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November 7 - Day of the military parade on Red Square in the city of Moscow to commemorate the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (1941).

In the harsh days of the defense of Moscow, when the Nazi armies rushed to the capital and the fate of our Motherland was being decided, a parade of troops took place on Red Square on November 7.

Chairman of the State Defense Committee I. V. Stalin delivered a patriotic speech from the podium, in which he recalled the names of the great Russian commanders of the past. Right from the parade, the troops went to the front, to defend their native Moscow.

This parade became a sensation for the world community and strengthened the confidence of the Soviet people that the formidable enemy would be defeated near Moscow.

December 5 - Day of the beginning of the counter-offensive of the Soviet troops against the Nazi troops in the battle of Moscow (1941).

The battle for Moscow in the Great Patriotic War began on September 30, 1941. The main efforts of the Nazi troops in the fall of 1941 were aimed at capturing the country's capital, Moscow. On October 10, 1941, G.K. Zhukov was placed at the head of the defense of Moscow. Skillfully unraveling the next moves of the enemy, the commander skillfully maneuvered his forces and means, quickly creating reliable barriers in threatened directions. As a result of the heroic actions of the Soviet troops, the bloodless German Army Group Center was forced to go on the defensive.

On the night of December 5-6, units of the Red Army launched a powerful counteroffensive along the entire front. A special role in this operation was played by fresh Soviet divisions transferred from Siberia and the Far East. As a result of the counteroffensive of our troops, which ended in early January 1942, the enemy was thrown back from the walls of Moscow by 100-250 km.

The victory contributed to the strengthening of the anti-Hitler coalition.

February 2 - Day of the defeat of the Nazi troops by the Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad (1943).

The battle of Stalingrad is the largest battle of World War II. It began on July 17, 1942. For a month of fighting, German troops advanced 70-80 km forward. On August 23, German tanks broke into Stalingrad. On the same day, the bombing of the city began, which lasted several days without interruption.

The fighting in the city itself continued for more than two months. Each house turned into a fortress, and the battle went on for every floor or basement, for every wall. By November, the Germans captured almost the entire city, turned into solid ruins. The Nazis were separated from the Volga by a narrow strip of land, sometimes only hundreds of meters.

It was at this time that the plan for the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops and the encirclement of the Germans began to be prepared. Within two months, reserves were brought up near Stalingrad, troops of three fronts (South-Western, Don and Stalingrad) moved.

On November 19, the Red Army launched a successful offensive on the flanks of the German group of troops. On November 23, the encirclement ring of German troops near Stalingrad was closed. The entire Stalingrad group of Germans, approximately 250 thousand soldiers and officers, along with commander Friedrich von Paulus, turned out to be surrounded. In the second half of December, the German command made an attempt to release the “cauldron” with large forces, but at the cost of the stamina and courage of the Soviet soldiers, it was thwarted.

On February 2, German resistance in the cauldron ceased. During the operation, 22 divisions and 160 separate enemy units were defeated.

August 23 - Day of the defeat of the Nazi troops by the Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk (1943).

The German command planned in the summer of 1943 to conduct a strategic offensive operation in the area of ​​the Kursk ledge (Operation Citadel), to defeat the Soviet troops here and subsequently, having developed success, again create a threat to Moscow.

Early in the morning on July 5, 1943, German troops went on the offensive. The most powerful blow in the entire war hit the Soviet troops. The enemy managed to advance in some places from 10 to 35 km. On July 12, a tank battle took place near the small village of Prokhorovka, in which more than 1,200 tanks participated on both sides. During the defensive battles, the enemy was bled to death. On July 1, the enemy began to retreat to their original positions. Conditions were created for the transition of Soviet troops to the counteroffensive. On August 5, Soviet troops liberated Orel and Belgorod, and on August 23, Kharkov. Thus ended the Battle of Kursk.

In August 1941, German troops launched an offensive against Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). On August 30, the city was surrounded. The Germans cut the Moscow-Leningrad railway and finally surrounded the city from land. From that day on, the blockade of Leningrad began. The blockade of the city lasted 880 days.

On January 8, 1944, as a result of the successful actions of three Soviet fronts, the group of German armies "North", which blockaded Leningrad, was defeated. On January 27, 1944, the blockade of Leningrad was lifted.

The Great Patriotic War and its main stages

The Great Patriotic War was an integral part of World War II (1939-1945). The USSR, USA, Great Britain and their allies opposed Hitler's Germany, fascist Italy, Japan with their satellites.

On June 22, 1941, German troops suddenly invaded the territory of the USSR along the entire length of its vast border.

The political goals of the war against Germany from the very beginning made it a Patriotic War. In this war, all the peoples of the Soviet Union defended their Fatherland.

Despite the stubborn resistance of the Red Army, the enemy at first had significant successes. Two-thirds of the European territory of the country was lost. At the end of September, the battle near Moscow began. It ended with the defeat of the Wehrmacht.

The transfer of the national economy of the USSR to a military footing was carried out in an exceptionally short time - during the second half of 1941 and the first half of 1942. Through the efforts of the entire Soviet people, the country was turned into a single military camp.

In the summer of 1942, the Wehrmacht organized a major offensive in the South with the aim of capturing the Volga basin, coal-bearing and oil-bearing regions of the country. In the autumn of 1942, Soviet troops stopped German troops in the Stalingrad region and in the foothills of the Caucasus.

This period was marked by a radical turning point in the course of the Great Patriotic War. On November 19, 1942, the counteroffensive of the Red Army near Stalingrad began. The battle on the Volga was a decisive step in achieving a radical turning point in the war.

After the Battle of Kursk, the superiority of the Soviet troops over the Wehrmacht in armament became undeniable. The Katyusha mortar, Il-2 attack aircraft, KV-1, T-34 tanks and other types of weapons deserved high marks all over the world.

Beginning in 1941, Soviet partisans operated deep behind enemy lines. They rendered unusable railways, industrial facilities, warehouses. The people's avengers took upon themselves the blows of the punishers and thereby weakened the pressure of the Nazis in decisive directions.

The period includes the expulsion of German troops from the USSR, the liberation from the occupation of the countries of Europe, the complete collapse of Germany and its unconditional surrender.

In June 1944, the long-awaited second front was opened by the Allies in France.

From June to September 1944, the Soviet Army liberated Belarus, and at the end of the year it was in Hungary and Yugoslavia, in Poland and on the border of East Prussia.

In the course of a broad Soviet offensive from January to March 1945, Western Poland was liberated and the eastern territories of Germany up to and including the Oder were occupied. The coordinated resistance of the Wehrmacht units became impossible as a result of the ever-increasing difference in the balance of forces. However, against the Soviet soldiers advancing in Eastern Europe, the German troops fought with much more tenacity than in the western regions of the Reich, where the American and British armies were advancing.

On April 16, 1945, the Berlin operation began, during which Soviet troops surrounded and defeated a large enemy grouping and on May 2, 1945 captured the capital of Germany - Berlin.

On May 8, 1945, the Act of unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany was signed in Karlshorst.

The last chord of the big war was the Manchurian offensive operation, which the Red Army launched on August 9 in the Far East against the Kwantung Army of Japan. Fulfilling the obligations given to the Anglo-American allies, Soviet troops liberated Manchuria, Northeast China, the northern part of Korea, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. The defeat of the Kwantung Army and the loss of military and economic bases in China and Korea deprived Japan of real forces and opportunities to continue the war. On September 2, 1945, representatives of the Japanese government were forced to sign the Act of Unconditional Surrender.

The main reason for the success of our army was the heroism of Soviet soldiers and officers, home front workers, the economic potential of the USSR. The organizing power and military talent of the Soviet commanders were also of great importance.

Marshal of the Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov read out the Act of unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. Karlshorst, 8 May 1945

findings

1. The federal law "On the days of military glory and memorable dates in Russia" defined 16 holidays in honor of the victories of Russian soldiers in famous battles (Battle of Kulikovo, Battle of the Ice, Borodino, Sinop, May 9, etc.).
2. Both the warriors of Ancient Russia and the warriors of pre-revolutionary Russia repeatedly proved their patriotism by fighting on the battlefield against well-trained aggressors.
3. The feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War confirmed the well-deserved glory of Russian weapons and the indisputable authority of the Russian army.

Questions

1. What is the name of the federal law that determined the days of Russia's military glory?
2. What are the main forms of activity envisaged to perpetuate the memory of Russian soldiers?
3. What is the importance of knowing the history of the exploits of the Russian people in defending their Fatherland for patriotic education?
4. What forms of perpetuating the memory of Russian soldiers are considered the main ones? To answer this question, please refer to the "Additional Materials" section.

Tasks

1. Think over and prepare a message on the topic "The importance of the days of Russia's military glory for understanding the history of the Russian state."
2. Using various materials, think over and write an essay about one of the victorious (victory) days of Russia.
3. Prepare a message on the topic “The feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. the greatest event in the history of the world."
4. Give examples of perpetuating the glory of Russian and Soviet soldiers on the territory of your region of residence.

• Section I. General Provisions (Articles 1-2)
• Section II. Burials of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland (art. 3 - 7)
• Section III. Search work (Articles 8-9)
• Section IV. Bodies of state power and local self-government, carrying out work to perpetuate the memory of those who died in the defense of the Fatherland, and their powers (Articles 10 - 11)
• Section V. Financial and logistical support for measures to perpetuate the memory of those who died defending the Fatherland. Liability for violation of this Law (art. 12 - 13)

Law of the Russian Federation of January 14, 1993 N 4292-1
"On perpetuating the memory of those who died defending the Fatherland"

With changes and additions from:

August 22, 2004, November 3, 2006, July 23, 2008, July 18, 2011, April 5, 2013, July 3, 2016, December 5, 2017, July 19, 2018

Respect for the memory of those who died defending the Fatherland or its interests is the sacred duty of all citizens.

The president

Moscow, House of Soviets of Russia

The memory of the dead and missing in the course of hostilities, in the performance of other combat missions or in the performance of official duties to defend the Fatherland, who died in the performance of military duty in the territories of other states, as well as those who died from wounds, contusions, injuries or diseases received in defense of the Fatherland. The memory of the dead and those who died in captivity is immortalized, in which they ended up due to the prevailing military situation, but who did not lose their honor and dignity, who did not betray their homeland. Tribute to the memory is also paid to foreign citizens who died defending Russia.

In addition, the memory of associations, formations and institutions that distinguished themselves in the defense of the Fatherland is perpetuated, as well as the places of hostilities that have gone down in history as symbols of heroism, courage and steadfastness of the peoples of our Fatherland.

Forms of perpetuating the memory of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland have been fixed: the preservation and improvement of military graves and certain territories historically associated with the exploits of the victims, the installation of memorial structures, the creation of memorial museums, the organization of exhibitions, relevant publications in the media, the establishment of memorable dates, the entry of the names of the victims and other information about them in the books of Memory, assigning the names and surnames of the dead to settlements, streets and squares, physical and geographical objects, enterprises, institutions, etc.

An independent section of the Law is devoted to the burial places of those who died defending the Fatherland. The order of burial (reburial) was determined, the issues of state accounting, maintenance and improvement of military burials, ensuring their safety and restoration were considered.

In order to identify unknown military graves and unburied remains, to establish the names of the dead or the names of the missing, search work is being carried out. It is organized on the basis of local programs and carried out by public associations authorized to carry out such work by state authorities and administrations. Conducting search work in places where hostilities took place, as well as opening military graves as an amateur initiative, is prohibited. The procedure for conducting such work is fixed.

The governing bodies that carry out work to perpetuate the memory of those who died in the defense of the Fatherland, and their powers, have been determined. The issues of financial and logistical support of measures to perpetuate the memory, as well as liability for violation of the Law, were considered.

Law of the Russian Federation of January 14, 1993 N 4292-1 "On perpetuating the memory of those who died defending the Fatherland"

Law on perpetuating the memory of the Russian Federation (Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 14, 1993 N 4292-1) ON PERMANENTING THE MEMORY OF THE DIE IN DEFENSE OF THE FATHERLAND Respectful attitude to the memory of those who died in defense of the Fatherland or its interests is a sacred duty of all citizens.

Article 1 The memory to be perpetuated is: those who died in the course of hostilities, in the performance of other combat missions or in the performance of official duties in the defense of the Fatherland;

Article 1 The memory is subject to perpetuation: those who died in the performance of military duty in the territories of other states;

Article 1 The memory of those who died from wounds, injuries or diseases received in the defense of the Fatherland, regardless of the time of occurrence of the indicated consequences, as well as those who went missing in the course of hostilities, while performing other combat missions or in the performance of official duties, is subject to perpetuation; those who died in captivity, in which they ended up due to the prevailing military situation, but who did not lose their honor and dignity, who did not betray their homeland.

Article 1 Memory is to be perpetuated: Tribute to memory is also paid to foreign citizens who died defending Russia. In addition, the memory of associations, formations and institutions that distinguished themselves in the defense of the Fatherland is perpetuated, as well as the places of hostilities that have gone down in history as symbols of heroism, courage and steadfastness of the peoples of our Fatherland.

Article 2 The main forms of perpetuating the memory of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland are: the preservation and improvement of military graves, the installation of tombstones, monuments, steles, obelisks, other memorial structures and objects perpetuating the memory of the dead;

Article 2 The main forms of perpetuating the memory of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland are: the preservation and development of certain territories historically associated with the exploits of those who died defending the Fatherland;

Article 2 The main forms of perpetuating the memory of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland are: entering the names of those who died in the defense of the Fatherland and other information about them in the Book of Memory;

Article 2 The main forms of perpetuating the memory of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland are: the creation of memorial museums, the organization of exhibitions, the arming of commemorative signs on the battlefields;

Article 2 The main forms of perpetuating the memory of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland are: publication in the media of materials about those who died in defense of the Fatherland, the creation of works of art and literature dedicated to their exploits; assigning the names and surnames of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland to settlements, streets and squares, physical and geographical objects, enterprises, institutions, including educational ones, organizations, military units, ships and ships; the establishment of memorable dates and the All-Russian Day of Remembrance.

Article 2 The main forms of perpetuating the memory of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland are: By decision of state authorities and administration, public associations, other measures may be taken to perpetuate the memory of those who died in defense of the Fatherland.

Article 3. Burials of those killed in the defense of the Fatherland Burials of those killed in defense of the Fatherland with gravestones, monuments, steles, obelisks, fencing elements and other memorial structures and objects located on them are military burials. These include: military memorial cemeteries, military cemeteries, separate military sites in common cemeteries, mass and individual graves in common cemeteries and outside cemeteries, columbariums and urns with the ashes of the dead, burial places in the waters of the seas and oceans, places of death of warships, marine , river and aircraft with crews.

The main forms of perpetuating the memory of Russian soldiers who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of Russia's military glory are: the creation and preservation of memorial museums, the establishment and improvement of monuments, obelisks, stelae, other memorial structures and objects that perpetuate the days of Russia's military glory, the organization of exhibitions, the establishment of memorial signs at the places of military glory; preservation and development of territories historically associated with the exploits of Russian soldiers who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of Russia's military glory; publication in the media of materials related to the days of Russia's military glory; assigning the names of national heroes who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of military glory of Russia to settlements, streets and squares, physical and geographical objects, military units, ships and vessels.

By decision of the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, other measures may be taken to perpetuate the memory of Russian soldiers who distinguished themselves in battles.

In the days of military glory of Russia, solemn events are held in the Armed Forces and other troops.

Section 3. Legal preparation.

Chapter 5. Legal status of servicemen.

3.5.1. Legislative basis for the status of a soldier.

The main legal acts containing the rights and freedoms of a person, including a person in uniform - a military man, are the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and political rights of 1966, the European Convention for the Protection of Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The Covenant on Human Rights, to which Russia is a party, contain a wide range of economic, political, social and cultural rights and freedoms, which for the most part are legally enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Chapter 2). It unambiguously states that “the Russian Federation recognizes and guarantees the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law…”, “fundamental human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth” (Article 17). The rights and freedoms of man and citizen are directly applicable. They determine the meaning, content and application of laws, the activities of the legislative and executive authorities, local self-government and are provided with justice.

Everyone has the right to protect their rights and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees judicial protection of rights and freedoms. Decisions, actions of public authorities, local governments, public associations and officials may be appealed in court. In addition, citizens have the right, in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, to apply to interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and freedoms if all available domestic remedies have been exhausted. Any normative legal acts affecting the rights, freedoms and duties of a person and a citizen cannot be applied if they are not officially published for general information.

The rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen may be limited by federal law only to the extent necessary to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of others, to ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state.

So, for example, the defense of the Fatherland is the duty and obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation (Article 59 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Citizens are obliged to pay legally established taxes and fees, preserve nature and the environment, and treat natural resources with care. The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the provision that public authorities, local governments, officials, citizens and their associations are obliged to comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and laws (Article 15). In case of violation of these obligations, individuals and legal entities are liable in accordance with the established legal procedure. At the same time, no one can be held responsible for an act that at the time of its commission is not recognized as an offense.

General civil rights, freedoms and duties are fully applicable to the military personnel of the Russian Federation. In addition, the legislation assigns to the military the rights and obligations due to the specifics of military service, which in essence are general military. Depending on the service (official) position occupied by military personnel, functional or official rights and duties are also distinguished.

The foregoing allows us to define the status of military personnel as a set of rights and freedoms guaranteed by the state, as well as duties and responsibilities of military personnel established by law.

Citizens with the status of military personnel include: military personnel undergoing military service under a contract or military service by conscription in accordance with the federal law on military duty and military service.

Citizens of our state acquire the status of military personnel with the beginning of military service and lose it with the end of military service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other federal bodies, as well as special formations.

For citizens called up for military training, the status of military personnel applies in cases and in the manner provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The status of military personnel is the same, regardless of which ministry or other federal executive body they serve in the military, with some exceptions established by law.

Military personnel captured and interned retain the status of military personnel. The state authorities of the Russian Federation and the military command are obliged to take measures for the release of servicemen in accordance with the norms of international law.

The status of servicemen in wartime and in a state of emergency is established by federal constitutional laws.

The legal status of military personnel who are part of the Russian troops outside the state territory is determined in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Legal norms on the status of a serviceman, his legal status are contained in the federal laws "On the Status of Servicemen", "On Military Duty and Military Service", other laws, as well as in Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, military regulations, other regulatory legal acts.