The use of professionalisms, as well as the word "professionalism" in everyday speech
Research Chernyshova Irina, Novikova Dasha and Kostrova ZosyaPurpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.
How to work:
one). Survey using a questionnaire
2). Observations
3). Analysis of the results
4). Comparing the received data and bringing them together
Work plan:
one). Introduction - theoretical part
2). Chart Results
3).Result analysis
4).Conclusion
What are professionalisms? Professionalisms - words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning.: a typo in the speech of newspapermen - a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists - a saucepan, etc. The terms are the legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their unofficial substitutes only in the speech of persons related by profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is a synonym for the concept of "term". According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of everyday vocabulary words to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, the form of a detail and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are opposed to the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargon and words of colloquial vocabulary in terms of reduced, rough expression, and also in that they, like jargon and colloquial speech, are not an independent language subsystem with their own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalism, they relatively easily pass into common speech, as well as into colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: overlay - "error" (from the actor's speech), janitor - "windshield wiper" (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.
And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.
At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.
To the diagram: 40% of the respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% guess, more than 30% of the respondents answered that they know. Some respondents assured that the word "professionalism" does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept that is close in meaning). Slightly more than half claimed that they often use professionalisms in everyday life, the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but a few people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.
Here are the examples we got:
Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are fake (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of a compass).
From the above examples, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word "professionalism" well. Some teachers of the Russian language assured that the word "professionalism" in this sense does not exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term "professionalism" itself refers to professional vocabulary.
After conducting a survey, we came to the unanimous opinion that we absolutely do not need the term "professionalism" in everyday life. We perfectly understand each other without him. For example, when we explained what these same professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass helped a lot. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession to better understand each other. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (as, for example, a major mood means “good mood”)
In addition to common words in Russian, there are words that are used much less frequently. These include various jargon and turns used in professional speech. Professionalisms are words that are used by people of a particular profession, or simply related to a particular specialization. But, unlike terms, they are not accepted as official concepts and are not applicable in scientific activity.
Term Features
It is worth dwelling in more detail on what professionalisms are in Russian. Often these words are slang expressions. The informal nature of lexemes suggests that they are not used everywhere. Their use may be limited to a narrow circle of people: belonging to the same specialty, qualifications, working in the same organization. Often the range of concepts becomes wider over time.
Practically people of any profession have their own set of professionalisms. This is due to the need to clearly identify all the processes and phenomena in working life, many of which often have no definition. Such words are formed through associations with everyday concepts. Often, for a person who is not initiated into the intricacies of a particular profession, confusion may arise when meeting with words from In real life, they can denote completely different objects.
For example, the word "peasants" in legal speech denotes witnesses to a crime, and not villagers.
Characteristics and application
Another characteristic feature of professionalism is emotional coloring and expression. Many are used to denote negative working phenomena, errors in production. Their similarity with colloquial expressions is noticeable: in some cases it is almost impossible to distinguish between these concepts. They are always formed in oral speech. In some cases, the word has a terminological analogue, which is not used due to the difficulty of pronunciation, the cumbersomeness of the word.
Many examples can be given from the railroad trades. Each type of transport here has its own designation, sometimes consisting of abbreviations and numbers. It is quite difficult to use them in speech, therefore, substitute concepts appear in the communication of railway workers.
For example, a tank with 8 axles is called a "cigar", and a diesel locomotive TU2 is called a "carcass" by road workers. There are similar examples in aviation: the AN-14 aircraft was nicknamed the “bee”.
Designations have not only technical devices, but also individual professions and positions. Dreziners are called drivers of track cars. Some of the professional words are distorted foreign designations: reading the Latin alphabet without observing the rules of pronunciation (for example, "designer" - designer).
Examples from different professions
In some works of fiction, writers also use professionalisms. This is necessary for depicting a certain category of people, conveying emotions and for character dialogues. Many representatives of professions do not even notice how they use the words of this vocabulary in their speech. Teachers, sports coaches, economists and designers have them. In legal and advocacy practice, the phrase “to sew a case” means “investigation with a bias towards prosecution”. Musicians and music teachers have an expression “major mood”, which carries a rather positive connotation. The language of medical workers is rich in professionalism, where complex names of diagnoses are replaced by ironic, simplified words.
"Betseshnik" is called a patient infected with hepatitis B and C, "flicker" is called atrial fibrillation. The main purpose of such words in this case is to make the speech shorter and more capacious, and to speed up the process of helping patients.
Use in speech
Professionalisms in the Russian language are little studied, linguists try to avoid this phenomenon. The appearance of such words is spontaneous, and it is difficult to find certain boundaries for them and give a clear designation. There are some educational publications in which experts try to give a list of professionalisms. Such dictionaries will help students and pupils in their further work: to quickly get up to speed and understand colleagues, not to experience difficulties in oral communication with narrow specialists.
Problems of professionalism
One of the problems is the misunderstanding of professionalism by people who do not belong to a particular one. Many of these expressions are not found in dictionaries. And those that are found in dictionary and terminological publications are hardly distinguished from the terms themselves and vernacular. The inability to find a precise definition of professionalism can cause confusion even among the representatives of the professions themselves. And because of this - errors in work, failures. Information barriers arise when employees and qualified specialists communicate with their management. It is more common for employees to use special expressions in their speech, but their meaning is unfamiliar to many managers. As a result, some isolation of groups of workers at different levels appears, and conflicts may arise.
Relevance: When parents come home and begin to communicate with each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their speech is mostly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.
I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, for me, the topic "Professional vocabulary of my parents" has become relevant, which is why I chose it.
Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.
Tasks:
Get acquainted with the phrase "professional vocabulary".
Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?
Find out what my parents' job is. To attend the workplace of the parents and write down words unfamiliar to me.
Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.
Observe how often professional words are used by mom and dad at home.
Object of study: mother, father.
While doing the work, I put hypothesis: professional vocabulary is needed for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.
Research methods: Questioning of students of 6 "b" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 1" with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the data obtained.
Self-education is hard work
and improvement of its conditions -
one of the sacred duties of every person,
because there is nothing more important
as the education of oneself and one's fellow men.
Socrates
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are primordially Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire.
Another source of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, it's all Latin, except for the duck under the bed.
There are three ways of forming professionalism:
- Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb "shkerit" (gut fish) formed the name of the profession - "shkershik".
– Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. The pipe for the hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
– Lexical and derivational. Examples of professionalisms that have arisen in this way are easy to identify, since suffixes or word addition are used for this. For example, the editor-in-chief is the editor-in-chief.
Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.
Professional vocabulary- this is the vocabulary characteristic of this professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.
"Balda"(heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.
"Galley"(kitchen on board) cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors
professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively rethought words and expressions characteristic of many professions, taken from the general circulation. Professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "special", sometimes the sphere of use of a particular term is indicated: physical, medical, mathematical, astronomer. etc.
Professionalisms- a circle of conditional expressions of some profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic merit of the text (L.I. Timofeev).
Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.
Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river).
Professionalisms can be grouped according to the scope of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.
Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word "hat" (a common heading for several notes) - in the speech of printers, in everyday life "hat" is a headdress; "Slopes" - wheel tires (driver's); "Piglet" - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)
Some linguists consider professional vocabulary to be "semi-official" compared to terminology:
Professionals needed:
For a better understanding of people of the same profession.
For the convenience of explaining the term.
To understand professionalism in the Russian language course of the 6th grade.
For better assimilation of information through the figurativeness of special vocabulary.
To be able to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts
Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers-magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.
Some professionalisms designate scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology
Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.
There is a lot of confusion, fuzziness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. It should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise, normative vocabulary in its essence, and their share in the composition of the literary vocabulary is huge.
Ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.
Despite the fact that professionalism and professional jargon are defined in almost the same way in some scientific sources, they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargon, professionalisms are used in a literal sense, they are not figurative. Jargonisms, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between "us" and "them", a sign of the speaker's belonging to a particular social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.
Professional jargon is more familiar, emotional and expressive than professional jargon. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech (in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of the use of professional jargon is limited to the oral speech of specialists in an informal setting.
Like jargon, professionalisms are corporate vocabulary, they recognize "their own" by it (doctor - doctor, physicist - physics, etc.). but unlike jargon, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of the literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. One and the same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, and jargon, and professionalism. Everyone, for example, understands the word work, that is, any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists, work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. in common sense, it is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things, for chemists gold is one of the elements of the periodic system of Mendeleev with its own properties, and for economists gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other goods.
Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.
Chapter 3
My mother works in the Central District Hospital as a chief nurse.
I attended my mother's work.
In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, lyuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.
Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.
Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).
Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance.
In the field of specialized and professional communication and the exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is due to the nature of its information function as a carrier of special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, the qualitative result of their joint work.
Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).
Grandma-violation - an elderly patient with acute cerebrovascular accident. See Violator.
BNVPNPG - blockade of the lower branch of the right leg of the bundle of His, an abbreviation that is often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.
Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksenia, Oksana.
Betseshnik is a patient who has both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
Valezhnik - a ward with bedridden patients. See lounger.
Check mark with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load the patient.
An accordion is a manually operated artificial lung ventilation apparatus (IVL). They brought a client on an accordion - an ambulance delivered a patient connected to a ventilator.
Pull the esophagus - conduct transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) pacing. See CHPEX.
Childhood - children's department of the hospital.
Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance. See Color Music.
Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.
Start a patient - restore sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.
Load the patient - inject psychotropic drugs.
Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See violinist.
Caesareans - women after a caesarean section.
The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.
Clinic - clinical death. See stop.
Canned food - patients who are in the department (usually of a surgical profile) on a conservative, i.e. non-surgical treatment.
Ksenia is the same as Tug. See Oksana.
Bed - bedridden patient.
A lazy eye is an eye that deviates from the visual axis during strabismus.
The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling along the corridor with their slippers.
Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.
Magnolia - magnesium sulphate - a drug used to lower blood pressure. Intramuscular administration of magnesium sulfate is very painful.
Flicker, Mertsuha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.
Tinsel - a film for a single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands unfolds like a serpentine.
Anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner - insufficient pain relief. See operation under krikain.
Violation is an acute violation of cerebral circulation.
A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be eliminated by radiofrequency ablation.
Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.
UFO - motionless object; most often the patient is in a coma.
Operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words "scream" and "novocaine".
Stop - the same as the Clinic.
Skydivers are patients who have been injured in a fall from a height.
Transfuse the patient - inject too many solutions intravenously, most often through a drip.
Submarine - revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of the strong antipsychotic droperidol and the diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of prozerin, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.
Lost is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.
Soak grandmother - to achieve urine output through the catheter after an operation or an acute condition, accompanied by a cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units - a very expected event.
Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.
Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.
Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology, a large number of tools similar to metalwork are used: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.
Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.
Glasses - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.
Shoot, knock - restore the work of the heart with the help of an electric discharge of a defibrillator.
Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the back of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.
TV - X-ray.
Teletubby is a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).
Chatter - atrial flutter.
Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation (ALV) devices. Put on the tube - intubate the patient.
Platypus is a medical student in nursing practice. Usually he is entrusted with the care of bedridden patients, including the supply and removal of "ducks".
Ears - phonendoscope.
The trunk is the same as the Trumpet. To insert a trunk is the same as to put on a pipe.
Chelyuskintsy, jaws - patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery.
Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.
Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (an apparatus for recording ECG).
A sword swallower is a patient with metal foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract (paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.
Yaremka is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.
Shit, asshole - patient with diarrhea
"Pipes are burning" - problems with appendages
Negro - an outsider brought in to help transport the patient to the car
Breathe - carry out ventilation
"Asshole" - enter in / m
"skull (belly, kidney) by the window" - on the bed by the window lies a client who is diagnosed with TBI (appendix, kidney disease).
Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.
"Last bullet" - drugs.
"Play war games" - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.
"Field of Miracles" - service area.
"For mushrooms" - go on duty.
"Mom is calling for dinner" - the dispatcher returns for lunch.
"Klizmennaya" - the manager's office.
"Tinsel" - ecg tape.
"Warm up" - get up at night under a lantern to write a map.
"Rats" - random night passers-by, witnesses.
"Whom to rub the back" - who am I in line for?
"Drag on snot" - use a raincoat stretcher.
The boy is the driver.
"Girl" is an ambulance.
"Wheelbarrow" - wheelchair.
"Kindergarten" - a sobering-up station.
"Indians" - cops.
"Banker" - bum
Light music - siren, flashers (with light music)
yelp - call back
Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)
Gift - bum (bring a gift)
"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter
"yellow suitcase" - medical stowage box
"BTR" - ambulance transport
"magnet" - magnesium sulfate
"vitamin A" - chlorpromazine
"pilot, driver" - carrier
"hoarse" - walkie-talkie
"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit
Flyushka - fluorography,
Beam - fracture of the radius,
Physics - physical. solution,
Film - ECG,
Droplet - dropper, system,
Pipe - endotracheal tube,
Tube - tuberculosis.
some professionalisms denote scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology. For example
being natural and necessary in the oral and written speech of specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other situations of communication, because any statement is built taking into account its addressee.
inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to curiosities.
the logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms eventually become common words. An illustrative example of such processes is the mass distribution of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; In the last decade, words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.
ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.
many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and the corresponding languages), are used in different activities
when isolating professionalisms in the vocabulary of the national language, distinguishing them from commonly used words and from jargon, researchers face considerable difficulties associated with the constant development, updating of vocabulary, the variety of functional styles and contexts of word usage.
professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or its part.
however, Tolstoy cares about his collective reader, for which he resorts to "translation", an explanation in brackets of words that may be incomprehensible.
However, not everything is clear to the ordinary reader in these dialogues, and a real commentary on the texts is needed. it is necessary, for example, to explain that .... etc.
the speech of the characters and the narrator is united by the neighborhood of professionalism and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets
professionalisms are often used in the depiction of comic contradictions and characters - in satirical, humorous works. one of the types of comedy is the character's false self-esteem. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself a specialist can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular, his possession of terminology, professional vocabulary.
in the novel and ilfa and evg. Petrov's "Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lyapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", allows numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his stereotyped texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. employees of the newspaper "stank" hung on the wall a newspaper clipping with a sketch of lapis, circling it with a mourning border. the essay began like this: "the waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack ..." already at this phrase, the sarcastic fellow journalists doubted the knowledge of the meaning of the word "jack" by the lapis.
they ask him:
"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.
- such ... falls, in a word ...
- the jack falls. notice everything! the jack is rapidly falling! .. "
and lapis is brought a volume of the Brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - "one of the machines for lifting significant weights" (chapter xxix. "the author of the" Gavriliad ").
The work of many writers indicates that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. in the arsenal of stylistic means she has a prominent place.
Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.
Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river). By their expressiveness, professionalisms are opposed to terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: they are unofficial synonyms for official scientific names.
The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to a certain circle of people; these words can be used to identify “our own”. Thus, typographic workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral in the meaning of "spare typesetting texts"; clogged font - "a worn out, worn-out font; a font that has been in typed galleys for a long time"; tail - "lower edge of the book"; header - "large header"; marashka - "marriage in the form of a square", etc. There are many specific professional expressions in the acting environment: to drop or leave the text means "quickly repeat it with a partner"; walk the text with your feet - "pronounce the text while moving around the stage"; not to give a bridge to someone - "most emotionally complete some scene."
The closer some area of professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become well-known and pass into the category of commonly used words. So, in particular, in the modern Russian language, many professionalisms from the environment of specialists in the field of computer technology have become widespread. Among them there are old words with new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, iron), and neologisms, which are mainly borrowings from English (spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).
Leonhardt Angelina
* The object of study of this work is professional vocabulary.
* The subject of the study is the professionalism in the speech of the parents of 6th grade students.
* As a result of the survey, the professionalism of parents of the following specialties was clarified: hairdresser, military man, drivers (3), nurses, nurses, head of the post office, electricians (2), cooks.
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Omsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Omsk regional branch of the All-Russian public organization
"Russian Geographical Society"
Children's regional public organization
"Scientific Society of Students "Search"
MKOU "Volnovskaya secondary school" of the Poltava district of the Omsk region
Professionalism in the speech of parents
Scientific and practical work
Section: philology
Performed:
6th grade student
Leonhardt Angelina
Supervisor:
teacher
Russian language and literature
Kosmacheva Svetlana Vladimirovna
Free – 2012
1 Introduction 3
2 main part. The use of professional vocabulary in speech.
2.1 Professional speech and its lexical composition. 4
2.2 The concept and features of professional vocabulary. eight
2.3 Professionalism in the speech of the parents of students in grade 6. thirteen
3 Conclusion. 17
4 List of references and other sources. eighteen
Introduction
The vocabulary of the literary language is heterogeneous in terms of usage. Some literary words are used by all speakers of the literary language, others by separate groups of people who own a particular profession or specialty. The first group of literary words are commonly used words, the second - professional, or special. Acquaintance with professional words provides an understanding of their role in the daily life of society.
Object of studyThis work is professional vocabulary.
Subject of study- professionalism in the speech of parents of students in grade 6.
Tasks :
1. To study theoretical concepts on the research topic.
2. Find out from parents what words they use in their professional activities.
3. Determine the meaning of professional words in the speech of the parents of students in grade 6.
Target work - the creation of family explanatory dictionaries.
We used the followingresearch methods: analysis, survey, generalization.
Main part
In scientific research on linguistics, the methodology of language teaching, the term "professional speech" is constantly used. Especially often, authors turn to this definition in recent years, when the problems of studying professional speech are actively discussed. But with rare exceptions, no clear, well-founded definition of the concept of "professional speech" is given. In the latest edition of the encyclopedia "Russian Language" there is no such thing as "professional speech" at all. Professional speech is called “special speech”, which is included in the literary language, namely in those areas of it, “which reflect the narrow language practice of people of certain specialties”. This speech, as indicated in the encyclopedia article, is determined, first of all, by the actual terminology characteristic of a particular profession. In addition, this speech has "its own characteristics" in the field of vocabulary, word formation, phraseology, and sometimes in stress and form formation. The characteristics of this special speech "do not contradict ... the general system of the literary language."
When discussing business problems in an informal or non-strictly official setting, a significant part of the vocabulary of modern economists is occupied by professionalisms (by which we mean the informal names of phenomena and concepts of business life). This group is extensive and unites units that can be systematized by structure, origin, level of entry into the literary language, etc. d.
One of the definitions of professionalism is given by N. K. Garbovsky, who believes that there are 2 classes of professionally colored units of the lexical and phraseological level, namely, special professional terminology and non-codified language units that arise and function mainly in the colloquial speech of specialists on professional topics in informal settings. These last units are usually called professionalisms.
The professional speech of any area is also determined by its repertoire of genres, although the same genres can be used in the professional speech of different specialties, but at the same time, each specialty has its most important genres and specific laws of composition and speech design of general genres.
The complexity and multidimensionality of people's professional activities imply a significant variability in the forms of speech communication, and with a fairly broad view of things, all speech genres that have developed in the process of communication in the professional field of activity can be defined as professional speech. In other words, all communication related to professional activity, regardless of whether it takes place in written or oral form, in an official or informal setting, that is, communication as a special, auxiliary type of activity that ensures the implementation of the main professional activity and is subordinate to its goals as goals. activities of a higher order, and there is a professional speech.
“Professionalism is a special word or expression characteristic of some professional group, for example, “to the mountain” (among miners), “vira”, “mine” (among loaders), “machine operator”, “motor driver”, “chass driver "(an employee of the machine shop, engine shop, chassis shop for automakers), "quantum transition" for physicists, "phoneme", "morpheme" for linguists, "field research" for sociologists, "dog" (sheet with the specification of published material in the editors newspapers and magazines), etc. Some professionalisms fall into the fund of general speech, for example, "overlay" in the meaning of "error" (from the language of actors) ".
Professionalisms - words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group.Professionalisms, along with terms, constitute a category of special vocabulary.Professionalisms - colloquial words, stylistically reduced, mainly designate concepts related to labor processes, its result, and are often doublets, synonyms of terms. Professionalisms are formed most often by narrowing the semantic meaning of commonly used words through their
figurative use and, finally, through the reduction of phrases and words. For example, the word "box" in the language of representatives of different professions can mean: "the skeleton of a building under construction", "the basis of a window or doorway" (among builders); "ship, ship" (among sailors). In printing and publishing, among many, the “hanging line”, “eye mistake”, “reins”, “corridor”, “siege morality”, “flashlight”, “tail”, etc. are used. Professionalism is limited both by the territory and the team, in which they are used. Representatives of various branches of science, technology, and art, in order to save language, replace generally accepted scientific and technical terms with professionalism.Professionalisms are used in informal speech. Professionalisms should not be in business documentation, as they belong to the category of professional jargon. From the sphere of narrow use, professionalisms often fall into the national language. This is largely facilitated by the periodical press, works of fiction, radio and television. In articles and books, professionalism is explained either in the text itself or in footnotes, in book and article dictionaries. In articles and booksprofessionalisms, as a rule, are enclosed in quotation marks, accompanied by the words: "as they say" (sailors, doctors, pilots, geologists, miners, engineers, athletes), "in the language" (hunters, fishermen, military, athletes). Professionalisms often differ from the words of the literary language in pronunciation and grammatical features. For example, professionalisms may have a different emphasis (extraction, compass, report, spark, bottling), a different syntactic connection (geologists and prospectors are familiar with the professionalisms "exploration for oil", "exploration for coal", "exploration for gas"). Professionalisms are placed in different types of special and philological dictionaries and reference books, they receive appropriate development in them, depending on the purpose and objectives of the reference manual. In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, in spelling dictionaries, in reference books on the culture of speech, professionalisms are accompanied either by the marks "simple." (colloquial word), "mor." (nautical word), "mar. razg." (marine colloquial word), "in professional speech" (in professional speech), "in
prof. unfold speech" (in professional colloquial speech), etc.; or the commentary "among sailors", "in the speech of pilots", etc. In the explanatory dictionaries of the literary language, only those professionalisms that are fairly widespread outside professional areas are placed. Professionalisms - a special group of words and expressions, which is one of the sources of replenishment of the vocabulary of the literary language.
Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various fields of human activity, which, however, have not become common. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, tools of production, raw materials, products obtained, etc. Unlike terms, which are official scientific names for special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character.
For example, in the oral speech of printers there are professionalisms: the ending is “a graphic decoration at the end of the book”, the antennae is “the ending with a thickening in the middle”, the tail is “the lower outer margin of the page, as well as the lower edge of the book, opposite to the head of the book”.
Under certain conditions, professionalisms find application in the literary language. So, with insufficient development of terminology, professionalisms often play the role of terms. In this case, they are found not only in oral, but also in written speech. When using professionalisms in a scientific style, the authors often explain them in the text (The so-called light hay has a well-deserved notoriety as a low-nutrient food, with significant use of which cases of brittle bones in animals are noticed).
Professionalisms are not uncommon in the language of large-circulation, trade newspapers (Resetting cars after the dissolution of the train and diverting shunting means for this, dissolution of the train with the thrust of another). The advantage of professionalisms over their commonly used equivalents is that professionalisms serve to distinguish between close concepts, objects that for a non-specialist have one common name. Due to this, special vocabulary for people of one profession is a means of accurate and concise expression of thought. However, the informative value of narrow professional names is lost if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, in newspapers, the use of professionalism requires caution.
The inclusion of professionalism in the text is often undesirable. Thus, in a newspaper article, the use of highly specialized professionalisms cannot be justified. For example: the mine is very
flattening of horizons is carried out untimely, roads are sloping - only a specialist can explain what he meant
In book styles, professional vocabulary should not be used because of its colloquial vernacular coloring. For example: It is necessary to ensure that the filling of furnaces does not exceed two hours, and the melting in the furnace sits no longer than 6 hours and 30 minutes (better: It is necessary to ensure that the loading of furnaces lasts no more than two hours, and melting - six and a half).
Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; the synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists is a saucepan, etc. The terms are the legalized names of any special concepts, professionalisms are used as their unofficial substitutes only in the speech of persons related by profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is a synonym for the concept of "term". According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.
By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of everyday vocabulary words to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, the form of a detail and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.
Professionalisms are always expressive and are opposed to the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Do not do it,
however, confuse them with terms that are expressive in origin, for example: dirty cauldron - in the production of sugar (food industry); such a term is the only option for defining the concept, and professionalism is always a synonym, a substitute for the main designation.
Professionalisms are similar to jargon and words of colloquial vocabulary in terms of reduced, rough expression, and also in that they, like jargon and colloquial speech, are not an independent language subsystem with
its grammatical features, but a certain lexical complex, relatively limited in quantitative terms. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalism, they relatively easily pass into vernacular, as well as into the colloquial speech of the literary language, for example: overlay - “error” (from acting speech), janitor - “car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).
Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.
Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions used in various areas of production, techniques that have not become common. Unlike terms - official scientific names of special concepts - professionalisms are used most often in oral speech and do not have a strictly scientific character. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, tools of production, raw materials, and products.
In the dictionary, you can see two different labels for words, the use of which is typical for people of certain professions: colloquial and special. These definitions are needed in order to distinguish between special vocabulary and professionalism.
Special words (terms) belong to the scientific style, professional words - colloquial. In some cases, professionalisms are used as official terms. For example, a pipe elbow.
Terms and professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries with a special mark, sometimes the scope of use is indicated: medical, mathematical, technical. etc.
In fiction, professionalism and special terms are used not only for the speech characterization of characters, but also for a more accurate description of production processes, people's relationships in official and professional settings. A. I. Kuprin, in order to accurately describe the heroes of his works, became a sailor, fisherman, officer ...
Although professional and special vocabulary have a limited scope of use, there is a connection and interaction between them and common vocabulary. The literary language masters many special terms.
Professionalisms often have a reduced stylistic coloring.
Professionalisms are words and expressions characteristic of the speech of representatives of a particular profession or field of activity, penetrating into general literary use (predominantly into oral speech) and usually acting as vernacular, emotionally colored equivalents of terms.
For example: rus. “cut down” - turn off (from the speech of electrical engineers), “batten down” - tightly close (from the speech of sailors). They penetrate into the general literary language due to their emotional expressiveness, as a rule, from professional vernacular, characteristic of representatives of the popular (“fashionable”) professions of the period (at the beginning of the 20th century - electricians, motorists, pilots, later - film workers, athletes, astronauts) . In fiction, they are used as a means of speech characterization of characters. Like other means of emotional expressiveness (cf. slang), professionalism usually quickly becomes obsolete; in the general literary language they are fixed in case of loss of stylistic marking (“land”), in this case they can even become a model for the formation of new words of the literary language (cf. “land” - “splash down” - “land on the moon”). Professionalisms are studied in lexicology and stylistics.
Professionalism. A word or expression characteristic of the speech of a particularother professional group. Issue to the mountain (in the speech of miners: from the mine to the surface of the earth). Anteater, fescue, vulture (in the speech of hunters: the names of the brown bear varieties). Flask (in the speech of sailors: half an hour). Basement (in the speech of printers: an article that occupies the bottom of a newspaper page).
In the 6th grade of MKOU "Volnovskaya secondary school" - 18 students. In the course of the work, we conducted an experimental survey of parents of 6th grade students. Sixth-graders have 12 non-working parents (8 of them are housewives), 18 are employed (3 of them are private entrepreneurs).
As a result of the survey, the professionalism of parents of the following specialties was clarified: hairdresser, military man, drivers (3), nurses, nurses, head of the post office, electricians (2), cooks.
The work of a 6th grade student Borisova Anastasia.
My mother is a hairdresser and manicurist. In his speech he uses professional words.
Thinning is a method of cutting hair.
Bobbins are tools for chemical and biological permanents.
Permanent - a means for curling hair.
Musk is a substance of animal origin used in the preparation of cosmetics.
Curlers - tools for curling hair.
Manicure is the treatment of nails on the hands.
Pedicure is a treatment of toenails.
Bleaching - lightening hair.
Whitening, steaming, cleaning - cosmetic procedures.
My dad is a former soldier, so he used the following words in his speech:
stand on a nightstand
scrub - clean, wash.
hemming
stripes - narrow transverse stripes on shoulder straps.
reading orders
small building
big building.
The work of a 6th grade student Galina Sarazhina.
My mother worked as a cook and often used the following words in her speech:
Pasteurization is the treatment of food products by heating (not higher than 100 degrees) in order to prevent the development of microbes in them.
Marinating - preparing something in a marinade (in 1 meaning).
Sterilize - make sterile.
Salt - 2. Cook, preserve in a salt solution.
To sour - to oxidize, to ferment.
Dry - make dry.
Freeze - 1. Expose to the action of cold, let freeze, freeze.
My dad worked as a driver. In his speech, he used the following professionalisms:
A carburetor is a device in which carburation occurs: the formation of a combustible mixture of liquid fuel and air.
A battery is a device for storing energy for later use.
Heating
Tire - 1. Rubber or iron hoop on the wheel rim.
Rescue pillow
Bobbin - in various industries: a kind of coil, a roller for winding something.
Spare wheel - spare wheel
Bagel - steering wheel
The janitor is the windshield wiper of the car.
The work of a 6th grade student Danil Dobrovolsky.
My mom is a nurse. In the hospital, when communicating between employees, you can hear such professionalism:
Cyanosis - a change in the color of the nasolabial triangle.
Infants - children aged from 1 day to 1 year.
Patronage is a visit by a nurse to children at home.
Pastosity - swelling of the subcutaneous integument.
Jaundice is a hemolytic syndrome.
Dropper -1. A groove in the neck of the vial for pouring medicine in drops, as well as the vial itself with such a groove. 2. The same as a pipette.
Syringe - a medical instrument - a cylinder with a piston and a needle for injection or suction of liquids.
My dad is an electrician at KEAgro LLC. Electricians use some professional words in speech and at home.
Nest - a cavity in the cap of an insulator or ear, which is an element of a spherical connection.
An insulated conductor is a conductive conductor covered with insulation.
Monospiral - a channel thread twisted into a spiral.
Troika - a group of three insulated cores arranged in parallel in one row or twisted.
The work of a 6th grade student Tatyana Morozova.
My mother is the head of the postal department of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post and often uses the following words in her speech:
Postal item - a letter, a postcard, a parcel, a parcel post, a small package.
FSP-2 - a receipt book for issuing printed publications to customers.
The electronic diary of the FVO is a diary that reflects all the receipts of money per day and their consumption: the receipt of e / energy, electronic transfers, the sale of goods, ZPO, the receipt of parcels, reinforcements from the main cash desk of money for issuing a pension; payment of electronic transfers, pensions, payment of utilities, sending overlimit money to the main cash desk.
ZPO - signs of postage: stamps, postcards, marked envelopes, postcards.
Conclusion
In the course of this study, the professionalism of the parents of 6th grade students was considered, work began on the creation of family explanatory dictionaries. We consider the research work to be incomplete, since there remains a group of uninterviewed parents in whose speech we have not yet found out the professionalisms they use.
References and other sources
1 Big Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. - 2nd ed. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998.
2 Vovk S. M. Professionalism in the speech of members of my family. // Russian language. Methodical newspaper for teachers - philologists. - M .: Publishing house "First of September", 2010.- No. 18
3 Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1990.
4 Rosenthal D. E. and Telenkova M. A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. A guide for teachers. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional – M.: Enlightenment, 1976.
Professionalisms- these are special words used in the colloquial use of professionals. Professionalisms are "unofficial" names of special phenomena and concepts of the profession, they constitute professional jargon.
An important difference between professionalisms and terms is that professionalisms are relevant mainly in the colloquial speech of people of a particular profession, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always marked “professional”. Unlike terms - official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. These words make up the lexical layer, which is also sometimes called professional slang or professional jargon.
For example, in the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, a specialist who selects illustrations is called build editor. Bild editor is a term. However, in a real production process, it is most often referred to for brevity build is professionalism, professional jargon. Bild trampled all the pictures on the layout- undoubtedly, professionalisms are used in this sentence, but not terms (With terms, the same phrase would sound more cumbersome. In addition, the terms often have a foreign language origin, they are difficult to pronounce, which also does not contribute to their use in business colloquial use. By the way, this is why reduced terms often become professionalisms: build editor – bild, calipers(special measuring ruler) – shtangell etc.).
Professionalisms simplify speech, make it more suitable for quick everyday support of production processes.
Professionalisms, like terms, can be grouped according to their area of use: in the speech of economists, financiers, athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. Technicisms are distinguished into a special group - highly specialized names used in the field of technology.
Professionalisms most often serve to designate various production processes, tools of production, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. In other words, they designate such phenomena for which the use of terms, although possible, is cumbersome and unprincipled. In addition, professionalism is often the result of creative rethinking, "mastering" a highly specialized phenomenon. These are the words spare wheel(spare wheel for car mechanics and drivers), paddock(spare typeset texts from newspaper editors), paws and herringbone(types of quotes for proofreaders and printers). Such professionalisms, easily and in their own way replacing terms, make special speech more lively, simple and mastered, easier for quick use and understanding.
For example, the following professionalisms are used in the speech of printers: ending- graphic decoration at the end of the book, clogged font- worn out, developed font with outdated linotype printing, etc. Journalists prepare a future text, a draft is called fish or dog. Engineers jokingly call a self-recording device snitch. In the speech of pilots there are words nedomaz,remaz, meaning undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark, as well as: bubble, sausage- balloon-probe, give a goat landing the plane hard, causing it to bounce after touching the ground, etc. Many of these professionalisms have an evaluative or understated tone.
In the professional speech of actors, a complex abbreviated name is used glavrezh; in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name of overhaul is used capital; specialists who build and maintain computer systems in firms are sysadmins. On fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called shkershchik. Bankers in conversation among themselves instead of the term car loans use the word auto loans, officials call housing and communal services communal, and the social sphere social etc.
Many professional words have entered into wide business and colloquial use: give out on the mountain, assault, turnover etc.
Professional vocabulary is indispensable for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader or listener. However, the information content of narrow professional names is reduced if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, professionalism is appropriate, say, in large-circulation industry (departmental) newspapers and is not justified in publications oriented to a wide readership.
Professionalisms, being mainly words for colloquial use, often have a reduced stylistic coloring, being, in fact, slang words. This should also be taken into account when using professionalisms in an official situation or in official publications. They may not only be incomprehensible to outside a professional audience, but also sound risky to the reputation of the person using them.
On the other hand, the skillful use of professional jargon can even add richness and color to official speech, help to demonstrate knowledge of the subject, which is characteristic of a professional who has regular and direct contact with the working environment. The top manager of a large oil company, professor and doctor of science, said that when you go on a business trip to the north, then in no case can you speak on the drilling rig mining The oilmen simply won't talk to you. It is necessary to speak like they are: mining. Then you are a person from the industry, and you will be recognized as one of your own. Thus, the manager deliberately deviates from the accentological (sometimes lexical) norms of the Russian language in order to speak the same language with specialists.
