Hello reader! In recent days, I have been haunted by thoughts about the importance of people on the planet. After all, everyone says that each of us is destined to do something, for this we were born in this world. If you imagine life as a period of time and look at it from a bird's eye view, then many people completely do not understand their purpose. Many of my friends don’t even know what they want to do, where to work, many are even too lazy to leave the house and devote several hours a day to self-development.

I find it while reading books, various articles by other bloggers, or while watching films. But in recent days I have been studying the biographies of great people. Do you know what Krusenstern discovered? This is exactly what my article will be about today.

Great people - who are they?

Why did great people become like this and what prompted them to achieve unprecedented feats? Many will ask: “What to discover, what to explore, if we already know the answers to all the questions of interest.” Maybe such phrases will find their successors, but did Bellingshausen and Lazarev know what they would discover? Or Kruzenshtern knew what he would see during his journey; by the way, it was he who glorified Russia throughout the world. These brilliant people have one thing in common: they madly loved their homeland and were ready to perform incredible deeds and discoveries for the sake of its glorification and promotion among other states. Alas, today people have completely different values.

Of course, in our country there are many geniuses, great scientists, doctors, gifted children, but for some reason many prefer to emigrate abroad. Let’s not judge anyone, where to live, with whom to live, for whom to work, this is everyone’s choice, the main thing is not to forget your land and parents. Always remember who you are...

Who is Kruzenshtern

Kruzenshtern - the biography of this man is worthy of study; he taught me to look at familiar things in a new way. He has a lot of perseverance, wisdom, determination, lack of fear and indecision, he is a man of word and deed, it is with him that I associate the word officer - a man of honor.

Few people know that it was Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern who made their native state a great maritime power.

At the end of August 46 of the nineteenth century, the world left the man through whose efforts our country became the main one in the club of great states. His name was Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his name is known to everyone, and from an early age.

The reason for this admiration is paradoxical

The real merits of the departed admiral are little discussed today, although there is enough solid literature, both purely scientific and for youth, on this topic. But all the work was blocked by a short episode of the cult animated series “Prostokvashino”. “Let me ask a question to test your education: who will Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern be?” - asked the dear postman. And Matroskin said a brilliant phrase: “I’m not exactly sure. The ship my grandmother sailed on was named after him.” Sharik summed up: “This is a great man and a steamship.”

History of the Kruzenshtern family

Many known facts from the life of the admiral need to be corrected. Thus, the most popular ship that was named after him, incorrectly called a steamship, is a four-match barque, the largest and most famous sailing ship of the twenty-first century. The name also does not quite correspond to historical realities.

From the very beginning his name was Adam Johann.

But this name was subjected to harsh Russification. Moreover, this was done by the bearer himself, because he really wanted to be a Russian by blood. And so he asked everyone around him to call him Vanya. But he didn’t even think of stopping there.

He began to be friends with Yuri Lisyansky, who was then a cadet, and Ivan, without thinking for a long time, decided to borrow his friend’s middle name. From that very moment he became Fedorovich.

The most surprising thing is that these actions did not reveal any specific “betrayal” of his family, which had Austro-German roots. His family was united by Russia, they were more friendly than it might seem, and this connection with the state only became stronger with each new generation.

The great-great-grandfather of the national hero, Philip Cruisius, became the head of the embassy in Moscow twice - the first time from Germany, the second from Sweden; in those years the embassy was detained in the capital for as much as 36 months. The admiral's grandfather, Evert Philip, lived in Russia even longer - he was captured near Narva, then he was transported to Siberia. Upon returning to his family estate near Tallinn, he saw that his land had already become part of Russia.

In other words, Russia was the only home of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. It is surprising that he considered the most pleasant praise to be an article in a Hamburg newspaper that was dedicated to his trip around the world (1803-1806). It was written there that the expedition was important not only for trade, but also for the entire Russian people.

The head of the expedition and everyone who was on the ships were Russians.

Krusenstern's first trip around the world

In those years, Kruzenshtern realized that in order to prepare for the first circumnavigation of the world, everything had to be put on the line. This business was advanced in his life, and at the same time, it raised the prestige of his beloved country. To give my readers an idea of ​​the enormity of what was happening, in those days it was roughly equivalent to owning a nuclear warhead or a personal space station in the twenty-first century.

This will allow you to instantly get on the list of the most influential people in the world, and the state will become no less elite. This phrase could be found in the European bulletin: “Russia at sea is today considered the most powerful country not only thanks to the skill of its officers, but also thanks to its numerous ships. The upcoming trip around the globe will be the first in navigation, and in general it is better that it is not carried out by the Russian people.”

What amazes and inspires me about this man is his determination and determination. If he has set a goal for himself, he will not be stopped by the poor conditions on the ship, the lack of normal food and a place to sleep. He set a real goal for himself and went towards it, doesn’t that inspire respect? His merit directly lies in the fact that he did not tear his shirt, did not throw phrases into the wind, did not perform unnecessary feats, but at the same time he did more for our country than other speakers.

To be more precise, it was this man who abolished all corporal punishment in the navy. It was this already famous sailor who pointed out to the leadership of the Naval Cadet Corps that it was necessary for children from non-noble families to undergo training. When the Patriotic War knocked on the country's door, the admiral gave almost a third of his fortune to the army.

Was there a second Columbus in Russia?

Vitus Jonassen Bering, probably many people have known this man since school. A few days ago I came across his biography on the Internet, which talked about life values, goals and methods of achieving them. The life story of this legendary man will motivate me for a long time to change the world for the better.

If we briefly describe everything we read, then at the end of the seventeenth century, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering was born, who would later lead two Kamchatka expeditions.

I wanted to ask you a question: how do you feel about foreigners? For some reason, there is an opinion that Russians often discriminate against people who come from another country, especially if they are black people. I don’t agree, this is rather a myth that was invented by those who believe that Russia still lives in the dashing 90s, everyone drives BMWs and wears leather jackets.

But even today, politicians and local officials argue about inviting foreigners to work, whether this will benefit or harm the country and its integrity. On the one hand, a different look at familiar things, new methods of work, no one will understand a Russian person like another Russian person (forgive the tautology). And it is unknown in what year such disputes began; many argue that they have been going on as long as the country itself has existed.

Today and many years ago you can meet people who say that foreigners come solely to earn more money, they will not bring any benefit. Let's not lie, there are not a few people who came to our country only for money. But at the same time, tens of thousands of foreign citizens served Russia, they are real heroes. For the sake of the state, which became a second homeland for them, many were ready to give and even gave their lives.

In the summer of 1681, Vitus Jonassen Bering was born in the small town of Horsens. This man was destined to become a domestic researcher and discoverer.

His father worked at customs, and the boy, after receiving secondary education, entered the Naval Cadet Corps. Together with his comrades, the guy dreamed of distant countries and glory. It was almost impossible to make their dreams come true in tiny little Denmark, and young sailors chose the country in which to serve.

Exemplary man

Political changes were taking place in Russia at that time, Tsar Peter the Great could be seen on the throne, he had a very positive attitude towards foreigners, and in every possible way promoted them to work in Russia, as a result they received decent salaries and better opportunities for career growth.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Bering made the first large expedition to the Indian shores. Upon returning from it, he met the vice-admiral of the Russian fleet, Cornelius Cruys, who was just carrying out a special mission that the tsar himself had entrusted to him.

He helped Russian youths enter European universities and at the same time was recruiting young graduates to serve in the Russian fleet. At the same moment, Kruys singled out Vitus from the crowd and invited him to go with him to Russia. The latter readily agreed.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Bering began to serve Russia and was given the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant. The newly minted sailor proved himself on the positive side, as a result, the king paid attention to him and singled him out among everyone.

Bering was tasked with guiding the first ship under the Russian flag around from the port of the Azov Sea straight to the Baltic. Bering got married and was completely conquered by Russia; he later returned to his native Denmark, but only once for a few days to see his relatives; he was more attracted to Russia and its boundless expanses, which he so wanted to explore. New discoveries lay ahead, and Bering could not wait.

Special purpose

In those years, a peninsula in the northeastern part of Eurasia was annexed to our country. By decree of the tsar, sea communication by boats was established between Okhotsk and the western border of Kamchatka. Naval officer Vitus Bering had a dream to devote himself to research, in particular, to find an answer to the question of the existence of the Asian and American isthmus.

The health of the Russian emperor was already seriously undermined, but this did not stop him from paying more attention to studying the remote Russian land and the territory that is on the same border with them.

Shortly before the death of the tsar, Bering was awarded the rank of captain-commander; he was appointed chief of the Far Eastern expedition. The emperor gave clear instructions - to build powerful and strong ships and find the junction of Asia and America. At the same time, members of the expedition had to explore the little-studied eastern territory.

I am sure that many people know how this story ends, and what discoveries Vitus Bering made in addition to the 2 famous Kamchatka expeditions. The stories of such people not only motivate, they force you to get off the couch and do something unusual. How long has it been since you left your comfort zone? Why not start leaving it or expanding it today by reading this article? After all, believe me, much has not yet been explored, there are many new discoveries ahead, and who knows, maybe in a few years, someone will write a blog about your discoveries that motivate millions of people. Write all your thoughts in the comments and don’t forget to subscribe. See you later!

Text— Agent Q.

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Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is a famous Russian navigator who was destined to leave a significant mark on Russian history and the development of maritime affairs in the Russian Empire. The name of Kruzenshtern is widely known, and, thank God, not only from the phrase of the dog Sharik from the cartoon about Uncle Fyodor.

Ivan Krusenstern was born in early November 1770. His parents were nobles. At the age of 14, Kruzenshtern began training in the Naval Cadet Corps. Midshipman Krusenstern's first sea voyage took place in 1787. Ivan Fedorovich walked along the Baltic Sea. A year later, Kruzenshtern already participated in his first naval battle.

In 1793, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern left the Russian Empire. As a volunteer, Ivan’s path leads to the UK. Here, in service, he manages to visit the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Six years later, having grown stronger and gained experience, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern will return to his homeland.

The Russian Admiralty deservedly highly appreciated the knowledge and skills of the “returnee”. In 1802, Ivan Krusenstern was appointed commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. The circumnavigation of the world under the command of Ivan Krusenstern began on August 7, 1803. It was on that day, in a solemn atmosphere, that the Russian sailing ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” set off on a difficult voyage.

The members of the expedition faced serious tasks. It was necessary to study the Pacific coast of the Far East. This was necessary to do in order to establish communications with remote territories of the Russian Empire. Another important task of Krusenstern's expedition was the delivery of the Russian embassy to Japan. The expedition's route lay across the Atlantic, around America. The crossing of the equator by the Russian expedition was symbolic; it was a great success. In Brazil, Russian ships were parked, they were waiting for repairs, and the crew was waiting for rest. In March 1804, Russian ships rounded the Horn and set off for the northern latitudes. In the Pacific Ocean, Nadezhda and Neva separated. They met only near the Hawaiian Islands. The ships left them again in different directions. “Neva” to the shores of Alaska, and “Nadezhda” to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, from there to Japan. At the end of 1806, the ships returned to Kronstadt. Kruzenshtern's expedition was greeted solemnly in the capital - there were both members of the imperial family and representatives of the Academy of Sciences.

The first Russian trip around the world under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was of great importance. Russian ships visited the most remote corners of the ocean and showed themselves in all their glory. Wherever they talked about the Russian fleet and its brave sailors. New maps were drawn up and routes were laid out.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern made a huge contribution to world science. The navigator was appreciated by his descendants; 12 settlements, one of the atolls of the Marshall Islands, those in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, and one of the mountains in Antarctica were named after him.

In this review we will talk about a man who has achieved a lot in his life - Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern (born Adam Johann von Kruzenstern). He was a navigator and managed to complete an expedition around the world, the first in Russian history. In 1842 he was awarded the rank of admiral. In addition, he was a Doctor of Philosophy and an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy. And these are not all the titles and positions of this great man. This article will describe a brief biography of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.

Early years

Ivan Fedorovich is the first Russian navigator who managed to travel around the world. He was able to have a great influence on the history of geographical discoveries. Ivan Fedorovich was born in 1770, November 19. This happened in the Estland (Estonian) province near modern Tallinn.

The father of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is Johann Friedrich. Mother: Christina Frederica. Although their parents were nobles, they were not rich. At the age of 15, Ivan Fedorovich entered the Naval Corps, which was located in Kronstadt. Cadet life cannot be called easy. The future great navigator was practically starving, the building buildings were heated very poorly, and there were no windows in the bedrooms at all. Firewood had to be carried from neighboring warehouses.

A few years later, already in the rank of admiral, the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern could send his sons to the Naval Corps. But he did not do this, although he hoped that they would follow in his footsteps. Instead, he sent them to study at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Period of military service

Due to the outbreak of the Russian-Swedish war, it was decided to finish training ahead of schedule. In 1788, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was sent to serve on the ship “Mstislav”. But he never received the rank of midshipman, which was awarded to all graduates of the corps.

The first battle took place in the Gulf of Finland in 1788. The meeting of the Russian and Swedish squadrons took place several tens of kilometers from the island of Gogland. The squadrons, lined up opposite each other, simply shot at enemy ships. It was almost impossible to maneuver due to the lack of wind. After several hours of firing, the Swedish squadron was defeated.

The losses were about 300 people. At the same time, there were twice as many wounded. The ship on which Kruzenshtern served, the Mstislav, suffered the most damage. The control system was practically out of order, and the hull was severely damaged by enemy cores. The ship stayed on the water only by a miracle. However, this did not stop him from waiting for the end of the battle and even going in pursuit of the retreating Swedish squadron.

The enemy ships took refuge in Sveaborg. The Russian fleet began to hold a siege, in which the future admiral took part. Since almost all the officers were killed or wounded, Ivan Fedorovich was promoted to assistant captain, which is already a considerable achievement.

A year later, the great navigator took part in the Battle of Eland. He also took part in the battles in Vyborg Bay, Krasnaya Gorka and Revel. For his valor he was promoted, and at the age of 19 he became a lieutenant.

Business trip to England

Ivan Fedorovich always showed courage, energy and determination. After the battle, life began to seem dull to him. But I didn’t have to be bored for long. His merits were noticed, and the future admiral was sent to England for training. He managed to visit America, sailed on English ships to Africa and Bermuda, and visited India and China. It was at this time that the idea of ​​traveling around the world was sparked. This is primarily due to the fact that he saw the prospect of commercial maritime communications with other countries.

In 1800, traveler Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned to Russia. Almost immediately he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander. After this, he made proposals to improve the Russian fleet and to develop trade with other countries through sea routes.

His proposals went unnoticed until the coup. An expedition to China and Japan to organize maritime trade was allowed when Mordvinov was appointed head of the department. Ivan Fedorovich was appointed head of the future journey.

Around the world

The ships on which Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern went on a trip around the world were purchased in England. They were called “Neva” and “Nadezhda”. In addition, instruments and instruments were also purchased in England; without them, the expedition would have ended in failure.

Ivan Fedorovich was sailing on the Nadezhda. His friend Lisyansky was appointed captain of the second ship.

The crew number was 129 people. Everyone except the scientists were Russians. Ambassador Rezanov and his retinue also went to Japan.

The journey of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern began in 1803. On June 26, the ships left Kronstadt, heading towards Brazil. This transition to the southern hemisphere was the first for Russian sailors. Wine was purchased on the island of Tenerife, which was supposed to serve as an antiscorbutic remedy. Each crew member was entitled to one bottle per day. Ivan Fedorovich personally inspected the sailors. Thanks to the efforts of the command staff, problems with diseases were avoided.

The ships stayed on the island of St. Catherine for a month. During this time, they were repaired. Then the expedition moved towards Cape Horn, where the first unpleasant situation occurred. Due to heavy fog, the ships lost each other. As a result, Ivan Fedorovich went to the Marquesas Islands, and his friend went to Fr. Easter, correcting Cook's errors in geographic coordinates. The meeting took place near Fr. Nukagiwa.

They had to split up again at the Sandwich Islands. The future admiral went towards Kamchatka, and his partner went to the Sandwich Islands to replenish food supplies. After this, he moved to the Aleutian Islands.

Having visited Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, Ivan Fedorovich headed to Nagasaki, getting caught in a typhoon along the way. It was only by miracle that the masts were saved. Due to breakdowns, which did occur, the expedition remained in Nagasaki for 6 months. It was not possible to purchase food, because the Emperor of Japan prohibited it. However, he still supplied the Russian crew with food, which should have been enough for 2 months. By the way, Ambassador Rezanov never achieved anything from the slow Japanese. Subsequently, trade relations were still able to be established.

Marine research

What did Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern discover on the way back? During the trip, the western coasts of Hondo, as well as the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu, were explored. In addition, unknown islands were discovered, which were fraught with danger for sailors. They were called Stone Traps.

Then studies were carried out on the eastern and northern coasts of Sakhalin, from where the navigator went to Macau, where he met with Lisyansky. The expedition headed home with Chinese goods.

The significance of travel

The expedition was very useful not only from a scientific but also from a practical point of view. This was talked about all over the world. Russian sailors corrected English maps, which at that time were considered the most accurate, and discovered the islands. In addition, those lands that did not exist at all have been removed from the map. Scientists studied the temperature of deep layers and sea currents.

All meteorological studies carried out in those days are still important today. Not only geographical research was carried out. Scientists also expanded zoological, ethnographic and botanical collections. It was possible not only to get acquainted with Japan, but also to make a huge breakthrough in science. The sailors were awarded for their achievements.

The great man Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern after the trip became a member of the Academy of Sciences and the Admiralty Department.

Scientific activity

When the trip around the world ended, Ivan Fedorovich spent a very long time understanding theoretical issues related to maritime affairs. His area of ​​interest also included hydrographic measurements. The navigator tried to find the role of geography, its place in science. He studied how it relates to physics and chemistry and sought to identify its impact on the economy.

The English scientist John Barrow also consulted with Ivan Fedorovich. He was interested in the northwest passage. The navigator shared his opinion with Humboldt, who was a cartographer.

With the outbreak of war in 1812, Kruzenshtern served as a diplomat. He spent a third of his fortune on forming the people's militia. It should also be noted that it was the navigator who became part of the mission in London. However, even in these difficult times, he was interested in shipbuilding and the achievements of the English fleet.

When the war with Napoleon ended, Kruzenshtern began to think about a new trip around the world and develop instructions for it. His idea was realized within a few years. The circumnavigation of the world took place from 1815 to 1818. Otto Kotzebue, the junior officer of the first voyage, was appointed captain. It should be noted that Kruzenshtern not only developed instructions. He also visited England, where he himself acquired all the necessary tools.

In the period from 1827 to 1842, Ivan Fedorovich gradually rose in rank until he became an admiral. Later he organized expeditions of other famous navigators. For example, the journey of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, during which Antarctica was discovered.

Publishing activities

The biography of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is very interesting. He did not give up his scientific work, even when he was sent on indefinite leave. The official reason was health. However, in fact, this was facilitated by the Marquis of Traverse, who did not particularly favor Rumyantsev and interfered with all his proposals regarding the reorganization of the fleet.

At the estate, Ivan Fedorovich continued to work on a book about his journey. He declared the need to create a maritime atlas, but this idea was ignored. Things moved forward when Admiral Moller came to replace Traverse. And it was he who accepted the atlas project.

After this, everyone began to consider the navigator Krusenstern the first hydrographer of the Pacific Ocean. The atlas itself contained materials about the round-the-world expedition. And this further contributed to the development of science. For his many achievements, Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern received the full Demidov Prize.

Naval Corps Leadership

In 1927, Ivan Fedorovich was appointed director of the Naval Corps. A little later he became a member of the Admiralty Council. For sixteen years as a leader, he was involved in transforming the educational institution. And he succeeded.

New items were introduced, the library was replenished with books, and various exhibits and manuals appeared in museums. The navigator constantly changed something in the educational sphere. In addition, he established an officer class, a physics classroom and an observatory. Over time, the corps turned into a full-fledged Maritime Academy. And all this happened thanks to Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.

Family of the great navigator

Ivan Fedorovich married in 1801. His chosen one was Julianna Charlotte von Taube der Issen. He had many children - four sons (Nikolai, Alexander, Pavel, Platon) and two daughters (Charlotte, Julia).

The legacy of Ivan Fedorovich

On August 24, 1846, the great navigator, Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern died. This happened on the Ass estate. The funeral took place in Reval (Tallinn). The work of their ancestor was continued by his son Pavel Ivanovich and grandson Pavel Pavlovich. Over time, they were able to become famous navigators, exploring the northeastern coast of Asia, as well as the Caroline Islands.

After Ivan Fedorovich, in addition to the Atlas with explanatory text, several scientific works remained. He described his journey in an essay. Subsequently, the book was republished in 1950, but in an abridged version

What more can be said?

There are several quite interesting facts about Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. They cannot be ignored.

1. The name of the navigator is mentioned by the cat Matroskin, a literary and cartoon character. According to the fictional character, his grandmother “served” on the ship named after Ivan Fedorovich.
2. Fyodor Tolstoy and Nikolai Ryazanov took part in the admiral’s journey.
3. Ivan Fedorovich was distinguished by his heroic physique. He stood out very much from the background of the sailors, surpassing almost all members of the expedition. In addition, he always carried weights with him, with which he worked out every day. The sailor's favorite exercise is the push press.
4. The barque, strait and reef were named in honor of the admiral.
5. In 1993, the Russian Bank issued commemorative coins in honor of the first Russian trip around the world.
6. The admiral loved his pets. The spaniel went on trips with him. Over time, he became a favorite of the sailors, who, before sailing, ruffled the poor dog's ears, which became a kind of tradition. This, of course, may cause a smile, but Ivan Fedorovich’s voyages took place without any problems. Among other things, the spaniel was a formidable weapon against the aborigines from exotic islands, who fled in horror when they saw an unknown animal with floppy ears.
7. At birth, Krusenstern's name was Adam. However, the unusual name hurt his ears, so in the cadet corps he had to become Ivan Fedorovich. He borrowed his middle name from his faithful friend Lisyansky, who was also Ivan Fedorovich.
8. The great navigator visited Philadelphia, where he met with George Washington.
9. The library of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts contains a list of the monument of Malay literature “The Dynasty of the Sultans”. Ivan Fedorovich brought it from his travels.

Conclusion

The biography of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was described above. Brief, because a book is not enough to describe all his achievements in detail. The trip around the world alone, which was the first in Russian history, can fit into several volumes.

In memory of this great man, a monument was erected in St. Petersburg in 1874. The project was designed by the architect Monighetti and the sculptor Schroeder. The monument is located opposite the Maritime Academy. The construction was carried out with private funds, however, they managed to receive a small allowance from the state.

"Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - a man and a ship." Many people, especially those who lived in Soviet times, are familiar with this famous saying from the animated film “Prostokvashino”, but few people now think that Ivan Fedorovich is actually an outstanding person.

This is a unique historical figure, one of the founders of Russian oceanology, a legendary navigator, admiral, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, an amazingly intelligent and strong-willed person. He significantly influenced the history of sea expeditions and navigation. It is also worth noting that exactly Kruzenshtern at one time became the author of the world's first “Atlas of the South Sea” and took part in a circumnavigation of the world. For now Kruzenshtern Ivan, whose biography is part of any Russian curriculum and is considered a truly legendary figure.

short biography

Ivan Krusenstern (1770-1846) bHe was born on November 8 of the year into a very wealthy family of noble origin. The Kruzenshtern family were Russified Germans, and its founder was Ivan’s great-grandfather, Philip Crusius. The boy's father worked as a judge.

Upon reaching the age of 12, Ivan was sent to a church school (Revel), where he successfully studied for two years. But from early childhood he dreamed of sea voyages, so after graduating from this school, Kruzenshtern was accepted into the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps. The cadet completed his training already in 1788 in connection with the outbreak of the Russian-Swedish War, in which, despite his young age, he took an active part in the rank of midshipman.

In 1788-1789 he took part in the Battles of Hogland and Eland, for which he was noted by the command and received the rank of lieutenant.

Volunteering In Great Britain

At the beginning of 1793, exactly twelve advanced officers and distinguished officers were sent to England in order to improve their navigation skills. Ivan and his colleague and friend Yuri Lisyansky are also among those awarded the trip. This moment, one might say, turned the life of the future admiral upside down and became decisive.

After sailing in his native waters, he sailed for a long time on a frigate under the English name “Thetis” off the northern coast of America. On this same powerful ship, the then lieutenant took part in battles with French ships a large number of times, sailed on Barbados and Bermuda.

Later, in order to improve the Russian trade route, Kruzenshtern explored the waters of the Bay of Bengal. In addition, despite his young age, the officer tried to establish a connection between the metropolis and the Russian possessions, which were located in America, in order to be able to supply them with the necessary products.

At the same time, he did not give up his dream of a circumnavigation of the world, the main goal of which would be to improve the Russian fleet, develop remote routes, and develop colonial trade.

And therefore, while serving in the waters of the oceans, he studied with all his might the path ahead of him.

Having gained knowledge and experience in English voyages, Ivan Fedorovich decides to return to his homeland after six years of work abroad. In St. Petersburg, the ambitious sailor began to promote his idea in every possible way, but did not meet with understanding in the government.

Discoveries

Emboldened, after only three years, Ivan turns to the Russian emperor for the second time. Now the disfavor of Alexander I is replaced by virtue, and he orders an expedition to be equipped, at the head of which he appoints I. F. Krusenstern.

The planned expedition included two ships - Nadezhda and Neva.

Kruzenshtern personally prepared his ship for sailing. The sea titans set sail on a sea voyage in 1803 from the city of Kronstadt. Then, having passed the Atlantic Ocean, they went around Cape Horn in the northern region of the Pacific Ocean. The expedition landed on August 19, 1806.

The results of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky's trip around the world were numerous collections on botany and zoology of the studied area, exploration of oceanic expanses, ethnography, as well as the discovery of the western coast of Japan and the western route to Alaska and Kamchatka.

Results of the work of I. F. Krusenstern:

• mapped many previously unexplored objects;
• conducted thorough deep-sea explorations of ocean waters;
• investigated the causes of the glow of the sea;
• collected and compared complete and accurate information about the ebb and flow of different regions;
• studied the coast of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and the western coast of Japan;
• sailors established a new direct route to Alaska and Kamchatka.

Scientific activity

Scientific activity became another passion of the admiral after completing his main career.

2 years after his arrival, he began working on his travel essay “A Journey Around the World,” which he completed in 1812. In it, the figure described the smallest details of the journey and the chronology of events. The work was a great success and was even translated into many foreign languages.

Later, Ivan Fedorovich compiled the “Atlas of the South Sea”. It is worth noting that this man was the first to publish an atlas of the Pacific Ocean with the most accurate astronomical, biological and ethnographic observations. For the 19th century, the atlas became a real discovery. It contained enormously informative information, the most accurate plans, maps and drawings.

Ivan Fedorovich was a member of a large number of famous scientific societies and academies in Europe. For a long time he led the Naval Cadet Corps.

Memory in honor of Krusenstern

In 1842, the admiral resigned. He died in 1846, on August 24, but his memory will live forever, because Russia is very proud of such a compatriot.

The sailing ship "Kruzenshtern" is a barque, a vessel of the Russian naval fleet (training) - one of the largest sailing ships in the world. This ship was built in Germany in 1925 and was originally named Padua. But after the Great Patriotic War, the regatta came into the possession of the Soviet Union and began to bear the proud name in honor of the admiral-naval commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.

The reef and the strait were also named after this great man. And in 1993, the Russian Bank issued commemorative coins in a series called “The First Russian Trip Around the World.”

In 1874, in the city of St. Petersburg, two outstanding sculptors Monighetti and Schroeder designed a monument depicting an admiral standing with his arms crossed on his chest. In one hand the monument clutches a telescope as a symbol of navigation.

Video

You can learn more about the first Russian trip around the world from the video.

Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern (Adam Johann von Kruzenstern) was born on November 19, 1770 on a family estate near Revel (modern Tallinn, Estonia) into a poor noble family.

In 1788 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In the same year he took part in the Battle of Hogland as part of the Russian fleet, and in 1789 and 1790. - in three more naval battles.

In 1793-1799 served as a volunteer on British ships in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as in the South China Sea.

Sailing on English ships, Krusenstern visited America, Africa, Bermuda, India and China. It was at this time that he conceived the idea of ​​the need for Russians to circumnavigate the world for research and exploration of trade routes for Russia.

Returning to Russia in 1800, Kruzenshtern submitted notes to the government “On the elevation of the Russian fleet through long-distance navigation to the level of the best foreign fleets” and “On the development of colonial trade and the most profitable supply of the Russian-American colonies with everything they need.”

In 1802, Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition (1803-1806), which included the ships Nadezhda and Neva.

On August 7, 1803, the ships left Kronstadt, in March 1804 they rounded Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean. After visiting the Hawaiian Islands, the Neva headed to Novoarkhangelsk, and the Nadezhda to Kamchatka and then to Japan. In August 1806, the expedition returned to Kronstadt via the Indian and Atlantic oceans.

During Kruzenshtern's voyage, extensive oceanographic and meteorological work was carried out for the first time in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and systematic deep-sea research of the ocean began; The expedition made an inventory of part of the Kuril Islands, the coasts of Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and some islands of Japan.

The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science by erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the position of existing ones. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in a number of areas of the World Ocean.

Kruzenshtern outlined the description of the trip and the results of oceanological and ethnographic research in the 3-volume work “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” (1809-1812, 2nd ed. 1950).

Since 1811, Krusenstern was an inspector, and in 1827-1842. - Director of the Naval Cadet Corps. In his post, he made a number of improvements in the institution: he enriched the library, established an officer class, and expanded the list of subjects.

On Krusenstern's initiative, a round-the-world sea expedition was organized under the command of Otto Kotzebue.

He was a founding member of the Russian Geographical Society, a member of the Royal Society of London, and a member of the academies and scientific societies of France, Germany and Denmark.

Ivan Kruzenshtern died on August 12, 1846 on his Ase estate and was buried in Reval in the Vyshgorod (Dom) Church. His work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. Both became famous travelers who explored the northeastern shores of Asia, the Caroline and other islands of the Pechersk region and the Ob North.

The strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, the passage between the island of Tsushima and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korea Strait, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago, and a mountain on Novaya Zemlya are named after Ivan Kruzenshtern.

In St. Petersburg in 1869, a monument to Ivan Krusenstern was erected.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources