Unions are called service words that perform a connecting function in a sentence. They can link both parts of complex sentences and members of simple sentences. Unions in English are somewhat different from Russian unions. The difference is that unions in English do not depend on the characteristics of the words that connect, they are unchanged and any grammatical categories are alien to them. And although they perform certain functions in sentences, they are not their members. Conjunctions are function words that perform a connecting function in a sentence.
The following table shows the classification of English conjunctions, according to their syntactic roles.
Coordinating conjunctions and their types
Coordinating conjunctions serve to link into one compound sentence:
- homogeneous members of sentences
- independent proposals
Coordinating connectives
The water is clear and cold. — The water is clean and cold.
There is a chair as well as an armchair in the room. — The room has, besides the armchair, also a chair.
Both the mother and the father were invited for dinner. - Both mother and father were invited to dinner.
I was neither in the shop nor in the cafe. — I have not been to the store or the cafe.
Coordinating adversatives
| but | but, a |
| while | while |
| still | yet |
| yet | However |
| whereas | whereas |
I want to travel, but I haven't free time at all. - I want to travel, but I don't have much free time.
Coordinating dividers
You may come Monday or Wednesday. — You can come on Monday or Wednesday.
Coordinating causation
You were not at school thus you must learn this topic off your own bat. — You have not been to school, therefore you must learn this subject on your own.
The role of subordinating conjunctions in a complex exercise
This type of unions in English is used when connecting a subordinate clause to the main one. The most used in English among these conjunctions is that (what). It is worth noting that often "that" in oral speech is missed.
- She said that I could go. — She said that I can leave
Depending on what type of subordinate clauses are connected by unions, they can be divided into groups.
First group- these are unions connecting subordinate clauses - subject, predicate and additional with main clauses:
Second group consists of conjunctions connecting adverbial clauses with main clauses, which, in accordance with the "circumstance", are tenses, reasons, conditions, etc. They are divided in the following tables, in accordance with the possible "circumstances". 
Classification of unions according to their role in complex sentences time
Causes
Conditions
Goals
mode of action
Comparisons
Consequences
| so that- so |
Classification of English conjunctions by form
According to their structure, English conjunctions can be divided into the following types:
- Simple
- Derivatives
- Complex
- Composite
- Paired
- Simple unions are unions that cannot be decomposed into their component parts.
- If- if
- or- or
- but- but etc.
- Derivatives are unions, the structure of which is as follows: root + prefix or root + suffix.
- Unless- if not
- because- because
- Complex ones are either unions in which the word “never” is composed, or unions formed by the merger of two or three simple unions (the merger of three roots is less common).
- Nevertheless- However
- whereas- whereas
- Compound - unions, which include several words.
- In order to- to
- as long as- until
- Paired
- Either... or- or or;
- neither ... nor- no no
- In English, there are a small number of unions that originated from participles and retained their form.
- providing- provided that
- seeing- insofar as
- supposing- if
Allied words and their features
The concept of “union word” differs from the concept of “union” similar to it in that the allied word is part of the subordinate clause as its member, and not only as a link between the subordinate clause and the main part of the phrase.
The role of allied words can be:
- Relative pronouns
My home is a place where I feel comfortable. — My home is the place where I feel comfortable.
Coincidence of unions with other parts of speech
Due to the fact that many conjunctions in the English language coincide in their form with pronouns, adverbs and prepositions, doubts often arise as to which part of speech this or that word still refers to.
- That — what(union)
- That — that(demonstrative pronoun)
The essence of such words can be determined by their contextual meaning.
- I notify my teacher of my absence before I miss lessons. — I notify my teacher of my absence before I miss class. (before- union)
- I have to go to the store before supper. — I have to go shopping before dinner (before- suggestion)
If you have aroused interest in this part of speech, you can learn many interesting details about it in the following video:
Coordinating conjunctions connect components on the basis of their equality, without indicating the dependence of one of the components. According to the expressed relations, coordinating conjunctions are divided into groups:
1) connecting, which express the enumeration relations: and, and., and, neither ... nor, yes (= and), etc .;
2) adversatives, expressing relations of opposition, inconsistency, differences: a, but, yes (= but), however, the same, but, etc .;
3) separating, expressing relations of mutual exclusion, alternation: or, or, whether ... whether, then ... then, or ... either, not that ... not that, etc .;
4) explanatory, expressing relations of explanation: somehow, exactly, namely, that is;
5) connecting, serving to attach words, phrases, sentences containing additional remarks: yes and, and, also, too, and also, etc.
Subordinating conjunctions serve to connect syntactically unequal units, more often parts of the NGN, indicate the dependence of one of the components on the other: The apartment is comfortable, although small. Subordinating unions are distinguished by value:
1) explanatory (showing that the part attached with their help reveals the specific content of the individual words of the other part): what, what if (would);
2) temporary: when, while, while, after, barely, before, before and etc.;
3) comparative: than, rather than, as if, as if, as, as, exactly and etc.;
4) consequences: so;
5) causal: because, since, for, because, in view of the fact that and etc.;
6) target: to; then to; so that;
7) conditions: if, once, if, if;
8) concessions: although despite the fact that and etc.
SPELLING OF UNIONS
1. The union should be distinguished from the pronoun what with the particle: the union to be written in one word, and the pronoun with the particle in two words: what, the particle from the pronoun can be separated and moved to another place, for example: I came to the reading room to read the book I need. What should I read on this subject? What should I read on this subject?
2. The adverbial expression by all means consists of six parts, which are written separately.
3. Unions are also written in one word, and the pronoun and the adverb are written separately with the particle; in the latter case, the particle can be omitted. Very often, with the pronoun then with the particle, the pronoun is what, and with the adverb so with the particle, the adverb is how.
4. Union too semantically equal to the union also, and both equal union and , replacing each other, for example:
1) I too read this book. - I also read this book. - And I read this
book.
2) I read Same , as you. - I have Same gray coat in which you
I was seen last year. - I have then the grayest coat.
3) I know same way , like you. - I know So , like you.
5. The word so, meaning "therefore," acts as a union. It must be distinguished from the combination of the union and with the adverb so, which is written in two words, for example: So, it's all over. (Hence, it's all over.) I fell and bruised my leg so much that I had to see a doctor.
6. The union, on the other hand, is close in meaning to the union, but it is also written in one word; the preposition for with the demonstrative pronoun then is written separately, for example:
1) It was getting colder, but the rain stopped (but = but).
2) Hide behind that tree.
7. Unions and and besides close in value to the expression at the same time and are written in one word; pretext at with pronouns volume and how written separately, for example: Students were given worksheets with tasks. besides They were warned that they had two hours to decide. - Students were given worksheets with tasks. and warned... - The students were given papers and at the same time warned... But: At the same time Attached are the required documents. What does will you stay?
8. Unions are written separately as if, because, because, since, so, as soon as, not that ... not that, that is.
THE DIFFERENCE OF UNIONS TOO, ALSO, TO, BUT FROM HOMONYM WORDS
| THE DIFFERENCE OF UNIONS FROM HOMONYMIC WORDS | |
| UNIONS | HOMONYMIC WORDS |
| you cannot omit or move part of the union; can be replaced by a synonym; play a connecting role are not part of the offer. | you can omit or move part of the union to another place; cannot be replaced by a synonym; are a member of the proposal. |
| TO (= TO) Example: I came here to(in order to) to see you. | WHAT WOULD (pronoun + particle) (the particle could be omitted or rearranged). EXAMPLE: What else could you come up with? Compare: What else could you think of? |
| ALSO (=AND) EXAMPLE: - Did you also rest in the Caucasus? And you rested in the Caucasus? | SAME (pronoun and particle) SAME (adverb and particle) (the particle can be omitted or rearranged to another place). Don't do what everyone else does if everyone else is doing it wrong. |
| AND BECAUSE (meaning "in addition to this"). EXAMPLE: The experiment was carried out successfully, and for the first time. The presentation is informative and, moreover, interesting in form. | AT WHAT (preposition + pronoun) is used in interrogative sentences. What does he have to do with his claims? AT THEREFORE (defines the noun that follows it). At that publishing house there is a small printing house. |
| ZATO (= BUT) The ascent to the mountain is steep, but the road is beautiful. | FOR THEN (preposition + pronoun) The workers received a bonus for making repairs three days ahead of schedule. |
USE OF CONNECTIONS IN A SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SENTENCE
General rules for using prepositions in and on the
Use of prepositions in and on the
Conjunctions form two types of syntactic links - coordinating and subordinating, depending on what they are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
Coordinating conjunctions join together homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a compound sentence. According to the nature of the expression of semantic relations between homogeneous members of a sentence or parts of a compound sentence, conjunctions of conjugation are divided into connecting, adversative and divisive.
1. Binders /, and, yes (meaning and), neither ... nor, nor ... nor: Generously washed with songs, she went off to reminisce to snow, and the summer stood still, and the shadows lie with fatigue(L. Talalay); Shanuimosya, friends, in a long age and generous we will always be in love, let the children smile at us in turn, flying in dreams at dawn(G. Tkach).
2. Nasty ah but yes(in the meaning of but), however, but, however: Love for the people - this is service to the people, not the idea of service(A. Dovzhenko); Lies, people say you will pass the world, but you will not return back "(G. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko).
3. Dividing or, or, or... or, whether..., then ... then at least. .. although, not that ... not that, or ... then: Here are the creeping green levadas, branched like a tablecloth. In some places, dark green willow bushes are scattered on the yellow-green tablecloth, sometimes round, like balls, sometimes pointed, like a poplar.(I. Nechuy-Levitsky); My son is a robber: either a cat or a dog - he's not afraid of anything climbs to fight (O. Oles).
Subordinating conjunctions connect the contracting part of the contractual sentence with the main one, and they are divided into meanings:
a) z "yasuvalni (what, to, whether, as, as if, as if, as if): Don't you see that the sky is turning blue, the sun smiles lower in the morning, that the whole earth, in some kind of expectation, is wondrous and breathes easier, and looks brighter (A. Oles); Having ventured to ask Vovka Leo to be instructed to serve as a foreman to the sheep ... (L. Glebov);
b) temporary (how, after, as soon as, only ... how, barely, soon, when, bye, bye): As she went home in a rye wreath, everyone joyfully congratulated the slender girl (P. Voronko); When blueberries ripen - start mowing the rye(Gen. creative.);
c) goals (in order to, in order to): Great self-sacrificial efforts should be made by the creative intelligentsia in order to raise the self-consciousness of our contemporaries, to awaken the deep life of the soul, national dignity and honor (A. Gonchar);
d) reasons (because, because, because, then what): As long as God gives me strength and as long as I live, I will do ... Our destiny is to work, because then our rest is endless (A. Kobylyanskaya);
d) conditional (if, if, when, how, so that if): If you successfully choose work and put your whole soul into it, then happiness will find you (Kol. Ushinsky);
e) allowable (although, for nothing, despite the fact that): Although it was only the first half of May, the sun burned mercilessly, like summer (V. Malik);
e) comparative (as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, supposedly, as, what): My soul is open for love, like a field for sweet grain ... (T. Severnyuk).
In the function of unions, full-meaning words can be used, which are called connecting words: who, what, whose, which, where, where, where. Unlike unions, which do not act as members of a sentence, connecting words play the role of the main or minor members of the subordinate part of a complex sentence. For example: / topics perished at the dawn of spring, we were unable to put up crosses in due time. One vespers greets their graves, one vespers their testament(G. Filyansky); / she herself was upset, why had never been with her before (A. Gonchar). In the first sentence, the highlighted allied word is the subject, and in the second - the application.
Unions- service words that serve to connect homogeneous members of a simple sentence and parts of a complex sentence: compound and complex.
Old age walks cautiously and looks suspiciously.
The main morphological feature of unions is its immutability, that is, the absence of morphological categories. Unions are not independent members of the proposal. Conjunctions are a constantly growing group of words. They are formed on the basis of other parts of speech. Therefore, we can talk about the existence of non-derivative unions: yes, and, but, either... and derivative unions: what, when, because, by virtue of the fact that, until, as ...
According to the expressed syntactic relations, unions are divided into two categories: coordinating and subordinating.
writing conjunctions connect equally independent linguistic phenomena.
Subordinating unions subordinate one to the other.
Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions are divided into groups.
According to their meaning, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:
Connecting and, yes = and, also, also, neither ... nor; Express a connection relationship. There was no snow or rain outside.
Connecting and yes and yes yes. They express the relationship of attachment to something. He arrived late, and not alone.
opposing but, but, yes, but, nevertheless, nevertheless, however. Express the relationship of opposition, differences. We thought the sun was gone forever, but it came out in the afternoon.
Dividing either ... either, or ... or, not that ... not that, then ... that, either ... either, or, either. They express a relationship of mutual exclusion. He came back, then he left - so the years passed. The sounds of a wagon, or a gibberish, or something else, could be heard in the street.
Comparative, or gradational as - so and, not only - but also, although - but also; Express the relationship of comparison, comparison. There are many special things in Siberia both in nature and in human customs.
Explanatory that is, or, namely; They express the relations of explanation of what was not said clearly enough, the relations of clarification between the members of the sentence, parts of the complex sentence and independent sentences . Khor understood reality, that is: he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and other authorities.
Subordinating unions express relations of inequality, heterogeneity. They are used in a complex sentence, connecting the main part with the subordinate clause. In a simple sentence, only comparative conjunctions can be used. They can serve comparative turnovers ( He stood like a scarecrow and felt unsure.), to stand in front of the predicate, giving it a shade of comparative ( snow mountains like hats). Subordinating conjunctions according to the type of expressed meaning are divided into:
Causal because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that; But Shurik said “no” to his family, and no one went with him, because his masculine word was respected (Ulitskaya). Due to the worsening weather, the plane will not be able to take off until tomorrow morning..
Target so that, so that, so that, so that, so that; To eat a fish, you need to climb into the water. ... and she, not delving into his confusing explanations, clicked so that he would go to take exams in accordance with the list and not fool her.
Conditional if, if, if, if, if, if, if, as soon, as soon, if, kindly; If he notices a cooling in love, then light a snake candle, and love will flare up again.
concessions although, let, let, otherwise, for nothing, meanwhile, despite the fact that. This boy came to her on Mondays as if by agreement, although there was no agreement between them ...
Comparative as, as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, as well as; In the Xiongnu time, it is not the same as in the Uighur or Mongolian.
Corollary unions so before that; It was raining heavily, so you could forget about walking for a while.
Temporary scarcely, barely, as soon as, as, when, only, meanwhile, after, since, while, for the time being, as long as, rather than, just a little; Since he was in the classroom, all the girls thought only about how to get his attention. After all the tests and exams were passed, the long-awaited vacation began for the first-year students.
Explanatory what, to, as if, how; She dreams that she is walking through a snowy meadow.
By structure, unions are divided into simple and compound.
Simple conjunctions consist of one word: what, when, let, how, and, but, however ...
Composite conjunctions consist of several words: so, since, because, in view of the fact that, before, due to the fact that, meanwhile ...
Within compound unions stand out undivided(in the sentence they are not divided into other words): so, because, because... and dismembered(in the sentence they are divided into other words): not only…but also how…. so if...then...
By their use in a sentence, conjunctions are divided into single, recurring and double. Singles: and, or, when, therefore, repeating: either ... either, neither ... nor, not that ... not that ..., double: how…and if…then, only…how.
