24.11.2015

The Mayan calendar is the generalized name of the calendar system created by the Indians of the Mayan civilization of the pre-Columbian era. This time system was used (after the Maya) by the Aztecs, Toltecs, Mazatecs and other Central American peoples.

At present, interest in the Mayan calendar has revived, since the system, according to experts in ancient history, was devoted not only to determining the past time, but also to predicting future events. In other words, the ritual calendar of the Indians is not just a chronograph familiar to all of us in the form of a wall and pocket calendar, but a whole science that studies vast cycles of time.

Mayan calendar - description and general information

A little about the history of the Mayan calendar. The Indians themselves believed that the ancient calendar was presented to them by divine beings who descended to Earth in time immemorial. There were two types of reckoning:

• Tzolkin (ritual calendar);
• Haab (civil calendar).

Haab was used for agricultural purposes, its cycle consisted of 365 days - the approximate time of the complete revolution of our planet around the sun. Another name for the system is the solar calendar. The year was divided into 19 months. 18 of them consisted of 20 days, one month - of 5 days (the so-called "days without names"). Haab was intended for field work and was used in everyday life.

The ritual calendar of the Mayan Indians (Tzolkin) lasted 260 days. It consisted of periods of 20 and 13 days, which succeeded each other. Each day had its own name and a corresponding symbol - the solar seal. The Indians combined both calendars into one, which was called the "calendar circle".

Probably every person imagines what the Mayan calendar looks like: it is a stone circle delimited into sectors. The calendar demonstrates a deep knowledge of astronomical cycles. It turns out that the ancient Indians calculated the almost exact duration of the solar year - 365, 242 days. Scientists believe that such accurate Mayan calculations would have required about 10,000 years of constant observation. However, the period of existence of this civilization is only 3,500 years. How the ancient astronomers managed to obtain such reliable information about the celestial cycles remains a mystery.

In addition to the two above-mentioned calendars, the Indians also had a third one - the so-called "long count calendar". It was intended for large intervals of time. The duration of one complete cycle is 5125 years. The current cycle began in 3224 BC. and ended in 2012. In addition to a cycle of 5,000 years, the calendar mentions an even longer cycle, the duration of which is 26,000 years. Scientists attribute this period to the galactic alignment cycle.

The end of the Mayan calendar means not just the end of one cycle and the debut of another - it implies the complete destruction of the civilization existing in this time period. The current cycle is already the fifth. The previous ones, according to the history of the Maya, ended, respectively, with earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and a flood. The fifth cycle was to end with the movement of the Earth's orbit and an evolutionary leap.

Since no special cataclysms happened in 2012, the predictions of the Mayan calendar should either be considered erroneous, or the end of civilization should be understood in a metaphorical sense - as the end of a purely materialistic period in the history of mankind and the aspiration to spiritual development.

Expert opinion

The Mayan civilization ceased to exist over a thousand years ago. The reason for her disappearance is unknown. Some historians believe that this ancient culture was destroyed by internecine wars, others hypothesize that the death of the Maya was caused by natural disasters. The indigenous people of Central America left to their descendants only stone pyramids, writing and evidence of extensive knowledge of astronomy and mathematics.

Researchers believe that the true meaning of the Mayan calendar has to do with the natural rhythms of energy in the universe. If you consider your date of birth in the Tzolkin ritual calendar system, you can determine the name of the day and its solar seal. In Mayan chronology, each day is considered unique and has its own message and purpose. You can find information on each day and try to correlate the natural rhythms of the cosmos with the events of a particular human life. The Mayan calendar gives a person a chance to move from a purely material approach to a spiritual and intuitive one.

On the physical plane, this number system is fully consistent with the cycles of motion of large and small celestial bodies. The Indians made not only detailed star charts, but also predicted eclipses of the sun and moon. In addition, they knew in advance about global wars, outbreaks of global terrorism and other events that had an impact on the history of mankind.

Has a very long history. He is a representative of the lunisolar calendar. As in all calendars of this type, the length of its months is alternately 29 and 30 days, every three years a 13th month is added to the Jewish calendar. This month is called Veadar; it is customary to insert it before the month of Nisan every 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th and 19th years of the 19-year cycle. Nisan is the first month of the Jewish calendar, and the years are counted from the seventh month, called Tishri. Due to the periodic intercalation of the month Veadara, the spring equinox always falls on a lunation in the month of Nisan.

In the Jewish calendar, there is an ordinary year, containing 12 months, and an embolismic year, the number of months in which is 13. In the embolismic year, out of the 30 days of the month of Veadar inserted before Nisan, one day is assigned to the sixth month of Adar (usually it contains 29 days), and the remaining 29 days make up the month of Veadar. In general, the Jewish calendar is a very complex calendar, like all lunisolar calendars.

Muslim calendar. Initially, the Arabs used a lunisolar calendar, which resembled the Jewish calendar. It is believed that the mistakes of the old calendar forced the prophet Muhammad to abandon the additional months and introduce a lunar calendar, the first year of which was 622. The year in this calendar consists of 12 months, alternately containing 29 or 30 days. The average length of the year in this calendar is 354.37 days. It is impossible to add an additional 13th month to these 12 months or an additional day to individual months to coordinate with the length of the solar year, with the exception of one additional day in leap lunar years, then the number of days increases from 354 to 355 in order for the new moon to be closer to the first day of the month. It is customary to add this extra day to the last month of the year and then the number of days in it is 30. All lunar calendars have two periods: a period of 8 years is called the “Turkish cycle”, a period of 30 years is called the “Arabic cycle”. Some countries of the East - Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, simultaneously use calendars built on both cycles. It is impossible to add an additional 13th month to these 12 months or an additional day to individual months to coordinate with the length of the solar year, with the exception of one additional day in leap lunar years, when the number of days is increased from 354 to 355 so that the new moon is located close to the first day of the month. This extra day is included in the last month of the year and then the number of days in it is 30.

In the Muslim calendar, with time, the beginning of the year moves all the time. Therefore, in the lunar calendar there are no seasons and no division of months into summer, winter, autumn and spring, due to the fact that they all fall at different times of the year. There are special tables for converting Muslim chronology systems into European ones.

Egyptian calendar. The Egyptian calendar was originally lunar. However, since the whole life of the Egyptians was closely connected with the annual floods of the Nile, they created a different calendar, focusing on the appearance of the star Saturn (it appeared regularly during the summer solstice, and soon the Nile flooded). The Egyptian solar year contained 12 months of 30 days each, and at the end of the last month there were five additional days, so that the total was 365 days. However, over time it turned out that the calendar year was a quarter of a day shorter than the solar year, and over time the calendar diverged more and more from the seasons. Observing more closely the risings of Sirius, the Egyptians came to the conclusion that 1461 Egyptian years of 365 days is equal to 1460 solar years of 365.25 days. The mistake had to be corrected. However, the Egyptian priests for a long time prevented any change in the calendar. And only in 238 BC. Ptolemy III issued a decree adding one day to every fourth year, i.e. introduced a leap year. Thus, the modern solar calendar was born.

Prehistoric Chinese calendar was lunar. Emperor Yao around 2357 BC, was dissatisfied with the existing lunar calendar, inconvenient for agriculture, and therefore ordered astronomers to determine the dates of the equinoxes and create a seasonal calendar convenient for agriculture. It was necessary to somehow coordinate the 354-day lunar calendar with the 365-day astronomical year. To resolve this situation, Chinese astronomers proposed to add 7 intercalary months every 19 years, following detailed instructions. As a result, although the solar and lunar years were basically consistent, there were still certain differences that were corrected as they reached a noticeable difference. However, the calendar was still imperfect: the years did not have the same duration, and the equinoxes fell on different dates. The year in the Chinese calendar consisted of 24 crescents. The cycle of the Chinese calendar is 60 years, and has several internal periods. Interestingly, each year of the Chinese calendar has a rather funny name, for example, “year of the cow”, “year of the tiger”, “hare”, “dragon”, etc. These years repeat with a period of 12 years. In 1911, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted in the new Republic of China, and although the peasants continued to use the ancient lunar calendar, it was banned from 1930.

Mayan and Aztec calendars.

The ancient civilization of the Mayan tribe had a very perfect calendar containing 365 days, divided into 18 months of 20 days each, there were still 5 days that were not included in any month. There were 28 weeks in a year, each of which had 13 days; one day was too much. The Mayan calendar was much the same.

The calendar stone of the Aztecs, built on a basalt slab measuring 3.6 m, is very interesting. This stone was found in Mexico, a detachment of Cortes in 1519. In the center of the stone was depicted, surrounded by twenty days of the month, the Sun. Four large rectangles adjoined the sun, in which heads were depicted, symbolizing, apparently, the dates of the four previous world eras. The heads and symbols in the rectangles of the next circle indicate the 20 days of the month. The large triangular figures represent the rays of the sun, and the two fiery serpents at the base of the outer circle represent the heat of the heavens.

The ancient Mayan civilization is a nation with a highly developed science and culture that once existed on Earth. This civilization lived in present-day southern Mexico (Yucatan Peninsula), Guatemala, northern Belize, and western Honduras. Many pyramids, temples and other ancient structures were built by the ancient Maya tribe. They can still be seen in the Yucatan and in Guatemala. There are also many stone reliefs and mysterious inscriptions on the slabs.

The calendar systems left by the Maya and their mathematics are as mysterious as the people themselves, who appeared from nowhere. The Mayan calendar is different from all calendars in the world. The biggest difficulty in it is that the units of account used in it are very large. This is similar to the number systems used in astronomical calculations. The representatives of the ancient Maya civilization were also very knowledgeable in astronomy, they had a very accurate calculation of the Earth's orbit revolving around the Sun.

In their calendar, periods of the movement of the Earth and lunar eclipses, orbital overlaps and synchronization of the movement of other planets are noted. In fact, the Maya's astronomical knowledge far surpassed that of the solar system alone. In one of their calendar systems, called "Tzolkin" (Mayan for "count of days"), they even recorded the "Galactic Seasons of the Milky Way"! It's no surprise that scientists have dubbed the Maya the "Galactic Navigator." Since the Maya knew about the changing seasons of the Milky Way, deciphering their information related to this will undoubtedly shed light on many secrets of humanity, life and the Universe.

Dr. José Argüelles*, a US historian, devoted his entire life to the study of the Maya civilization. In his book The Mayan Factor: Ways Beyond Technology (Bear & Company, 1973), the author takes a detailed look at the Mayan calendar.

According to the calendar of the ancient Mayan civilization "Tzolkin", our solar system goes through the Great Cycle, which lasts approximately 5200 years, from 3113 BC. to 2012. In the Great Cycle, the Earth, like the entire solar system, crosses the Galactic ray emanating from the center of the Galaxy. The diameter of this Galactic beam is 5125 Earth years. In other words, it will take the Earth 5125 years to cross this Galactic Beam (Illustration 1).

The Maya believed that after passing through this Galactic ray, the solar system would undergo fundamental changes. They called this change "Galactic Synchronization".

As illustrated in Figure 1, this Great Cycle has thirteen phases. The development of each phase is presented in detail (see Figure 2). In his book, Dr. Argüelles used many diagrams to illustrate the development of each phase, which in turn is divided into twenty periods of development. Each of them lasts approximately twenty years.

From Figure 2, we can see that between 1992 and 2012, our Earth entered the last period of the last phase of the Great Cycle. The Maya believed that this was a very important period before the "Galactic Synchronization". They called it the "Earth Regeneration Period". During this period, the Earth will undergo a complete "Earth Cleansing". In addition, after the Earth's regeneration period, it will move beyond the boundaries of the Galactic Beam and enter a new phase of "Galactic Synchronization". Dr. Argüelles, in his complex approach to studying the consequences of this cosmic phenomenon from different perspectives, also referred to the Chinese book by Zhou Yi, the genetic code and other theories.

From the point of view of modern science, this is really incredible. It appears that the Maya were talking about the principles of the Milky Way while our current science and technology had not yet emerged from the solar system. A Chinese proverb says, "Summer insects cannot describe winter ice." Our human race is infinitely small in this vast universe; the cosmic phenomenon noted in the Mayan calendar really requires serious study today.

What does the "cleansing" of the Earth mean, and how does it "renew" itself in the period 1992 - 2012 according to the Mayan calendar (the last twenty years of the Great Cycle)? The Maya left behind no detailed explanation. First, let's think about what "cleaning" means. Purification should take away the spoiled substances and preserve the healthy ones. Look at today's Earth, from ecology to human morality, everything has deteriorated to a state of degradation. Human greed and the pursuit of self-interest have disrupted the ecosystem and ecological balance of the Earth to the limit, leading to crises in all areas. At the same time, it is important to note the moral and spiritual pollution of human society - everyone adds fuel to the fire. We are all witnesses to this. Although human society endlessly creates laws, they do not serve as constraints on human behavior and morality, laws only "scratch the surface" of these problems. The earth really needs to be cleansed, and most of all, human morality needs to be cleansed. Otherwise, the human race will eventually destroy itself.

Beginning in 1992, the Earth entered a period called by the Maya the "Earth Regeneration Period". During this period, the Earth and the spirituality of the people inhabiting it will be “cleansed”. Corrupted substances and entities will be eliminated, while positive and healthy substances will be preserved and eventually synchronized with the Milky Way. This is the immutable law of the seasonal movements of the Milky Way, which was pointed out by the mysterious Mayan tribe. It is as inevitable as the four seasons on Earth. Therefore, we can conclude that during this period, human society must be tested by many unprecedented events related to the purification and improvement of human nature. The reality coincides with these predictions.

Is it not a divine decree that the Mayan calendar is not lost in human history, but should be restored and deciphered by modern people? The existence of the Mayan calendar is an addition to the discoveries of mankind. However, it remains to be seen whether people, guided by various concepts acquired in life, will be able to break through the barriers and, fully awakened, understand the truth, which exceeds the possibilities of our knowledge.

The parade of planets (otherwise connection) is an ambiguous term, best known as a designation for a rare astronomical phenomenon during which eight planets (or part of them) of the solar system converge, line up in one imaginary line. With this arrangement, celestial objects visually appear close to the Earth. Researchers of the legendary Mayan calendar believe that the next time such a parade will happen when the solar system crosses the equator of our galaxy. A new era will come. The fateful date was also named - December 21, 2012.

But scientists have already found out that the next "Parade of Planets" will not take place in 2012, but only in 2161. Were the Mayans wrong? Or did they not mean the end of the world at all, and the calendar just got the wrong interpretation? Some scholars, for example, are of the opinion that the inscription: “It will happen” may mean the return of the gods, the onset of a New Age, or so on.

Everyone is asking this question now, even the most remote from astronomy people. And if we assume that the Mayans were still right, then are there other planets in the Galaxy similar to the Earth, on which people can hide from disaster?

Apocalypse

In a word, it's coming. According to the Maya, it means the end of the baktun - the thirteenth cycle, which began in 3114 BC. It is this kind of comments that have become the cause of general anxiety in modern society. However, it is impossible to speak with confidence about the correctness of the "translation", the correct understanding of what the Mayans wanted to tell in the calendar. They believed in the cyclic nature of the universe, the continuous repetition of creation and destruction. This is evidenced by the books and paintings of the Maya on the monuments. Their texts tell about the creation and unification of the gods, there is a connection with mythology, significant dates are predicted, but not a word about destruction is mentioned. Probably, the Maya assumed in 2012 not the collapse of the universe, but simply the end of the old cycle and the beginning of a new one. Further, there was simply no point in writing a calendar.

Surprisingly, the ancient Mayan calendar cycles are still used by the inhabitants of the mountainous regions of Guatemala and the inhabitants of some regions of Mexico. Its masters - the "keepers of the days" - still predict significant dates and perform ritual rites based on it.

Secrets of the Mayan Calendar

The Maya were a fairly advanced Mesoamerican civilization, the first American inhabitants to start keeping records of their history. For the most part, monumental stone stelae were covered with inscriptions.

On the steles you can find a description of various events important to the Maya and evidence of the highest level of knowledge in the field of astronomy - a calendar. The complex and extremely unusual calendar system is an example of the outstanding achievements of the Maya in the field of culture. Their calendar system had a great influence on the development of astronomy among the Aztecs, and indeed left an imprint on the lives of all people on earth.

Today, the calendar leaves no one indifferent. He, according to some researchers, carries an ominous prophecy that in December, when the winter solstice of 2012 comes, the whole world will be destroyed after a terrible flood. Some people are afraid of this prophecy, others chuckle and believe that the Mayans just wanted to end their calendar. But be that as it may, everyone knows about it now.

How does this happen? What is the basis of calendars?

Usually, calendars are based on knowledge about astronomical phenomena: for example, about the solar cycle, the movement and direction of movement of planets and stars. Ancient civilizations regularly observed the movement of these celestial bodies in order to determine the time of year, month and year. The priests-astronomers revered at that time made a notice that a new segment, a time period, was coming.

Such calendars can still be found today. They are used in the field of agricultural activities, during migrations, hunting. Also, thanks to such calendars, the exact date of some religious holidays and other events taking place in society is determined. One of the first calendars was created in the southern region of Mesopotamia by the Sumerians about five thousand years ago.

Sumerian calendar

The Sumerian calendar, which later became the basis for the creation of the Babylonian calendar, contained information about the division of the year into months and days. In addition, in a somewhat unusual interpretation: the year was divided into thirty months, the day consisted of twelve parts (each part of two hours), and each part of the day, in turn, was divided into 30 more periods (each of which had a duration of four minutes). ).

The Sumerian calendar had two half-years, the first of which was called Enten (enten was considered a cold and wet period of the year), and the second was called Emesh (respectively, a hot, dry period). The Sumerians did not have seasons.

The beginning of the year took place in the spring, after the first new moon was celebrated, expected immediately after the flood of the rivers. Spring was characterized by two features - the harvest of barley and the flood of fish.

The calendars of each Sumerian city had their own differences from the calendars of other cities. For example, interesting information from the calendars of cities such as Nipuri, Ur or Uma: they were so extensive that they even mentioned the names of months and religious rituals. Of course, Sumerian names have nothing to do with modern names. For example, the first month was called Barag-zag-gar-ra, which in ancient Sumerian means "the throne of the sanctuary." Or, for example, the month of Ab-ba-ed, in the name of which its purpose was hidden - "the month of the father's departure", most likely nothing more than the month of going to sea.

Egyptian calendar

The Egyptians built their ancient calendar on the principle of interconnection with the lunar cycle, exactly until they figured out that the Dog star makes a joint rise with the sun. This rise occurs every 365 days and the Nile floods, which occurs annually. Such observations became the basis for the creation of a calendar consisting of 365 days. The starting point is considered to be 4236 BC. The ancient Egyptian calendar was very similar to the modern one. Namely: 12 months, consisting of 30 days, + 5 "extra", which were added at the end of the year. Months were divided not into four, but into three weeks.

Julian calendar

Dates back to 46 BC. It is a solar calendar consisting of twelve months or 365 days. Every 4 years in the last winter month, one day was added. This calendar served people for many years, until the appearance of a more accurate and thoughtful Gregorian calendar in 1582.

The calendars of ancient America, including the Mayan and Aztec calendars, are similar in many ways: for example, they have a 260-day ritual year. It is known that in the Mayan calendar three multidirectional calendar systems are presented at once: the agricultural, solar calendar, the sacred calendar and the calendar of the long time reference system.

For example, the sacred calendar, also called the Tzolkin, is the most ancient. With its help, all sorts of dates that were significant for society, a significant battle, wedding or funeral were determined. Also, thanks to this religious calendar, newborn children received names, predictions of the future, possible cataclysms, etc. were made. It consisted of thirteen months, twenty days each. Names, that is, the names of the days, were given in honor of the god who carries time across the sky, reflects the change of day and night. It is believed that the Tzolkin system was adopted from the Zapotes civilization (the ancient inhabitants of the central region of Mexico).

Why is the Mayan calendar system so complicated?

It is not known for sure. There is an opinion that the main reason for the excessive complexity of the calendar is the thirst for supremacy, power and influence, driven by the priests. Priests, referring to calendars, determined all significant dates for people. They informed the inhabitants about the beginning of the sowing time or the decisive battle. The population was completely dependent on the priests. In order to prevent ordinary residents from understanding the complex system, the priests tried to confuse it as much as possible.

The Maya wanted to become gods, were ready for any sacrifice to answer the question of whether they were alone in the universe. This question excites the minds of people even now. And still no answer. The probability of the number of intelligent races in the Universe is assumed by various scientists to vary from "maximum bacteria" on Mars to a million aliens in one Galaxy.

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Mysteries of the Mayan calendar

One of the most interesting and mysterious gifts of the ancient Mayans of modern civilization is a calendar.

The Maya Indians disappeared somewhere. For a long time - more than a thousand years ago. Since then, no one has seen them and it is not even known why they disappeared. Some historians argue that civil strife destroyed civilization, others that the Mayans died as a result of some natural disasters. And they left us their beautiful stone pyramids and fortresses, their writing, impressive knowledge of mathematics and astronomy for an ancient civilization. One of the most interesting and mysterious gifts of these ancient Indians of modern civilization is the Mayan calendar.

Mayan calendar systems

The Maya had as many as 2 calendar systems. One calendar - it is often called civil - was used for household needs. The Mayans used it to determine when to sow corn, when to harvest and do other household chores. The year of the Maya civil calendar - "haab" - had 365 days, i.e. was coordinated with the solar cycle, which is very useful for agriculture. It consisted of 18 months of 20 days and another 5 days, called "days without a name" and considered fatal. The priests knew that the haab was a fraction of a day shorter than the true solar year and made adjustments.

In addition, there was a ritual calendar - "Tzolkin". According to the Tzolkin, the Mayan priests determined when to conduct religious rites. Including the most terrible - their famous sacrifices. The Tzolkin year was much shorter - only 260 days - and was divided into 13 months, which, like in the haab, contained 20 days each. In the period of 52 years of the Haab calendar, 73 whole Tzolkin fit in. This dependence formed the basis of the harmony of the Mayan calendar.

Mysterious prediction

Many Maya experts claim that these ancient Indians were well aware of the structure of the universe. This allowed them to predict that on the day of December 21, 2012, global events will occur on Earth that will drastically change the course of history. The details of this message have not reached us, and researchers are still trying to figure out what smart Indians had in mind. Many tend to believe that this is how the Mayans predicted the "end of the world." Others believe that a new era will come on Earth, an era of spiritual insight. And what do our astronomers say?

First of all, this is the time of the winter solstice. But this happens every year - it seems not the best idea for the space revolution. But apart from that, on December 21, 2012 our Earth and the Sun will be on the same line with the center of our Galaxy. But this is already impressive. Imagine, the Mayans predicted such a non-trivial cosmic phenomenon for more than a thousand years! They didn't even have lenses or telescopes. They conducted their observations of stars and planets using narrow slits. What this astronomical event promises us, modern scientists do not know. As they say, wait and see.

13 moon calendar

The Mexican writer, artist and mystic José Argüelles, having studied the heritage of the Maya, created a whole spiritual teaching. Argüelles argues that we modern humans live in mechanistic time. What does he mean?

The year of the Gregorian calendar, according to which almost the whole world now lives, consists of months of different sizes: sometimes 30, sometimes 31, sometimes 28 days in general. This sequence of numbers is arbitrarily chosen by a person and does not agree with natural rhythms. In addition, a person divides the clock face into 12 parts, and an hour into 60 minutes. And these figures, too, people took, as it were, from nowhere. Jose believes that, living in this artificial time, a person loses touch with nature, with the cosmos, forgets his highest values. And a civilization that has lost touch with its native biosphere enters a phase of self-destruction.

From the artificial time counting system of 12:60 Argüelles proposes to switch to the natural calendar system of 13:20 developed by him. It is based on the 13-moon calendar proposed by Jose.

"Beautiful, of course, but nothing special," a phlegmatic historian, a connoisseur of the ancient world, could say, "Lunar calendars were in other ancient civilizations: for example, the Egyptians, the Chinese, the Muslims."

What is the naturalness of the numbers 13 and 20? Jose claims that these are the frequencies of certain cosmic radiations sent to us by the Sun and the galactic center. And they are reflected even in the structure of the human body: a person has 20 fingers and toes, and the skeleton has 13 main joints.

In addition, the month of the calendar of 13 moons consists of 28 days, and this, as you know, is the lunar cycle, with which many natural and biological processes are consistent. These are, for example, ocean tides, the menstrual cycle in women.

Part of the teachings of José Argüelles is a system similar to European astrology. Using the Tzolkin and a certain calculation technique, by the date of his birth, a person can determine the inclinations, strengths of his personality and receive some personal message about his life.

Comments of a researcher of the Mayan culture

We asked a Mayan culture researcher to explain the meaning of the 13-moon calendar. Belinskaya Elena Alexandrovna:

- What is the purpose of the 13 Moon calendar?

This calendar is a way to return a person to natural time, to those rhythms that exist in nature. The fact is that our galactic center radiates energy with impulses, which carries certain qualities. The period of this radiation is 260 days. On each day, certain characteristics are emitted, some information package, which is repeated exactly after 260 days. We may not know this and arrive in the state in which we are. Unfortunately, mankind has come up with a mechanical watch that does not measure the true time. They convey the character of the time invented by us. Look: the arrow runs from one point to another, and we consider this a certain time. It is a dimension of space, not time. It's something conditional. But since we have accepted this as the truth for ourselves, then we live this truth. But this is the truth in quotation marks. Present tense is natural tense. And if a person knows about it, and tries to tune into it consciously, using his consciousness, then he will be harmonious.

Imagine the universe as a huge orchestra. And it has the planet Earth - this is its little string. And the main string here is false - this is humanity. It did not understand for itself what it is and how it can sound, so as not to interfere with the orchestra, to flow into it and then receive the strength of the whole orchestra. The one who gets out, he not only interferes with others. It is difficult to disturb a whole orchestra with one small string. But here the string itself is destroyed. And destroys the environment that gave birth to her. This is how we destroy the Earth. Harmony is attunement with the cosmic orchestra. And we fall out of the state of harmony, which destroys ourselves. This is what is happening now on Earth - this is our dissonance that causes this reaction. You know, Jose says a wonderful thing: "Have you ever seen an ugly sunrise or sunset?" In nature, everything is harmonious, perfect. And only a man manages to destroy all this, and therefore himself.

Whoever comes into contact with the Tzolkin will be able to determine what message his birthday carried. Because this is the purpose of a person in this life. On the other hand, tzolkin, its study, gives a person the opportunity to feel, to feel that every day is changeable, every day brings a new quality. And if we correspond to these changes, are plastic in this, then we live life to the fullest. Philosophers said: "You cannot step into the same water twice." Yes, we are already leaving the other. And there is another beautiful phrase, Heraclitus said: "In the world, only one thing is invariable - change."

- Where do you think this knowledge came from to the Mayan people?

The Maya left a material culture on our land. And through it we saw a lot of objects, where the count of days was reflected. And it was a little strange. There were steles, there were some statues, pyramids, which depicted the cycles of time. The whole culture in material terms left a lot of traces of interconnection with the rhythms of the cosmos. And it was somewhat incomprehensible until this knowledge became integral. Thanks to José Argüelles, this knowledge has come together. Those tribes that remained did not preserve this knowledge, but back in 1952, the grave of Pacal Votan, one of the prophets of the Mayan tribe, was opened. And there was a huge amount of information in the form of drawings and other material objects. All of them have been studied. Jose has been doing this for forty years, collecting information, summarizing it. Ultimately, this gave an understanding of the relationship of cycles and information for each day. And now, if humanity is able to realize this and enter into these rhythms, it will immediately become harmonious. This will help to take a very significant step - to make the transition of human consciousness from material thinking to intuitive thinking. And by and large - this is living life not at the level of instincts, but at the level of intuition.

It is often said that the Mayan calendar is the most accurate. How true is this statement? Mayan astronomers were able to determine the duration of the solar year at 365.2420 days. This is only 0.0002 less than the currently accepted value of the tropical year and corresponds to an error of one day in 5000 years. This gives reason to conclude that the Mayan calendar was somewhat more accurate than our modern Gregorian calendar. Is it a coincidence? Or did the Mayans really have deep knowledge of cosmic rhythms, human consciousness, the nature of time? About what humanity, apparently, will have to rediscover in the very near future.

P.I. Movchan

New Time and New World (Mayan Calendar)

THE MEANING OF THE ANCIENT SCIENCE (INSTEAD OF INTRODUCTION)

The need for introduction is due to the fundamental difference between modern science and the science of the ancients. These differences are generated by the illusion of the linearity of historical time, which dominates European science, which can be expressed in terms of "before" and "after". This implies that civilizations after a certain conditional point are more developed than those that existed before this conditional point. From these positions, European scientists do not even allow the idea that some ancient civilizations in terms of their level of development could be higher than the modern Western one. This view is supported by two dogmas of modern science: 1) about the linearity of historical time; 2) about the presence of technology as a mandatory indicator of the development of civilization ...
It was technological progress that gave rise to the dogma about the linearity of time. But nowhere in nature are there any straight lines or linear time. Not only in nature, but also in technology, all processes are cyclical. Regarding the development of civilizations, it schematically looks like this (Fig. 1):
where a - origin; 0 - the highest flowering; w is the point of extinction and transition to a new civilization. That is, the cycles of civilizations have the form of a sinusoid (Fig. 2):
In reality, the sinusoid has the shape of a spiral or, in projection, a circle, where the points a and w can coincide (Fig. 3). Thus, if a civilization is at the point w, then the highest point of its development - 0 - is already behind. Such a vision gives us the opportunity to leave scientific dogma and explore the mysteries of ancient civilizations with an open mind, as well as re-evaluate their written sources, the most important of which are ancient myths...

THE MAYA FACTOR

The reader may ask: why Maya? And why, for example, not the ancient Slavs? The answer will be this: it is more expedient to learn from the best samples. Each nation has contributed its tribute to the treasury of history, but much has already been lost for us. History has preserved for us little of what we need for further development. Among this little, the concept of time and the calendar of the Mayan people, specially compiled and carefully left by the ancient Maya for us, are going through an ideological crisis of the transition period to a new civilization. We owe the deciphering of the Mayan calendar to a distant descendant of the ancient Maya, an outstanding researcher of their heritage, Ph.D. José Argüelles...
Discovered in 1952 in Palenque, the tomb of the last prominent Mayan ruler Pacal Votan, who ruled from 631 to 638 AD, helped to see the missing links in the chain of events of Mayan history. Gradually, detail by detail, before the inner eye of José Argüelles, a picture of the special mission of the Mayan people in the human history of the Earth, the meaning of which he expressed in the title of one of his books: "The Maya Factor (out of technology path)" loomed.
What is the Maya factor and what is their cosmic mission? Before answering these questions, I must remind you that from the point of view of the goals of Western civilization, which is one large factory producing tools of destruction and destruction, with a small workshop for the production of consumer goods, it is impossible to understand the motives and goals of the Mayan civilization. . H. Argüelles himself writes that only when he formed an oriental type of worldview, the basis of which is the cosmic factor, was he able to understand the logic of the Mayans' behavior and begin to practically decipher their science and cultural artifacts...

Alexey ANDREEV

Time and calendars of the ancients

All those who can read have already understood that this article will discuss the features of the time calculation of some ancient (and partially existing) cultures. During the narrative, the author undertakes to avoid pompous scientificity. So in this article you will not find any Kabbalistic tables and calculations, Crowleyan obscurantism, biblical frankness and sharp revolutionary conclusions.

ancient egyptians

It was they who created the most ancient solar calendar in 4236 BC. However, at the same time, they simultaneously and happily used three calendars at once - stellar (according to which they conducted agriculture), solar (civil) and lunar (for religious holidays). The planet Sirius helped them accurately calculate the number of days in a year: the Egyptians noticed that it becomes visible exactly a couple of days before the Nile flood. The seasons of the natives of the Nile under the Nile were sharpened - Flood, Sowing, Low Water - in total there are only three seasons.

The Egyptians invented the first sundial, a shadow-casting obelisk. A sunny day was divided into 12 parts (10 plus 2 for sunset/dawn), but at first no one bothered to set the length of the hour, that is, the Egyptians, like the Romans later, had hours of different duration. Nevertheless, it was the ancient Egyptians who originally came up with the idea of ​​dividing the day into 24 hours. The fact is that they did not count in tens, but in dozens. However, this did not prevent them from living for decades - weeks 10 days long. The Egyptians also devised a way to measure the hours of the night with an instrument called a merket, which allowed the meridian to be crossed by a star, and also with a water clock.

ancient romans

Oh, Western civilization owes a lot to these people. Even the name "calendar" itself comes from the Latin calare - to announce (the priest announced the arrival of each new month to the emperor). However, in those days, the calendar did not shine with accuracy, if only because these same priests were bribed by all and sundry in order to jump over or somehow avoid days that were considered unsuccessful and bad. Most modern (Western) holidays are based on ancient Roman ones. Floralia - May Day, Lupercalia - St. Valentine, Fool's Day - April 1, The Appearance of the Tree - Palm Sunday, the Feast of Joy - Easter, Saturnalia - Christmas and the Feast of Mars - Mardi Gras.

The Romans borrowed the 10-month system from the Greeks and happily ignored the 61 empty days at the end of winter. Later these days were organized into 2 additional months - Intercalaris and Marsedonius. Before Julius Caesar, the New Year began on March 1st. The chronology itself was conducted from the year of the foundation of Rome (753 BC). Roman years were not numbered, but received the name of the two consuls who ruled during it (in the elective post of consules ordinarii). It is clear that the opportunity to get into history only intensified the competition for this lucrative place.

As already mentioned, the early Roman calendar was hopelessly confused. Later, the Romans began to use a more accurate calendar, in which the number of extra days was brought to 5. Until 321 BC, the Roman week consisted of 8 days, represented on the calendar in Latin letters from A to H. The Romans took this idea from the Jews, although they did not it is clear that they were prevented from immediately learning from the Babylonians, who were the first to establish the correct size of the week - 7 days. The red days of the captain came from the Romans, since it was with this color that they designated their holidays. There were no names of the days of the week as such for a long time, because the Romans counted the days using three starting points in the month: calends - the 1st day, ides - the 13th or 15th day of the month and nons - 9 days before the ides. The date was determined as follows: "4 days before the Eids", etc.

The Roman day, as, indeed, among other Mediterranean peoples, was divided into hours - 12 nights and 12 days. True, the day began in that distant era not at midnight, but at dawn. Depending on the season, the Roman hour could range from 76 minutes (in June) to 44 in December. In those days, there was no mechanism that could accurately count minutes and hours. The fact that an hour consists of 60 minutes, people agreed only in the XII-XIV centuries, when the first clock was created. And the modern division of the hour into 60 minutes went, ultimately, from the astronomers of ancient Babylon. It's just that the number 60 is extremely convenient to use - round and without a trace is divisible by 2,3,4,5,6, 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30.

Aztecs

The round calendar of the Aztecs has become a worldwide symbol not only of their lost civilization, but of all of Mexico as a whole. Many have seen the image of a round stone calendar, which is now reverently kept in the museum, but few people know that this colossus weighs as much as 24 tons.

It is curious that with the help of this stone disc it was also possible to determine the time of day - by the shadows cast by sticks stuck in special holes. The Aztec month consisted of 20 days, and the year of 18 months, which gives a total of 360 days, plus 5 "unlucky" days (just like the Romans). There are 5 days in a week. And the Aztecs considered time in 52-year cycles.

Mayan

They had several ways of reckoning. One year (divine) consisted of 365 days, the other (human) of 260. The reason is that the Mayans believed that the human world is on the verge of a permanent catastrophe due to the struggle between the forces of good and evil, and therefore they respected the gods who were on the side of good. So they gave it to God - divine, and to man - human: in the "human" year, the month lasted only 19-20 days. The fact that the Maya were a philosophical civilization is also proved by the fact that they had names for super-long periods of time - piktun (7885 years), kabatun (158,000 years) and kinchultun (about 3 million years). In addition, they had 3 calendars - long count, tzol-kin and haab. How they differed from each other, I don’t want to write and I won’t, because according to this twist, modern scientists argue with foam at the mouth to this day. The civilization was rich: it fed the Spaniards, now it feeds the scientists. And that is what is needed. Know write yourself dissertations about the Maya and their calendars: there is no one to know the truth from. A good opponent is a dead opponent.

Arabs

They live according to the lunar calendar, which means that their year is 11 days shorter than ours, and the Arabic time reckoning starts from 622 AD, that is, from the moment when Muhammad "exchanged" for Medina. The Arabic year is shorter, and therefore, despite the fact that the European chronology began 6 centuries earlier, both calendars will converge in 20874. The month of the Arabs begins on the day when you can see the crescent of the young moon. Since it is not clear in advance on what night this sickle will be visible, all printed Arabic calendars, by definition, cannot be accurate. Nevertheless, they are the official calendars in Saudi Arabia and some other countries.

Jews

They have, of course, their own calendar, which is official in the State of Israel. This is a solar-lunar calendar. The month, just like the Arabs, begins with a new moon. The day starts at sunset or when certain three stars are visible or (it's just a song!) "depending on the religious circumstances." How
forget the joke: "How much will 2x2 be? - Do we buy or sell?" "The reckoning begins from 3761 BC, that is, from the very moment the world was created. There are 4 ways to calculate the first day of the new year:
1 - from the day of the creation of the world;
2 - from the day when they pay tithes for fruit trees;
3 - from the day when they pay tithing for domestic animals;
4 - from the so-called "New Year of the Kings" - a holiday in the 6th or 7th month. In the latter case, this month in the middle of the year becomes the first. So the joke - "When will the new year come? - And when do you want?" - not at all a hackneyed example of Odessa humor, but a harsh reality.

China

Like the Jews, the Chinese use the solar-lunar calendar. Years are counted not linearly, but in 60-year cycles. Now, by the way, is the 20th year of the 78th cycle. The New Year begins with a new moon between January 21 and February 21 (this year it was celebrated on February 1). Every 19 years, the Chinese celebrate their 13th month. Usually this is the "second of August", coming after the usual August.

Bonus

Of the relatively modern calendars, the most interesting is the French Republican, introduced in 1793. With a zeal that distinguishes them even from the environment of impulsive revolutionaries by definition, the Republicans changed not only the calendar, but also the time. Their day consisted of 10 hours of 100 minutes each, and each minute had 100 seconds. (According to the author, such a voluntaristic attitude to time to some extent proves a certain far-fetchedness of this concept as a whole.) The revolutionaries named the months after trees, flowers, and tools. The year consisted of 36 decades, and the last 5 days received their special names - the Day of Virtue, Genius, Corpse, Reason and Rewards. The year began on the day of the autumn solstice on September 22, and the chronology - from the year of the revolution (where else?). And although decades have replaced weeks, the last day remains a day off. Needless to say, even the radical French did not like to rest once every 10 days. Therefore, it is not surprising that Napoleon successfully canceled this calendar in 1805, which significantly increased his rating, as it is customary to express it today.

natural conclusion

From what has been said, only one conclusion can be drawn: time is the same, but people measure it differently. You do not need to have scientific degrees or a high IQ in order to appreciate the difference between, say, iron German time, within which it is better to arrive at any meeting 5 minutes before it starts, international business etiquette, which allows for an amendment of ± 15 minutes, and, for example, Indian or Mexican, when more and more often there is manana - "manana" - "tomorrow". Bus, plane, visa, meeting - everything will be, but tomorrow. And further. Even in our time, there are peoples comfortably who pay little attention to all temporary and calendar formalities. For example, among the Himba tribe in Namibia, the year begins with the onset of rains. In the language of the tribe, there is one word for the concepts "day" and "sun", and "year" sounds like "rain". Happy people.