Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich

Butlerov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1828–1886), Russian chemist, creator of the theory of chemical structure, founder of the famous Kazan ("Butlerov") school of organic chemists.

Born September 3, 1828 in Chistopol, Kazan province in the family of a landowner, a retired officer. Having lost his mother early, he was brought up in one of the private boarding schools in Kazan, then studied at the Kazan gymnasium. At the age of 16, he entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of Kazan University, which at that time was the center of natural science research in Russia.

In the first years of his student days, he was fond of botany and zoology, and then, under the influence of lectures by K.K. Klaus and N.N. Zinin, he became interested in chemistry and decided to devote himself to this science.

In 1849 Butlerov graduated from the university and, at the suggestion of Klaus, was left at the department as a teacher. In 1851 he defended his master's thesis, and in 1854 - at Moscow University - his doctorate. In the same year he became an extraordinary professor of chemistry at Kazan University, in 1857 - an ordinary professor.

During a trip abroad in 1857–1858, he became close to many leading European chemists (F. Kekule, E. Erlenmeyer), participated in meetings of the newly organized Paris Chemical Society. Here, in the laboratory of S. Wurtz, he began the first studies that served as the basis for the theory of chemical structure. He formulated its main provisions in a report on the chemical structure of matter, read at the Congress of German Naturalists and Physicians in Speyer (September 1861).

In 1868, on the proposal of D.I. Mendeleev, Butlerov was elected an ordinary professor at St. Petersburg University, where he worked until the end of his life. In 1870 he became an extraordinary, and in 1874 - an ordinary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Attempts to create a doctrine of the chemical structure of organic compounds were made even before Butlerov. This issue was devoted to numerous works of the largest organic chemists of that time - F. Kekule, A. Kolbe, S. Würz and others.

So, Kekule, having come to the conclusion about the tetravalence of carbon, believed that for the same compound there may be several "expanded rational formulas" depending on which chemical transformation is being considered. Formulas, he believed, could in no way express the chemical structure of molecules.

Kolbe considered it fundamentally impossible to elucidate the chemical structure of molecules from structural formulas.

Butlerov came to the conclusion that structural formulas cannot be just a conventional representation of molecules, but must reflect their real structure. At the same time, he emphasized that each molecule has a well-defined structure and cannot combine several such structures. The scientist pointed out that the chemical structure determines "all properties and mutual relations of substances."

Thus, Butlerov, for the first time in the history of organic chemistry, expressed the idea that, by studying the chemical properties of substances, one can establish their chemical structure and, conversely, one can judge its properties by the structural formula of a substance. Butlerov outlined ways to determine the chemical structure and formulated the rules for the formation of chemical compounds. He conducted a large number of experiments confirming his theory: he synthesized and established the structure of tertiary butyl alcohol (1864), isobutane (1866) and isobutylene (1867), found out the structure of a number of ethylene hydrocarbons and carried out their polymerization. In accordance with the rules of isomerism, also following from Butlerov's theory, the existence of four valeric acids was suggested. The structure of the first three was determined in 1871 by Erlenmeyer and Gall, and the fourth was obtained by Butlerov himself in 1872.

Based on the theory of chemical structure, Butlerov began systematic studies of polymerization. These studies were continued by his students and ended with the discovery by S.V. Lebedev of an industrial method for producing synthetic rubber. Numerous syntheses of Butlerov - ethanol from ethylene, diisobutylene, tertiary alcohols, etc. lie at the origins of entire industries.

Studied (1873) the history of chemistry and lectured on the history of organic chemistry. He expressed and substantiated a number of provisions related to the logic of the development of science, in particular, on scientific truth, on the relationship between hypothesis and theory, on the inclusion of rational ideas of outdated theories into new theories.

Wrote "Introduction to the complete study of organic chemistry" (1864) - the first manual in the history of science based on the theory of chemical structure.

He created a school of Russian chemists, which included V. V. Markovnikov, A. M. Zaitsev, E. E. Wagner, A. E. Favorsky, I. L. Kondakov, and others. He actively fought for the recognition of the merits of Russian scientists by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Butlerov's professorship lasted 35 years and took place in three higher educational institutions: Kazan, St. Petersburg universities and the Higher Women's Courses (he took part in their organization in 1878).

He was the chairman of the Department of Chemistry of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (1878-1882). He was elected an honorary member of 26 domestic and foreign universities and scientific societies. His works and researches are known all over the world.

Being not only a theorist, but also a practitioner, A.M. Butlerov enjoyed great fame as a naturalist, one of the founders of rational beekeeping, a gardener and flower grower, and an initiator of tea cultivation in the Caucasus.

The founder of organic chemistry, the German scientist Friedrich Wöhler, said that organic chemistry can drive anyone crazy, that this is a dense forest, and one must have great courage to enter it.

And our great compatriot Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov found courage in himself, cleared this "dense forest" and developed a theory of the structure of organic compounds, which becamethe basis of all, without exception, modern sections of synthetic chemistry.

Alexander Butlerov was a spectacular and strong man. In his youth, any athlete could envy the strength of his muscles. They say that, having come to friends and not finding them at home, Butlerov usually found a poker, folded it in the form of the letter "B" - the first letter of his last name - and left it on the table instead of a business card!

Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov was born into the family of a landowner, a retired officer, a participant in the war of 1812 - just in that year (1828), when the German chemist Friedrich Wehler first managed to artificially obtain an organic substance - urea. So the myth that organic substances can be born only in living organisms was buried. From that moment, a new chemistry began, organic, to which Alexander Butlerov made the largest and most important contribution.

However, Alexander Mikhailovich did not immediately come to chemistry. At the natural faculty of Kazan University, where student Butlerov studied, at first he paid more attention not to chemistry, but to butterflies and beetles. He collected and later transferred to Kazan University a unique collection of diurnal butterflies, containing 1133 species of these insects. And for the developed guide for diurnal butterflies of the Volga-Ural fauna, A.M. Butlerov was awarded the degree of candidate of natural sciences.

At the same time, the inquisitive mind of the young Butlerov increasingly drew him to the secrets of the structure of chemical compounds, and he began to conduct chemical experiments under the guidance of the famous chemist N.N. Zinina. These experiments so fascinated the future scientist that he continued them even after classes, in his home laboratory. The results were outstanding: he, a third-year student, managed to obtain several unknown organic compounds!

In 1849, Alexander Mikhailovich graduated from Kazan University and was left at the Department of Chemistry as a teacher. Two years later, he prepared and defended his master's thesis "On the Oxidation of Organic Compounds", and in 1854 he arrived in Moscow, passed the exams and defended his doctoral dissertation "On Essential Oils" at Moscow University. In the same year, A.M. Butlerov became an extraordinary professor of chemistry at Kazan University, in 1857 - an ordinary professor.

Unlike many scientists A.M. Butlerov was firmly convinced of the existence of atoms, of the paramount importance of their bonds, and also that the structure of molecules, these smallest "building blocks" of any substance, is completely recognizable. That is why it was he, a brilliant chemist, who managed to discover structural formulas describing the structure of various organic substances, although his colleagues did not believe in such a possibility.

In 1862-1865. A.M. Butlerov expressed the main position of the theory of reversible isomerization of tautomerism, the mechanism of which, according to him, consisted in the splitting of molecules of one structure and the combination of their residues with the formation of molecules of another structure. It was a brilliant idea. The great scientist argued the need for a dynamic approach to chemical processes, i.e. treat them as balanced. 1863 is the happiest year in the life of the great scientist: for the first time in the history of chemistry, he managed to obtain the simplest tertiary alcohol - tertiary butyl alcohol, or trimethylcarbinol.

Revelation of A.M. Butlerov was the book "Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry", which absorbed all the material accumulated by science according to a new principle, according to the principle of chemical structure.

A.M. Butlerov developed a new methodology for teaching students by offering the now universally accepted laboratory workshop in which students were taught how to work with a variety of chemical equipment.

A distinctive feature of Butlerov as a leader was that he taught by example - students could always observe for themselves what and how the professor was working on.

In the spring of 1868, on the initiative of D.I. Mendeleev Alexander Mikhailovich was invited to St. Petersburg University, where he began to lecture and got the opportunity to organize his own chemical laboratory. During his work at St. Petersburg University, Alexander Mikhailovich managed to synthesize many new, extremely valuable compounds - hydrocarbons and alcohols. Petersburg for great scientific achievements A.M. Butlerov was elected an academician.

The breadth of interests of the newly appeared academician knew no bounds. Through the whole life of A.M. Butlerov carried a passion for beekeeping. He developed rational methods for caring for bees, building hives, processing honeycombs, treating bees from the foulbrood disease common in central Russia, and studied the instincts of bees. His work "Bee, its life and the main rules of sensible beekeeping" was awarded the honorary Gold Medal of the Imperial Free Economic Society and went through 12 editions.

Many were surprised that Butlerov, a world-famous scientist, did not hide that he recognized the reality of paranormal phenomena such as spiritualism, clairvoyance, telepathy. Interest in them appeared in his youth and increased even more in maturity. Of course, the fascination of the famous scientist with spiritualism became widely known. There were newspapers that not only criticized, but also ridiculed Butlerov's views.

At the end of January 1886, while taking books from a high cabinet in the office of a St. Petersburg apartment, Alexander Mikhailovich fell off a stepladder and injured his knee. He underwent surgery and everything seemed to work out. Butlerov even went hunting several times, when suddenly on the morning of August 5 he was pierced by a terrible pain. He began to suffocate and died due to blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot.

Butlerov's great merit is the creation of the first Russian school of chemists. Even during his lifetime, Butlerov's students at Kazan University - V.V. Markovnikov, A.N. Popov, A.M. Zaitsev - took professorial chairs at universities. Of Butlerov's students at St. Petersburg University, the most famous are A.E. Favorsky, M.D. Lvov and I.L. Kondakov.

The memory of Butlerov was immortalized only under Soviet rule:

An academic edition of his works was carried out

In 1953, a monument to him was unveiled in front of the building of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University

In 1970, in honor of A.M. Butlerov called a crater on the moon

To the 100th anniversary of the birth of A.M. Butlerov in Kazan, the Scientific Research Chemical Institute named after him was opened, and a monument in the center of Kazan was built for the 150th anniversary of the scientist.

Since 2003, the Chemical Institute. A.M. Butlerov, created by merging the Faculty of Chemistry of Kazan State University and the A.M. Butlerov, is the successor and continuer of the glorious traditions of the Kazan School of Chemistry, one of the leading scientific and educational centers in Russia.

Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov advocated universal compulsory education, believed that the popularization of science is a necessary guarantee of the development of society. Here are just some of the profound philosophical statements of an outstanding scientist about the place of science in the life of mankind:

Science lives easily and freely only where it is surrounded by the full sympathy of society. Science can count on this sympathy if society is close enough to it.

Just as speech is made from a series of words, and certain images from a collection of shadows, so from a mass of comprehended facts, consisting in connection with each other, knowledge is born in its sublime, best sense.

It is impossible not to be surprised, looking back, what a huge step organic chemistry has taken since its existence. Much more, however, lies ahead of her.

The scientific knowledge of one humbles the dangerous servant, the force of nature, and directs him wherever he wants. And the foundations of this knowledge are made up of facts, among which there is never a single one that science would neglect. A fact that today seems petty, solitary and unimportant, tomorrow in connection with new discoveries, can become the seed of a new fruitful branch of knowledge.

Only when there is an understanding of phenomena, a generalization, a theory, when the laws that govern phenomena are comprehended more and more, only then does true human knowledge begin, does science arise.

To establish a scientific theory is a serious scientific merit; to predict a fact on the basis of a ready theory is something that is available to every chemist and that requires several hours of time; but the actual proof or refutation of such a prediction would require whole months, sometimes years of physical and mental effort.

Only through the medium of theory does knowledge, composing into a coherent whole, become scientific knowledge; a harmonious combination of factual knowledge constitutes science. But no matter how perfect the theory, it is only an approximation to the truth.

Facts that cannot be explained by existing theories are the most expensive for science, and their development should be mainly expected to develop in the near future.

A fact that today seems petty, solitary and unimportant, tomorrow in connection with new discoveries, can become the seed of a new fruitful branch of knowledge.

People who have enriched the people not only with facts, but also with general principles, people who have advanced scientific consciousness, that is, who have contributed to the success of the thought of all mankind, should be placed - and usually become - higher than those who were exclusively engaged in the development of facts.

Just as speech is made from a series of words, and certain images from a collection of shadows, so from a mass of comprehended facts, consisting in connection with each other, knowledge is born in its sublime, best sense.

BIOGRAPHY

Alexander Butlerov is known primarily as a talented scientist who created the theory of chemical structure and a whole trend in chemical science. However, his interests were not limited to one science, which we will talk about a little later.

Chemistry
Regarding the place of birth of the world-famous organic chemist, biographers are arguing, but most often they call Chistopol. It cannot be argued that Sasha was fond of chemistry from childhood, although already in the gymnasium he tried to make chemical experiments. He also collected collections of butterflies and plants. He was drawn more to the natural disciplines than to the humanities. After graduating from the gymnasium, one of the best in Kazan, at the age of 16 Alexander became a student of the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kazan University, where, in fact, he formed himself as a scientist.

It is not known how his scientific career would have developed if it were not for Nikolai Zinin, who taught a course in organic chemistry at the university and attracted Sasha to practical classes in the laboratory. True, Zinin then left for St. Petersburg, but by this time Butlerov had already managed to decide on his scientific interests. And the fact that the young scientist was left without a scientific guide turned out to be even very useful. Left to himself, Alexander did what he wanted, and found a fundamentally new direction in the then chemical science. Conjuring in a university laboratory, he managed to synthetically obtain a sugary substance. Later, the German chemist Emil Fischer testified: “Among all the artificial sugar products reported in the literature up to 1887, only one has stood the test of time. This is a sugar syrup obtained by A.M. Butlerov.

At the age of 29, Butlerov was already elected a professor at Kazan University. This allowed him to go on a business trip to Paris. There he again surprised everyone by obtaining methylene iodide in Wurtz's laboratory, no one had succeeded before him. Upon returning to Kazan, the young scientist begins to develop a new direction in his research - the theory of chemical structure. And three years later, at the congress of German natural scientists, he makes an extensive report, which received a response in the entire European scientific community. Butlerov's name became well known not only among Russian chemists, but also among European ones.

In 1868, Butlerov moved to the Department of Organic Chemistry at St. Petersburg University, where he worked for 17 years, and then was elected an Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. However, as Mendeleev rightly noted, "a student of the famous academician Zinin ... became a chemist not in foreign lands, but in Kazan."

Politics
Butlerov was a scientist who was completely immersed in science. Before moving to St. Petersburg, he was twice elected rector of Kazan University. But the rectorship weighed heavily on him, and he did not know how to get rid of it. Nevertheless, the scientist was often distracted from his scientific studies and was engaged in completely different things, giving them preference even for a while. For three years, Butlerov was a vowel of the Kazan provincial and Spassky district zemstvo assemblies, participated in the construction of a water supply system in Kazan, was elected to various commissions on public education and medicine, gave public lectures on magnetism, which was extremely fashionable in those years, and wrote articles in newspapers about women's equality ... Editor "Kazan Gubernskie Vedomosti" S.M. Shpilevsky called it "the best decoration" of Kazan.

Having moved to St. Petersburg and becoming an academician, Alexander Mikhailovich threw all his strength into the "Russification" of domestic science. Not many people probably know that Russian became the official language of the Russian Academy of Sciences only in 1841, and scientific articles were published in German and French for a long time. The tradition founded by Peter I and Catherine II was very strong, inviting European scientists to Russia, who, in general, stood at the origins of domestic science. But in the 19th century, the situation changed: in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, their own prominent scientists and entire scientific schools began to appear. But the Russian Academy of Sciences was still formed mainly by scientists with foreign names. A real struggle unfolded, which included both the imperial court and influential dignitaries. Alexander Butlerov did not stand aside either.

In 1882 he published a critical article "Russian or only the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg?" in the newspaper "Rus". Butlerov gave a lot of examples of the clamping down of Russian scientists. Thus, the K.M. Baer Prize was awarded to the Derpt botanist E. Russov, and not to I.I. Mechnikov. Instead of M.A. Kovalsky and F.A. Bredikhin, a young Swedish astronomer O.A. Backlund, who did not speak Russian at all, was elected as an adjunct. Also not "belmesil" in Russian and ordinary academician G.I. Wild.

Butlerov set out to promote a talented colleague Mendeleev to the academician, who, with his remarkable works and discoveries, had long deserved this right. However, he faced the irresistible force of the bureaucratic machine. As his biographers note, “apparently, Alexander Mikhailovich, having spent four years at the Academy of Sciences, and before that twice, albeit not for long, occupying the chair of the rector of Kazan University, did not guess that in bureaucratic spheres any more or less sensitive issue is first resolved in a narrow circle of interested parties, and only then, in case of emergency, they are submitted for public discussion.

In general, D.I. Mendeleev, when elected to the Academy of Sciences in November 1880, was voted out. No matter what they said about it! Both the intrigues of the "German party", and the obstinate nature of the scientist were remembered ...

But by the end of the 19th century, Russian science was already firmly on its feet, and the achievements of domestic scientists were nevertheless assessed according to their merits.

PERSONAL LIFE

Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov was married to Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilina, the niece of the famous writer S.T. Aksakov.

EDUCATION

1st Kazan Gymnasium,
Kazan University

WORK ACTIVITIES

After graduating from Kazan University (1849), Alexander Butlerov lectured here on physics, chemistry and physical geography.
In 1851, Butlerov received a master's degree, in 1854 he defended his doctoral dissertation (“On Essential Oils”) at Moscow University, after which he was elected extraordinary, and in 1857 - ordinary professor of chemistry at Kazan University.
In 1860-63, Alexander Butlerov twice acted as rector of Kazan University.
In January 1869, Alexander Butlerov moved to St. Petersburg, where he was elected extraordinary (1871), and then ordinary (1874) academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
In 1880-83, Alexander Butlerov was the president of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.

SCIENTIFIC WORKS

Diurnal butterflies of the Volga-Ural fauna. - Kazan: type. Imp. Kazan. un-ta, 1848. - 60 p.
Report on the experience of the transformation of oats into rye // Notes of the Kazan Economic Society, 1855, part 2, ed. 2. - S. 109-112.
An Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry, c. 1-3, Kazan, 1864-1866.
The bee, its life and the main rules of intelligent beekeeping. A short guide for bees, mainly for peasants. - St. Petersburg, 1871.
Articles on beekeeping. - St. Petersburg, 1891.
Selected Works in Organic Chemistry. - M., 1951 (biblical works on chemistry).
Works: In 3 volumes - M., 1953-1958 (bibl. works).
Scientific and pedagogical activity: Collection of documents. - M., 1961.

In 1851 Butlerov defended his master's thesis "On the oxidation of organic compounds", and in 1854 at Moscow University - his doctoral dissertation "On essential oils"

In 1864-66 in Kazan, Butlerov published the textbook "Introduction to the full study of organic chemistry"

Wrote a number of sensational articles: "Modern significance of the theory of chemical structure" (1879), "Russian or only the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg?" (1882).

He outlined the main provisions of his theory in the report "On the chemical structure of matter", read in the chemical section of the Congress of German Naturalists and Physicians in Speyer (September 1861).

AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

In 1953, a monument was unveiled to Butlerov in front of the building of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University.
In 1970, in honor of A.M. Butlerov named a crater on the Moon.
In 1978, an artistic stamped envelope dedicated to the scientist was published.
The Faculty of Chemistry of the Kazan Federal University was transformed into the Chemical Institute. A. M. Butlerov after the merger with NIHI im. A. M. Butlerova in 2002.
There are Butlerov streets in Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Daugavpils, Kyiv, Dzerzhinsk, Chistopol (Tatarstan), Volgograd.

Bees were not only Butlerov's enduring hobby, but, if I may say so, his life credo. In the tireless industriousness of these useful insects, their amazing organization of collective labor, the scientist found a model for organizing his own life and the whole communal Russia. The product that bees produce, according to the scientist, could serve as the basis for the material well-being of millions of Russian peasants. Only it was necessary to correctly and reasonably put the matter on the scale of the entire empire.

And he considered the press here the main assistant. With the advent of the famous chemist to the Free Economic Society, his publication Trudy became the central organ of Russian beekeepers. Butlerov's book "Bee, its life and the main rules of intelligent beekeeping" has become a reference book for many and has gone through 11 editions. In 1880, Butlerov's article "Beekeeping as a means of national income" appeared in the influential newspaper Novoye Vremya. The author argued that beekeeping is exactly the kind of business that can help the peasant economy to get on its feet, since it does not require large investments.

And since 1886, Alexander Mikhailovich began to publish his own magazine, Russian Beekeeping Leaf, in St. Petersburg.

Butlerov was known not only as a beekeeper, but also as a talented botanist. He conducted various experiments in his greenhouses in Kazan and Butlerovka, wrote articles on the problems of horticulture, floriculture and agriculture.

Alexander Butlerov tried to lead a healthy lifestyle and always had a cheerful look. Here is how the zoologist N.P. Wagner describes his portrait: “He ... was rather tall and strongly built sanguine ... a handsome man, blond, with blue, somewhat narrowed eyes, with a rather long, somewhat reddish nose, with a prominent chin and with a constant friendly smile on ruddy thin lips. However, on August 5, 1886, at the age of 58, the academician died suddenly in his Butlerovka estate.

Later, a brick chapel appeared in the rural cemetery, near the burial place of Butlerov, and in Kazan, not far from the university, a monument appeared.

MAIN DATES OF THE LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF A. M. BUTLEROV

1828, August 25 (September 6, N.S.)- Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov was born in Chistopol, Kazan province.

1836 - Butlerov is sent to Kazan and placed in Topornin's private boarding school, from where he goes to the Kazan gymnasium.

1844 - Butlerov finishes the course of the first Kazan gymnasium and enters Kazan University in the autumn at the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

1846 - Excursion to the Kyrgyz steppes for entomological purposes, which resulted in a serious illness of A. M. Butlerov.

1847 - Butlerov's teacher H. H. Zinin leaves Kazan, and Butlerov works in the laboratory of K K Klaus.

1849 - Butlerov graduated from the university with a Ph.D.

1850 - At the suggestion of K K Klaus Butlerov was left at the university to prepare for a professorship.

1851 February 11- Butlerov defends his thesis "On the oxidation of organic compounds", having passed the exams for a master's degree in chemistry; On March 2, he is approved for a master's degree and on July 14 he is elected as an associate professor of chemistry.

1851 - The first experimental work "On the action of osmic acid on organic compounds."

1851 - Butlerov marries S. T. Aksakov's niece Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilina (1831–1921).

1853 - The birth of the son of Mikhail Alexandrovich.

1853 - Butlerov presents his doctoral dissertation "On essential oils" to the faculty.

1854 June 2- Moscow University awards Butlerov a doctorate in chemistry and physics. On October 27, Butlerov is approved as an extraordinary professor at Kazan University.

1854 - A trip to St. Petersburg and a meeting with N. N. Zinin.

1854–1857 - The years of Butlerov's extraordination were devoted not only to his pedagogical, but also to research activities. During these years, he conducts and publishes experimental works “On the ratio of a weak solution of sublimate to lime water”, “On the ratio of turpentine monochloride to alcohol, when heated”, “On the effect of phosphorus iodide on mannitol”.

1857–1858 - Butlerov's first trip abroad and Butlerov's speech at the beginning of March 1858 at a meeting of the Paris Chemical Society with a report on the type of methane, in which he defines the emerging new theory as the theory of chemical structure, or "structure".

1858 April 11- Butlerov is approved in the rank of ordinary professor, according to the election of the university council in March 1857.

1859 - Reorganization of the chemical laboratory under the leadership of Butlerov in Kazan.

1860 - Butlerov discovers urotropin.

1860 - Butlerov keeps bees on his estate.

1861 - Butlerov prepares for the first time an artificial sugary substance - methylenenitan.

1861, in April- Butlerov leaves the rectorship and makes a second trip abroad in the summer.

1861, September 19- In the chemical section of the 36th congress of German doctors and naturalists, held in Speyer, A. M. Butlerov makes a report entitled "Something about the chemical structure of bodies."

1862 - Butlerov’s articles “On the chemical structure of substances”, “On the affinity of polyatomic units”, “On amines” and his report on a trip abroad in the summer of 1861 were published in the Scientific Notes of Kazan University.

1862 - Restoration of the right to elect a rector at universities and the election of Butlerov as rector.

1863 - Discovery of the first simplest tertiary alcohol and synthesis of other tertiary alcohols. Publication of the work "On various ways of explaining some cases of isomerism".

1864 - The birth of the son of Vladimir.

1864 - Publication of the first issues of the book "Introduction to the complete study of organic chemistry" in Kazan.

1867–1868 - Third trip abroad.

1867 - Publication of "Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry" in German.

1868 - In early May, the Council of St. Petersburg University elects Butlerov, on the proposal of D. I. Mendeleev, to the Department of Chemistry.

1869 February 22- The Council of Kazan University elects Butlerov as its honorary member.

1869 - Device laboratory at St. Petersburg University.

1869 - Butlerov becomes a member of the Russian Chemical Society.

1870 - Butlerov takes part in the organization of the St. Petersburg and Vladimir women's courses, where he begins lecturing on chemistry.

1870 - Butlerov is elected an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences.

1870 October 9- Butlerov, Mendeleev, Zinin and Engelhardt publish in the Peterburger Zeitung a protest against the nationalist actions of German chemists. Butlerov stops publishing his works in German magazines.

1871 November 25- Butlerov speaks at the Free Economic Society with a report “On measures to spread rational beekeeping in Russia” and is elected at the same meeting to the “non-paying” members of the society.

1871 - Butlerov is elected an extraordinary member of the Academy of Sciences.

1871 - Butlerov's first encounter with the reactionary party at the Academy of Sciences.

1871 - Publication of the first edition of Butlerov's popular book "The Bee, Its Life and the Rules of Intelligent Beekeeping".

1872 - A clash with the reactionary party at the Academy over the award of the “K.M. Baer Prize” to the Derpt botanist Russov, and not to I.I. Mechnikov.

1874 - Butlerov is elected as an ordinary academician.

1874 - The first attempt by Butlerov and Zinin to get D. I. Mendeleev into the Academy.

1875 - A clash with the reactionary party at the Academy in connection with the election of AV Gadolin.

1876 - Butlerov informs the Warsaw Congress about his major work on isodibutylene, published with additions in the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society in 1877.

1879 April 17- Speech at the general meeting of the Russian Chemical Society with the report "Modern significance of the theory of chemical structure."

1879 - A clash with the reactionary party at the Academy in connection with the balloting of its candidate Schroeder.

1879 - Professor Butlerov is twenty-five years old.

1879 - Butlerov is elected president of the Russian Chemical Society.

1880 May 6- The academic council of the university re-elects Butlerov for a new five-year term and asks him not to leave the university.

1880 - Death of H. H. Zinin. The chemical laboratory of the Academy of Sciences passes to Butlerov.

1880 - Butlerov begins lecturing at the Bestuzhev Higher Women's Courses and arranges a chemical laboratory here.

1882 - Butlerov speaks in the newspaper "Rus" with the article "Russian or only the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg?"

1882 - Butlerov organizes the beekeeping department at the All-Russian Exhibition in Moscow.

1882 November 18- Butlerov is elected chairman of the beekeeping department of the Russian Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants.

1884 - The last experimental study of Butlerov, produced jointly with B. Rizza.

1885 - Butlerov publishes his classic work "Chemical structure and the" substitution theory ".

1885 - Butlerov's report on his experiments with tea bushes in the Caucasus in the Free Economic Society.

1886 - Publication of the classic work "Basic concepts of chemistry".

1887 January 11- Meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, dedicated to the memory of Butlerov.

1887 February 5- Solemn public meeting of the Council of Kazan University, dedicated to the memory of AM Butlerov.

1887 May 30- In relation No. 8306, the Minister of Public Education notified the rector of St. Petersburg University that he did not allow the opening of a subscription for the construction of a monument to Butlerov in Kazan.

From the book Karpinsky author Kumok Yakov Nevakhovich

The main dates of life and activity 1846, December 26 (January 7, 1847 old style) - Birth of A.P. Karpinsky in the Urals, Bogoslovsky factory (now Karpinsk). 1858, summer - Journey in the "golden caravan" to St. Petersburg. August 7 - Admission to the Mountain Cadet Corps. 1866, June 11 - End

From the book Darwin and Huxley by Irwin William

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abstract

Discipline: chemistry

Topic: “The great scientist A.M. Butlerov"

G. Tolyatti

Biography of A.M. Butlerova…………………………………………………….…3

Pension………………………………………………………………………………3

Gymnasium. University………………………………………………………..….4

Road to Chemistry………………………………………………………………..….4

A trip to Western Europe……………………………………………………..5

Petersburg……………………………………………………………………...……..7

How to lead bees and how to prepare Caucasian tea……………………….…8

Butlerovka……………………………………………………………………………8

References…………………………………………………………..…..10

Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich

Butlerov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1828–1886), Russian chemist, creator of the theory of chemical structure, founder of the famous Kazan ("Butlerov") school of organic chemists.

Born September 3, 1828 in Chistopol, Kazan province. A.M. Butlerov’s father, Mikhail Vasilyevich, was a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel and settled in the village of Butlerovka. The mother of A.M. Butlerov, Sofya Alexandrovna, died a few days after the birth of her only son.

After the death of his mother, the boy was taken into the family of his maternal grandfather, but when he grew up, he spent time in the village with his father, an educated, inquisitive and well-read man.

A.M. Butlerov from childhood was “forced” to study foreign languages, he repeatedly recalled this with gratitude, because it helped him in his scientific work and in communicating with foreign scientists, especially when traveling abroad.

BOARDING HOUSE

The private boarding school where A.M. Butlerov studied was opened by a French teacher at the First Kazan Gymnasium. The first time in the boarding house A.M. Butlerov brightened up the troubles of his incessant desire for activity. First, he became interested in drawing, then a physics teacher, introduced an inquisitive student to the beginnings of chemistry.

One of his experiments, conducted in the kitchen, ended in a deafening explosion. The guilty boy was placed in a punishment cell. He was taken to the dining hall with a black board on his chest, on which was written "The Great Chemist". The teachers thought that by ridiculing his hobby, they would beat off the desire to engage in chemical experiments.

However, history laughed at them, because their pupil devoted his life to chemistry.

GYMNASIUM. UNIVERSITY

The boarding house in which A.M. Butlerov was staying lasted four years. In 1842, during a fire, the boarding house building was damaged and A.M. Butlerov was transferred to the 6th grade of the First Kazan Gymnasium. Among the teachers there were several professors of Kazan University, and they gave excellent training to their students. In the gymnasium, A.M. Butlerov wrote a competitive essay “Letter on the fire on August 24, 1842”, recognized as “the most excellent” of the submitted essays.

At the age of 16, A.M. Butlerov entered Kazan University in the department of physics and mathematics, but soon transferred to the category of natural sciences. In the first years of his student days, he was fond of botany and zoology, and then, under the influence of lectures by K.K. Klaus and N.N. Zinin, he became interested in chemistry and decided to devote himself to this science.

Even in his first year, A.M. Butlerov became interested in collecting beetles, and then diurnal butterflies. As a result, he assembled a collection containing 1133 species of butterflies, which he then donated to Kazan University. He compiled the guide "Daytime butterflies of the Volga-Ural fauna", which was published in 1848. For this work, A.M. Butlerov was awarded the degree of candidate of natural sciences.

ROAD TO CHEMISTRY

In 1849, A.M. Butlerov graduated from the university and, at the suggestion of K.K. Klaus, was left at the department as a teacher. He was offered to lecture on inorganic and organic chemistry. For "gratuitous, diligent and successful" teaching, in which A.M. Butlerov showed his pedagogical abilities, the university council expressed gratitude to him. In 1851 he prepared and defended his master's thesis "On the oxidation of organic compounds", and in 1854 A.M. Butlerov arrived in Moscow, passed the exams and defended his doctoral dissertation "On essential oils" at Moscow University ... extraordinary professor of chemistry at Kazan University, in 1857 - ordinary professor. The young scientist worked hard in his office, in the laboratory, and at home.

In the opinion of his aunts, their old apartment was uncomfortable, so they rented another, more spacious one from Sofya Timofeevna Aksakova, an energetic and determined woman. She received Butlerov with maternal care, seeing him as a suitable match for her daughter. Despite being constantly busy at the university, Alexander Mikhailovich remained a cheerful and sociable person. He was by no means distinguished by the notorious "professorial absent-mindedness", and his friendly smile and ease of address made him a welcome guest everywhere. Sofya Timofeevna noted with satisfaction that the young scientist was clearly not indifferent to Nadenka. The girl was really good: a high intelligent forehead, large shiny eyes, strict regular features and some special charm. Young people became good friends, and over time they began to increasingly feel the need to be together, sharing their most intimate thoughts. Soon Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilina, the niece of the writer S.T. Aksakova became the wife of Alexander Mikhailovich.

A.M. Butlerov was known not only as an outstanding chemist, but also as a talented botanist. He conducted various experiments in his greenhouses in Kazan and Butlerovka, wrote articles on the problems of horticulture, floriculture and agriculture. With rare patience and love, he watched the development of delicate camellias, lush roses, brought out new varieties of flowers.

TRIP IN WESTERN EUROPE

A.M. Butlerov arrived in Berlin at the end of the summer of 1857. He then continued to tour Germany, Switzerland, Italy and France. The ultimate goal of his journey was Paris - the world center of chemical science of that time. He was attracted, first of all, by a meeting with Adolf Würz. A.M.Butlerov worked in the laboratory of A.Wurtz for two months. It was here that he began his experimental research, which over the next twenty years was crowned with the discovery of dozens of new substances and reactions. Numerous exemplary syntheses of Butler's ethanol and ethylene, tertiary alcohols, polymerization of ethylene hydrocarbons lie at the origins of a number of industries and, thus, had the most direct stimulating effect on it.

Being engaged in the study of hydrocarbons, A.M. Butlerov realized that they represent a completely special class of chemicals. Analyzing their structure and properties, the scientist noticed that there is a strict pattern here. It formed the basis of the theory of chemical structure he created.

His report at the Paris Academy of Sciences aroused general interest and lively debate. A.M. Butlerov said: “Perhaps the time has come when our research should become the basis of a new theory of the chemical structure of substances. This theory will be distinguished by the accuracy of mathematical laws and will make it possible to foresee the properties of organic compounds. No one has yet expressed such thoughts.

A few years later, during the second trip abroad, A.M. Butlerov presented the theory he had created for discussion. He made the announcement at the 36th Congress of German Naturalists and Physicians in Speyer. The convention took place in September 1861.

He made a presentation before the chemical section. The topic had a more than modest name: "Something about the chemical structure of bodies."

A. M. Butlerov spoke simply and clearly. Without going into unnecessary details, he introduced the audience to a new theory of the chemical structure of organic substances: his report aroused unprecedented interest.

The term “chemical structure” was also encountered before A.M. Butlerov, but he rethought it and applied it to define a new concept of the order of interatomic bonds in molecules. The theory of chemical structure now serves as the basis for all modern branches of synthetic chemistry without exception.

So, the theory has declared its right to exist. It required further development, and where, if not in Kazan, should this be done, because a new theory was born there, its creator worked there. For A.M. Butlerov, rector's duties turned out to be a heavy and unbearable burden. He several times asked to be relieved of this position, but all his requests remained unsatisfied. Worries did not leave him at home. Only in the garden, taking care of his favorite flowers, did he forget the anxieties and troubles of the past day. Often, his son Misha worked with him in the garden; Alexander Mikhailovich asked the boy about the events at school, and told curious details about the flowers.

Scientists have known isobutyl alcohol since 1852, when it was first isolated from natural vegetable oil. Now there was no question of any dispute, since there were four different butyl alcohols, and all of them are isomers.

The year 1863 came - the happiest year in the life of the great scientist. A.M. Butlerov was on the right track. For the first time in the history of chemistry, he managed to obtain the simplest tertiary alcohol - tertiary butyl alcohol, or trimethylcarbinol. Shortly thereafter, reports appeared in the literature about the successful synthesis of primary and secondary butyl alcohols.

In 1862 - 1865, A.M. Butlerov expressed the main position of the theory of reversible isomerization of tautomerism, the mechanism of which, according to Butlerov, consisted in the splitting of molecules of one structure and the combination of their residues with the formation of molecules of another structure. It was a brilliant idea. The great scientist argued the need for a dynamic approach to chemical processes, that is, to consider them as equilibrium.

Success brought confidence to the scientist, but at the same time presented him with a new, more difficult task. It was necessary to apply the structural theory to all reactions and compounds of organic chemistry, and most importantly, to write a new textbook on organic chemistry, where all phenomena would be considered from the point of view of a new theory of structure.

A. M. Butlerov worked on the textbook for almost two years without a break. The book "Introduction to the Complete Study of Organic Chemistry" was published in three editions in 1864-1866. She did not go in any comparison, with any of the then known textbooks. This inspired work was the revelation of Butlerov, a chemist, experimenter and philosopher, who rebuilt all the material accumulated by science according to a new principle, according to the principle of chemical structure.

The book caused a real revolution in chemical science. Already in 1867, work began on its translation and publication in German. Shortly thereafter, editions appeared in almost all major European languages. According to the German researcher Victor Meyer, she became the "guiding star" in the vast majority of research in organic chemistry.

Since Alexander Mikhailovich finished work on the textbook, he increasingly spent time in Butlerovka. Even during the school year, the family went to the village several times a week. Butlerov felt free from worries here and devoted himself entirely to his favorite hobbies: flowers and collections of insects. He took up breeding new varieties of fruit trees, trying to improve fruit growing. I crossed different varieties to get hybrids.

In a secluded corner of the garden, he set up several beehives. The apiary was at first very tiny, but thanks to his care, it began to grow rapidly. Breeding bees requires knowledge and great skill. Fascinated by new problems, he wrote several articles on beekeeping.

Now A. M. Butlerov worked less in the laboratory, but closely followed new discoveries.

PETERSBURG

In the spring of 1868, at the initiative of the famous chemist D.I. Mendeleev, Alexander Mikhailovich was invited to St. Petersburg University, where he began to lecture and got the opportunity to organize his own chemical laboratory. A.M. Butlerov developed a new methodology for teaching students by proposing a laboratory workshop, now universally accepted, in which students were taught how to work with a variety of chemical equipment.

Simultaneously with his scientific activities, Butlerov is actively involved in the public life of St. Petersburg. At that time, the progressive public was particularly concerned about the education of women. Women should have free access to higher education! The Higher Women's Courses were organized at the Medical-Surgical Academy, classes began at the Bestuzhev Women's Courses, where A.M. Butlerov lectured on chemistry.

The multilateral scientific activity of A.M. Butlerov was recognized by the Academy of Sciences. In 1871 he was elected an extraordinary academician, and three years later - an ordinary academician, which gave him the right to receive an apartment in the Academy building. Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin also lived there. Close proximity further strengthened a long-standing friendship.

A. M. Butlerov pulled out two thick volumes from the cabinet and got ready to write. For several minutes he sat motionless, staring somewhere with an unseeing gaze... Then he rubbed his forehead. “Here comes old age. Increasingly, I want to just sit, be silent. I didn’t get tired before, but now…”

The years passed inexorably. Work with students became too difficult for him, and A.M. Butlerov decided to leave the university. He delivered his farewell lecture on April 4, 1880, to the second-year students. They greeted the news of the departure of their beloved professor with deep chagrin. The students organized a committee, wrote a petition and solemnly handed it to their beloved professor: “You leave the university - the audience will lose an irreplaceable lecturer, the laboratory - an irreplaceable leader ... we, students, your students, do not leave the University! ... do not leave us!”

The Academic Council decided to ask A.M. Butlerov to stay and elected him for another five years.

The scientist decided to limit his activities at the university only to reading the main course. And yet, several times a week, he appeared in the laboratory and supervised the work.

HOW TO LEAD BEE AND HOW TO PREPARE CAUCASIAN TEA

Throughout his life, A.M. Butlerov carried another passion - beekeeping. He developed rational methods for caring for bees, building hives, processing honeycombs, treating bees from the foulbrood disease common in central Russia. A.M. Butlerov studied the instincts of bees. Getting acquainted with various breeds of bees, he drew the attention of beekeepers to the Caucasian breed, which is distinguished by a "more calm disposition" and immunity to diseases. With youthful enthusiasm, A.M. Butlerov organized an expedition to the Caucasus to get several species of Caucasian bees.

A.M. Butlerov took part in the All-Russian Exhibition of 1882, organizing a beekeeping department there. His book "Bee, its life and the main rules of intelligent beekeeping" was a huge success and played a big role in the development of this branch of the economy, and in 1885 his most popular book on beekeeping, "How to Lead Bees", was published. Despite his age, the scientist did not stop this activity either.

On his estate, he organized an exemplary apiary, and in the last years of his life, a real school for peasant beekeepers. A. M. Butlerov was proud of his book “The Bee, Its Life and the Rules of Intelligent Beekeeping” almost more than his scientific work. The development of beekeeping in Russia is due to A.M. Butlerov no less than chemistry - A.M. Butlerov stood at the beginning of a scientific approach to this area of ​​agriculture.

A. M. Butlerov became interested in the possibility of making tea from the leaves of the Caucasian (Sukhumi) tea bushes. The knowledge of chemistry and botany and the experience of the experimenter allowed A.M. Butlerov to use various methods of making tea from the leaves of tea bushes, which were brought and settled down in the Caucasus. A. M. Butlerov demonstrated the prepared tea at the meeting of the Free Economic Society, and experts approved this tea. “Thus, A.M. Butlerov was one of the first to prove the possibility of obtaining tea in our country.”

Butlerov believed that a real scientist should also be a popularizer of his science. In parallel with scientific articles, he published public brochures in which he vividly and colorfully spoke about his discoveries. He completed the last of them six months before his death.

BOTTLEROVKA

A.M. Butlerov not only work hard and hard, but also have a good rest. Living in the city, every free evening he sought to go to the opera or to an art exhibition. But he got the best rest in the countryside, "Beekeeping, floriculture, construction, treatment of the sick, hunting, and in recent years, agriculture - that's what filled Alexander Mikhailovich's leisure time in the village." Chemistry was given here only as much time as was required for a cursory glance at the most important chemical journals.

A.M. Butlerov often devoted his afternoon leisure to hunting: an excellent shooter, a tireless walker, in his youth and even in his mature years he easily walked such spaces that young people, i.e. sons and nephews, gave in to him. He was easy-going and sometimes left Butlerovka for one and a half to two weeks to visit relatives in the Samara or Ufa province to hunt there.

The ability to rest can explain the amazing performance of A.M. Butlerov, which he retained until the end of his days.

In January 1886, A.M. Butlerov, taking a book from the cabinet, made an awkward movement and felt severe pain in his leg. A tumor has developed. One of the doctors suggested that a blood clot formed in the leg. The leg was bandaged in a tire, and the patient was prescribed bed rest. The treatment went well. A.M. Butlerov was allowed to get up, and he rushed to the village, he was allowed to go there using crutches. Doctors forbade A.M. Butlerov to go hunting or squat in front of the beehives.

During the stay in the village, the swelling of the leg did not go away. Nevertheless, A.M. Butlerov decided to violate the prescription of doctors and went hunting for swamp game. The next day, in the morning, A.M. Butlerov visited the field, he returned home in a good mood, but after dinner he began to feel severe dizziness, and then unbearable pain in his hands and weakening of the heart. Two or three hours after the onset of the attack, A.M. Butlerov died. The doctor who arrived could only ascertain death from an embolism: from walking, a blood clot in the leg moved, broke into pieces, and they led to blockage of blood vessels.

Lightning flashed, and thunder rolled over the earth. A storm began ... Nature seemed to mourn for him. Who loved her so passionately and dedicated his whole life to unlocking her secrets. One of the brilliant Russian chemists has died. This happened on August 17, 1886. A.M. Butlerov was buried at the local cemetery in the family crypt.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bykov G.V. A.M. Butlerov. Founder of the theory of the structure of organic compounds. Student aid. M., "Enlightenment", 1978

2. Kritsman V.A., Stanzo V.V. Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Chemist. M.: Pedagogy, 1982

3. Manolov K. Great chemists. In 2 volumes. T. II. Per. from Bulgarian 3rd ed. correct, add. – M.: Mir., 1985

4. Soloviev Yu.I. History of chemistry in Russia: Scientific centers and main directions of research. – M.: Nauka, 1985

5. Volkov V.A., Vonskii E.V., Kuznetsova G.I. Outstanding Chemists of the World: A Biographical Guide. M.: Higher. school, 1991

The cultures of antiquity (the civilization of Egypt, ... the worldview of one or another scientist. For some, this is ... I.I. Mechnikov, K.A. Timiryazev - biologists D.I. Mendeleev, A.M. Butlerov- chemists A.G. Stoletov, A.N. Lodygin, P.N. Yablochkov, ...