Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich
(October 1, 1834 - March 16, 1896 in Moscow) - professor, doctor of zoology, chairman of the Moscow Anthropological Society.
Obituary
Anatoly Petrovich has died... I don't want to believe it, and the pen refuses to write! A man has died, whose name is inextricably linked for almost half a century of the life and development of Russian natural science. The teacher of a whole galaxy of scientists died, a brilliant professor died, an unparalleled organizer, a true son of his people, a kind, good Russian man died. The life and activities of Anatoly Petrovich are so extensive, so diverse, so useful for his native country and instructive for her sons, that their description requires not a short journal obituary, but a whole historical study, and I am sure that after the bitter feeling of acute pain from the first news of this irreparable loss, the disciples of the deceased will dedicate to the memory of Anatoly Petrovich the same extensive work that he dedicated to the memory of his famous teacher K. F. Rul'e.
Anatoly Petrovich was still a few years old - he had not yet passed 62, but he had done so much in his life that, as the famous Virkhov put it about him, Bogdanov lived for almost two centuries, his activity was so fruitful and so amazingly rich.
Anatoly Petrovich was born on October 1, 1834 in a village on the border of the Voronezh and Kursk provinces, and was adopted by Princess Keykuatova, who invested her whole soul in her "grandson" and gave him a brilliant upbringing.
According to the cruel laws of that time, Anatoly Petrovich was assigned to his rural society, and those who wanted to take the place of her dear and only grandson in the heart of the "grandmother-princess" more than once poisoned the life and made it difficult for the young man's career, thanks to these laws.
Princess Keykuatova, a woman of great intelligence and a very kind, but true daughter of her time, also more than once let the poor child know about his position in the society of that time, and in case of duty, the boy was more than once dressed in peasant clothes and expelled from the master's quarters.
Such an upbringing, the requirement of a grandmother and a teacher that her pet, after completing the gymnasium course, go to a monastery, atone for the sins of both his own and his parents, and her grandmother, of course, would have broken any other nature. But Anatoly Petrovich had a titanic nature, and this situation tempered him for the subsequent struggle, and his subsequent life presented him no little like that.
In 1855, Anatoly Petrovich graduated from Moscow University and on a significant day, January 12, 1855, the centenary of the first Russian University, was awarded a medal.
At the end of the course, he was noticed by Roulier and, together with the deceased Usov and Borzenkov, was singled out from among other comrades, and the fate of Anatoly Petrovich was decided. On January 30, 1856, the young scientist founds the first scientific circle, in which he shows his organizational ability - the acclimatization committee at the Moscow Society of Agriculture, and then two lush flowers grow from this circle - the Society of Natural Science Lovers and the Acclimatization Society, organized by the same full of energy young scientists.
Anatoly Petrovich devotes all his strength, all his energy to this university. All the enterprises organized by Anatoly Petrovich are caused by the fact that he should elevate his department in order to give his numerous students the opportunity to learn and explore. The expeditions of Fedchenko, Ulyanin, Kertselli, Anuchin, Tikhomirovs, Nefedov, Zograf, Yanchuk, Filimonov, and a number of other researchers provided the incomparable material that Moscow University can rightly be proud of, laid the foundation for ethnographic and anthropological museums, the founder of which was Anatoly Petrovich, enriched zoological museum and made it possible to advance the knowledge of Russian nature and the Russian population to entire generations of scientists.
Anatoly Petrovich worked for this university, arranging both a zoological garden and a museum of applied knowledge. It is impossible for a zoologist to know only local nature, he said, he must also reckon with living beings. It is impossible for a professor to close himself in the toga of his specialty, he said, the people must also be taught; if we distance ourselves from the people, he said more than once, then we will destroy the universities; and cited as evidence the anti-university movement that is now being noticed in Germany.
Anatoly Petrovich was pointed more than once to the possibility of occupying a higher and more brilliant post; but he answered that he did not know a higher post than that of a professor shaping future generations, and said that in this rank he would like to end his life as well.
And he faithfully served the Moscow University, and through him the whole of Russia, he sacredly and high held its banner and spoke with love and cared for it already lying on his deathbed.
Since the sixties, Anatoly Petrovich directed his scientific activity along two paths: on the one hand, he, the first Russian, began to work on the anthropology of Russia, on the other, he became a true historiographer of Russian science.
To write about the anthropological works of A. P. Bogdanov means to write a whole textbook on the anthropology of the Russian population, to write about the historiography of Russian zoology, it means to write a whole treatise on the movement of science in Europe during the period from the 30s to the 90s of this century.
From this side, the works of the deceased are considered hundreds, and it is not on the day of the loss of a beloved teacher who gave Russian universities dozens of professors and connected himself with them with the best ties, bonds of love and friendship, to talk about his works from the point of view of a bibliographer. His merits to Russia, to Russian science are greater.
Bogdanov at a time when even among the Russian people there was doubt as to whether they were capable of the highest asset of European culture - science, showed, and showed brilliantly, before the whole world, what a strong, energetic, talented Russian person can do if he loves his native country if he believes in its future, if he really is a faithful son of his fatherland.
Farewell, dear, unforgettable teacher, farewell, true son and servant of your great fatherland, goodbye, sleep in peace and be sure that the seed you have thrown will bear worthy fruits.
(Professor N. Zograf. Moscow Vedomosti, 1896, No. 77).
Bibliography
"Svyatki" ("Voronezh provincial Gazette", 1850, Nos. 17, 19, 21, 30).
"Magnificent songs of the inhabitants of the village of Olymi, Nizhnedevitsky district" (Voronezh provincial Gazette, 1850, No. 43).
"Signs" ("Voronezh provincial Gazette", 1851, No. 13).
"How to treat animals" (Moscow, 1898). "Letters to F.D. Nefedov" ("Proceedings of the Vladimir Scientific Archival Commission", 1917, book 17).
O German:
"World Illustration", 1879, No. 559.
"Journal of the Ministry of Public Education", 1896, book. 6; 1899, book. 9, p. 21-46; book. 10, p. 207-230.
"Russian Thought", 1896, book. 4, p. 195.
"Moscow Vedomosti", 1896, Nos. 7-81.
"New Time", 1896, No. 7205.
"Russian Word", 1896, No. 77.
"Historical Bulletin", 1896, book. 5, p. 732-735.
"Natural Science and Geography", 1896, No. 4.
Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich
Zoologist and anthropologist; was born in 1834 in the Nizhnedevitsky district of the Voronezh province. He received his secondary education at the Voronezh gymnasium, where he completed the course in 1851, after which he entered Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. In 1855 he completed the course as a candidate and received a silver medal for an essay on geology. In 1856 he passed the master's examinations and from that year until 1857 he was a teacher at the agricultural school of the Imp. Society of Agriculture, in 1857 he went abroad. In 1858 he defended his thesis for a master's degree in zoology "On the color of the feather of birds" and was appointed as a corrective adjunct in the department of zoology at Moscow University in 1859 made a second trip abroad to inspect the zoological gardens and museums of Berlin, Leiden, Brussels, London and Paris ; in 1863 he received the title of an extraordinary professor to correct his position: from 1865 to 1866 he excavated burial mounds in the Moscow province and wrote his doctoral dissertation "On the Moscow kurgan tribe"; in 1867 he was appointed ordinary professor and received the title of honorary doctor; in 1868 he again visited the zoological museums and gardens of Holland, Belgium, England, France and Italy and worked in Hesse and Naples; on a trip abroad in 1873, he worked in Villafranca and Naples and examined zoological institutions in London, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Uppsala; on a trip in 1878 - in Germany and France. In 1883 he received the title of honored professor; in 1887 he got acquainted with the museums and laboratories of many cities in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland and France. In 1889 he was sent by the Society of Natural Science and Acclimatization Lovers to the Paris Exhibition and to attend the international congress of prehistoric anthropology and archeology and the zoological one. On the initiative of B. organized: Animal Acclimatization Committee at the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture, where he was the first scientific secretary from 1856-1858, Imp. a society of lovers of natural science, anthropology and ethnography, whose president has been since 1886, and, finally, at the VIII Congress of Russian naturalists and doctors in 1889-1890, B., together with several other persons, proposed the founding of the Russian Association for the Development of Sciences, which and was adopted by the congress. B. is a member of more than 30 Russian and foreign scientific societies and has several medals for his work on organizing exhibitions, organizing an acclimatization committee and a zoological garden, and a friend. Since 1863, he has been in charge of the Zoological Museum, since 1872 he has been the director of the Department of Applied Zoology at the Moscow Museum of Applied Knowledge and the director of the Sericulture Committee. On zoology, B. published about 30 part of the special, part of the popular works, more than 40 on anthropology, not counting small articles and reports. Of the works aimed at popularization, it should be especially noted "Zoology" and "Zoological Reader" 1865-1867 and the still unfinished "Medical Zoology", the first volume of which appeared in 1883, to the present day (1891) vol. I and 1st edition of II. In 1888, B. began to publish in the Izvestia of the Imperial Society of Natural Science Lovers - "Materials for the history of scientific and applied activity in Russia in zoology and related branches of knowledge, mainly over the last thirty-five years" (1850-1887). The continuation of this edition was published in 1889, the third volume in 1891. In addition, under the editorship of B., some important textbooks and teaching aids were translated into Russian, such as for example. "Protozoa" and "Coelenterata" by Bronn, "Comparative Anatomical Tables" by Carus and others. For a detailed list of his works, see the above-mentioned "Materials for the History of Scientific and Applied Activity".
N. Book.
(Brockhaus)
Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich (addition to the article)
Zoologist and anthropologist; died 1896
(Brockhaus)
Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich
(1834-1896) - anthropologist and zoologist, prof. zoology of the Moscow University. In terms of time - B. one of the first anthropologists in Europe and certainly the first in Russia. Doctoral dissertation B. "On the Moscow kurgan tribe" gave the first data on the ancient population of the Moscow region. In total, he wrote about 30 works on zoology and about 40 on anthropology. B. was a brilliant teacher and a major scientific and public figure. Most of the leading Russian zoologists went through his school and were his students (Shimkevich, Korotnev, Menzbir, V. A. Wagner, A. A. Tikhomirov, Zograf, Kulagin). Thanks to his efforts, the Zoological Museum of Moscow University became the second richest in Russia (the first is the Museum of the Academy of Sciences); he also achieved the founding of the first department of anthropology in Russia at Moscow University. On his initiative, the Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants, the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (with the Polytechnic Museum attached to the society), popular lectures for the general public under the name "Sunday Explanations of the Collections of the Polytechnic Museum" were founded.
Ch. works: On the color of the feather of birds (master's thesis, 1858); Medical zoology, M., 1883; Materials for the history of scientific and applied activity in Russia in zoology and related branches of knowledge, mainly for the last 35 years (in Izvestiya Ob-va Lyubit. Natur. from 1888). In the last work there are detailed lists of B.'s works - About B. see the speech of prof. A.A. Tikhomirov (in the "Report on the solemn meeting of Moscow University", Moscow, 1897).
Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich
(October 1, 1834 - March 16, 1896) - Russian. anthropologist and zoologist. In 1855 he graduated from Moscow. un-t and since 1867 was prof. there. Author of a number of major works on zoology ("The color of the feather of birds", 1858, "Medical Zoology", 2 vols., 1883-88, etc.) and especially on anthropology. The latter are devoted mainly to the craniology of the ancient population of Russia: "Materials for the anthropology of the Kurgan period in the Moscow province", 1867, "On the graves of the Scythian-Sarmatian era in the Poltava province and on the craniology of the Scythians", 1880, "The Meryans in anthropological terms", 1879, "Skulls and bones of people of the Stone Age", 1881, etc.; work B. were the first in this area research in Russia. In them, he consistently pursued the idea of a fundamental difference between the units of racial systematics and ethnic. categories, about the difference between the concepts of race and people, race and tribe. In a number of works, he suggested that the same racial type may initially be part of various ethnic groups. groups and that the formation of each individual group may occur on a racially heterogeneous basis. He criticized the reactionary theory of racism and polygenesis. The name of B. is associated with the development in Russia of the first anthropological. and other institutions. On his initiative and with active participation, the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (1863), the Society
acclimatization of animals and plants; organized by ethnographic (1867), polytechnic. (1872) and anthropology. (1879) exhibitions that marked the beginning of the Polytechnic. and anthropological. museums in Moscow. Being dir. zoological Museum of Moscow un-ta (1863), did a lot for its development.
Lit .: Sinelnikov N. A., Department of Anthropology, Moscow University (1879-1917), "Scientific Notes of the Moscow State University. Anniversary Series", 1940, issue 54; Plisetsky MS, Past and Present of the Museum of Anthropology of the Moscow University, ibid.; Levin M. G., A. P. Bogdanov and Russian anthropology (on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death), "Soviet Ethnography", 1946, No. 1.
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Anatoly Petrovich Bogdanov Date of birth: October 1 (13), 1834 (1834 10 13) Place of birth: Nizhnedevitsky district, Voronezh province, Russia ... Wikipedia
Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich, zoologist and anthropologist (1834 1896). He graduated from the course at Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. In 1858 he defended his thesis for a master's degree in zoology On the color of bird feathers; from 1865 to 1886 produced ... ... Biographical Dictionary
Russian anthropologist, zoologist and historian of zoology, one of the founders of anthropology in Russia, organizer of the first anthropological institutions and popularizer ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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Anatoly Petrovich Bogdanov Date of birth: October 1 (13), 1834 (18341013) Place of birth: Nizhnedevitsky district, Voronezh province, Russian Empire Date of death: March 16 (28), 1896 M ... Wikipedia
- (1834, Nizhne Devitsk, now the Voronezh region - 1896, Moscow), zoologist, one of the founders of Russian anthropology, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1890). He received his secondary education at the Voronezh gymnasium. In Moscow with… Moscow (encyclopedia)
Russian zoologist, anthropologist, historian of zoology, one of the founders of Russian anthropology, founder of the first anthropological institutions in Russia, popularizer of the natural sciences, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1890), professor at Moscow University (since 1867).
A.P. Bogdanov was born in 1834 in the Nizhnedevitsky district of the Voronezh province (his real name is unknown - he was a foundling, a graduate of Princess Ekaterina Ivanovna Keykuatova, the mother of the unmarried Prince Vasily Nikolaevich Keykuatov (1810 - c. 1870), who served as the district head of the Chamber of State Property in the Nizhnedevitsky district). A.P. Bogdanov died in 1896 in Moscow.
He received his secondary education at the Voronezh Gymnasium, which he graduated with a silver medal in 1851, after which he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, the Department of Natural Sciences. In 1855 he completed the course as a candidate and received a silver medal for an essay on geology. In 1856 he passed the master's examinations and in 1856-1857 he was a teacher at the agricultural school of the Imperial Society of Agriculture. In 1857 he went abroad at his own expense.
In 1858, Bogdanov defended his dissertation for a master's degree in zoology on the topic "On the color of the feather of birds" and was appointed as a corrective adjunct at the Department of Zoology at Moscow University. In 1859 he made a second trip abroad to visit the zoological gardens and museums of Berlin, Leiden, Brussels, London and Paris; in 1860 he was approved as an adjunct, since 1863 - correcting the post of extraordinary professor: from 1865 to 1866 he excavated mounds in the Moscow province and wrote his doctoral dissertation "On the Moscow kurgan tribe" and in 1867 he was appointed ordinary professor and received the title of honorary doctor; in 1868 he again visited the zoological museums and gardens of Holland, Belgium, England, France and Italy and worked in Hesse and Naples; on a trip abroad in 1873, he worked in Villafranca and Naples and examined zoological institutions in London, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Uppsala; on a trip in 1878 - in Germany and France.
In 1883, A.P. Bogdanov received the title of Honored Professor; in 1887 - got acquainted with the museums and laboratories of many cities in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland and France. In 1889, he was sent by the Society of Natural Science and Acclimatization Lovers to the Paris Exhibition and to attend the international congress of prehistoric anthropology and archeology and the zoological one.
At Moscow University, A.P. Bogdanov for the first time organized laboratory classes at his department - the so-called Zoological Workshop. His scientific school (D. N. Anuchin, L. S. Berg, S. A. Zernov, V. A. Vagner, N. V. Nasonov, N. M. Kulagin, A. A. Korotnev, V. N. Ulyanin, G. A. Kozhevnikov, P. I. Mitrofanov, N. Yu. Zograf, V. M. Shimkevich, and others) rightly considered the “hotbed” of zoologists for all of Russia.
On the initiative of Bogdanov, the following were organized:
Animal Acclimatization Committee under the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture, where he was the first scientific secretary from 1856-1858,
The Imperial Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, of which he has been president since 1886,
Russian Association for the Development of Sciences - established at the VIII Congress of Russian Naturalists and Physicians in 1889-1890.
A.P. Bogdanov was a member of more than 30 Russian and foreign scientific societies, was awarded several medals for his work on organizing exhibitions, organizing an acclimatization committee and a zoological garden, etc. In February 1870, he was approved with the rank of state councilor. After being awarded in August 1872 the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree for his efforts in preparing the Polytechnic Exhibition, he filed, in 1873, a petition to be included with his family in the noble genealogy book of the Moscow province and was included in the 3rd part of the book.
Since 1863 he was in charge of the Zoological Museum, since 1872 he was the director of the Department of Applied Zoology at the Moscow Museum of Applied Knowledge and the director of the Sericulture Committee. In zoology, Bogdanov published about 30, partly special, partly popular works, more than 40 on anthropology, not counting small articles and reports. Of the works aimed at popularization, one should especially note "Zoology" and "Zoological Reader" 1865-1867, as well as "Medical Zoology", the first volume of which appeared in 1883. In 1888, Bogdanov began publishing in the Izvestia of the Imperial Society of Natural Science Lovers - "Materials for the history of scientific and applied activity in Russia in zoology and related branches of knowledge, mainly over the last thirty-five years" (1850-1887). A continuation of this edition appeared in 1889, the third volume in 1891. In addition, under the editorship of Bogdanov, some important textbooks and teaching aids were translated into Russian, such as Bronn's Protozoa and Coelenterata, Carus' Comparative Anatomical Tables, etc.
In his anthropological works, A. P. Bogdanov pointed out the fundamental difference between the units of racial systematics and linguistic and ethnic categories. He criticized the theories of racism and polygenism.
A.P. Bogdanov owns major works on zoology and its history:
"Color of the feather of birds", 1858;
"Medical Zoology", vol. 1-2, 1883-88;
"Materials for the history of scientific and applied activity in Russia in zoology and related branches of knowledge, mainly for the last thirty-five years (1850-1888)", vol. 1-4 // News of the Society of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography. 1888-1892. T. 55, 57, 70, 71;
"Chronicle of the zoological works of the Society in the first twenty-five years of its existence (1863-1888)". T. 1. Faunistic works of the Society / Comp. A. Bogdanov // Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography. 1888. T. 54; T. 2. Anatomical and embryological works of the Society // Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography. 1890. T. 59;
"Lectures on the History of Zoology" - were not published; the manuscript is stored in Bogdanov's personal fund in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow: Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. F. 446. Op. 1. No. 65-67
A.P. Bogdanov is the author of works on anthropology, devoted mainly to the craniology of the ancient population of Russia:
"Materials for the Anthropology of the Kurgan Period in the Moscow Province", 1867;
"On the graves of the Scythian-Sarmatian era in the Poltava province and on the craniology of the Scythians", 1880;
Meryans in anthropological terms, 1879;
"Skulls and bones of people of the Stone Age ...", 1881 (together with M. A. Tikhomirov), etc.
Photo of an anthropological reconstruction (sculptural bust) of the head from the skull of a man of the Eneolithic era from the settlement of Gladunino 3 / Kurgan region.
Reconstruction of the face from the skull of a man from kurgan 4 of the Taldy II burial ground. The burial ground is located near the village of Kasym Amanzholov, 300 km. from the city of Karaganda of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The burial correlates with the Tasmolin culture of the early Iron Age. The author of the excavations A.Z. Beisenov.
Sungir 1 - plastic reconstruction of the skull of a man 40-50 years old, whose remains were found at the Upper Paleolithic site of an ancient man in the Vladimir region. The parking lot is located on the eastern outskirts of Vladimir at the confluence of the stream of the same name into the Klyazma River, a kilometer from Bogolyubovo. Discovered in 1955 during the construction of the plant and studied by O. N. Bader.
Atlasovskoye 2 burial was discovered in 2014 in the area of the Botanical Garden of the North-Eastern Federal University, also by accident. In the grave pit there were iron stirrups and a bit, a knife in a birch bark sheath, iron scissors, metal parts of the headdress, an earring, leather parts of the breastplate with sewn metal plaques. The remains belonged to a woman who died at the age of 30-40. The burial dates back to the XIV-XVII centuries. (carbon dating), refers to the Kulun-Atakh late medieval culture, which was widespread in Central Yakutia and Vilyui in the 14th-16th centuries.
Brusnitsyn Lev Ivanovich (1784/86 - 1857) - the son of an artisan, from 1795 he began working at the Yekaterinburg gold mines, as a washer at a gold crushing factory. For diligence in 1813 he was approved by the Pochsteiger. For many years he searched for alluvial gold, in 1814 he discovered the existence of gold-bearing layers in the valleys of the Ural rivers (in contrast to the inefficient diligent pan washing on the banks). Invented mechanisms and worked out the technology of industrial production of alluvial gold. He went to all regions of Russia, where he taught and implemented his method of prospecting and mining, which led to a revolution in the gold mining industry and allowed Russia to take the first place in the world in gold mining by 1830. In 1814, he received the rank of chief foreman, and in 1835 - the rank of chief foreman. In 1845 he retired and was awarded a silver medal.
Portrait of a 50-60-year-old man from burial 27 of the historical and cultural object near the village of Zeleny Yar (Salekhard, YaNAO, Tyumen region), including burials of two periods of the early Middle Ages (VIII-IX centuries and XII-XIII centuries). The restoration of the appearance of the mummified man was carried out using computed tomography and 3D printing.
The Sergelyakh burial was found in the area of the Sergelyakh highway, Yakutsk, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). According to AMS-dating, the age of the burial is the middle of the 15th-beginning of the 16th centuries, i.e. it refers to the Kulun-Atakh late medieval culture, which was widespread in Central Yakutia and Vilyui in the 14th-16th centuries.
The remains in the burial belong to a man who died at the age of 35-45. Damage to the skull indicates the death of a person from wounds inflicted by bladed weapons.
Sculptural reconstruction based on an artificially deformed skull of a woman from the burial mound Mandesarka-6 (Chelyabinsk region). Late Sarmatian culture II-III centuries AD The author of the excavations is Maria Makurova. Author Alexey Nechvaloda. Reconstruction tinting Elena Nechvaloda. Material: plastic, acrylic paint. Exhibit: Museum-Reserve "Arkaim".
Sculptural reconstruction based on a manual model of the skull No. 34640 (presumably identified as belonging to the last Inca emperor Ataulpa (?)) stored in the Museum of Man in Paris. Photo of the skull courtesy of the Museum of Man.
Sculptural reconstruction based on the skull of a woman from the Urzhar district of the East Kazakhstan region, where an unplundered burial of a woman of the Saka time was found in one of the barrows. When buried, ceramic and wooden vessels and bones of a sacrificial animal - a sheep were found. On the bones of the human skeleton, remnants of fabric from blue and green clothes have been preserved. Gold earrings and a stone altar were found at the head of the buried woman - an indispensable attribute of women's burials of that time. The most valuable is a pointed gold headdress, richly decorated with floral patterns and zoomorphic ornaments. The headdress also has arrow-shaped tops decorated with a spiral of gold wire. The lower part of the item was decorated with ancient zergers with fluted pendants. In form and ornamental incarnation, the find resembles folk Kazakh women's headdresses saukele and borik. Photo: O. Belyalov
Sculptural reconstruction based on the skull of a man from the burial mound Tashla-I. Srubno-Alakulsky syncretic burial ground. Excavations by Yanina Rafikova. Author Alexey Nechvaloda. Material: plaster toned. Exhibit: National Museum of the Republic of Bashkotostan.
Sculptural reconstruction of the skull of a man with an artificially deformed skull from the Tanabergen II burial ground. Late Sarmatian culture of the III century. n. e. (Western Kazakhstan). Excavations by Arman Bisembaev. Author Alexey Nechvaloda. Material: plaster toned. Exhibit: Aktobe Museum of History and Local Lore.
Sculptural reconstruction based on the skull of a man from barrow 16 of the Berel barrow necropolis (Kazakh Altai). Pazyryk culture of the 5th-4th centuries. BC e. Excavations by Zainulla Samashev.
Author Alexey Nechvaloda. Material: plastic, acrylic paint.
Exhibit: National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Sculptural reconstruction based on the skull of a man from barrow 16 of the Berel barrow necropolis (Kazakh Altai). Pazyryk culture of the 5th-4th centuries. BC e. Excavations by Zainulla Samashev. Author Alexey Nechvaloda. Material: plastic, acrylic paint. Exhibit: National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Sculptural reconstruction based on the skull of a woman from barrow 16 of the Berel barrow necropolis (Kazakh Altai). Pazyryk culture of the 5th-4th centuries. BC e. Excavations by Zainulla Samashev. Author Alexey Nechvaloda. Material: plastic, acrylic paint. Exhibit: National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan
BOGDANOV A.P.
Bogdanov Anatoly Petrovich
(1(13).10.1834 - 16(28).03.1896)
Born in the Nizhnedevitsky district of the Voronezh province. Russian zoologist, anthropologist, historian of zoology, one of the founders of Russian anthropology, founder of the first anthropological institutions in Russia, popularizer of the natural sciences, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1890), professor at Moscow University (since 1867).
short biography
A.P. Bogdanov was born in 1834 in the Nizhnedevitsky district of the Voronezh province (his real name is unknown - he was a foundling). He received his secondary education at the Voronezh gymnasium, where he completed the course in 1851, after which he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, the department of natural sciences. In 1855 he completed the course as a candidate and received a silver medal for an essay on geology. In 1856 he passed the master's examinations and from that year until 1857 he was a teacher at the agricultural school of the Imperial Society of Agriculture. In 1857 he went abroad.
In 1858, Bogdanov defended his thesis for a master's degree in zoology on the topic "On the color of the feather of birds" and was appointed as a corrective adjunct in the department of zoology at Moscow University. In 1859 he made a second trip abroad to visit the zoological gardens and museums of Berlin, Leiden, Brussels, London and Paris; in 1863 he received the title of an extraordinary professor to correct his post: from 1865 to 1866 he excavated burial mounds in the Moscow province and wrote his doctoral dissertation "On the Moscow kurgan tribe"; in 1867 he was appointed ordinary professor and received the title of honorary doctor; in 1868 he again visited the zoological museums and gardens of Holland, Belgium, England, France and Italy and worked in Hesse and Naples; on a trip abroad in 1873, he worked in Villafranca and Naples and examined zoological institutions in London, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Uppsala; on a trip in 1878 - in Germany and France.
In 1883, A.P. Bogdanov received the title of Honored Professor; in 1887 he got acquainted with the museums and laboratories of many cities in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland and France. In 1889, he was sent by the Society of Natural Science and Acclimatization Lovers to the Paris Exhibition and to attend the international congress of prehistoric anthropology and archeology and the zoological one.
On the initiative of Bogdanov, the following were organized:
Animal Acclimatization Committee under the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture, where he was the first scientific secretary from 1856-1858,
Imperial Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, of which he has been president since 1886,
The Russian Association for the Development of Sciences was founded at the VIII Congress of Russian Naturalists and Physicians in 1889-1890.
A.P. Bogdanov was a member of more than 30 Russian and foreign scientific societies, was awarded several medals for his work on organizing exhibitions, organizing an acclimatization committee and a zoological garden, etc.
Since 1863, he has been in charge of the Zoological Museum, since 1872 he has been the director of the Department of Applied Zoology at the Moscow Museum of Applied Knowledge and the director of the Sericulture Committee. In zoology, Bogdanov published about 30, partly special, partly popular works, more than 40 on anthropology, not counting small articles and reports. Of the works aimed at popularization, one should especially note Zoology and the Zoological Reader of 1865-1867, as well as Medical Zoology, the first volume of which appeared in 1883. In 1888, Bogdanov began publishing in the Izvestia of the Imperial Society of Natural Science Lovers - "Materials for the history of scientific and applied activity in Russia in zoology and related branches of knowledge, mainly over the last thirty-five years" (1850-1887). A continuation of this edition appeared in 1889, the third volume in 1891. In addition, under the editorship of Bogdanov, some important textbooks and teaching aids were translated into Russian, such as Bronn's Protozoa and Coelenterata, Carus' Comparative Anatomical Tables, etc.
In his anthropological works, A. P. Bogdanov pointed out the fundamental difference between the units of racial systematics and linguistic and ethnic categories. He criticized the theories of racism and polygenism.
A.P. Bogdanov died in 1896 in Moscow.
Main works:
A.P. Bogdanov owns major works on zoology and its history:
- "Color of the feather of birds", 1858;
- Medical Zoology, vols. 1-2, 1883-88;
- "Materials for the history of scientific and applied activity in Russia in zoology and related branches of knowledge, mainly for the last thirty-five years (1850 - 1888)", vols. 1-4 // News of the Society of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography Lovers. 1888-1892. T. 55, 57, 70, 71;
- "Chronicle of the zoological works of the Society in the first twenty-five years of its existence (1863 - 1888)". T. 1. Faunistic works of the Society / Comp. A. Bogdanov // Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography. 1888. T. 54; T. 2. Anatomical and embryological works of the Society // Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography. 1890. T. 59;
Anatoly Petrovich Bogdanov(October 1, 1834, Nizhnedevitsky district, Voronezh province - March 16, 1896, Moscow) - Russian zoologist, anthropologist, historian of zoology, one of the founders of Russian anthropology, founder of the first anthropological institutions in Russia, popularizer of natural sciences, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ( 1890), professor at Moscow University (since 1867).
Biography
A.P. Bogdanov was born in the Nizhnedevitsky district of the Voronezh province (his real name is unknown - he was a foundling, a pupil of Princess Ekaterina Ivanovna Keykuatova, the mother of the unmarried Prince Vasily Nikolaevich Keykuatov (1810 - c. 1870), who served as the district head of the Chamber of State Property in the Nizhnedevitsky district ). The exact date of his birth is also unknown; In addition to the date October 1, sources indicate October 10, 1834.
He received his secondary education at the Voronezh Gymnasium, which he graduated with a silver medal in 1851, after which he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, the Department of Natural Sciences. In 1855 he completed the course as a candidate and received a silver medal for an essay on geology. In 1856 he passed the master's examinations and in 1856-1857 he was a teacher at the agricultural school of the Imperial Society of Agriculture. In 1857 he went abroad at his own expense.
In 1858, Bogdanov defended his dissertation for a master's degree in zoology on the topic "On the color of the feather of birds" and was appointed as a corrective adjunct at the Department of Zoology at Moscow University. In 1859 he made a second trip abroad to visit the zoological gardens and museums of Berlin, Leiden, Brussels, London and Paris; in 1860 he was approved as an adjunct, since 1863 - correcting the post of extraordinary professor: from 1865 to 1866 he excavated mounds in the Moscow province and wrote his doctoral dissertation "On the Moscow kurgan tribe" and in 1867 he was appointed ordinary professor and received the title of honorary doctor; in 1868 he again visited the zoological museums and gardens of Holland, Belgium, England, France and Italy and worked in Hesse and Naples; on a trip abroad in 1873, he worked in Villafranca and Naples and examined zoological institutions in London, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Uppsala; on a trip in 1878 - in Germany and France.
In 1883, A.P. Bogdanov received the title of Honored Professor of Moscow University; in 1887 - got acquainted with the museums and laboratories of many cities in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland and France. In 1889, he was sent by the Society of Natural Science and Acclimatization Lovers to the Paris Exhibition and to attend the international congress of prehistoric anthropology and archeology and the zoological one.
At Moscow University, A.P. Bogdanov for the first time organized laboratory classes at his department - the so-called Zoological workshop. His scientific school (D. N. Anuchin, L. S. Berg, S. A. Zernov, V. A. Vagner, N. V. Nasonov, N. M. Kulagin, A. A. Korotnev, V. N. Ulyanin, G. A. Kozhevnikov, P. I. Mitrofanov, N. Yu. Zograf, V. M. Shimkevich, and others) rightly considered the “hotbed” of zoologists for all of Russia.
On the initiative of Bogdanov, the following were organized:
- Animal Acclimatization Committee under the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture, where he was the first scientific secretary from 1856-1858,
- Imperial Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, of which he has been president since 1886,
- Russian Association for the Development of Sciences - established at the VIII Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors in 1889-1890.
A.P. Bogdanov was a member of more than 30 Russian and foreign scientific societies, was awarded several medals for his work on organizing exhibitions, organizing an acclimatization committee and a zoological garden, etc. In February 1870, he was approved with the rank of state councilor. After being awarded in August 1872 the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree for his efforts in preparing the Polytechnic Exhibition, he filed, in 1873, a petition to be included with his family in the noble genealogy book of the Moscow province and was included in the 3rd part of the book.
(October 1, 1834 - March 16, 1896 in Moscow) - professor, doctor of zoology, chairman of the Moscow Anthropological Society.
Obituary Anatoly Petrovich passed away... I don't want to believe it and the pen refuses to write! A man has died, whose name is inextricably linked for almost half a century of the life and development of Russian natural science.
The teacher of a whole galaxy of scientists died, a brilliant professor died, an unparalleled organizer, a true son of his people, a kind, good Russian man died.
The life and activities of Anatoly Petrovich are so extensive, so diverse, so useful for his native country and instructive for her sons, that their description requires not a short journal obituary, but a whole historical study, and I am sure that after the bitter feeling of acute pain from the first news of this irreparable loss, the disciples of the deceased will dedicate to the memory of Anatoly Petrovich the same extensive work that he dedicated to the memory of his famous teacher K. F. Rul'e. Anatoly Petrovich was still a few years old - he had not yet passed 62, but he had done so much in his life that, as the famous Virkhov put it about him, Bogdanov lived for almost two centuries, his activity was so fruitful and so amazingly rich.
Anatoly Petrovich was born on October 1, 1834 in a village on the border of the Voronezh and Kursk provinces, and was adopted by Princess Keykuatova, who invested her whole soul in her "grandson" and gave him a brilliant upbringing.
According to the cruel laws of that time, Anatoly Petrovich was assigned to his rural society, and those who wanted to take the place of her dear and only grandson in the heart of the "grandmother-princess" more than once poisoned the life and made it difficult for the young man's career, thanks to these laws.
Princess Keykuatova, a woman of great intelligence and a very kind, but true daughter of her time, also more than once let the poor child know about his position in the society of that time, and in case of duty, the boy was more than once dressed in peasant clothes and expelled from the master's quarters.
Such an upbringing, the requirement of a grandmother and a teacher that her pet, after completing the gymnasium course, go to a monastery, atone for the sins of both his own and his parents, and her grandmother, of course, would have broken any other nature.
But Anatoly Petrovich had a titanic nature, and this situation tempered him for the subsequent struggle, and his subsequent life presented him no little like that. In 1855, Anatoly Petrovich graduated from Moscow University and on a significant day, January 12, 1855, the centenary of the first Russian University, was awarded a medal.
At the end of the course, he was noticed by Roulier and, together with the deceased Usov and Borzenkov, was singled out from among other comrades, and the fate of Anatoly Petrovich was decided. On January 30, 1856, the young scientist founds the first scientific circle, in which he shows his organizational ability - the acclimatization committee at the Moscow Society of Agriculture, and then two lush flowers grow from this circle - the Society of Natural Science Lovers and the Acclimatization Society, organized by the same full of energy young scientists.
Anatoly Petrovich devotes all his strength, all his energy to this university.
All the enterprises organized by Anatoly Petrovich are caused by the fact that he should elevate his department in order to give his numerous students the opportunity to learn and explore.
The expeditions of Fedchenko, Ulyanin, Kertselli, Anuchin, Tikhomirovs, Nefedov, Zograf, Yanchuk, Filimonov, and a number of other researchers provided the incomparable material that Moscow University can rightly be proud of, laid the foundation for ethnographic and anthropological museums, the founder of which was Anatoly Petrovich, enriched zoological museum and made it possible to advance the knowledge of Russian nature and the Russian population to entire generations of scientists.
Anatoly Petrovich worked for this university, arranging both a zoological garden and a museum of applied knowledge.
It is impossible for a zoologist to know only local nature, he said, he must also reckon with living beings.
It is impossible for a professor to close himself in the toga of his specialty, he said, the people must also be taught; if we distance ourselves from the people, he said more than once, then we will destroy the universities; and cited as evidence the anti-university movement that is now being noticed in Germany.
Anatoly Petrovich was pointed more than once to the possibility of occupying a higher and more brilliant post; but he answered that he did not know a higher post than that of a professor shaping future generations, and said that in this rank he would like to end his life as well. And he faithfully served the Moscow University, and through him the whole of Russia, he sacredly and high held its banner and spoke with love and cared for it already lying on his deathbed. Since the sixties, Anatoly Petrovich directed his scientific activity along two paths: on the one hand, he, the first Russian, began to work on the anthropology of Russia, on the other, he became a true historiographer of Russian science. To write about the anthropological works of A. P. Bogdanov means to write a whole textbook on the anthropology of the Russian population, to write about the historiography of Russian zoology, it means to write a whole treatise on the movement of science in Europe during the period from the 30s to the 90s of this century.
From this side, the works of the deceased are considered hundreds, and it is not on the day of the loss of a beloved teacher who gave Russian universities dozens of professors and connected himself with them with the best ties, bonds of love and friendship, to talk about his works from the point of view of a bibliographer.
His merits to Russia, to Russian science are greater.
Bogdanov at a time when even among the Russian people there was doubt as to whether they were capable of the highest asset of European culture - science, showed, and showed brilliantly, before the whole world, what a strong, energetic, talented Russian person can do if he loves his native country if he believes in its future, if he really is a faithful son of his fatherland.
Farewell, dear, unforgettable teacher, farewell, true son and servant of your great fatherland, goodbye, sleep in peace and be sure that the seed you have thrown will bear worthy fruits. (Professor N. Zograf. Moscow Vedomosti, 1896, No. 77). His bibliography: "Svyatki" ("Voronezh provincial Gazette", 1850, Nos. 17, 19, 21, 30). "Magnificent songs of the inhabitants of the village of Olymi, Nizhnedevitsky district" (Voronezh provincial Gazette, 1850, No. 43). "Signs" ("Voronezh provincial Gazette", 1851, No. 13). "How to treat animals" (Moscow, 1898). "Letters to F. D. Nefedov" ("Proceedings of the Vladimir Scientific Archival Commission", 1917, book 17). About him: "World Illustration", 1879, No. 559. "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education", 1896, book 6 ; 1899, book 9, pp. 21-46; book 10, pp. 207-230. "Russian Thought", 1896, book 4, pp. 195. "Moscow Vedomosti", 1896, no. 7-81 "New Time", 1896, No. 7205. "Russian Word", 1896, No. 77. "Historical Bulletin", 1896, book 5, pp. 732-735. "Natural Science and Geography", 1896, No. 4. Bogdanov , Anatoly Petrovich - zoologist and anthropologist, was born in 1834 in the Nizhnedevitsky district of the Voronezh province.
He received his secondary education at the Voronezh gymnasium, where he completed the course in 1851, after which he entered Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. In 1855 he completed the course as a candidate and received a silver medal for an essay on geology.
In 1856 he passed the master's examinations and from that year until 1857 he was a teacher at the agricultural school of the Imp. Society of Agriculture, in 1857 he went abroad.
In 1858 he defended his thesis for a master's degree in zoology "On the color of the feather of birds" and was appointed as a corrective adjunct in the department of zoology at Moscow University in 1859 made a second trip abroad to inspect the zoological gardens and museums of Berlin, Leiden, Brussels, London and Paris ; in 1863 he received the title of an extraordinary professor to correct his position: from 1865 to 1866 he excavated burial mounds in the Moscow province and wrote his doctoral dissertation "On the Moscow kurgan tribe"; in 1867 he was appointed ordinary professor and received the title of honorary doctor; in 1868 he again visited the zoological museums and gardens of Holland, Belgium, England, France and Italy and worked in Hesse and Naples; on a trip abroad in 1873, he worked in Villafranca and Naples and examined zoological institutions in London, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm and Uppsala; on a trip in 1878 - in Germany and France.
In 1883 he received the title of honored professor; in 1887 he got acquainted with the museums and laboratories of many cities in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland and France.
In 1889 he was sent by the Society of Natural Science and Acclimatization Lovers to the Paris Exhibition and to attend the international congress of prehistoric anthropology and archeology and the zoological one.
On the initiative of B. organized: the Committee for the Acclimatization of Animals at the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture, where he was the first scientific secretary from 1856-1858, Imp. a society of lovers of natural science, anthropology and ethnography, whose president has been since 1886, and, finally, at the VIII Congress of Russian naturalists and doctors in 1889-1890, B., together with several other persons, proposed the founding of the Russian Association for the Development of Sciences, which and was adopted by the congress.
B. is a member of more than 30 Russian and foreign scientific societies and has several medals for his work on organizing exhibitions, organizing an acclimatization committee and a zoological garden, and a friend. Since 1863, he has been in charge of the Zoological Museum, since 1872 he has been the director of the Department of Applied Zoology at the Moscow Museum of Applied Knowledge and the director of the Sericulture Committee.
On zoology, B. published about 30 part of the special, part of the popular works, more than 40 on anthropology, not counting small articles and reports.
Of the works aimed at popularization, it should be especially noted "Zoology" and "Zoological Reader" 1865-1867 and the still unfinished "Medical Zoology", the first volume of which appeared in 1883, to the present day (1891) vol. I and 1st edition of II. In 1888, B. began to publish in the Izvestia of the Imperial Society of Natural Science Lovers - Materials for the History of Scientific and Applied Activities in Russia in Zoology and Related Branches of Knowledge, Mainly Over the Last Thirty-Five Years (1850-1887). The continuation of this edition was published in 1889, the third volume in 1891. In addition, under the editorship of B., some important textbooks and teaching aids were translated into Russian, such as for example. "Protozoa" and "Coelenterata" by Bronn, "Comparative Anatomical Tables" by Carus and others. For a detailed list of his works, see the above-mentioned "Materials for the History of Scientific and Applied Activity". N. Book. (Brockhaus) Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich (addition to the article) - zoologist and anthropologist; died in 1896. (Brockhaus) Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich (1834-1896) - anthropologist and zoologist, prof. zoology of the Moscow University. In terms of time - B. one of the first anthropologists in Europe and certainly the first in Russia.
Doctoral dissertation B. "On the Moscow kurgan tribe" gave the first data on the ancient population of the Moscow region.
In total, he wrote about 30 works on zoology and about 40 on anthropology.
B. was a brilliant teacher and a major scientific and public figure.
Most of the leading Russian zoologists went through his school and were his students (Shimkevich, Korotnev, Menzbir, V. A. Wagner, A. A. Tikhomirov, Zograf, Kulagin).
Thanks to his efforts, the Zoological Museum of Moscow University became the second richest in Russia (the first is the Museum of the Academy of Sciences); he also achieved the founding of the first department of anthropology in Russia at Moscow University. On his initiative, the Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants, the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (with the Polytechnic Museum attached to the society), popular lectures for the general public under the name "Sunday Explanations of the Collections of the Polytechnic Museum" were founded. Ch. works: On the color of the feather of birds (master's thesis, 1858); Medical zoology, M., 1883; Materials for the history of scientific and applied activity in Russia in zoology and related branches of knowledge, mainly for the last 35 years (in Izvestiya Ob-va Lyubit. Natur. from 1888). In the last work there are detailed lists of B.'s works - About B. see the speech of prof. A.A. Tikhomirov (in the "Report on the solemn meeting of Moscow University", Moscow, 1897). Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich (October 1, 1834 - March 16, 1896) - Russian. anthropologist and zoologist.
In 1855 he graduated from Moscow. un-t and since 1867 was prof. there. Author of a number of major works on zoology ("The color of the feather of birds", 1858, "Medical Zoology", 2 vols., 1883-88, etc.) and especially on anthropology.
The latter are devoted mainly to the craniology of the ancient population of Russia: "Materials for the anthropology of the Kurgan period in the Moscow province", 1867, "On the graves of the Scythian-Sarmatian era in the Poltava province and on the craniology of the Scythians", 1880, "The Meryans in anthropological terms", 1879, "Skulls and bones of people of the Stone Age", 1881, etc.; work B. were the first in this area research in Russia.
In them, he consistently pursued the idea of a fundamental difference between the units of racial systematics and ethnic. categories, about the difference between the concepts of race and people, race and tribe. In a number of works, he suggested that the same racial type may initially be part of various ethnic groups. groups and that the formation of each individual group may occur on a racially heterogeneous basis.
He criticized the reactionary theory of racism and polygenesis.
The name of B. is associated with the development in Russia of the first anthropological. and other institutions.
On his initiative and with active participation, the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography (1863), the Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants were founded; organized by ethnographic (1867), polytechnic. (1872) and anthropology. (1879) exhibitions that marked the beginning of the Polytechnic. and anthropological. museums in Moscow.
Being dir. zoological Museum of Moscow un-ta (1863), did a lot for its development.
Lit .: Sinelnikov N. A., Department of Anthropology, Moscow University (1879-1917), "Scientific Notes of the Moscow State University. Anniversary Series", 1940, issue 54; Plisetsky MS, Past and Present of the Museum of Anthropology of the Moscow University, ibid.; Levin M. G., A. P. Bogdanov and Russian anthropology (on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his death), "Soviet Ethnography", 1946, No. 1.
