Active and passive constructions in Russian. Definition of voice by modern Russian linguists

An active construction is a method of semantic-syntactic organization of a sentence, with Krom denoted by: the action of the subject directed to the object; action closed in the sphere of the subject; properties, qualities, states, relations of the carrier of the predicative sign. The grammaticalized form of expressing activity is a verbal utterance of a theme-rhematic structure (see Actual division of a sentence) with the preposition of a subject that has the meaning of a person, and with a predicate denoting a purposeful action; for example, “She [Margarita] neatly folded the burnt sheets, wrapped them in paper, tied them with ribbon” (Bulgakov).
A. to. are heterogeneous in form and meaning (content): the patterns of their structure are due to the specifics of the linguistic representation of real processes and the communicative intent of the speaker.
The appearance in the position of the subject of an inanimate noun of objective semantics with a predicate expressed by the verb of a deliberate action indicates a narrowed functional perspective of the sentence; the speaker's attention is directed to the means of carrying out the action, the nature of the action; eg: The key opens the door; The excavator deepens the pond; Scatter covers the table.
The weakening of the meaning of activity is accompanied by the appearance in the subjective position of a noun with the meaning "not a person" and, accordingly, the reduction in the verb of the seme of the intentionality of the action (loss of personal ™), the strengthening of the role of the speaker, the subject of evaluation; for example, “The frost under-tightened the puddles with the thinnest glass * (Prishvin). The unintentionality of the action is associated with the actualization in the verb of the meaning of optativity (desirability); e.g., The child was doused with kefir.
The meaning of A. to. - “an involuntary change in the state of the subject” - causes the appearance in the subjective position of both an animate and inanimate noun, in the position of a predicate - a procedural verb; e.g.: The horse was enveloped in steam; The wound heals quickly.
To A. to. include sentences with non-transition. verbs that have a modal component "the ability to act, called the verb stem"; for example: “The cream was easily smeared and, as it seemed to Margarita, immediately evaporated * (Bulgakov); The wall gets dirty; The paper is oily.
Derivative resultative and relative constructions show the consolidation of the grammatical characteristics of the verb lexeme, which has lost its procedural meaning: sov. view, past tense of verbs - in resultative constructions, for example. “The dawn covered half the sky” (Turgenev), “The rainbow obliquely girded the flying rain” (Surkov); nesov. view, present, or past. tense of verbs, the impossibility of varying forms of the verb, nouns of subject semantics in the positions of subject and object - in relative constructions, which are a typified or individual way of “seeing” the state of affairs by the speaker, for example: “The light of the moon filled the room * (Gogol), “Coniferous the forest dresses all the mountains* (Arseniev), “... a pink sweater tightly fits the fur coat, brown trousers slightly cover the heel* (Katasonova).
The word order in A. k. is direct: subject - predicate - object. The reverse word order may depend on the context, the speech situation; for example, in the following statement of rhematic structure, answering the question "What is happening?" from the semantics of the derivative model of the sentence, where the subject position is occupied by a more significant object of action from the point of view of the speaker. So, for example, when denoting the actions of the elemental forces of nature, involuntarily arising feelings, thoughts, physical states in the subjective position, the object word form has the meaning of the bearer of the predicative feature, the subject of the state and the subject of evaluation (from the point of view of the observer-speaker): “Berlioz was seized by an unreasonable fear * (Bulgakov); Her face flushes with shame; The hold will flood soon. Word form in wine. p. plays the role of a subject and enters into predicative relations with the rest of the sentence, contributing to its “phraseologisation”. The generalized semantics of such sentences is close to the predication of the characterizing type: The tree is green, it has not withered. In derivative constructions with resultant verbs and relational verbs, the "phraseologisation" of the predicative part is enhanced by the constant aspectual-temporal indicators of the verbs; for example: “Snow covered my whole face and hands * (Pleshcheev); “The roofs are overshadowed by the dusty green of elderberry * (M. Gorky); “[the city] was already flooded with darkness* (Bulgakov). The choice of a verbal lexeme shows the speaker's assessment-qualification of the real situation.
Thus, A. to. can be classified according to the scale of "activity", defining their differences as a semantic-syntactic derivation from the original construction with a subject-person and a predicate of purposeful action, highlighting derivational steps and derivational means that transfer A. to. to the border area with passive constructions (for example, stative and relative constructions with a word form in VIN in the position of the subject).
The criterion for distinguishing between A. to. and passive constructions (see) is the type of semantic-syntactic relations between predicatively conjugate word forms, and not the morphological form of the predicate. This is confirmed, in particular, by the meaning of constructions with stative verbs (see Diathesis), the participial form of which, like the adjective, plays the role of a predicate of a characterizing type; eg: The door is closed; “Like him, she was always dressed in fashion and to her face” (Pushkin).

Active and passive designs. Verbs with postfix -sya - page №1/1

Methodical development

for independent work in the Russian language

(specialty "Pharmacy", distance learning,

1 course, 1 semester, 6 hours)

Topic: Active and passive structures. Verbs with the postfix -СЯ

Grammar topic: Active and passive designs. Verbs with the postfix -СЯ

Text: Taras Shevchenko is the great son of Ukraine.
Purpose of the lesson:

Learning vocabulary related to a given topic.

Development of conversational skills - discussions on the topic, the ability to build questions and answers to them.

Development of skills in the formation of active and passive structures

1.Grammatical theme

Active and passive designs. Verbs with postfix -СЯ
Table 1. Comparison of active and passive structures

View	Time	Active structures	Passive designs
NSV	Nast, time	Students complete assignments.	Assignments are completed by students.
	Past time	Students completed assignments.	The assignments were completed by the students.
	Future time	Students will complete assignments.	Assignments will be completed by students.
SW	Past time	The students completed the tasks.	The assignments were completed by the students. The assignments were completed by the students.
	Future time	The students will complete the assignments.	Assignments will be completed by students.

Table 2. Formation of predicative forms in passive constructions

1		2	3	4
	1.	write	Suffix	written, -a, -o, -s

		draw	-n	drawn, -a, -o, -s done, -a, -o, -s
	2.	do it		done, -a, -o, -s
SW		get-and-be decide-and-be	-en	received, -a, -o, -s resolved, -a, -o, -s
	3.	open		open, -a, -o, -s
		close accept	-t	closed, -a, -o, -s accepted, -a, -o, -s

EXERCISES

1. Form passive forms from the verbs NSV and SV.

Sample: NSV return (what?) - returns, returned, will return;

SV return (what?) - returned, was returned, will be returned

(-a, -o, -s).

Do - do, receive - receive, close - close, start - start, create - create, check - check, print - print, build - build, study - study, spend - spend, use.

2. Read pairs of sentences, determine
where are passive constructions

1.I read this paper with great interest.

The newspaper was read by me with great interest. 2. The director made his first film forty years

back. The first film was made by the director

forty years ago. 3. All your energy is being wasted by you.

You're wasting all your energy uselessly. 4. The Nobel Prize is awarded annually.

The Nobel Prize is awarded annually.

The Nobel Prize was awarded to two Kharkov scientists - Mechnikov and Landau. The Nobel Prize was awarded to two Kharkov scientists - Mechnikov and Landau.
This newspaper is read on the five continents of the Earth. This newspaper is read on five continents of the Earth.

3. Replace passive structures with active ones.
Sample: This book was given to me by my father.

This book was given to me by my father.

1. Our notebooks are always checked by the teacher. 2. New words are always written down by us in a notebook. 3. Literature and linguistics are studied by students of the Faculty of Philology. 4. Chemical experiments are carried out by laboratory assistants. 5. The novel was written by the writer for a long time. 6. Scientists create various theories of the future of the Earth. 7. Classes today will be conducted by an intern. 8. The building will be built by workers this year.

4. Replace passive structures with active ones.

Sample: Scientists have discovered a new chemical element. - The scientist discovered a new chemical element.

1. This letter was received by us yesterday. 2. The lecture was delivered by the professor in English.

3. The article was written by a scientist in two weeks4. The music for this opera was created by the composer in a month and a half. 5. The students said that everything would be done quickly and on time. 6. The poem was written by the poet in his youth. 7. The building will be built by workers in two years. 8. I don't remember who said these words.

5. Change the question, use the question word WHO.

Sample: Who built this library? Who built this library?1. Who founded our city? 2. Who wrote this book? 3. Who drew these tables? 4. Who discovered this planet? 5. Who made this discovery? 6. Who created this theory? 7. Who said these words? 8. Who built this building?

6. Replace passive structures with active ones.

Sample: Shevchenko's works have been translated into many languages of the world. Shevchenko's works have been translated into many languages of the world.

1. Kyiv was founded over 1500 years ago. 2. Our station was built recently. 3. Reports are being prepared for the conference. 4. At the evening we were shown a new film. 5. Many new buildings have been built in the city. 6. The letter was received quite recently. 7. The construction of the metro was started about 5 years ago. 8. Various experiments are being carried out in the laboratories of the institute. 9. A popular movie artist was invited to the evening.

2. Working with text

Text 1

Great son of Ukraine

AT In the center of Kharkov, in the park, there is a monument to Taras Grigoryevich Shevchenko - the great Ukrainian poet. Today Shevchenko's works are translated into many languages of the world and read in many countries. Creativity of the great son of Ukraine belongs not only to her, but to all mankind.

The beginning of the journey Taras Shevchenko was born on March 9, 1814 in the village of Moryntsy, not far from Kyiv, in the family of a serf. His childhood was hard and joyless. He lost his parents early and started working early. The boy was very eager for knowledge, but could not go to school. His favorite pastime was drawing. He also liked to listen to Ukrainian folk songs. He really liked to listen to how his sister sings, how folk singers - kobzars sing. From them the boy learned about the history of the Ukrainian people, about his hard life, and the songs taught him to love his homeland, his people, his native language.

In 1828, when Taras was 14 years old, he began to serve with the landowner. Together with him, Shevchenko went to Kyiv, and then to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg, the landowner decided to turn Taras into a house painter. The young man was given to teaching.

In his free time, in the evenings, Taras went to the Summer Garden to draw statues. Once here he met a young artist Ivan Soshenko, also a Ukrainian. When Soshenko saw the drawings of Taras, he realized that the young man was very talented. Soshenko introduced Taras to his friends - Russian artists and writers. They also highly appreciated the young man's talent and realized that he needed to study seriously. It was decided to ransom Taras to freedom. However, the landowner did not agree to let Taras go even for a lot of money. Negotiations with him were long and difficult. But, finally, Taras' friends managed to ransom him, and he became a free man. This happened in 1838.

Soon Shevchenko went to study at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. Here he worked hard and worked hard and achieved great success. He created a number of works, thanks to which he immediately became a famous artist. In 1840, Shevchenko was awarded the silver medal of the Academy of Arts for his paintings.

Some paintings by Shevchenko the artist can be seen in the Kharkov Museum of Fine Arts.

However, Shevchenko entered the history of Ukraine not only as a great artist.

Assignments to the text

Make questions to the text.
Tell us about Taras Shevchenko's childhood and youth.

III. Tell us about your childhood, use the questions:

Was your childhood happy and joyful?
Did you enjoy studying?
What did you like the most at school?
Did you love to read?
What did you like to do when you were free from school? (What was your favorite activity?)
Which of the brothers (sisters) was especially close (closest) to you?
Did you have friends? If so, which of your friends did you like the most? Why?

Text 2

Kobzar- folk singer

While studying at the Academy of Arts, Shevchenko began to write poetry. In 1840 he published his first poetry collection "Kobzar". In this book, Shevchenko spoke about the suffering of the Ukrainian people, who live in serfdom and fight against serfdom and Russian tsarism. The collection "Kobzar" immediately became famous not only in Ukraine, but also in Russia. Shevchenko began to be called Kobzar. In 1844 "Kobzar" was published for the second time. In addition to "Kobzar", during the years of study at the Academy in St. Petersburg, the poet wrote other poetic works - the poems "Dream", "Katerina" and others.

In 1845 Shevchenko graduated from the Academy of Arts and left for Ukraine. Here he traveled a lot, got acquainted with folk art, studied the history of Ukrainian

people. At home, Shevchenko created works that speak of the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their liberation.

In 1847, the poet was arrested for these works, and then exiled to a distant exile. He was forbidden to write and draw. Shevchenko spent many years in exile. But, despite the ban, he secretly continued to write and draw.

In 1855 Shevchenko was released. But only three years later he was allowed to return to St. Petersburg. Here he continued his studies at the Academy of Arts, created a number of talented portraits. He was awarded the title of academician. In the same year, a new edition of "Kobzar" was published.

In 1859 Shevchenko went to his homeland, to Ukraine. And here he was arrested for reading his poems. With great difficulty, he managed to free himself, but he was forbidden to live in Ukraine. And the poet so wanted it! Soon Shevchenko fell seriously ill. In 1861, when he was 47 years old, he died in St. Petersburg, where he was buried, since the tsar did not allow Shevchenko to be buried in Ukraine. A month after the death of the poet, friends obtained permission to bury him in his homeland. Shevchenko was buried on the high bank of the Dnieper, not far from Kyiv - as he himself wanted.

Despite the bleak, hard life of his people, the poet believed in his wonderful future and wrote about it in his works. Shevchenko expressed the thoughts and feelings of his people, so he is not forgotten and will never be forgotten.

Assignments to the text

Make questions to the text.
Tell us about the life of Taras Shevchenko.

III. About the life of which national poet or
writer you want to tell? Why?

Topic 5.Active and passive constructions in Russian.

Their formation and use

In Russian, a thought, a judgment can be expressed using an active or passive model. Thought in active or passive form is expressed in predicate(P) - information about the subject (S). The predicate is usually expressed by a verb, a short participle, or, more rarely, a noun, an adjective. How can one express a thought in an active or passive form? It is important to take into account the type of the verb - NSV or SV.

active design			Passive design
Imperfect species
	will do		Verb + "-СЯ"
					is being done done will be done
Workers are building / have built / will build a school			The school is being built / was being built / will be built by workers
Perfect view
		verb		short passive participle (was) done will be done
The workers will build / have built a school			The school was / will be built en and workers

Pay special attention to the formation of a short passive participle, because. it is often used as a predicate.

Formation of a short passive participle

SV verb	Way of education	Brief passive participle
Read	-AT → N	Selected (-a, -o, -s) Read-n (-a, -o, -s)
Execute	-IT →EN	Studied (-a, -o, -s) Completed (-a, -o, -s)
From- roof-th At- nya-th	Short root (2 letters), usually remembered → T	Open (-a, -o, -s) Accepted (-a, -o, -s)

What is the semantic difference between active and passive forms, except for the grammatical one? If the writer or speaker wants to submit more information objectively("darken" the subject), then the passive form is preferred: The school is being built by workers - brought to the fore an object, on which the action was performed (often it doesn’t even matter who performed this action - School under construction / School built – this fact is important. If it is important to convey information about the subject who performed the action in the text, then the active construction is chosen: The workers were building a school. Thus, in a scientific text, where facts are more important than personal subjects, a passive sentence model is preferable. Exercise 1. Read the text. Highlight the subject and predicates with the signs S and P. Replace the forms of active predicates with passive ones.

Monopoly examples

There are relatively few examples of absolute monopoly, although there are many options close to such a monopoly. There are many "near-monopolists" where a single firm does most of the selling in a particular market. Let's say a corporation Intel provides 80% of the central microprocessors used in personal computers. First Data Corporation through its subsidiary Western Union received 80% of the money transfer market. Company Brannock device company manufactures shoe sizing devices for shoe stores and has an 80% market share in this area. Company wham- O through your brand frisbee sells 90% plastic disposable discs. Syndicate De beers, which specializes in polished diamonds, effectively controls 65% of the world's supply of rough diamonds. Professional sports leagues also have monopoly power. With few exceptions, in every sport, every major city in the United States is served by one professional team. There are other monopolies of the geographic type. For example, a large city is served by only one airline or a single railroad. Active and passive meaning can be expressed not only in a predicate, but also in a semi-predicate - in participles(they are easy to change into a predicate verb): Let's remember how active and passive participles are formed.

Active
present tense	Past tense
1 conjugation. risu -yu + -usch / yusch = rice Yusch uy	Freezing + -vsh \u003d freezing vsh nd (NSV) Write + wsh \u003d who wrote (SV) Frozen- well-th + w = frozen (CB)
2 conjugation building + ash / box = stro crate uy
Passive
present tense	Past tense
1 conjugation. draw-th + eat = rusuyemy2. conjugation: lead + ٰ about m = slave	-AT / -YAT → N -ITI →EN Short root (2 letters), usually remembered → T	Selected (-a, -o, -s) Studied (-a, -o, -s) Open (-a, -o, -s)

Task 2. Replace constructions with the word which involved constructions . There are also informal organizations, groups that arise spontaneously, "McDonald's" is an organization consisting of more than 7 thousand independent enterprises, the work of which is supported by a large number of organizations, The system receives from the environment not only the energy that it transforms,

Ways of expressing a predicate in texts on economics 4

It is known that in Russian grammar the information basis of a sentence is a predicate ( further - R). The subject of the sentence (person or non-person) ( Further -S) can be expressed explicitly, implicitly, or absent, for example:

Sopenly expressed

S (act.)- R

Sexpressed hidden, because not important

(S- act.) - R

Spassive

S (pass.) -R:

Sis absent

R possible / necessary / necessary, etc. + infinitive

(S) price (R) affects(S) lawyers (R) allocate(S) oligopoly - (R) type of industry structure

(R) We solve the problem ( usually, always, all ) .(R) Solve the problem(no matter who - usually, always, everyone )

(S) Task (R) is solved(NSV) (no matter by whom). Task solved (SV)

(R) You can define a methodMethodology (R) must be distinguished from methods

In scientific Russian speech, constructions with the verb 1 person singular are traditionally avoided (= me), expressing active person-doers, i.e. do not use models such as I study / replace etc. This is due to the desire to transfer more objective information excluding personal, subjective vision of the problem / issue / phenomenon, etc. The use of the 1st person plural form (= we) defined courtesy principle.

Note: For correct display of characters, ALWAYS add the phonetic transcription font Phonetic TM () to your "Fonts" folder and restart your computer!

Types of passive structures

In English, any object (direct, indirect, or prepositional) can become the subject of a sentence in Passive Voice.

Direct passive (The Direct Passive)

This is a construction in which the subject of the sentence in Passive corresponds to the direct object of the sentence in Active. The direct passive is formed from most transitive verbs.

I gave him a book. Igave him book .	A book was givento him. Him*gave* book .( or Book *was given* him)
The thief stolemy watch yesterday. Thief*stole* my watch yesterday .	my watch was stolenyesterday. My watch *were stolen* yesterday.
They have madeno mistakes in the test.They are notdone none mistakes in the control .	no mistakes have been madein the test. None mistakes not *made* in the control.

There are a number of transitive verbs in English that correspond to intransitive verbs in Russian. In English, they can be used in the direct passive, but not in Russian. This is:

Since the corresponding Russian verbs, being intransitive, cannot be used in the passive voice, they translated into Russian verbs in the active voice:

And in the absence of an addition with a preposition by translated by indefinite personal sentences:

your help is needed.

In your helpneed .

Indirect passive (The Indirect Passive)

This is a design in which subject offers in Passive corresponds indirect addition offers in Active. It is possible only with verbs that can have both direct and indirect objects in the active voice. The direct object usually means the subject ( what?), and indirect - person ( to whom?).

With these verbs in active voice can be formed two designs:

a) verb + indirect addition+ direct addition;

b) verb + direct object + preposition + indirect addition:

In the passive voice, you can also form with them two designs - straight and indirect passive, depending on which object becomes the subject of the sentence in Passive. These verbs include:

For example:

Tom gave Mary a book. Volumegave mary book.

Mary was given a book. Mary gave book. (indirect passive - more common)

A book was given to Mary. Bookgave Mary. (direct passive - less common)

I showed them the room. Ishowed im a room.

They were shown the room. Them showed room.(indirect passive)

The room were shown(to) them. roomshowed them.(direct passive)

They told me the news today. They arereported I have news today.

I was told the news today. to me reported news today.

The news was told me today. Newsreported me today.

The choice between direct or indirect passive depends on the semantic emphasis put into the last, most significant, words of the phrase:

Verb to askto ask forms only one passive construction - the one in which the subject is an object denoting a person (indirect passive):

An indirect passive is not possible with some verbs that require an indirect object ( to whom?) with the preposition to. Such an indirect object cannot be subject in Passive, therefore, in the passive voice, only one construction is possible - a direct passive, that is, a variant: What ? explained, suggested, repeated...To whom ? These are the verbs:

For example:

Prepositional passive (The Prepositional Passive)

This is a design in which subject offers in Passive corresponds prepositional object offers in Active. The prepositional passive is mainly used with verbs such as:

to account for explain

to agree to agree

to call for, at, on go for, to

to deal with deal with

to depend on/upon depend on

to hear of hear about

to laugh atlaugh at

to listen to listen to someone

to look afterlook after

to look at, on, down, up look at, down, up, etc.

to look for search

to look through browse

to object to protest against

to pay for pay for something

to refer to to refer to

to rely on/upon to rely on

to run over run into

to send for to send for

to speak about/of, to talk about/s

to talk about/of talk about/s

to think of, over to think about

to write about write about etc.

Pay attention to the preposition, which always (in both Active and Passive) adjoins the verb, forming a single whole with it:

As a rule, the translation of such sentences into Russian begins with the preposition:

The prepositional passive is also possible with verb combinations, e.g.

Classification of passive constructions in Russian and ways to translate them into Vietnamese

However, an attempt is made to show as wide a spectrum as possible. Due to the low appearance of certain features or the idio-electric style, a representative application is not always possible. The analysis focuses on the pragmatic area, as well as its forms of manifestation. Individual journalistic texts have always been an extremely popular subject of empirical linguistic analysis. Unlike texts such as commentary or criticism, which are heavily influenced by subjectivity, analysis of conventional patterns is of course easier to achieve.

Introduction

The translation of passive constructions into Russian has always been a hot topic for study. The problems of translating constructions in the passive voice in modern languages attract the attention of many researchers.

Since the subject of study in this work is the translation of passive constructions, the main purpose of the work is to give a general description of the passive voice and to determine the main methods and features of the translation of such sentences.

Since theater criticism is almost exclusively a journalistic, communication or theater science, there is a need for linguistic analysis. According to the analysis of the corpus, we can say that the area of weakly conditional texts in the study did not go unnoticed. Although theater criticism can be assigned to text locations based on various criteria, they cannot be used by any means. However, the recipient may also assign relevant theater criticism articles to the theater - if certain criteria are not met.

To achieve the goal of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Define the concept and forms of passive structures;

2. Determine the main methods of translating the passive voice from English into Russian;

3. To identify the features of the translation of constructions in the passive voice on the material of headings and heading complexes.

As information migrates more and more into the substring, the main string within the string is pretty much given a convincing function. Unlike informative texts, which mainly contain a condensed content of the article, the headlines in the feuilleton have the task of making the reader interested in the article. The underline creates a double structure that becomes a text location specific feature. All the above areas are exemplary for the language of theater criticism.

Over the years, the average duration of an offer has remained relatively constant. The trend from hypothetical to simple sentences is not accepted in theater criticism. Both simple and forbidden sentences decrease while complex sentences increase. Intertextuality is a typical feature of the place of dramatic theater criticism. Corresponding elements are found in all classes - with a growing trend. Their use places very high demands on the reader, but at the same time it is supported and stimulated to read.

> Passive and passive constructions in English

The English verb has a very developed system of tense forms, the opposition of the active and passive voice, the opposition of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods. These are the main verbal categories covering the entire verb system as a whole.

Evaluation as a central element of theater criticism is rooted in most areas of texts. The level of understanding depends on the education of the reader. In criticism, informational, interpretive and visual descriptions, as well as evaluations, are closely related. Therefore, it is difficult to separate it. However, it can be said that the evaluation is a significant part of the text. The appropriate weighting is provided to the author and sent as well. according to the appropriate staging and idiomatic style of the critic. The tone has changed, in that context-sensitive elements are finding more and more entry into the text spot.

Speaking about the passive (passive) voice, it is worth noting that this is one of the main grammatical categories of the English verb, along with aspectual forms and the category of mood. Based on the definition given in the "Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary of Humanities", under the grammatical category in our work we mean "a system of rows of grammatical forms opposed to each other with homogeneous meanings".

In theater criticism, one can speak less about the individual style of the author in a narrower sense than about style, which depends on the subject and creativity, as well as on the skill of the respective reviewer. Style has a great influence on individual texts and complicates it. In conclusion, we can say that the authors of theatrical reviews do not linguistically set practically no restrictions between education and spoken language, idiom and verbal formations, foreign and specialized vocabulary, syntax and text in construction.

The category of voice, as a distinct morphological category expressed in contrasting correlates, belongs in English only to the verb. A feature of the English language, as you know, is that the subject of the predicate-verb in the passive form can correspond not only to the so-called "direct" object in the corresponding sentence with the predicate-verb in the active form, but also to the unprepositional object with the meaning of "interested person”, as well as the stem name in the prepositional structure of the object and even the circumstance. Therefore, according to N.G. Vorontsova, it is wrong to impose on the English language the usual restriction that only the so-called “direct transitive” verbs have the category of voice. The passive form can be formed as a modification of any verb that is capable of denoting an action that spreads outside, that is, one way or another affecting some objects during its performance and thus involving them, as secondary, subordinate participants, in the ongoing process. Therefore, N.G. Vorontsova believes, the content of the category of voice in the English language should most likely be understood as the relation of the action expressed in the verb form to the nature of the participation in it of the person or object determined by this action.

And also the execution of the corresponding theme is very free. Together, all texts have only a description of the main points, an assessment and information, whose weighting may vary from text to text, but extremely. 17 Language codification. Structures, functions, consequences. The volume contains current materials devoted to linguistic studies of the codification of the language, in particular the German language. Both historically and currently one can find both theoretical and empirical exemplary studies, statements and views.

Speech-systematically phonetic, grapheme, syntactic and sociolinguistic aspects are the main focus. In addition, the methodological problems associated with the assumption of a language code, its formulation, and its possible impact on language development are reflected in various ways. Although the language abilities of monolingual children usually develop with age, children with bilingual development may experience different types of problems. An empirical study examines the language abilities of 8 monolingual German and bilingual children aged 4 to 6 years.

As for the category of pledge, according to Ilyish, there are two points of view. According to one of them, this category expresses the relationship between the subject and the action. According to another point of view, the category of voice expresses the relationship between the subject and the object of the action. In this case, the object is represented in the pledge definition.

It is interesting to note that some linguists (Zhigadlo, Ivanova, Iofik) distinguish three more voices, along with two well-known voices - active and passive - these are:

The thesis deals with the language development of bilingual language and speech of monolingual children and the relationship between bilingual children's languages. The main attention is paid to the language competence of children in the morphosyntactic area and in the area of static localization. An analysis of the language data obtained using elimination methods regarding word, verb form and position, subject-verb congruence, sentence combinations and irregular verbs shows that mono- and bilingual children are at a comparable level.

This result is confirmed by additionally performed lexical analysis. In terms of localization, there are similarities as well as differences. In general, the rate of preposition substitution is much higher than for monolingual children. Comparison of language development in Russian and German bilingual children resulted in clear differences in the dominance of the two languages. They range from relatively balanced bilingualism to lightness to strong German dominance, to near-passive proficiency in the mother tongue. A clear separation of languages has been shown to have a positive effect on the development of a bilingual language.

1. Reflexive voice, which is formed according to the “transitive verb + reflexive pronoun” scheme, for example, he dressed himself. However, not all linguists recognize the existence of this type/kind of voice. For example, Poutsma and Smirnitsky deny its existence, since they believe that reflexive pronouns, although they perform the function of an object, are still devoid of semantic significance, since they do not show that the action expressed by the verb is directed to the “person”, (“non- face") - the subject of the action. However, Zhigadlo, Ivanova, Iofik recognize the existence of a reflexive voice in modern English. The authors distinguish two meanings of the reflexive voice: proper-reflexive, for example, warm oneself, hurt oneself (the verb expresses a specific action that the subject performs, having himself as his object); and mean-return, for example, to stretch oneself or to enjoy oneself (the verb expresses external physical changes in the state of the subject, its movement in space, or expresses the internal state of the subject).

However, there are no clear dialectal boundaries, but only transitional areas between two dialectal nuclei. Transitional regions are characterized by the fact that one space decreases and the other increases. Every analysis of sentences presupposes a basic, previously analytically latent understanding, and the process of analysis concretizes this understanding and explicitly reinforces it: no understanding, no analysis. For analyzes that are meant to be syntactic, a theoretical background is needed that provides tools for analysis: no analysis without description.

2. Reverse pledge(Reciprocal Voice), which is used with each other and one another, for example they greeted each other. Ilyish raises the question of whether the groups each other and one another are part of the analytic verb form, or is it an auxiliary element used to form a special voice, a reverse voice, or is it a separate secondary part of the sentence.

Finally, every analysis also needs a method of presentation: without conducting the results, there is no access to the analysis. This volume is an explanation of sentence understanding using a specific, valence-oriented description tool. In the foreground are visualizations of the results of the analysis on tree-like graphs. Over 100 small trees are collected here to form a forest. In addition, The Würzburg Forest proves that the analytical method used extensively in this volume is a stable tool for adequate parsing of linguistic units from the free dictatorship of journalistic text production. 14 Würzburg Forest - a school of syntax tree with an example of an authentic text Sven Staffeldt Claudia Zimmermann Ralph Zimmermann.

3. Medial pledge (Middle Voice). For example, the door opened. This voice also has a number of problems associated with the double use of the number of verbs in modern English. For example, I burnt the paper/ The paper burnt; I boiled the water / The water boiled (in the first case, the verbs indicate the action that the agent performs on the object, the verb follows the noun (or pronoun), the verb is transitive; in the second, the process of what happens to the subject itself is established, the verb does not follow behind some noun (or pronoun), the verb is intransitive).

Syntactically parsing a sentence means that the sentence is composed according to certain criteria. In addition, The Würzburg Forest proves that the analytical method used extensively in this volume is a stable tool for adequate parsing of linguistic units from the free dictatorship of journalistic text production. 13 Linguistic and communicative behavior of civil servants: agent-client conversations in the office of foreigners.

Gesin Herzberger. The colloquial-analytical study examines discussions in the field of tension of institutional and intercultural communication. In describing natural contact encounters between employees and clients of the German Foreigners' Office, a macrosociological description of the working world of the agency and meetings between employees and clients is combined with a microsociological analysis of personal interactions of verbal actions in a situational context. The purpose of the study is to describe the dialogue behavior of employees with a client.

§1.2 Passive voice in English

The combination of a word or phrase of substantive meaning with a verb in the passive voice is commonly called a passive construction.

In our work, we turn to the passive voice and define it as such a construction of a sentence in which the subject is not an actor (or object), but is itself acted upon by the object (in this case, the object can only be implied, not being expressed in the sentence).

For this, various linguistic and communicative strategies are developed to create meaning and understanding. In addition, the question of the possibility of linguistic individuality in the institutional environment is considered. It turns out that, both in a linguistic and in a general sense, it is not enough to talk about the employees of the authorities and the client. 12 chatcronyms in German.

Since, despite their written implementation, chat communication has some of the characteristics of oral communication, the integration of originally purely graphic abbreviations into spoken language outside of chat does not seem to be absurd. In addition, the use of abbreviations as well as word formation processes may be stated more recently with appropriate forms. This phenomenon is in youth language; This applies primarily to word formation. This thesis presents and interprets the results of an empirical review of the significance of six-step abbreviations and derivative forms.

The passive voice is used when the object of the action becomes more important than the subject. Moreover, in sentences with a passive construction, the subject of the action, as a rule, is not mentioned at all. This is because the actor is either unknown or so self-evident that there is no need to mention him.

In addition, a review of all the analyzed forms takes place in standard reference books and various dictionaries for the socio-cultures of youth and Internet language. Intercultural communication of science - presented in abstracts in German and Turkish journals for the study of the German language. Scientific communication is carried out through the production and reception of scientific texts, since they are used both for the transfer of specialized knowledge and for communication between scientists. In this regard, they are very important in the academic field, and are also the object of study of textual linguistics.

Preference is given to the passive voice in cases where it is customary not to mention the active person for reasons of tact.

Passive voice - passive - is opposed to the real voice. According to the definition of A. A. Kholodovich, in passive, the subject does not coincide with the semantic subject. The subject of a verb in the passive voice is the person or object on which the action expressed by the verb-predicate is directed.

Since the early 90s, many scientific texts such as trade fairs, abstracts, scientific articles and reviews have been examined using text analysis criteria. Contrasting studies contribute greatly to the production of well thought out scientific texts in a foreign language. Thanks to these texts, scholars from different cultures can better understand each other.

In cross-cultural studies of scientific texts, English texts are mainly compared with texts in other languages. The reason for this is probably the fact that English publications are recognized in prestigious trade journals in the international field and play an important role in academic advancement. This is why publications in English are of great importance to scientists. However, a collection of English texts sometimes presents problems for non-native speakers, as disciplines of science in different languages can show cultural differences.

In communicative terms, the passive construction should not be considered simply as the result of the transformation of the corresponding active construction, since in most cases they are not interchangeable. The relationship of two collaterals can also be established by comparing the same subject with different collateral forms: Not greeted me warmly. -- He was greeted warmly.

The source (producer, agent) of the action is not necessarily expressed, but if it is expressed, then in the sentence it takes the position of a prepositional object. Depending on whether the agent is expressed or not, the passive construction can be two-membered or three-membered. The binomial construction is widespread in English: We were interrupted then. (Stewart) Champagne was served at feasts. (Snow) Transformation into the active voice in these cases is not possible, or, more precisely, is possible only by introducing a unit that was absent in the passive voice, and this unit may be known only from a wide context or may not be known at all.

As stated above, transitivity is not assigned to each individual verb; in most cases it is syntactically conditioned. Therefore, in English, a form of the passive voice is possible with verbs whose main meaning is intransitive.

Thus, the passive voice in English is actually not related to the transitivity of the verb. This independence of the voice from transitivity is especially pronounced in cases where the passive form is formed from the verbs called above "indirect transitive", i.e. e. verbs that can only be combined with a prepositional object: Brown was listened to by everybody. (Snow) However, the passive form is also possible for clearly intransitive verbs followed by a preposition: Mr. Dereham is not in his room. His bed "s not been slept in and all his things have gone. (Holt)

All the above examples are not amenable to exact transformation into the active voice, and, as mentioned above, it is the binomial structures that are characteristic of the English language.

Another feature is the possibility of combining the subject liability with a direct object:

Not had been given his instructions in private. (Waine) Charles went to the back door of the house and was handed his money. (Waine)

In this case, the transformation also cannot be exact: (Somebody) (the employer) (she) handed him the money. If the sentence Jane told her my story is transformed into a passive voice, then two structures are possible: My story was told her by Jane or She was told my story (by Jane). The latter construction is more characteristic of English.

As we can see, the transformation from one voice to another is possible only under certain conditions; transformation from the passive voice to the active voice is unacceptable with a binomial construction; the possibility of transformation from the active to the passive voice depends on the lexical composition of the sentence. Thus, transformation is impossible in cases such as I turned my face away. (Holt) "I'll make you some tea," said Alice. (Braine) "I would say you take a pride in being a sensible young woman." (Holt)

When choosing a construction, one should take into account both the communicative task of the sentence and the lexical meaning of the verb.

There are a number of verbs that, in a passive construction, necessarily require the mention of a subject, without which their meaning would be incomplete; this includes the verbs accompany, attend, bring about, cause, confront, control, follow, join and others. The answer was followed by an impressive silence.

Some verbs, due to their lexical meaning, cannot be used in the passive voice; these are the connective verbs be and become, modal verbs, as well as the verbs appear, belong, consist, come, go, last, seem and some others.

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