catching radio waves, noticing individual atoms and even electrons.
A well-posed experiment is a skillfully posed question to nature. By experimenting, researchers learn the secrets of nature, as if talking with her.
Like observation, experience, experiment is a necessary link in scientific research. Thousands of experiments are performed daily in laboratories around the world.
Some experiments clarify the specific gravity of substances, others find out their hardness, the third measure the melting point, etc. These are everyday experiments. They are similar to the movement of a pedestrian on a plain. After each such experience - a step - we learn more and more details about the world.
But there are experiences like climbing a mountain peak or flying high, when a view of a new, unknown country opens up. These great experiments determined the development of all science for many years.
The true researcher makes careful use of observation and experience. He is not their slave, but their ruler. The thought of the researcher boldly rushes into a daring flight in order to see the main thing, to know the basic laws. And the hypothesis, theoretically created today, is brilliantly confirmed tomorrow, with the help of new methods of observation and experiment, experience is the supreme judge of the hypothesis.
A red thread through the entire history of advanced Russian science is the desire to find exactly the main, fundamental laws that govern the world. Observation, experience and mathematical analysis were for physicists a means to penetrate into the very essence of phenomena.
Russian physicists created many theories, the correctness of which was subsequently confirmed, with the development of new methods of observation and experiment. Advanced Russian scientists have repeatedly rebelled against the theories accepted in their time and boldly paved the way for something new.
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Presentation on the topic: Great Russian physicists
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Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in Vitebsk. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in Vitebsk. In 1952 he graduated from the Faculty of Electronics of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute. V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin). Candidate of Technical Sciences (1961), Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1970), professor (LETI) - since 1972. Since 1953, Zhores Ivanovich has been working at the Physico-Technical Institute. A. F. Ioffe RAS; from 1987 to the present he has been the director of the institute. From 1990 to 1991 - Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad Scientific Center, from 1991 to the present - Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov is one of the largest Russian scientists in the field of semiconductor physics and technology. For high achievements, Zh. I. Alferov was awarded honorary titles: the Russian Academy of Sciences, the University of Havana (Cuba, 1987); Franklin Institute (USA, 1971); Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland, 1988); National Academy of Engineering (USA, 1990); National Academy of Sciences (USA, 1990) and others.
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Dmitry Ivanovich Blokhintsev (1908–1979) Russian theoretical physicist. Born December 29, 1907 in Moscow. Blokhintsev made a significant contribution to the development of a number of branches of physics. In the theory of solids, he developed the quantum theory of phosphorescence in solids; in semiconductor physics, he investigated and explained the effect of rectifying an electric current at the interface of two semiconductors; in optics he developed the theory of the Stark effect for the case of a strong alternating field.
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Vavilov Sergei Ivanovich (1891-1951) Russian physicist, statesman and public figure, one of the founders of the Russian scientific school of physical optics and the founder of luminescence and nonlinear optics research in the USSR was born in Moscow. In 1914 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. A particularly large contribution by S.I. Vavilov contributed to the study of luminescence - the long-term glow of certain substances, previously illuminated by light. The Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation was discovered in 1934 by Vavilov's graduate student, P. A. Cherenkov, while performing experiments to study the luminescence of luminescent solutions under the action of radium gamma rays.
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Zel'dovich Yakov Borisovich (1914–1987) Soviet physicist, physical chemist and astrophysicist. From February 1948 to October 1965 he was engaged in defense issues, working on the creation of atomic and hydrogen bombs, in connection with which he was awarded the Lenin Prize and three times the title of Hero of Socialist Labor of the USSR. Since 1965, Professor of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, Head of the Department of Relativistic Astrophysics of the State Astronomical Institute named after V.I. P.K. Sternberg (GAISh MSU). In 1958 academician. Awarded with a gold medal. IV Kurchatov for predicting the properties of ultracold neutrons and their discovery and research (1977). He has been involved in theoretical astrophysics and cosmology since the early 1960s. Developed the theory of the structure of supermassive stars and the theory of compact star systems; He studied in detail the properties of black holes and the processes occurring in their vicinity.
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Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894-1984) Soviet physicist was born in Kronstadt. After graduating from high school in Kronstadt, he entered the faculty of electrical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1918. The creation of unique equipment for measuring temperature effects associated with the influence of strong magnetic fields on the properties of matter led K. to study the problems of low temperature physics. The pinnacle of his creativity in this area was the creation in 1934 of an unusually productive installation for the liquefaction of helium, which boils or liquefies at a temperature of about 4.3K. He designed installations for the liquefaction of other gases. In 1938, Mr.. K. improved a small turbine, very efficient liquefying air. K. called the new phenomenon he discovered superfluidity. K. was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978. "For fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics."
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Orlov Alexander Yakovlevich (1880-1954) Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927), full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939), Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1951) creators of geodynamics - a science that studies the Earth as a complex physical system under the influence of external forces. A.Ya.Orlov was also an outstanding gravimetrician who developed new gravimetric methods and created gravimetric maps of Ukraine, the European part of Russia, Siberia and Altai and connected them into a single network.
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Popov was born in the factory village of Turinskiye Rudniki in the Urals. Became the inventor of the first radio. From childhood, he became interested in technology, built home-made pumps, water mills, and tried to come up with something new. In recent years, Popov was a professor of physics and director of the St. Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute.
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Rozhdestvensky Dmitry Sergeevich (1876-1940) One of the organizers of the optical industry in our country. Born in St. Petersburg. Graduated from Petersburg University with honors. Three years later he became a teacher at this university. In 1919 he organized a physical department. Discovered one of the characteristics of atoms. Developed and improved the theory of the microscope, pointed out the important role of interference.
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Alexander Grigoryevich Stoletov (1839-1896) Born in the city of Vladimir, into a merchant family. Graduated from Moscow University. Since 1866, A.G. Stoletov was a teacher at Moscow University, and then a professor. In 1888, Stoletov created a laboratory at Moscow University. Invented photometry. Stoletov's main studies are devoted to the problems of electricity and magnetism. He discovered the first law of the photoelectric effect, pointed out the possibility of using the photoelectric effect for photometry, invented the photocell, discovered the dependence of the photocurrent on the frequency of the incident light, and the phenomenon of photocathode fatigue during prolonged exposure.
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Chaplygin Sergei Alekseevich (1869 - 1942) Born in the Ryazan province in the city of Ranenburg. In 1890 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University and, at the suggestion of Zhukovsky, was left there to prepare for a professorship. Chaplygin wrote a university course in analytical mechanics "System Mechanics" and an abbreviated "Teaching Course in Mechanics" for technical colleges and natural faculties of universities. The first works of Chaplygin, created under the influence of Zhukovsky, belong to the field of hydromechanics. In his work "On some cases of motion of a rigid body in a liquid" and in his master's thesis "On some cases of motion of a rigid body in a liquid" he gave a geometric interpretation of the laws of motion of solid bodies in a liquid. At the end of the Moscow University doctoral dissertation "On gas jets", which was given a method for studying jet gas flows at any subsonic speeds. for aviation.
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Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) Born in Izhevsk. At the age of nine, Kostya Tsiolkovsky fell ill with scarlet fever and became deaf after complications. He was particularly attracted to mathematics, physics and space. At the age of 16, Tsiolkovsky went to Moscow, where he studied chemistry, mathematics, astronomy and mechanics for three years. A special hearing aid helped to communicate with the outside world. In 1892, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was transferred as a teacher to Kaluga. There he also did not forget about science, about astronautics and aeronautics. In Kaluga, Tsiolkovsky built a special tunnel that would make it possible to measure various aerodynamic parameters of aircraft. In 1903, he published a work in St. Petersburg, in which the principle of jet propulsion was the basis for the creation of interplanetary ships, and proved that the only aircraft that can penetrate the earth's atmosphere is a rocket.
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