Objectives: educational: to summarize with students the material in the image of Taras Bulba; work in depth on the text of the story, using techniques that stimulate thoughtful rereading of the text (informative text, analysis of key episodes, dramatization, role-playing reading); developing: improve the skills of expressive reading, elements of theatrical art, generalization; educational: to cultivate empathy in students (the ability to empathize, to be imbued with the internal state of the hero). Type of lesson: a lesson of systematization and generalization of knowledge, skills and abilities. Equipment: texts of the story, media projector, illustrative, didactic material. Is there really such fires, torments and such a force in the world that would overpower the Russian force? NV Gogol DESCRIPTION OF THE LESSON I. MOTIVATION OF LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. The word of the teacher - For a person, the feeling of the Motherland is very important. It is especially important today for us Ukrainians. Parents, teachers, art books teach us to love the Motherland. One of them is the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". What were our glorious heroes of the Cossacks ready for for the sake of their Fatherland? We will talk about this in the lesson. 2. Drawing up a cluster (oral) ♦ Let's create a moral portrait of a Cossack. What character traits are inherent in the Cossacks? ♦ Can the Kozaks be called knights? (Partially: there are swords (sabers), no ladies.) ♦ Which of the heroes of Gogol's story can be considered a real knight? II. UPDATE OF BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Quiz "Catch the ball" (The questions of the quiz are the homework of one of the students.) 1. Why has Taras not seen his sons for more than a year? 2. What, according to Taras and other centurions, is the best science for a young man? 3. How long did the sons of Bulba stay at home? Why? 4. Who did not sleep a wink all night before leaving for the Sich? 5. Who does the author call "a strange creature in a bunch of lifeless knights"? 6. What did the mother give her sons at parting? 7. How many people went to the Sich with Taras? 8. What is the main occupation of the Cossacks in the Sich in peacetime? 9. What was the name of the kuren chieftain in the Sich? 10. Where did the Cossacks go on a military campaign? What military tactics did they use? 11. About whom the words: “What was not a Cossack?” - "Disappeared ingloriously, like a vile dog"? 12. About whom are the words: “They walked not timidly, not sullenly, but with some kind of quiet pride”? III. WORK ON THE TOPIC OF THE LESSON 1. Write in the notebook the topic of the lesson Teacher. Today we will collect a portrait of the personality of the main character of the story - Taras Bulba. Task: fill in the table "Taras Bulba's character traits" in the course of work. Character traits of Taras Bulba Positive Negative 2. Dramatization of the episode "Meeting Taras with his sons" ♦ What can be said about the character of the characters in this scene? (Taras: does not like priests, does not take science seriously, appreciates strength and skill, is happy to have sons. Ostap: proud, direct and uncompromising. Mother: her opinion does not count, how the father decides - it will be so. Andriy -?) 3. Text observation. Expressive reading and analysis of the fragment “Description of the room” ♦ What is the significance of the description of the room for creating the color of time? (Cleanliness, beautiful utensils were valued - old Bulba is ready to drink with his comrades from beautiful cups, goblets; weapons were valued - the owner is not averse to showing that he is proud of the obtained weapon, it testifies to his military prowess.) 4. Work on creating a portrait of Taras Bulba 1) Working with a reproduction of I. E. Repin's painting "Cossacks writing a letter to the Turkish Sultan" ♦ Does your idea of Taras' appearance match the artist's idea? 2) Word drawing ♦ How would you portray the old colonel? 3) Expressive reading of a fragment of the text of the story - a portrait of Taras Bulba ♦ Does the appearance of the hero correspond to his inner essence? (Outwardly - strong, strong; internally - firm, resolute, stubborn, ambitious, cruel, fair to the point of fanaticism.) ♦ What can be expected from such a direct, “devoted to the Coss freemen” person? (Decisive actions - everything that Taras will do next: he will raise the Sich on a campaign against the Poles, he will kill his traitor son with his own hand, he will go mad with grief on Polish lands.) 4) Artistic role-playing reading of the fragment “Speech about partnership” ♦ What words Taras, pronounced before the army going to death, is especially touching? ♦ What words of the speech about partnership sound modern, topical even today? (About groveling before a foreigner, about "orphanhood" - orphanhood and suffering of the people.) ♦ "Did your classmate manage to convey the spiritual impulse of the old colonel? 5) Analysis of the episode "Taras is present at the execution of Ostap in Warsaw" and expressive reading from the words "
They walked not timidly, not sullenly...” to the words “... he was gone.” Teacher. One of the most terrible moments in the life of Taras Bulba was the presence on the square in Warsaw, when his son Ostap was executed. ♦ How does the father react to his son's stoic behavior? (“Proudly raising his eyes”; “Good, son, good”) ♦ Why does Taras answer his son, despite the mortal danger? What were his words for Ostap and his comrades? (Supported his son and all those condemned to death with a friendly word.) ♦ Could he be silent? How can we call Taras' behavior in the square? (Very risky, because a large reward was promised on his head.). (An illustration by E. A. Kibrik “Death of Taras” is shown.) 6) Work in groups. Viewing a fragment of the film “Taras Bulba. From love to hate” (2008) ♦ Make up a series of questions on the content of what you saw (at least three). Sample questions ♦ Why did the Poles manage to capture Taras? ♦ Why did he come back for the bassinet? ♦ Can this act be considered reckless? ♦ What execution did the Poles come up with for the Cossack? ♦ What was the old chieftain thinking about before his death? ♦ Did he manage to help his comrades out of hellfire? 7) Analysis of epigraph IV. SUMMING UP THE LESSON 1. Reading by students of the completed table "Character Traits of Taras Bulba" 2. Conclusions. Drawing up a syncwine An example of a syncwine Taras Bulba. Direct, decisive, fanatical. - Acts, loves, hates. The seasoned colonel is faithful to his Cossack vocation. Knight. V. REFLECTION Interactive technique "Microphone" "Today at the lesson I ..." VI. HOMEWORK Based on the notes in the notebooks, on the material discussed in the lesson, compose a story "What the Cossacks were talking about, remembering their chieftain."
1 Lesson 37 - 42
Homework . Read the chapters of N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba". Prepare for independent work with the text. Lessons 37-41. Motives of medieval culture in Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" ... Cossacks are a broad, riotous manner of Russian nature ...N. Gogol
Lesson 37
Chapters I-III.
Independent work
U. Today we begin a series of lessons dedicated to the story Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1809 - 1852) "Taras Bulba"(1833 - 1842). You will have a very difficult job: to try to understand the author of this complex work. To do this, you must first imagine the picture of life drawn by Gogol, try to understand the life of the Zaporizhzhya Sich. Therefore, the questions of today's work will concern not so much the heroes, but how you understand the picture of that life as a whole. Independent work with text. Chapter 1 1. What was taught to the sons of Bulba at the academy, and how does he evaluate this teaching? - “This is all rubbish, what your heads are stuffed with; and the academy, and all those books, primers, and philosophy - all this means nothing - I don’t give a damn about all this! 2. What, according to Bulba, should be studied? What and where do you need to master? - “Your tenderness is an open field and a good horse: here is your tenderness! Do you see this sword? here is your mother!”; “Well, it’s better, I’ll send you to Zaporozhye the same week. That's where science is science! Here's a school for you; there you will only gain wisdom.” 3. Why does Bulba decide to go with his sons? - "What the hell am I waiting for here? So that I become a buckwheat grower, housekeeper, look after sheep and pigs, and run with my wife? Damn it: I'm a Cossack, I don't want to! So what if there is no war? So I will go with you to Zaporozhye, for a walk”; “What kind of enemy can we sit here? What do we need this house for? Why do we need all this? What are these pots for? 4. When, what character traits and why were formed among the Cossacks? How does the narrator evaluate these traits? (paragraph from: "Bulba was stubbornly terrifying")? - Such characters arose in the 15th century due to various troubles. The Cossacks were bound by a common danger and hatred for non-Christian invaders. They were brave, skillful, they were all on the shoulder. The main value for them was Cossack glory, knightly strength. The narrator calls such a character "Russian", is clearly proud of him, calls him "an extraordinary phenomenon of Russian strength", powerful, on a wide scale. 5. In what three cases did Bulba consider it necessary to take up the saber? - “... When the commissars did not respect the foremen in anything and stood in front of them in hats, when they mocked Orthodoxy and did not honor the ancestral law, and, finally, when the enemies were Busurmans and Turks, against whom he considered it in any case permissible to raise weapons to glory Christianity"; commissars - Polish tax collectors. 6. What did Bulba consider the main virtues of chivalry? - "Feats in military science and roaming". 7. How did the Cossacks treat women (on the example of Bulba's wife)? How does the narrator feel about this? - "... She was pitiful, like any woman of that daring century"; the narrator pities Bulba's wife (she was insulted, beaten), condemns the "gathering of wifeless knights". 8. In what does Bulba see the traits of "chivalry"? - “... so that they fought bravely, they would always defend the knightly honor, so that they would always stand for the faith of Christ, otherwise, it would be better if they perished, so that their spirit would not be in the world!” Chapter II 1. Who was the first to be caught by Bulba and his sons who arrived in the Sich? What impression did he make on Bulba? What is the narrator's attitude? - “It was a Cossack, sleeping in the very middle of the road, arms and legs outstretched. Taras Bulba could not help but stop and admire him”; from the point of view of the narrator, “it was a rather bold picture”, he was a little funny, “a magnificent figure” (in the sense of “proud”), “pants of scarlet expensive cloth were stained with tar to show complete contempt for them.” 2. What scene did Bulba see on the square and how did he react to it? - He saw "the most free, most frenzied dance that the world has ever seen and which, according to its powerful inventors, is called a Cossack"; Taras "would have started dancing himself", "if not for the horse!" Chapter III 1. What characteristics does the narrator give to revelry and fun? - Gulba is a sign of "wide spread of spiritual will." She is born from the "free sky and the eternal feast of her soul." This gaiety was drunk, but not gloomy - "it was a close circle of school comrades." 2. Who could find work in this strange republic? - "Hunters for military life, for golden goblets, rich brocades, ducats and reals..." 3. What was needed to be accepted by the Sich? - You had to prove that you believe in Christ. 4. Why did the laws of the Sich sometimes seem to Ostap and Andriy “even too strict among such a self-willed republic”? - Because they were punished very severely. 5. What does it mean for Taras "a brave enterprise, where one could roam like a knight should"? - Start a war with someone. 6. How can you deal with the "busurmans" (basurmans - people of a different faith), from the point of view of Bulba? - "Both God and Holy Scripture commands to beat the busurmans." 7. Is it possible, according to Bulba, to break the oath of peace if they swore by faith? - It is possible, because his sons, like other young Cossacks, have never been to war and cannot become real warriors if they do not start fighting. 8. Formulate questions about what remains unclear. Lesson 38Accent proofreading of epic text
U. Judging by the results of independent work, it was not easy for you to answer the questions (gives examples of misunderstanding and discrepancies from children's work). But on the other hand, now that you have already entered into the picture that Gogol unfolds before us, let us try together to deal with these difficulties. And if not all, then some to overcome. Genus and genre. What type and genre does this work belong to? D. This is a story. An epic work, where the inner world of the characters is revealed in the assessment of the narrator. U. What is special about this story? What times is she talking about? D. This is a historical story. Historical facts and "historical story". U. The historian seeks to convey the facts, although he also has his own point of view. And the artist's main task is precisely to express his point of view, and therefore he can select the facts he needs or even change them. And the artist does not accidentally turn to the past. He, thinking about the present, emphasizes something in the past that will be of interest to his contemporaries and descendants. Therefore, it is even more difficult to understand the author of a historical work of art: one must know the events not only from the literary text, but also from historical sources. This is first. And secondly, we must try to understand the position of the author - what exactly he wanted to emphasize in the lives of people of the past era. Gogol's story is interesting for you also from the other side. In the course of the history of literature, you are busy just studying the Middle Ages, i.e. trying to understand the person of that era, his worldview, assessment of values. And in the story, you see the same era both through the eyes of the narrator (when Gogol evaluates the events of the distant past from the point of view of his time), and through the eyes of people of the Middle Ages (when Gogol tries to look at the world through the eyes of his heroes). It is very difficult. But the reader's difficulties do not end there. For when we try to understand the past, we encounter three kinds of difficulties. With which? D. Difficult to understand some words - language. It is difficult to understand the picture of life, because we live differently and see the world differently. There is a discrepancy in estimates. In the past, there were also universal human values, things that make us related, but there were also things that we evaluate differently today. It can be difficult for us to look at the world through the eyes of a person of another era. U. We will try to prevent a number of difficulties today. To do this, you need to try to understand the historical situation and some of the words used in the text. Write down the main points in your notes. First, let's find out who are Cossacks"and what is" Zaporizhzhya Sich". Word " Cossack” or “Cossack” (note that Gogol writes “Cossack”, although it is now customary to write this word through the letter “a”) is borrowed from the Turkic language and means “free man”, “daring man”. "Zaporizhzhya Sich" this is a fortified place "beyond the thresholds of the Dnieper", i.e. below the thresholds there were fortifications surrounded by "notches" (blockages of trees). News about the Dnieper Cossacks comes from the end of the 15th century, when the urban poor and runaway Ukrainian serfs went out into the wild steppe to “cossack”, on free lands “to hunt with bees, fish, animals, fight with the Tatar”. The Sich was formed in the first half of the 16th century. and was located in those days on the territory of the Commonwealth (in the translation of the Polish "Pospolita" - republic) - the kingdom, in which in the XVI century. united Poland and Lithuania. Ukraine was reunited with Russia only in 1654. About what the Zaporozhian Sich looked like in the 16th century, read an excerpt from the course of Russian history by Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (1841-1911) in task 22 (notebook No. 1). Task 22 Read the description of the customs and laws of the Zaporizhzhya Sich in an excerpt from the course of Russian history by Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. Compare with Gogol's description. What is the difference between these descriptions? The Sich represented the appearance of a fortified camp, surrounded by blockages of wood, notch. It was equipped with some artillery, small cannons taken from the Tatar and Turkish fortifications. Here, a military-industrial partnership was formed from familyless and multi-tribal newcomers, calling itself "the chivalry of the Zaporizhian army." The Sich people lived in brushwood huts covered with horse skins. They differed in occupations: some were mainly earners, lived on military booty, others hunted with fish and animals, supplying the former with food. Women were not allowed in the Sich, married Cossacks, sidney, nests, lived separately in winter quarters and sowed bread, supplying them to the Sich. Until the end of the XVI century. Zaporizhzhya remained a mobile, changeable society; for the winter, it dispersed to Ukrainian cities, leaving several hundred people in the Sich to guard artillery and other Sich property. In calm times in the summer, up to 3 thousand people were present in the Sich; but it overflowed when the Ukrainian embassy became unbearable from the Tatars and the Poles and something was started in the Ukraine. Then everyone dissatisfied, persecuted or caught in something ran beyond the thresholds. In the Sich, they did not ask the stranger who he was and where he came from, what faith, what kind of tribe: they accepted anyone who seemed a suitable comrade. At the end of the XVI century. in Zaporozhye, signs of a military organization are noticeable, although still unstable, established somewhat later. Military Brotherhood of Zaporozhye, kosh, ruled by the ataman elected by the Sich Rada, who, with the elected Yesaul, judge and clerk, constituted the Sich foreman, the government. Kosh was stationed in detachments, kurens, of which there were then 38, under the command of elected kuren chieftains, who were also ranked among the foremen. The Cossacks valued comradely equality most of all; everything was decided by the Sich circle, gladly, the Cossack colo. This colo acted easily with its foreman, chose and replaced it, and executed those who disagreed, put it in the water, pouring a sufficient amount of sand into its bosom. Children read, perform the task first independently in notebooks, and then together orally. U. Gogol also described the life, customs and laws of the Zaporozhian Sich. Are there any differences? D. The historian writes that in the Sich they did not ask the stranger what faith he was, but they ask Gogol. U. Well done for noticing this. But after all, Klyuchevsky speaks of the 16th century. And what time do the events in Gogol's story take place? D. He writes that characters such as those of Bulba developed in the 15th century. U. Is there a contradiction here? Be attentive to the text. Gogol says that the character of Bulba is one of those “that could have arisen only in the difficult 15th century.” But after all, the children of Taras, and Taras himself, judging by the fact that he mentions Latin verses, the Roman poet Horace, studied at the Kyiv Academy, and it was opened in 1632. Mentions Gogol and the governor Adam Kisel. This face is historical. Kisel lived in the 17th century. And whoever read the story to the end, in the last chapter, learned about the uprising led by the hetman Ostrany and his adviser Guni. This is a historical fact - the uprising took place in 1638. Gogol also mentions “ union". But about what? Union - "union". And there were two of these unions that could excite the Sich. In 1569, the Union of Lublin was concluded, as a result of which Poland and Lithuania were united and both together received the name of the Commonwealth, and the Sich fell under the rule of the Poles. But there was another union, the Church, which took place 27 years after the political one. The reason for this was the struggle between the Christian churches. Catholic Poles were initially forced to fight against the Protestant offensive. Having defeated the Protestants, the Catholics tried to eliminate Orthodoxy. And then some of the higher Orthodox priests, frightened, decided to unite with the Catholics. Thus, another church arose on the territory of the Commonwealth - the Uniate, and the Orthodox in these lands ceased to be considered legal. Of the Union of Lublin in 1569, Klyuchevsky wrote that it brought "three closely related consequences" to southwestern Russia: serfdom, increased peasant colonization of Ukraine, and the transformation of Zaporozhye into a refuge for the enslaved Russian population. All these events naturally affected the moral character of the Cossacks. What “moral character” was before the Union of Lublin and what it became after it, read in another passage from the course of Russian history of Klyuchevsky - notebook No. 1, task 23. Task 23. Read the description of the “moral character of the Cossacks” before the Union of Lublin in 1569 and after it in an excerpt from the course of Russian history by Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. Write what changed in the character of the Cossacks after the union? Compare with Gogol's description. What is the difference between these descriptions? We traced in general terms the history of the Little Russian Cossacks in connection with the fate of Lithuanian Rus until the beginning of the 17th century, when an important turning point occurred in their position. We saw how the nature of the Cossacks changed: bands of steppe industrialists singled out fighting squads from their midst, who lived by raids on neighboring countries, and from these friends the government recruited border guards. All these ranks of the Cossacks looked to the steppe in the same way, looking for food there, and with these searches, to a greater or lesser extent, contributed to the defense of the constantly threatened southeastern ocarina of the state. With the Union of Lublin, the Little Russian Cossacks turned their faces back, on the state that they had hitherto defended. The international position of Little Russia demoralized this rabble and vagrant mass, and prevented the civic feeling from arising in it. The Cossacks used to look at neighboring countries, at Crimea, Turkey, Moldova, even at Moscow, as an object of prey, as “Cossack bread”. They began to transfer this view to their own state, since the time when pan and gentry land ownership with its serfdom began to settle on its southeastern outskirts. Then they saw in their state an enemy even worse than the Crimea or Turkey, and from the end of the 16th century. began to turn on him with redoubled fury. So the Little Russian Cossacks were left without a fatherland and, therefore, without faith. At that time, the whole moral world of Eastern European man rested on these two foundations, inextricably linked one with the other, on the fatherland and on the god of the land. The Commonwealth did not give the Cossack either one or the other. The idea that he was Orthodox was for the Cossack a vague childhood memory or an abstract idea that did not oblige him to anything and was not suitable for anything in Cossack life. During the wars, they treated the Russians and their churches no better than the Tatars, and worse than the Tatars. […] The Cossack was left without any moral content. In the Commonwealth there was hardly another class that stood at a lower level of moral civil development: unless the highest hierarchy of the Little Russian Church before the church union could compete with the Cossacks in savagery. In its Ukraine, with extremely tight thinking, it is not yet accustomed to seeing the fatherland. This was hindered by the extremely rabble composition of the Cossacks. […] What could unite this rabble? A pan was sitting on his neck, and a saber was hanging on his side: to beat and rob a pan and sell a saber - in these two interests the whole political worldview of a Cossack, all social science taught by the Sich, the Cossack Academy, the highest school of valor for every good Cossack and a den of riots, as the Poles called it. The Cossacks offered their military services for a proper reward to the German emperor against the Turks, and to their Polish government against Moscow and the Crimea, and to the Crimea against their Polish government. […].And this venal saber without God and fatherland was imposed by circumstances on a religious-national banner, judged a high role to become a stronghold of Western Russian Orthodoxy. This unexpected role was prepared for the Cossacks by another union, the Church, which took place 27 years after the political one. Let me recall in passing the main circumstances that led to this event. Catholic propaganda, which resumed with the appearance of the Jesuits in Lithuania in 1569, soon broke Protestantism here and attacked Orthodoxy. She met with a strong rebuff, first in the Orthodox magnates with Prince K. Ostrozhsky at the head, and then in the urban population, in the brotherhoods. But among the highest Orthodox hierarchy, demoralized, despised by its own and oppressed by Catholics, the old idea arose of uniting with the Roman Church, and at the Brest Council of 1596, Russian church society broke up into two hostile parts, Orthodox and Uniate. The Orthodox society has ceased to be a legitimate church recognized by the state. […] To tell a downtrodden serf or a self-willed Cossack, who was thinking about the pogrom of the pan, on whose land they lived, that they were wrestling with this pogrom over the offended Russian god, meant to alleviate and encourage their conscience, crushed by the feeling stirring somewhere at the bottom of it, that how - No way, and pogrom is not a good deed. The first Cossack uprisings at the end of the 16th century, as we have seen, did not yet have that religious-national character. But from the beginning of the XVII century. the Cossacks are gradually drawn into the Orthodox Church opposition. […] So the Cossacks received a banner, the front side of which called for the struggle for the faith and for the Russian people, and the reverse side - for the extermination or expulsion of the pans and gentry from Ukraine. Children read and perform the task first in writing, and then answer orally the questions of the teacher. U. Do the Cossacks depicted by Gogol correspond in their spirit to that described by the historian? D. Yes, of course, they are already ready to defend the Orthodox faith, to beat the Poles. U. But this is their "banner" - the motto, the main idea. And does Bulba's desire to "walk" correspond to this idea? D. No. Koshevoi tells him that they swore by faith, and give Bulba a war so that his sons would fight. U. Not everything is so simple and unambiguous. Now, when you have tried to at least slightly understand that era, let's try to understand the characters of the main characters - Bulba and his sons - to understand the narrator's assessments, and most importantly, to understand the purpose of Gogol's writing a historical story, why he turned to "cases long ago of bygone days, the legends of antiquity deep"? What does he value in that era? What is denied? To do this, let's go back to the beginning of the story. Chapter I U. Who is the narrator here? D. Narrator-narrator. U. But the story does not begin with the words of the narrator. Gogol does not gradually introduce us into the situation, but begins, as it were, from the middle - with Taras's remark. What makes him laugh and why? Olya. The clothes of his sons make him laugh, because these are not clothes for a Cossack - you can’t run in them. U. What makes him happy? Mitya. That Ostap "beats nicely." The main thing: “That's how you beat everyone, how you beat me; don't let anyone down!" U. And note: it is Ostap who cannot stand ridicule. He is ready to defend his dignity, despite the fact that his father laughs at him, who should be honored. And for Bulba, the main thing is that sons should be warriors. Them mother- saber, and school- Zaporizhzhya Sich. The main thing is that you always be lucky in the war! So that the Busurmans would be beaten, and the Turks would be beaten, and the Tatars would be beaten; when the Poles begin to do something against our faith, then the Poles would be beaten!” (The Poles are Poles; they are also Christians, but not Orthodox, but Catholics). How does RP treat its heroes? Dima. He begins to describe them with a kind smile: “instead of greeting after a long absence, they began to cuff each other ...” The mother says: “child young”, and the narrator comments with a smile:“ this child was more than twenty years old and exactly a sazhen tall". But at the same time, he respects Bulba's strong character, although he condemns him for his rude attitude towards his wife, which is evident in the narrator's direct assessment, where he describes the state of " poor old ladies." U. Well, Bulba, as you already know, decided to go to the Sich himself in order to make war (“what kind of enemy can we sit out here?”). Later, the narrator will emphasize: “Bulba was stubborn scary". And a little later he will say again that the need for a trip to Zaporozhye “was one stubborn will". You have already found out where such a character as Bulba came from. Let us re-read the three paragraphs devoted to the conditions for the emergence of such characters. Children read(to himself) an excerpt from the words: "Bulba was terribly stubborn ..." to the words: "and he came tired of his worries." U. What character traits did people develop in such an environment? What are the features of the Cossacks? What unites them? How does the narrator feel about it? Nastya. They are brave. Cossacks - " wide, wild manner of Russian nature. The narrator admires such people: “the Russian character got here mighty, wide scope, hefty appearance. What unites them is their common danger and hatred against non-Christian predators. U. Such were the Cossacks. What is Bulba? Katia. And he is the same. Also very stubborn: “... the whole was created for abusive alarm and was distinguished rough frankness of his temper." "Forever restless he considered himself legitimate protector orthodoxy». U. Was Bulba really " legal» protector? Artem. No, he acted arbitrarily». U. And revered the main virtues of a knight military science and hawking. Does the narrator admire these traits? Dima. He has a complicated attitude. The fact that Taras is a brave, restless warrior, a defender of Orthodoxy - this delights the narrator. Bulba is also caring (“ did not forget nothing": watered the horses). But at the same time, the narrator also emphasizes such features as rudeness, stubborn will, arbitrariness - he does not like all this. U. At the end of the chapter, the narrator once again emphasizes in Taras those features that he admires, forcing his hero to utter the following words: “Pray to God that they fought bravely, would always defend honour knightly, to always stand for faith Christ's, or else - let them perish, so that their spirit would not be in the world! Note that honor is more important to him than the lives of children. And what happens to the emotional tone? The narrator-narrator began the chapter humorously, but what next? Danila. Then he seriously sympathizes with Bulba's wife, tells how the Cossacks "started up", then again sadly, with sympathy, he talks about " poor mother." And the last paragraph is dedicated to the sons of Bulba, who “traveled vaguely and held tears Saying goodbye to childhood. “Farewell to childhood, and games, and everything, and everything!” Chapter II U. The first paragraph of the RP is dedicated to Bulba. In what mood and why is Taras? How does the RP feel about this? Masha. Taras recalls his youth, his comrades, RP empathizes with Taras: “ A tear quietly rounded on his apple, and his graying head sadly drooped». U. It's not just sympathy. Not "eyes", but " apple"(sublime vocabulary), tear" rounded”, a rearrangement of words (“his head”) - all this speaks of the glorification of the image. Further (second paragraph), the RP considers it necessary to “say more about his sons” and gives a detailed description of the Kyiv Academy, what morals reigned in it and why. But we are interested in the characters of the characters. Why did Taras send his sons there? And then - after four escapes of Ostap - Bulba gave him a solemn promise "to keep him in the monastic servants for twenty whole years" and swore that Ostap "won't see Zaporozhye forever if he doesn't learn all the sciences at the academy." And the narrator emphasizes: “It is curious that this was said by the same Taras Bulba, who scolded all learning and advised, as we have already seen, children not to study it at all.” By the way, what is the narrator here? Dima. He calls himself " we". This is what happens with the RP when he includes himself in the narrative, although he does not participate in the events. So it was with Pushkin in Poltava, but it is clear that Pushkin's narrator lived a hundred years later. This we considered as features of the lyrics. And Gogol's narrator is not a contemporary of the events, he lives in a different time. Maybe also features of the lyrics? U. Let's see how the narrator will behave further. So, why did Taras send his sons to study? D.“... because all the honorary dignitaries of that time considered necessity give education to their children, although this was done so that after completely forget his". U. A very interesting detail. Indeed, Bulba is not one of the poor Cossacks, he is a colonel and is forced to reckon with conventions, i.e. he is not as free as he thought. And why did he frighten Ostap? What was the most important thing for Bulba's eldest son? D. That he will not see Zaporozhye. So, the main thing for Ostap was to become a warrior, a knight. U. Father and son appreciate it the most. The students lived in a bursa at the Kyiv Academy (bursa - Latin "purse", "bag" - a hostel). These wild, free-bred children "were somewhat polished and received something general making them look alike." What was this similarity? D. They were " enterprising”: they stole because of hunger, they were violent, the townspeople were afraid of them. U. However, they differed from each other. What do we learn about the character of Ostap? How did he feel about teaching? Sasha. book for him boring". But when his father threatened that he would never see Zaporozhye, he began to study with " extraordinary diligence" and "soon became along with the best». U. How did Ostap treat his comrades? Julia (is reading). Ostap has always been considered one of the the best comrades. He rarely led others in daring undertakings - to rob someone else's garden or vegetable garden, but on the other hand, he was always one of the first to come under the banner of an enterprising bursak, and never, in any case, did not issue their comrades. No whips and rods could force him to do this. Katia. "He was straightforward with equals. His character hardened and became firm. U. What was the main thing for him? What was he thinking about the most? Dima. About war and feasts. U. For Ostap, as well as for his father, the most valuable thing is military science and debauchery. And how did he differ from his father (look at the last lines of the second paragraph)? Nastya. He felt sorry for his mother: "He sincerely was touched tears of a poor mother, and this alone embarrassed and made me bow my head thoughtfully. U. The narrator dedicates the next (third) paragraph to Andria and immediately begins to compare the brothers. They're alike? Look at the text. Nastya. Andriy "had feelings some livelier and somehow more developed». Katia. "He studied more willing and without tension, with which a heavy and strong character is usually assumed. This means that Ostap has a heavy and strong character, while Andriy does not. Andrei. "He was more inventive than his brother," he knew how to evade punishment. Dima. But they are similar: "He also seethed thirst for achievement". And the narrator emphasizes that “together” with this thirst, “his soul was accessible and other feelings- he had a need for love. U. Which manifested itself when meeting with a Polish woman. In what form did he first appear before her and what feelings did he experience? Lena. "He dumbfounded' looked at her lost”, because he was in the mud, and she laughed. U. And what's next? How does Andriy characterize his further behavior? Sasha. He " boldly He made his way to her, but behaved there timidly and embarrassed. U. So, the brothers are similar in that they yearn for achievement, but otherwise they are very different from each other. And so the father and sons go to Zaporozhye, and the narrator cannot refrain from describing the steppe. Why would he? Let's celebrate this place together is reading aloud the paragraph: "The steppe, the farther, the more beautiful"). Manya. The narrator admires the steppe. Danila. Here the narrator is again, as it were, a hero, he directly addresses the steppe: “Damn you, steppe, how good you are! ..” U. Yes, the landscape is permeated with the feeling of the storyteller, lyrical. But why is he here? The Cossacks are going to the Sich. Why paint the beauty of nature, admire it? Nastya. Nature is so beautiful, but people are fighting, killing each other. This narrator admires, but the Cossacks do not notice. U."Without any adventures" the Cossacks approached the island of Khortitsa "where the Sich was then." This is not the Sich itself, but a suburb where there were workshops of blacksmiths, tanners, people of different nationalities traded - an Armenian, a Tatar and a Jew (in those days the word "Jew" was not a curse word). But Taras is already dressed up". What was this neighborhood like? How did it differ from the Sich? Zara. It looked like a fair that clothed and fed the Sich. And the Sich was able "only walk Yes fire from guns." U. And finally, the travelers saw the Sich. “So here she is, Sech! This is the nest from which all those proud and strong as lions fly out! This is where the will and Cossacks spill over to the whole Ukraine!” Whose mouth is this? Who thinks so? Natasha. These are the words of the narrator, and both the narrator himself and the sons of Taras can think so - they arrived where they dreamed of going. U. And immediately our heroes saw how the Sich was “walking”. What did they see? Pavlik. How to dance the free dance "Cossack". U. Bulba himself was ready to start dancing, but, having learned about the death of many of his comrades, he lowered his head. So, what can be said about the attitude of the narrator, his emotions throughout this chapter? Dima. He begins and ends the chapter on a sad note. But throughout the chapter there are episodes sustained in a humorous spirit. U. The emotional tone is constantly changing. Something makes the narrator smile, he sympathizes with something, grieves about something. Chapter III U. The chapter begins with a description of the way of life in the Sich. You already thought about this when you answered questions about the text, but let's return to this again, since the description of the life of the Cossacks is very important for understanding the characters of the main characters and the further development of events. So, "Cut didn't like to bother themselves with military exercises and waste time", occasionally only the Cossacks shot on target or staged horse races. And "all other time was given gulbe- a sign of a wide size spiritual will". "It was some incessant feast, a ball that began noisily and lost its end. And this feast had "something bewitching”- they drank not from grief, but from gaiety. "Happiness was drunk, noisy, but with all this it there was no black pub, where a person is forgotten by gloomy-distorting fun; it was tight circle of schoolmates". All these statements belong to the narrator. How does he evaluate this "revelry"? Nastya. At least he does not condemn her, because she is not gloomy, they do not drink out of grief. The main thing is a close circle of comrades. U. And what was, according to the Cossacks, “ indecent noble person? Andrei. To be without a fight. They don't care where they fight, as long as they fight. U. And the narrator calls this republic " strange". Why? Lena. They lived on war and war booty, otherwise where did they get goblets, ducats? U. Only the narrator calls this republic “strange”? Dima. No, she seemed strange to both Ostap and Andrii too. It was not clear to them why it was so easy to be accepted into the Cossacks. You just had to prove that you believe in Christ. U.\ What was the fate of the merchants, according to the narrator? Andrei. "Highly pathetic". They lived like near a volcano - they could be robbed at any moment. U. And how did the Cossacks treat each other? Olya. We fought. They had their own laws. U. How did the brothers react to these laws? Mitya. They seemed to them too strict. U. And who and why was hurt by a terrible execution? Zara. Andria. He was more sensitive, his feelings were more developed. U. What conclusion can we draw about the characters of the brothers? Both of them longed for exploits, both soon "became in good standing with the Cossacks", stood out " prowess and luck in everything. But to both of them something seemed strange and even too strict in the coveted Sich; cruel. This means that we have before us another generation of Cossacks, moving further and further away from the wild customs of the 15th century, when the Cossacks began to form. At the same time, the characters of the brothers differed in many respects: Andriy "had feelings some livelier and somehow more developed».1. How does the meeting that he gives to his sons characterize Taras Bulba? How do the different characters of Otap and Andriy manifest themselves in this situation?
2. What qualities of Taras Bulba's character does the narrator speak about? What did the artist E.A. Kibrik emphasize in the portrait of the hero?
3. Why does Taras decide to go to the Sich?
4. What did Taras Bulba consider the main virtues of chivalry?
5. Make a quotation plan for the topic "The image of the mother"
Wow, thanks for the help! :h
1. How does the meeting that he gives to his sons characterize Taras Bulba? How do the different characters of Ostap and Andriy manifest themselves in this situation?
2. What qualities of Taras Bulba's character does the narrator speak about? What was emphasized in the portrait of the hero by the artist E.A. Kibrik?
3. Why does Taras decide to go to the Sich?
4. What did Taras Bulba consider the main virtues of chivalry?
5. Make a quotation plan for you "The Image of the Mother".
6. Read carefully the passage to the words: "One poor mother did not sleep ..." to the words: "He decided to go so soon because he drank a lot." See how stylistically the pronoun she is emphasized.
(I ASK YOU FOR A MAXIMUM 30 MINUTES FOR THIS PLEASE ANSWER THE QUESTIONS I WILL BE VERY HAPPY!) THANK YOU IN ADVANCE :)
Taras Bulba
the protagonist of N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba"
In his
The portrait embodies all the best qualities of that heroic era.
Bravery,
Courage, Hatred of enemies - all these traits are embodied in one person.
Taras was not
created for a calm, peaceful life - it was an old warrior, ready to give his life
for the fatherland.
It was after
his fiery speech, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, decided to advance on a campaign and take revenge
Polish gentry.
At Taras
there were two sons - Ostap and Andriy, the father wanted them to become seasoned wars
like Taras.
But everything went
not as Taras thought - Ostap was captured and executed, Andriy betrayed the fatherland, and he
killed Taras, but when he was captured, he did not try
break out on
freedom, he hoped only for the fact that his wars safely left the encirclement
and were saved. He lost both sons - the people closest to him, what else
the only thing left for the old soldier is to die heroically.
Taras Bulba
considered the main thing in life to love the fatherland, to be faithful to his land and his
people.
Taras Bulba is the protagonist of N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba"
All the best qualities of that heroic era are embodied in his portrait.
Courage, Courage, Hatred of enemies - all these traits are embodied in one person.
Taras was not created for a calm, peaceful life - he was an old warrior, ready to give his life for the fatherland.
It was after his fiery speech that the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks decided to go on a campaign and take revenge on the Polish gentry.
Taras had two sons - Ostap and Andriy, his father wanted them to become seasoned warriors like Taras.
But everything did not go as Taras thought - Ostap was captured and executed, Andriy betrayed the fatherland, and Taras killed him, but when he was captured, he did not try
To break free, he hoped only that his warriors had safely left the encirclement and escaped. He lost both sons - the people closest to him, what else remains for the old soldier - only to die heroically.
Taras Bulba considered the main thing in life to love the fatherland, to be faithful to his land and his people.
"THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF A KNIGHT" (IMAGE OF TARASS BULBA IN THE APPROACHINGNOVELS N. V. GOGOL). 7th CLASS
Goals:
educational : summarize with students the material in the image of Taras Bulba; work in depth on the text of the story, using techniques that stimulate thoughtful rereading of the text (informative text, analysis of key episodes, dramatization, role-playing reading);
developing : improve the skills of expressive reading, elements of theatrical art, generalization;
educational: to cultivate empathy in students (the ability to empathize, to be imbued with the internal state of the hero).
Equipment: texts of the story, media projector, illustrative, didactic material.
Yes unless there will be on the light such
lights, flour and such force, which would
overpowered Russian force?
H . AT . Gogol
HODLESSON
I. MOTIVATIONTRAININGACTIVITIES
1. Wordteachers
For a person, the feeling of the Motherland is very important. It is especially important today for us Ukrainians. Parents, teachers, art books teach us to love the Motherland. One of them is the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". What were our glorious heroes of the Cossacks ready for for the sake of their Fatherland? We will talk about this in the lesson.
2. Draftingcluster (orally)
♦ Let's create a moral portrait of a Cossack. What character traits are inherent in the Cossacks?
Can the Kozaks be called knights? (Partially: there are swords (sabers), no ladies.)
Which of the heroes of Gogol's story can be considered a real knight? *
II.UPDATEBASICKNOWLEDGE
Quiz"Catchball"
(Quiz questions- homework of one of the students.)
Why did Taras not see his sons for more than a year?
What, according to Taras and other centurions, is the best science for a young man?
How long did Bulba's sons stay at home? Why?
Who didn't sleep a wink all night before leaving for the Sich?
What did the mother give her sons at parting?
How many people went to the Sich with Taras?
What is the main occupation of the Cossacks in the Sich in peacetime?
What was the name of the kuren ataman in the Sich?
Where did the Cossacks go on a military campaign? What military tactics did they use?
About whom the words: "What was not a Cossack?" - "Disappeared ingloriously, like a vile dog"?
About whom are the words: “They walked not timidly, not sullenly, but with some kind of quiet pride”?
III. JOBABOVETHEMELESSON
1. Recordinginnotebooksthemeslesson
Teacher. Today we will collect a portrait of the personality of the main character of the story - Taras Bulba. Task: fill in the table "Taras Bulba's character traits" in the course of work.
FeaturescharacterTarasbulbs
2. stagingepisode"MeetingTaraswithsons"
♦ What can be said about the character of the characters in this scene? (Taras: does not like priests, does not take science seriously, appreciates strength and dexterity, is happy to have sons. Ostap: proud, direct and uncompromising. Mother: her opinion does not count, how the father decides- so be it. Andriy- ?)
3. Observationabovetext. Expressivereadingandanalysisfragment"Descriptionsvelitsy "
♦ What is the significance of the description of the room for creating the color of the time? (Cleanliness, beautiful utensils were valued- old Bulba is ready to drink with his comrades from beautiful cups, goblets; weapons were valued- the owner is not away
to show that he is proud of the obtained weapon, it testifies to his military prowess.)
4. WorkabovecreationportraitTarasbulbs
1) Work with reproduction paintings And . E . Repin "Cossacks write letter Turkish Sultan"
♦ Does your idea of Taras' appearance match the artist's?
2) verbal Painting
♦ How would you portray the old colonel?
3) Expressive reading fragment the text of the story - portrait Taras bulbs
Does the appearance of the hero correspond to his inner essence? (Externally- strong, strong; internally- firm, resolute, stubborn, ambitious, cruel, just to the point of fanaticism.)
What can be expected from such a direct, “devoted to the freemen of the Cossack” person? (decisive action- everything that Taras will do next: he will raise the Sich on a campaign against the Poles, he will kill his traitor son with his own hand, distraught with grief, he will commit atrocities in the Polish lands.)
4) artistic role-playing reading fragment "Speech about partnership"
What words of Taras, uttered before the army going to death, are especially touching?
What words of the speech about partnership sound modern, topical even today? (About groveling before a foreigner, about “orphanhood”- orphanhood and suffering of the people.)
♦" Did your classmate manage to convey the spiritual impulse of the old colonel?
5) Analysis episode "Taras present on the executions Ostap in Warsaw" and expressive reading from words "They are walked not fearfully , not sullenly ... » before words « ... his and track caught a cold"
Teacher . One of the most terrible moments in the life of Taras Bulba was the presence on the square in Warsaw, when his son Ostap was executed.
♦ How does the father react to his son's stoic behavior? (“Proudly raising his eyes”; “Good, son, good”)
♦Why does Taras answer his son despite the mortal danger? What were his words for Ostap and his comrades? (Supported his son and all those condemned to death with a friendly word.)
♦ Could he be silent? How can we call Taras' behavior in the square? ( Very risky, because a big reward was promised for his head.).
(An illustration by E. A. Kibrik "Death of Taras" is shown.)
6) Work in groups . View movie fragment "Taras Bulba . From love before hate" (2008)
♦ Make up a series of questions on the content of what you saw (at least three).
Approximate questions
Why did the Poles manage to capture Taras?
Why did he come back for the cradle?
What execution did the Poles come up with for the Cossack?
What was the old chieftain thinking about before his death?
Did he manage to help his comrades out of hellfire?
7) Analysis epigraph
IV. SUMMARYRESULTSLESSON
Readingstudentsfilledtables"Features characterTarasBulbs"
findings. Draftingcinquain
Example cinquain
Taras Bulba.
Direct, decisive, fanatical. - Acts, loves, hates. The seasoned colonel is faithful to the Cossack
rank. Knight.
v. REFLECTION
Interactivereception"Microphone"
"I'm in class today..."
VI. HOMEEXERCISE
Based on the notes in the notebooks, on the material discussed in the lesson, compose a story “What the Cossacks were talking about, remembering their chieftain”.
Lesson 37 - 42
Homework . Read the chapters of the story "Taras Bulba". Prepare for independent work with the text.
Lessons 37-41. Motives of medieval culture in Gogol's story "Taras Bulba"
... Cossacks are a broad, riotous manner of Russian nature ...
N. Gogol
Chapters I-III.
Independent work
U. Today we begin a series of lessons dedicated to the story Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1809 - 1852) "Taras Bulba" (1833 - 1842).
You will have a very difficult job: to try to understand the author of this complex work. To do this, you must first imagine the picture of life drawn by Gogol, try to understand the life of the Zaporizhzhya Sich. Therefore, the questions of today's work will concern not so much the heroes, but how you understand the picture of that life as a whole.
Independent work with text.
Chapter 1
1. What was taught to the sons of Bulba at the academy, and how does he evaluate this teaching? - “This is all rubbish, what your heads are stuffed with; and the academy, and all those books, primers, and philosophy - all this means nothing - I don’t give a damn about all this!
2. What, according to Bulba, should be studied? What and where do you need to master? - “Your tenderness is an open field and a good horse: here is your tenderness! Do you see this sword? here is your mother!”; “Well, it’s better, I’ll send you to Zaporozhye the same week. That's where science is science! Here's a school for you; there you will only gain wisdom.”
3. Why does Bulba decide to go with his sons? - "What the hell am I waiting for here? So that I become a buckwheat grower, housekeeper, look after sheep and pigs, and run with my wife? Damn it: I'm a Cossack, I don't want to! So what if there is no war? So I will go with you to Zaporozhye, for a walk”; “What kind of enemy can we sit here? What do we need this house for? Why do we need all this? What are these pots for?
4. When, what character traits and why were formed among the Cossacks? How does the narrator evaluate these traits? (paragraph from: "Bulba was stubbornly terrifying")? - Such characters arose in the 15th century due to various troubles. The Cossacks were bound by a common danger and hatred for non-Christian invaders. They were brave, skillful, they were all on the shoulder. The main value for them was Cossack glory, knightly strength. The narrator calls such a character "Russian", is clearly proud of him, calls him "an extraordinary phenomenon of Russian strength", powerful, on a wide scale.
5. In what three cases did Bulba consider it necessary to take up the saber? - “... When the commissars did not respect the foremen in anything and stood in front of them in hats, when they mocked Orthodoxy and did not honor the ancestral law, and, finally, when the enemies were Busurmans and Turks, against whom he considered it in any case permissible to raise weapons to glory Christianity"; commissars - Polish tax collectors.
6. What did Bulba consider the main virtues of chivalry? - "Feats in military science and roaming".
7. How did the Cossacks treat women (on the example of Bulba's wife)? How does the narrator feel about this? - "... She was pitiful, like any woman of that daring century"; the narrator pities Bulba's wife (she was insulted, beaten), condemns the "gathering of wifeless knights".
8. In what does Bulba see the traits of "chivalry"? - “... so that they fought bravely, they would always defend the knightly honor, so that they would always stand for the faith of Christ, otherwise, it would be better if they perished, so that their spirit would not be in the world!”
Chapter II
1. Who was the first to be caught by Bulba and his sons who arrived in the Sich? What impression did he make on Bulba? What is the narrator's attitude? - “It was a Cossack, sleeping in the very middle of the road, arms and legs outstretched. Taras Bulba could not help but stop and admire him”; from the point of view of the narrator, “it was a rather bold picture”, he was a little funny, “a magnificent figure” (in the sense of “proud”), “pants of scarlet expensive cloth were stained with tar to show complete contempt for them.”
2. What scene did Bulba see on the square and how did he react to it? - He saw "the most free, most frenzied dance that the world has ever seen and which, according to its powerful inventors, is called a Cossack"; Taras "would have started dancing himself", "if not for the horse!"
Chapter III
1. What characteristics does the narrator give to revelry and fun? - Gulba is a sign of "wide spread of spiritual will." She is born from the "free sky and the eternal feast of her soul." This gaiety was drunk, but not gloomy - "it was a close circle of school comrades."
2. Who could find work in this strange republic? - "Hunters for military life, for golden goblets, rich brocades, ducats and reals..."
3. What was needed to be accepted by the Sich? - You had to prove that you believe in Christ.
4. Why did the laws of the Sich sometimes seem to Ostap and Andriy “even too strict among such a self-willed republic”? - Because they were punished very severely.
5. What does it mean for Taras "a brave enterprise, where one could roam like a knight should"? - Start a war with someone.
6. How can you deal with the "busurmans" (basurmans - people of a different faith), from the point of view of Bulba? - "Both God and Holy Scripture commands to beat the busurmans."
7. Is it possible, according to Bulba, to break the oath of peace if they swore by faith? - It is possible, because his sons, like other young Cossacks, have never been to war and cannot become real warriors if they do not start fighting.
8. Formulate questions about what remains unclear.
Accent proofreading of epic text
U. Judging by the results of independent work, it was not easy for you to answer the questions (gives examples of misunderstanding and discrepancies from children's work). But on the other hand, now that you have already entered into the picture that Gogol unfolds before us, let us try together to deal with these difficulties. And if not all, then some to overcome.
Genus and genre.
What type and genre does this work belong to?
D. This is a story. An epic work, where the inner world of the characters is revealed in the assessment of the narrator.
U. What is special about this story? What times is she talking about?
D. This is a historical story.
Historical facts and "historical story".
U. The historian seeks to convey the facts, although he also has his own point of view. And the artist's main task is precisely to express his point of view, and therefore he can select the facts he needs or even change them.
And the artist does not accidentally turn to the past. He, thinking about the present, emphasizes something in the past that will be of interest to his contemporaries and descendants. Therefore, it is even more difficult to understand the author of a historical work of art: one must know the events not only from the literary text, but also from historical sources. This is first. And secondly, we must try to understand the position of the author - what exactly he wanted to emphasize in the lives of people of the past era.
Gogol's story is interesting for you also from the other side. In the course of the history of literature, you are just studying the Middle Ages, that is, you are trying to understand the person of that era, his worldview, and assessment of values. And in the story, you see the same era both through the eyes of the narrator (when Gogol evaluates the events of the distant past from the point of view of his time), and through the eyes of people of the Middle Ages (when Gogol tries to look at the world through the eyes of his heroes).
It is very difficult. But the reader's difficulties do not end there. For when we try to understand the past, we encounter three kinds of difficulties. With which?
D. Difficult to understand some words - language. It is difficult to understand the picture of life, because we live differently and see the world differently. There is a discrepancy in estimates. In the past, there were also universal human values, things that make us related, but there were also things that we evaluate differently today. It can be difficult for us to look at the world through the eyes of a person of another era.
U. We will try to prevent a number of difficulties today. To do this, you need to try to understand the historical situation and some of the words used in the text. Write down the main points in your notes. First, let's find out who are Cossacks"and what is" Zaporizhzhya Sich».
Word " Cossack” or “Cossack” (note that Gogol writes “Cossack”, although it is now customary to write this word through the letter “a”) is borrowed from the Turkic language and means “free man”, “daring man”.
"Zaporizhzhya Sich" this is a fortified place "beyond the thresholds of the Dnieper", i.e. below the thresholds there were fortifications surrounded by "notches" (blockages of trees).
News about the Dnieper Cossacks comes from the end of the 15th century, when the urban poor and runaway Ukrainian serfs went out into the wild steppe to “cossack”, on free lands “to hunt with bees, fish, animals, fight with the Tatar”. The Sich was formed in the first half of the 16th century. and was located in those days on the territory of the Commonwealth (in the translation of the Polish "Pospolita" - republic) - the kingdom, in which in the XVI century. united Poland and Lithuania. Ukraine was reunited with Russia only in 1654.
About what the Zaporizhian Sich looked like in the 16th century, read an excerpt from the course of Russian history by Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky () in task 22 (notebook No. 1).
Task 22
Read the description of the customs and laws of the Zaporizhzhya Sich in an excerpt from the course of Russian history by Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. Compare with Gogol's description. What is the difference between these descriptions?
The Sich represented the appearance of a fortified camp, surrounded by blockages of wood, notch. It was equipped with some artillery, small cannons taken from the Tatar and Turkish fortifications. Here, a military-industrial partnership was formed from familyless and multi-tribal newcomers, calling itself "the chivalry of the Zaporizhian army." The Sich people lived in brushwood huts covered with horse skins. They differed in occupations: some were mainly earners, lived on military booty, others hunted with fish and animals, supplying the former with food. Women were not allowed in the Sich, married Cossacks, sidney, nests, lived separately in winter quarters and sowed bread, supplying them to the Sich. Until the end of the XVI century. Zaporizhzhya remained a mobile, changeable society; for the winter, it dispersed to Ukrainian cities, leaving several hundred people in the Sich to guard artillery and other Sich property. In calm times in the summer, up to 3 thousand people were present in the Sich; but it overflowed when the Ukrainian embassy became unbearable from the Tatars and the Poles and something was started in the Ukraine. Then everyone dissatisfied, persecuted or caught in something ran beyond the thresholds. In the Sich, they did not ask the stranger who he was and where he came from, what faith, what kind of tribe: they accepted anyone who seemed a suitable comrade. At the end of the XVI century. in Zaporozhye, signs of a military organization are noticeable, although still unstable, established somewhat later. Military Brotherhood of Zaporozhye, kosh, ruled by the ataman elected by the Sich Rada, who, with the elected Yesaul, judge and clerk, constituted the Sich foreman, the government. Kosh was stationed in detachments, kurens, of which there were then 38, under the command of elected kuren chieftains, who were also ranked among the foremen. The Cossacks valued comradely equality most of all; everything was decided by the Sich circle, gladly, the Cossack colo. This colo acted easily with its foreman, chose and replaced it, and executed those who disagreed, put it in the water, pouring a sufficient amount of sand into its bosom.
Children read, perform the task first independently in notebooks, and then together orally.
U. Gogol also described the life, customs and laws of the Zaporozhian Sich. Are there any differences?
D. The historian writes that in the Sich they did not ask the stranger what faith he was, but they ask Gogol.
U. Well done for noticing this. But after all, Klyuchevsky speaks of the 16th century. And what time do the events in Gogol's story take place?
D. He writes that characters such as those of Bulba developed in the 15th century.
U. Is there a contradiction here? Be attentive to the text. Gogol says that the character of Bulba is one of those “that could have arisen only in the difficult 15th century.” But after all, the children of Taras, and Taras himself, judging by the fact that he mentions Latin verses, the Roman poet Horace, studied at the Kyiv Academy, and it was opened in 1632. Mentions Gogol and the governor Adam Kisel. This face is historical. Kisel lived in the 17th century. And whoever read the story to the end, in the last chapter, learned about the uprising led by the hetman Ostrany and his adviser Guni. This is a historical fact - the uprising took place in 1638. Gogol also mentions “ union". But about what?
Union - "union". And there were two of these unions that could excite the Sich. In 1569, the Union of Lublin was concluded, as a result of which Poland and Lithuania were united and both together received the name of the Commonwealth, and the Sich fell under the rule of the Poles. But there was another union, the Church, which took place 27 years after the political one. The reason for this was the struggle between the Christian churches. Catholic Poles were initially forced to fight against the Protestant offensive. Having defeated the Protestants, the Catholics tried to eliminate Orthodoxy. And then some of the higher Orthodox priests, frightened, decided to unite with the Catholics. Thus, another church arose on the territory of the Commonwealth - the Uniate, and the Orthodox in these lands ceased to be considered legal.
Of the Union of Lublin in 1569, Klyuchevsky wrote that it brought "three closely related consequences" to southwestern Russia: serfdom, increased peasant colonization of Ukraine, and the transformation of Zaporozhye into a refuge for the enslaved Russian population.
All these events naturally affected the moral character of the Cossacks.
What “moral character” was before the Union of Lublin and what it became after it, read in another passage from the course of Russian history of Klyuchevsky - notebook No. 1, task 23.
Task 23.
Read the description of the "moral character of the Cossacks" before the Union of Lublin in 1569 and after it in an excerpt from the course of Russian history by Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky.
Write what changed in the character of the Cossacks after the union?
Compare with Gogol's description. What is the difference between these descriptions?
We traced in general terms the history of the Little Russian Cossacks in connection with the fate of Lithuanian Rus until the beginning of the 17th century, when an important turning point occurred in their position. We saw how the nature of the Cossacks changed: bands of steppe industrialists singled out fighting squads from their midst, who lived by raids on neighboring countries, and from these friends the government recruited border guards. All these ranks of the Cossacks looked to the steppe in the same way, looking for food there, and with these searches, to a greater or lesser extent, contributed to the defense of the constantly threatened southeastern ocarina of the state. With the Union of Lublin, the Little Russian Cossacks turned their faces back, on the state that they had hitherto defended. The international position of Little Russia demoralized this rabble and vagrant mass, and prevented the civic feeling from arising in it. The Cossacks used to look at neighboring countries, at Crimea, Turkey, Moldova, even at Moscow, as an object of prey, as “Cossack bread”. They began to transfer this view to their own state, since the time when pan and gentry land ownership with its serfdom began to settle on its southeastern outskirts. Then they saw in their state an enemy even worse than the Crimea or Turkey, and from the end of the 16th century. began to turn on him with redoubled fury. So the Little Russian Cossacks were left without a fatherland and, therefore, without faith. At that time, the whole moral world of Eastern European man rested on these two foundations, inextricably linked one with the other, on the fatherland and on the god of the land. The Commonwealth did not give the Cossack either one or the other. The idea that he was Orthodox was for the Cossack a vague childhood memory or an abstract idea that did not oblige him to anything and was not suitable for anything in Cossack life. During the wars, they treated the Russians and their churches no better than the Tatars, and worse than the Tatars. […] The Cossack was left without any moral content. In the Commonwealth there was hardly another class that stood at a lower level of moral civil development: unless the highest hierarchy of the Little Russian Church before the church union could compete with the Cossacks in savagery. In its Ukraine, with extremely tight thinking, it is not yet accustomed to seeing the fatherland. This was hindered by the extremely rabble composition of the Cossacks. […] What could unite this rabble? A pan was sitting on his neck, and a saber was hanging on his side: to beat and rob a pan and sell a saber - in these two interests the whole political worldview of a Cossack, all social science taught by the Sich, the Cossack Academy, the highest school of valor for every good Cossack and a den of riots, as the Poles called it. The Cossacks offered their military services for a proper reward to the German emperor against the Turks, and to their Polish government against Moscow and the Crimea, and to the Crimea against their Polish government. […].And this venal saber without God and fatherland was imposed by circumstances on a religious-national banner, judged a high role to become a stronghold of Western Russian Orthodoxy.
This unexpected role was prepared for the Cossacks by another union, the Church, which took place 27 years after the political one. Let me recall in passing the main circumstances that led to this event. Catholic propaganda, which resumed with the appearance of the Jesuits in Lithuania in 1569, soon broke Protestantism here and attacked Orthodoxy. She met with a strong rebuff, first in the Orthodox magnates headed by Prince K. Ostrozhsky, and then in the urban population, in the brotherhoods. But among the highest Orthodox hierarchy, demoralized, despised by its own and oppressed by Catholics, the old idea arose of uniting with the Roman Church, and at the Brest Council of 1596, Russian church society broke up into two hostile parts, Orthodox and Uniate. The Orthodox society has ceased to be a legitimate church recognized by the state. […] To tell a downtrodden serf or a self-willed Cossack, who was thinking about the pogrom of the pan, on whose land they lived, that they were wrestling with this pogrom over the offended Russian god, meant to alleviate and encourage their conscience, crushed by the feeling stirring somewhere at the bottom of it, that how - No way, and pogrom is not a good deed. The first Cossack uprisings at the end of the 16th century, as we have seen, did not yet have that religious-national character. But from the beginning of the XVII century. the Cossacks are gradually drawn into the Orthodox Church opposition. […] So the Cossacks received a banner, the front side of which called for the struggle for the faith and for the Russian people, and the reverse side - for the extermination or expulsion of the pans and gentry from Ukraine.
Children read and perform the task first in writing, and then answer orally the questions of the teacher.
U. Do the Cossacks depicted by Gogol correspond in their spirit to that described by the historian?
D. Yes, of course, they are already ready to defend the Orthodox faith, to beat the Poles.
U. But this is their "banner" - the motto, the main idea. And does Bulba's desire to "walk" correspond to this idea?
D. No. Koshevoi tells him that they swore by faith, and give Bulba a war so that his sons would fight.
U. Not everything is so simple and unambiguous. Now, when you have tried to at least slightly understand that era, let's try to understand the characters of the main characters - Bulba and his sons - to understand the narrator's assessments, and most importantly, to understand the purpose of Gogol's writing a historical story, why he turned to "cases long ago of bygone days, the legends of antiquity deep"? What does he value in that era? What is denied? To do this, let's go back to the beginning of the story.
Chapter I
U. Who is the narrator here?
D. Narrator-narrator.
U. But the story does not begin with the words of the narrator. Gogol does not gradually introduce us into the situation, but begins, as it were, from the middle - with Taras's remark. What makes him laugh and why?
Olya. The clothes of his sons make him laugh, because these are not clothes for a Cossack - you can’t run in them.
U. What makes him happy?
Mitya. That Ostap "beats nicely." The main thing: “That's how you beat everyone, how you beat me; don't let anyone down!"
U. And note: it is Ostap who cannot stand ridicule. He is ready to defend his dignity, despite the fact that his father laughs at him, who should be honored. And for Bulba, the main thing is that sons should be warriors. Them mother- saber, and school- Zaporizhzhya Sich. The main thing is that you always be lucky in the war! So that the Busurmans would be beaten, and the Turks would be beaten, and the Tatars would be beaten; when the Poles begin to do something against our faith, then the Poles would be beaten!” (The Poles are Poles; they are also Christians, but not Orthodox, but Catholics).
How does RP treat its heroes?
Dima. He begins to describe them with a kind smile: “instead of greeting after a long absence, they began to cuff each other ...” The mother says: “child young”, and the narrator comments with a smile:“ this child was more than twenty years old and exactly a sazhen tall". But at the same time, he respects Bulba's strong character, although he condemns him for his rude attitude towards his wife, which is evident in the narrator's direct assessment, where he describes the state of " poor old ladies."
U. Well, Bulba, as you already know, decided to go to the Sich himself in order to make war (“what kind of enemy can we sit out here?”). Later, the narrator will emphasize: “Bulba was stubborn scary". And a little later he will say again that the need for a trip to Zaporozhye “was one stubborn will".
You have already found out where such a character as Bulba came from. Let us re-read the three paragraphs devoted to the conditions for the emergence of such characters.
Children read(to himself) an excerpt from the words: "Bulba was terribly stubborn ..." to the words: "and he came tired of his worries."
U. What character traits did people develop in such an environment? What are the features of the Cossacks? What unites them? How does the narrator feel about it?
Nastya. They are brave. Cossacks - " wide, wild manner of Russian nature. The narrator admires such people: “the Russian character got here mighty, wide scope, hefty appearance. What unites them is their common danger and hatred against non-Christian predators.
U. Such were the Cossacks. What is Bulba?
Katia. And he is the same. Also very stubborn: “... the whole was created for abusive alarm and was distinguished rough frankness of his temper." "Forever restless he considered himself legitimate protector orthodoxy».
U. Was Bulba really " legal» protector?
Artem. No, he acted arbitrarily».
U. And revered the main virtues of a knight military science and hawking. Does the narrator admire these traits?
Dima. He has a complicated attitude. The fact that Taras is a brave, restless warrior, a defender of Orthodoxy - this delights the narrator. Bulba is also caring (“ did not forget nothing": watered the horses). But at the same time, the narrator also emphasizes such features as rudeness, stubborn will, arbitrariness - he does not like all this.
U. At the end of the chapter, the narrator once again emphasizes in Taras those features that he admires, forcing his hero to utter the following words: “Pray to God that they fought bravely, would always defend honour knightly, to always stand for faith Christ's, or else - let them perish, so that their spirit would not be in the world! Note that honor is more important to him than the lives of children. And what happens to the emotional tone? The narrator-narrator began the chapter humorously, but what next?
Danila. Then he seriously sympathizes with Bulba's wife, tells how the Cossacks "started up", then again sadly, with sympathy, he talks about " poor mother." And the last paragraph is dedicated to the sons of Bulba, who “traveled vaguely and held tears Saying goodbye to childhood. “Farewell to childhood, and games, and everything, and everything!”
Chapter II
U. The first paragraph of the RP is dedicated to Bulba. In what mood and why is Taras? How does the RP feel about this?
Masha. Taras recalls his youth, his comrades, RP empathizes with Taras: “ A tear quietly rounded on his apple, and his graying head sadly drooped».
U. It's not just sympathy. Not "eyes", but " apple"(sublime vocabulary), tear" rounded”, a rearrangement of words (“his head”) - all this speaks of the glorification of the image.
Further (second paragraph), the RP considers it necessary to “say more about his sons” and gives a detailed description of the Kyiv Academy, what morals reigned in it and why. But we are interested in the characters of the characters. Why did Taras send his sons there? And then - after four escapes of Ostap - Bulba gave him a solemn promise "to keep him in the monastic servants for twenty whole years" and swore that Ostap "won't see Zaporozhye forever if he doesn't learn all the sciences at the academy." And the narrator emphasizes: “It is curious that this was said by the same Taras Bulba, who scolded all learning and advised, as we have already seen, children not to study it at all.” By the way, what is the narrator here?
Dima. He calls himself " we". This is what happens with the RP when he includes himself in the narrative, although he does not participate in the events. So it was with Pushkin in Poltava, but it is clear that Pushkin's narrator lived a hundred years later. This we considered as features of the lyrics. And Gogol's narrator is not a contemporary of the events, he lives in a different time. Maybe also features of the lyrics?
U. Let's see how the narrator will behave further. So, why did Taras send his sons to study?
D.“... because all the honorary dignitaries of that time considered necessity give education to their children, although this was done so that after completely forget his".
U. A very interesting detail. Indeed, Bulba is not one of the poor Cossacks, he is a colonel and has to reckon with conventions, that is, he is not so free as he thought. And why did he frighten Ostap? What was the most important thing for Bulba's eldest son?
D. That he will not see Zaporozhye. So, the main thing for Ostap was to become a warrior, a knight.
U. Father and son appreciate it the most. The students lived in a bursa at the Kyiv Academy (bursa - Latin "purse", "bag" - a hostel). These wild, free-bred children "were somewhat polished and received something general making them look alike." What was this similarity?
D. They were " enterprising”: they stole because of hunger, they were violent, the townspeople were afraid of them.
U. However, they differed from each other. What do we learn about the character of Ostap? How did he feel about teaching?
Sasha. book for him boring". But when his father threatened that he would never see Zaporozhye, he began to study with " extraordinary diligence" and "soon became along with the best».
U. How did Ostap treat his comrades?
Julia (is reading). Ostap has always been considered one of the the best comrades. He rarely led others in daring undertakings - to rob someone else's garden or vegetable garden, but on the other hand, he was always one of the first to come under the banner of an enterprising bursak, and never, in any case, did not issue their comrades. No whips and rods could force him to do this.
Katia. "He was straightforward with equals. His character hardened and became firm.
U. What was the main thing for him? What was he thinking about the most?
Dima. About war and feasts.
U. For Ostap, as well as for his father, the most valuable thing is military science and debauchery. And how did he differ from his father (look at the last lines of the second paragraph)?
Nastya. He felt sorry for his mother: "He sincerely was touched tears of a poor mother, and this alone embarrassed and made me bow my head thoughtfully.
U. The narrator dedicates the next (third) paragraph to Andria and immediately begins to compare the brothers. They're alike? Look at the text.
Nastya. Andriy "had feelings some livelier and somehow more developed».
Katia. "He studied more willing and without tension, with which a heavy and strong character is usually assumed. This means that Ostap has a heavy and strong character, while Andriy does not.
Andrei. "He was more inventive than his brother," he knew how to evade punishment.
Dima. But they are similar: "He also seethed thirst for achievement". And the narrator emphasizes that “together” with this thirst, “his soul was accessible and other feelings- he had a need for love.
U. Which manifested itself when meeting with a Polish woman. In what form did he first appear before her and what feelings did he experience?
Lena. "He dumbfounded' looked at her lost”, because he was in the mud, and she laughed.
Sasha. He " boldly He made his way to her, but behaved there timidly and embarrassed.
U. So, the brothers are similar in that they yearn for achievement, but otherwise they are very different from each other.
And so the father and sons go to Zaporozhye, and the narrator cannot refrain from describing the steppe. Why would he? Let's celebrate this place together is reading aloud the paragraph: "The steppe, the farther, the more beautiful").
Manya. The narrator admires the steppe.
Danila. Here the narrator is again, as it were, a hero, he directly addresses the steppe: “Damn you, steppe, how good you are! ..”
U. Yes, the landscape is permeated with the feeling of the storyteller, lyrical. But why is he here? The Cossacks are going to the Sich. Why paint the beauty of nature, admire it?
Nastya. Nature is so beautiful, but people are fighting, killing each other. This narrator admires, but the Cossacks do not notice.
U."Without any adventures" the Cossacks approached the island of Khortitsa "where the Sich was then." This is not the Sich itself, but a suburb where there were workshops of blacksmiths, tanners, people of different nationalities traded - an Armenian, a Tatar and a Jew (in those days the word "Jew" was not a curse word). But Taras is already dressed up". What was this neighborhood like? How did it differ from the Sich?
Zara. It looked like a fair that clothed and fed the Sich. And the Sich was able "only walk Yes fire from guns."
U. And finally, the travelers saw the Sich. “So here she is, Sech! This is the nest from which all those proud and strong as lions fly out! This is where the will and Cossacks spill over to the whole Ukraine!” Whose mouth is this? Who thinks so?
Natasha. These are the words of the narrator, and both the narrator himself and the sons of Taras can think so - they arrived where they dreamed of going.
U. And immediately our heroes saw how the Sich was “walking”. What did they see?
Pavlik. How to dance the free dance "Cossack".
U. Bulba himself was ready to start dancing, but, having learned about the death of many of his comrades, he lowered his head. So, what can be said about the attitude of the narrator, his emotions throughout this chapter?
Dima. He begins and ends the chapter on a sad note. But throughout the chapter there are episodes sustained in a humorous spirit.
U. The emotional tone is constantly changing. Something makes the narrator smile, he sympathizes with something, grieves about something.
Chapter III
U. The chapter begins with a description of the way of life in the Sich. You already thought about this when you answered questions about the text, but let's return to this again, since the description of the life of the Cossacks is very important for understanding the characters of the main characters and the further development of events.
So, "Cut didn't like to bother themselves with military exercises and waste time", occasionally only the Cossacks shot on target or staged horse races. And "all other time was given gulbe- a sign of a wide size spiritual will". "It was some incessant feast, a ball that began noisily and lost its end. And this feast had "something bewitching”- they drank not from grief, but from gaiety. "Happiness was drunk, noisy, but with all this it there was no black pub, where a person is forgotten by gloomy-distorting fun; it was tight circle of schoolmates". All these statements belong to the narrator. How does he evaluate this "revelry"?
Nastya. At least he does not condemn her, because she is not gloomy, they do not drink out of grief. The main thing is a close circle of comrades.
U. And what was, according to the Cossacks, “ indecent noble person?
Andrei. To be without a fight. They don't care where they fight, as long as they fight.
U. And the narrator calls this republic " strange". Why?
Lena. They lived on war and war booty, otherwise where did they get goblets, ducats?
U. Only the narrator calls this republic “strange”?
Dima. No, she seemed strange to both Ostap and Andrii too. It was not clear to them why it was so easy to be accepted into the Cossacks. You just had to prove that you believe in Christ.
U.\ What was the fate of the merchants, according to the narrator?
Andrei. "Highly pathetic". They lived like near a volcano - they could be robbed at any moment.
U. And how did the Cossacks treat each other?
Olya. We fought. They had their own laws.
U. How did the brothers react to these laws?
Mitya. They seemed to them too strict.
U. And who and why was hurt by a terrible execution?
Zara. Andria. He was more sensitive, his feelings were more developed.
U. What conclusion can we draw about the characters of the brothers? Both of them longed for exploits, both soon "became in good standing with the Cossacks", stood out " prowess and luck in everything. But something about the coveted Sich seemed to both of them strange and even too strict, that is, cruel. This means that we have before us another generation of Cossacks, moving further and further away from the wild customs of the 15th century, when the Cossacks began to form. At the same time, the characters of the brothers differed in many respects: Andriy "had feelings some livelier and somehow more developed».
And so the old Bulba decided to arrange their fate. What activities did he prepare for them?
Olya. Real business. He wanted to "raise the Sich to a brave enterprise, where one could roam like a knight should."
U.« roam” means not only to dabble, but also to fight. Taras needed a war, for which he was ready to break the peace, break the oath, even if they swore by the Orthodox faith. How does this characterize him?
Dima. "Stubborn Will".
Natasha. And he did whatever he wanted. Arbitrariness.
U. And now he decided to act in his own way: “And he immediately put take revenge koschevoi." What did he do?
Andrei. He conspired with some Cossacks, got everyone drunk and, at his prompting, the former kosher was removed, and another was chosen, whom Bulba wanted.
U. Is Bulba doing the right thing? Was there anything to take revenge on the koshevoy? Isn't Koschevoi right?
Dima. Bulba does what he wants, acts arbitrarily. Bulba, of course, is wrong.
U. And how does the RP evaluate it?
Zara. He doesn't like it.
U. If the RP had been on the side of Bulba, he would not have invented everything the way he invented it: Taras would not have talked about “revenge”, he would not have soldered the Cossacks. RP would have found a just cause for war for Bulba. And finally, with what feelings does the RP describe the whole picture in chapter III?
Lena. The description of the Sich seems to be both admiration for comradeship and surprise at this “ strange republic." A ends with humor, describing " spree' after the election.
Homework . Read chapters IV and V.
Chapter IV
1. Why did the Cossacks say that "there is no truth in the world!"? - “Here the Cossack strength is wasted: there is no war!”
2. Why, in the opinion of the koshevoi, was the war needed? - “Many Cossacks owed so much money to the Jews and their brothers in taverns that not a single devil now even has faith,” “there are many such lads who have not even seen what war is, while a young man, and you yourself know, gentleman, - you can’t stay without war.
3. What misfortune did the arriving Cossack report? - The Jews took the churches for rent, the priests harnessed Orthodox Christians in taratayki, the hetman and the colonel were killed.
4. What is the attitude of the Republic of Poland to the massacre of the Jews? - He pities them.
5. Why did Taras spare Yankel? - He helped Taras' brother to redeem himself from Turkish captivity.
Chapter V
1. How does the RP assess the behavior of the Cossacks in the Polish southwest? - “A hair would now stand on end from those terrible signs of the ferocity of the semi-savage age that the Cossacks carried everywhere.”
2. How did the brothers behave during this time? - They shunned "plunder, self-interest and a powerless enemy", burned with the desire for battle.
3. Which of the brothers and why is the narrator most sympathetic? - Ostap, because he acted confidently, showed the qualities of a future leader, “his knightly qualities have already acquired the broad strength of a lion,” while Andriy acted out of feeling, did not think, passionately, unreasonably.
4. Why does the RP say that “an ardent young man cannot get along with an old man”? - The young people were bored with inaction, and Taras said: “Not that good warrior who has not lost his spirit in an important matter, but that good warrior who does not get bored even in idleness, who will endure everything, and even if you want him, he still he will put it on his own."
5. What feelings did Andriy experience when he went to the Poles? - Desire to see a Polish woman, fear, timidity.
Chapter IV
U. The fourth chapter begins with the fact that Taras continues to bend his line, wants to raise the Cossacks "for some business", no matter what, if only to give the young " make war". This is true?
D. Of course not.
U. And here is Koschevoi, whom the narrator evaluates as " smart and cunning”, comes up with reasons that could give the young people the opportunity to fight, and not break the oath. To understand the worldview of the Cossacks, the reasons why the koshevoi believes it is possible to start a war are very important. And their sequence is very important. What is the first reason?
D."Many Cossacks ran into debt there are so many taverns for their Jews and brothers that not a single devil now even has faith.
U. How does this characterize the Cossacks?
D. Not from the best side. War is terrible, but war will give you money. Not enough of this. This money is stolen.
U. And only after that comes the second reason - the need for young people to fight. And the third is to get money to decorate the temple. But again, they are going to decorate the church with ill-gotten money. Is this not a sin?
And what way out did the smart and cunning koshevoi find?
D. You can't start a war. "Knightly honor does not command." But if the young alone rob, then the Sultan will not leave it like that, and then a war will really begin, which all Cossacks will have to join.
U."Posharpat" - rob, loot. Here it is - "gulba" in Cossack. But events after the arrival of the ragged Cossacks change dramatically. Visitors report that Jews have even rented churches, and Polish priests (priests) harness the Orthodox to taratayki. A comment is needed here.
The arriving Cossacks report that the churches are now rented to the Jews, and that if a Jew "does not put a badge with his unclean hand on holy Easter, then it is impossible to keep Easter." That is, the Cossacks consider it a desecration of the faith if the sign of the Jewish religion appears on religious Orthodox objects.
Priests - carriers of Catholic Christianity - mocked the Orthodox, humiliated them, but did not physically destroy them. Military Poles were killed. And what do the Cossacks decide?
D."Hang all the Jews!"
U. Is this a fair decision?
D. Of course not. What does the Jews living in the Sich have to do with it? They did not kill anyone, they did not desecrate churches, they traded peacefully. It was the Cossacks who drank everything.
U. Of course, the merchants wanted to have a profit, they probably demanded that the Cossacks repay their debts. Their strength was in money. But can it be a fair decision to take revenge on some people for the actions of others? Who did you have to fight? Whom to take revenge?
D. Military Poles.
U. Earlier, the narrator had already noticed that all these “ greedy merchants" (which, by the way, in addition to the Jews, included Christian Armenians and Muslim Tatars) the fate was "very pathetic"(They lived like near a volcano, they could always be beaten). And here the complex attitude of the RP is revealed: he does not like these hucksters for their greed, but he also feels sorry for them as a human being.
And now an even more terrible fate awaits them: to be not just robbed, but killed. How did the "severe Cossacks" behave?
D. They find it funny to kill people.
U. How does the RP feel about this?
D. And he's sorry: poor sons of Israel, plaintive scream", " poor speaker..."
U. Does Taras feel sorry for the Jews? Why did he spare Yankel?
D. Probably not a pity. And he spared Yankel because he once helped his brother. But all the same, he said: "There will always be time for a Zhid to be hanged."
U. What surprised Taras at the next meeting with Yankel?
D. That Yankel is already trading again. Bulba says: “Fool, why are you sitting here? Do you want to be shot like a sparrow?”
U. How does this behavior characterize Yankel?
D. This confirms P's opinion that traders are greedy.
U. The narrator, apparently surprised, " brisk"in kind of a merchant and evaluates his behavior not without a smile.
What happens to the narrator's emotions throughout this chapter?
D. It seems to start good-naturedly: how the koshevoi will contrive to fight, as if not fighting. Then R becomes more and more serious - he feels sorry for the Jews. And at the end of the chapter, he laughs at Yankel.
Chapter V
U. In the next chapter, the narrator is no longer up to humor. Describing the picture of the revenge of the Cossacks, the narrator gives a direct assessment: “Now the hair from those scary signs ferocity semi-wild century, which the Cossacks carried everywhere. The narrator looks at events from the point of view of a person from another era. And he no longer admires the Cossacks, but sharply condemns them. And how do “our young Cossacks” feel about this (pay attention to the word “ our"- what is our R?)?
D. (read).“And it was here that our young Cossacks tried themselves most of all, shunning robbery, self-interest and a powerless enemy, burning with the desire to show themselves in front of the old, measure one on one with a lively and boastful Pole, flaunting on a proud horse, with the folding sleeves of an epanchi flying in the wind ".
U. The ideas of "our" Cossacks about knightly honor are already different from the ideas of the Cossacks of that time, approaching modern ones.
But there were also differences between Ostap and Andriy. What are they? What becomes Ostap?
D. To him "the way of battle is written for the race and the difficult knowledge to manage military affairs." He is cold-blooded, prudent, confident. It shows the inclinations of the future leader. “His body breathed a fortress, and his knightly qualities have already acquired wide strength. lion».
U. And Andriy?
D.“Andriy is completely immersed in charming music of bullets and swords. He, unlike Ostap, did not think, did not calculate, saw in battle "frantic bliss and rapture"And therefore, in a passionate passion, he could do something that "a cold-blooded and reasonable would never dare." So he was neither intelligent nor cold-blooded.
U. When P first compared brothers, who was closer to him and why?
D. Andriy, because his feelings are somehow more alive and developed.
U. And now who is closer to the narrator?
D. Ostap. After all, in battle you can’t act only by feeling, you have to be cold-blooded, count.
U. And so the Cossacks laid siege to Dubno. And the Cossacks did not like to conduct sieges and "having nothing to do" devastated the surroundings, but soon began to "get bored with inaction." Who was especially bored?
D. Young. Especially the sons of Taras: "Andriy noticeably bored."
U. On the way of the bored Andrii, a Tatar woman meets, who conveys to him the words of the lady: “Go tell the knight: if he remembers me, come to me; but does not remember - to give you a piece of bread for the old woman, my mother, because I do not want to see how my mother will die with me. Let me be better before, and she after me. Ask and grab him by the knees and legs. He also has an old mother - so that for her sake he would give bread!
Do you remember how the narrator appreciated the lady before? "The beauty was windy like a Pole. And now?
D. Now he feels sorry for her. And she first thinks not of herself, but of her mother.
U. She addresses Andriy as a knight. How should a knight, a man of that era, a Cossack, have acted?
U. In any case, Andriy faced a difficult choice. And then I had to think. Does Andriy think?
D. No, as always, he acts “by feeling”: he took pity on the Polish woman, remembered his feelings for her, went and forgot why he went. And he is driven by one thought that she is dying of hunger.
U. And at the moment when Andriy commits a fatal act for his fate, he does not think about anything, about any consequences - only that the girl needs to be saved. And he is frightened and shy when he thinks that he can be interfered with.
Gogol builds this episode in such a way that, leaving the camp, Andriy first encounters his brother, and then his father. And neither of them woke up. Why did Gogol need this?
U. Perhaps, in these two episodes, a formidable warning sounds, as it were, a prediction of Andriy's future tragedy.
Homework . Read chapters VI-VIII.
Frontal check of home reading:
Chapter VI
1. “It can be seen that there were also holy people here ...” Whose lips said this? Through whose eyes is it seen? - Through the mouth of the narrator, through the eyes of the narrator and the hero.
2. Why is a detailed description of the area given? - To show Andriy's compassion.
3. What did Andriy feel when he saw the beauty of the Polish woman? - "Aweful Fear".
4. Why did Andriy abandon his father, comrades and homeland? - “The Fatherland is what our soul is looking for, which is sweeter for it than anything, My Fatherland is you!”
5. How does the narrator evaluate Andriy's act? - "And the Cossack died!"
Chapter VII
1. How do Andriy Taras and Yankel evaluate the act? - Taras: "sold his homeland and faith"; Yankel: “He’s better there, he moved there” (after all, Andriy fell in love).
2. What did Andriy ask to convey to the Cossacks? - “... tell everyone that my father is no longer my father, my brother is not my brother, my comrade is not my comrade, and that I will fight with them all. I will fight with everyone!
3. Why did Bearded die? - "I was flattered by self-interest."
4. Whom did the Cossacks choose to smoke? - Ostap.
5. Why did Taras call Andrii Judas? - He betrayed his own, as Judas betrayed Christ.
Chapter VIII
1. What advice did the koshevoi give? - Chase the kidnappers.
2. What did Bulba answer? - “What kind of a Cossack is that one who abandoned a comrade in trouble, abandoned him like a dog, an abyss in a foreign land?”
3. How did Bovdyug resolve the conflict? - Whoever is nice - let him save those prisoners.
4. “Taras saw how the Cossack ranks became vague and how despondency, indecent to the brave, began to quietly embrace the Cossack heads, but was silent ...” Why? - “He wanted to give everything time to get used to them and to the despondency induced by farewell to comrades ...”
5. Why did Taras offer to drink? - “For the holy Orthodox faith”, “for the Sich, so that it stands for a long time to the death of all Busurmanism”, “for our own glory”, “for the grandchildren and sons of those grandchildren to say that there were once those who did not shame the fellowship and did not gave them away."
Chapter VI
U. At the beginning of the chapter, Andriy finds himself in some rooms, sometimes heavily lit by fire, sometimes dark. The text says that it was reminiscent of paintings by Gerardo. Della notte - night - a nickname given by the Italians to the Dutch artist Gerrit (van Gerard) Gonthorst (1590-1656), whose originality of paintings is based on a sharp contrast of light and shadow. Andriy sees first the altar, then the coffins. And here is the phrase: “It can be seen that there were also holy people here and they also hid from worldly storms, grief and seduction.” Whose words are these?
D. Narrator.
U. And who thinks so?
D. This is a floating point of view. RP thinks so, but Andriy could think so too.
U. Comparison of Catholic shrines with Orthodox ones, apparently, is natural for Poland. But could an ordinary Cossack of the 17th century. to think that not only the Orthodox can have holy people?
D. Normal couldn't. But Andriy is not ordinary.
U. Andrii was also amazed in the church. He was struck by " heavenly" music, " majestic the roar of the organ", " majestic music". And why is a detailed description of the square and the people on it given?
D. To show the suffering of people. And so that readers can see how Andriy reacts to this.
U. Yes, Gogol deliberately leads Andriy in such a way that he sees the terrible suffering of the besieged: both a dead Jewess, on whose chest a newborn was dying, and the death of a hungry man, to whom Andriy, driven by compassion, gives bread (but he still dies, because he has lost the habit of eating ), and the poor man, who, unable to endure the suffering of hunger, committed suicide.
All these terrible impressions preceded his meeting with a Polish girl whom he had not seen for two years. What surprised Andrii? What did he expect to see and what did he see?
D."That was a charming windy girl, this was a beauty - a woman in all her developed beauty." There was something swift about her, irresistibly victorious».
U. And that is why "Andriy felt in his soul reverent fear and became motionless before her. But why was he "indignant at his Cossack nature"?
D.“... He felt that it was not for him, brought up in a bursa and in a swearing nomadic life, to answer such speeches ...”
U. Again " felt". Not everything he can understand with his mind, but feelings are developed in him. He is amazed at the Catholic divine service, amazed at the victorious beauty of the Polish woman, her speeches. She is for him - " queen».
Andriy got into another world. The Poles at that time, in terms of cultural development, were much higher than the Zaporozhian Sich. This is especially evident in the position of women. They say that by the position of a woman in society one can judge the level of development of society as a whole. If among the Cossacks a woman was a downtrodden slave (remember the fate of Andriy's poor mother), then among the Poles a woman is a beautiful lady, according to Andriy's definition, a "queen". And this “queen” also speaks such speeches that Andriy cannot fully understand, but can feel: “Emotional movements and feelings, which hitherto seemed to be held by someone with a heavy bridle, now felt freed ...” Feelings feelings, feelings...
What about a Polish woman? Does she live only with feelings? What is she talking about, what is she thinking? How does this characterize her?
D. At first she thought about feeding her parents. She also understands that Andriy's duty is to be with his father, with his comrades, with his homeland. She is smart and noble.
U. And Andriy?
D. And Andriy says: “My fatherland is you!”
U. He made up his mind" unheard of and impossible": "The fatherland is what our soul is looking for, which is sweeter for her than anything." Is it so?
D. The Pole believes that a person has a duty, and Andriy wants to live only by feeling.
U. And how does the RP relate to the Pole?
D. He clearly sympathizes with her, calls her " generous”, she lives not only with feelings, but also with her mind, takes care of her parents, is capable of an unreasonable impulse.
U. In the last paragraph, the narrator cannot refrain from a direct assessment of Andriy's act, expresses a rush of his feelings, which is not characteristic of RP, but characteristic of which narrator?
D. for the lyric.
U. Yes, we have a lyrical digression. And how does R evaluate Andriy?
D. He says: " died Cossack! And talks about how old Taras " curse and the day and hour in which he begat on a shame such a son."
U. Taras' reaction is understandable. A curse. Does the narrator curse Andrii?
D. No, he pities him. He tried to understand what led Andriy.
U. And how do you evaluate the act of Andriy?
Chapter VII
U. Why were the Cossacks of Pereyaslavsky kuren killed?
D. They were all dead drunk.
U. The narrator has repeatedly emphasized this feature of the Cossacks. With what feeling did he describe it then and now?
D. When in peacetime magnificent figure" lay on the road, then with a smile. He did not condemn brazhnichestvo, but assessed it as fun, as a "circle of comrades." And now he condemns it.
U. Both Bulba, and Ostap, and many Cossacks believed that "there is no sin here", that prancing and military science are the main virtues of chivalry. But the Poles also loved feats of arms and a good feast. And Kukubenko even justifies his comrades. How?
D.“There was neither fasting nor any other Christian abstinence: how can it be that a person does not get drunk while idle?”
U. And the Cossacks decide to show "what it means to attack innocent people." Preparations for the battle began, and Taras cannot understand in any way where Andriy had gone, and Yankel tells where. How did Taras react to this?
D. Andriy " sold homeland and faith."
U. How does Yankel assess this?
D.“He crossed of his own free will. Why is the person to blame? There him it is better, and moved there. He fell in love: “If a person fall in love, then it is like a sole, which, if you soak it in water, take it and bend it - it will bend.
U. Can Bulba accept such an explanation?
D. Of course not.
U. He cannot believe Yankel. And how do you understand the words of Bulba: “You crucified Christ, you damned man!”?
U. According to the Gospel, the Jews insisted on the death penalty for Christ when the Roman Pilate wanted to save Christ from death. And then, when Christianity stood out as a special faith and people of all nationalities began to accept Christianity, this event served as one of the main arguments for anti-Semites, for the persecution of Jews professing Judaism.
And then the battle began, in which everyone had the opportunity to show themselves, until the Poles retreated back into the city.
Chapter VIII
U. What message did the Cossack bring?
D. He said that the Tatars attacked the Sich, robbed it and took the Cossacks into captivity.
U. What decision did the Cossacks take in such cases?
D.“In such cases, it was common for the Cossacks to chase the kidnappers at that very moment,” until the prisoners were sold.
U. Who and why opposed this tradition?
D. Bulba. He considered it dishonorable to leave a comrade in trouble.
U. But it was difficult for the Cossacks to resolve this contradiction, because not only comrades were discussed, but there was also self-interest to follow the advice of the koshevoi. Firstly, "there is not much self-interest from a hungry city," and secondly, "they now have our entire treasury, obtained by Christian blood." And Bovdyug offers a wise solution. How does he justify it?
D. (read):“The first duty and the first honor of a Cossack is comply partnership. No matter how long I live, brothers and gentlemen, I have not heard that a Cossack left somewhere or somehow sold his comrade. Both of them are our comrades; less or more of them - it doesn't matter, all comrades, all are dear to us. So this is my speech: those who love those captured by the Tatars, let them go after the Tatars, and who love those captured by the Poles and do not want to leave a just cause, let them stay.
U. And so they did, and Taras, giving time to the despondency induced by farewell to his comrades, offers to drink, because ahead of "the deeds of great sweat, great Cossack valor!" And above all, he offers a drink " behind holy orthodox faith: so that at last such a time would come that the holy faith would spread all over the world and everywhere there would be one holy faith, and everyone, no matter how many Busurmans, would all become Christians! Secondly, he offers a drink " for the Sich so that for a long time she stood to the death of all busurmanism, so that every year good fellows would come out of her, one better than one, one more beautiful than one. And thirdly, he offers to drink to "his own glory so that the grandchildren and sons of those grandchildren would say that there were once those who did not shame the partnership and did not betray their own.
How does R call at the end of the chapter the upcoming task, which Bulba called the task of "great sweat, great Cossack valor"?
D."Magnanimous deed".
U. The narrator again cannot refrain from expressing his attitude, his feelings about this case. Before us again is a lyrical digression.
Homework . Read chapters IX-XII. Prepare for independent work with the text.
Learn by heart any passage (15-20 lines) from the story "Taras Bulba".
Independent work with text
Chapter IX
1. How does Taras characterize his speech about partnership?
2. How does Andriy characterize his behavior in battle?
3. Why did Andriy turn pale?
4. Why did Andriy let himself be killed without resisting?
5. How does the narrator feel about Andriy and his death?
6. How did Ostap react to his brother's death?
Chapter X
1. How did the Cossacks behave in the sea expedition? Did they respect someone else's faith?
2. Why did Taras go to Uman?
3. How does the narrator characterize and evaluate Yankel?
4. “Ah, glorious coin! Hey good coin! - he said, turning one gold piece in his hands and trying it on his teeth. “I think that the man from whom the pan robbed such good chervontsy, and did not live an hour in the world, went the same hour into the river, and drowned there after such glorious chervonets.” How does this speech characterize Bulba and Yankel?
Chapter XI
1. See from the words: "The area on which the execution was to be carried out ..." and to the end of the chapter. How did contemporaries feel about execution? How does the RP evaluate it?
Chapter XII
1. Why did the whole nation rise up?
2. How did Taras celebrate Ostap's wake? How does the narrator evaluate this?
3. What did Taras think about, what worried him before his death?
4. What is the meaning and emotional tone of the last two paragraphs?
Questions for the whole story
Which character in the story did you like the most and why?
Which character in the story do you sympathize with the most?
Do you have questions that you have not received an answer to?
After writing an independent work, the most difficult parts of the text are discussed.
The position of the narrator in the story "Taras Bulba"
(preparation for writing)
U. Now that the story has been read, you have to write an essay on it. You will learn the topics at the end of the lesson, but they will all be connected in one way or another to the position of the storyteller. This is the position we are talking about now.
So you've read the story. What kind of literature does this genre belong to and what is its purpose?
D. The story is epic. The task is to reveal the inner world of the characters in the assessment of the narrator.
U. How is the inner world of the characters revealed in the epic?
D. Heroes act, perform actions, express their thoughts and feelings. Action develops from act to act.
U. That is, the story is based on the plot. The story you read is complex, there are many characters, and therefore the plot is complex. How many storylines can be distinguished and which ones?
D. There are three main storylines - Taras, Ostap and Andria.
U. List the main plot points for each line. To do this, perhaps, it is necessary to highlight the main feature of each hero, which determines the main conflict. What is the main thing for Bulba, what are the main points of the plot from here?
D. The main thing for Taras is to be a knight, to protect his comrades. The tie is the desire to “walk”, “fight”. Conflict with Andriy (he is a traitor). The first climax is the murder of Andriy, the second climax is the execution of Ostap. The denouement is the death of Taras. Even at the moment of death he thinks of his comrades.
U. What is the main feature of Ostap and what is his storyline?
D. Ostap, like his father, is a warrior, "future leader". The plot is the beginning of military life, the culmination is captivity, the denouement is execution.
U. And Andriy?
D. The main thing for him was love. The plot - fell in love with a Polish woman; the first climax is the second meeting with the Polish girl, leaving her friends; the second climax is the meeting with the father; death is a denouement.
U. And all these three lines intertwine with each other. You can line them up in one line like the life and death of the Taras family.
These are the main events in the life of the heroes, allowing R to express his assessments, his point of view. Let us dwell in more detail on the features of the narrator. What is the narrator in the story?
D. Narrator.
U. What are the features of such a storyteller?
D. He does not participate in events, he sees everything as if from above, but he knows, feels and understands everything.
U. RP, unlike RG, always knows everything about his heroes; even what they think about themselves, what they dream about. And this gives him the opportunity to evaluate not only what the RG sees, but also the inner feelings of the hero, which the RG cannot see. Let's remember one passage is reading):
“One poor mother did not sleep. She leaned down to the head of her dear sons, who lay nearby; she combed their young, carelessly tousled curls with a comb and moistened them with tears; she looked at them all, looked with all her senses, all turned into one sight and could not see enough. She nursed them with her own breast, she nurtured, nurtured them - and only for a moment she sees them in front of her.
What do we learn about heroin that WG could not tell us?
D. RP knows what she thinks and feels.
U. And how does he evaluate it? What is the method, type of assessment?
D. Here are direct estimates of P: " poor mother". And it’s also described in such a way, in such words that R’s sympathy is visible: “ crouched down”,“ everything turned into one vision ”,“ nursed», « increased», « cherished».
U. The narrator uses lofty vocabulary here and thereby not only expresses sympathy, but also elevates his heroine, her maternal feelings. But maybe there is a "floating point of view" here?
D. No, a downtrodden woman could not speak with such words.
U. She may not fully understand her feelings. And RP once again emphasizes: “Indeed, she was pathetic like every woman of that daring century. What is the peculiarity of the evaluation of P in this phrase?
D. The narrator generalizes her qualities as characteristic of "that daring age".
U. He simultaneously evaluates the century, calling it " daring”, and at the same time emphasizes that he himself lives much later. And this is another feature of our RP - he emphasizes that he is not a contemporary of events, and this distance allows him to look at the picture of life from another time, when much has changed in people's lives, in their views.
So, in trying to understand the point of view of our RP, we must first of all look for its direct evaluations. Give examples of direct direct estimates of R.
D."Bulba was stubborn scary"; " Poor sons of Israel"; " without calculation generous female"; "But they did not heed anything cruel Cossacks "...
U. Give examples of assessments in which R emphasizes that he is already in another century.
D."I would stand on end now hair from those terrible signs of the ferocity of the semi-savage age, which the Cossacks carried everywhere”; "AT then in a rude age, this was one of the most entertaining spectacles not only for the mob, but also for the upper classes ”; "They were the offspring then a rude, ferocious age, when a man still led a bloody life of some military exploits and tempered his soul in it, not smelling humanity.
U. And how to understand the narrator in this passage: “Cheerfulness was drunk, noisy, but for all that it was not a black tavern, where gloomily-distorting fun forgets a person; This was tight circle school mates?
D. He does not condemn drunken fun, because there is camaraderie in it. And the "tavern" is, probably, already from the time of Gogol and his narrator.
U. That is, the narrator condemns something in the "then century", but not something. But our RP has another feature that you have come across more than once. There are places in the story when R does not just give a direct assessment in one word, a definition, but reveals his thoughts and feelings in more detail. These are the places where you started to think that you have a WG in front of you. When he calls the Cossacks " our", when he calls himself "we" ("It is curious that this was said by the same Taras Bulba, who scolded all scholarship and advised how we have already seen, children do not do it at all”). When he directly addresses the hero: “Don’t finish off the enemy, Cossack, but rather turn back!” And, finally, a whole statement: “And the Cossack died! Lost for the entire Cossack chivalry! He will no longer see Zaporozhye, nor his father's farms, nor the Church of God! Ukraine will never see the bravest of their children, who undertook to defend her. Old Taras will pull out a gray tuft of hair from his chupri and curse the day and hour in which he gave birth to such a son to shame himself.
D. Such places are lyrical digressions. Here, R shows lyrical features. He looks like the narrator in Pushkin's Poltava.
U. In all cases of direct assessments, it is quite easy for the reader to understand the position of the narrator. But this is not always the case. Consider this example from the text:
But the first one who met them was a Cossack who was sleeping in the very middle of the road, arms and legs outstretched. Taras Bulba could not help but stop and admire him.
Oh, how important it turned around! Wow, what a great figure! he said, stopping his horse.
In fact, it was a rather bold picture: the Cossack, like a lion, stretched out on the road. The forelock thrown proudly captured him on half an arshin of the earth. Bloomers of expensive scarlet cloth were soiled to show complete contempt for them.
Who and how evaluates this picture?
D. Taras admires the proud figure of the Cossack, and RP laughs.
U. But there is no direct evaluation! How can you prove it with a text?
D. Zaporozhets lies "like a lion", but on the road, in the mud, and a half-arshin forelock. And the bloomers are soiled to show complete contempt for expensive things.
U. So, first of all, one must not confuse points of view, one must not attribute the point of view of one hero to another or to the narrator. And for this you need to be attentive to every word. Often the same word in different contexts carries different meanings. Here, the comparison with a lion lying on the road in the mud clearly conveys the smile of the narrator. But R resorts to this comparison more than once, and already with a completely different emotion: “So here it is, Setch! This is the nest from which all those proud and strong, like lions! This is where the will and Cossacks spill over to the whole Ukraine!” Who is speaking? Who thinks so?
D. The narrator is speaking, but not only he can think so, but also Ostap and Andriy. After all, it was they who so aspired to the Sich. There is a "floating point of view" here.
U. Here is another feature of our narrator: he sometimes uses a "floating point of view" to convey the feelings of his characters deeper.
Check out one more passage:
But when they brought him to the last mortal torment, it seemed as if his strength began to flow. And he moved his eyes around him: God, all the unknown, all the faces of strangers! If only one of his relatives was present at his death! He would not like to hear the sobs and lamentations of a weak mother, or the insane cries of a wife tearing out her hair and beating her white breasts; he would now like to see a firm husband who would refresh him with a reasonable word and console him at his death.
D. There is a "floating point of view". P sympathizes with the hero, elevates him when he uses the words " eyes', not 'eyes'. And here " strangers face" - this is clearly the point of view of Ostap. Although the RP understands this, but the exclamatory sentence comes, as it were, from the soul of the hero.
U. Well, one more example:
In the foreground, next to the very mustachioed men who made up the city guard, stood a young gentry, or who appeared to be a gentry, in a military suit, who put on absolutely everything he had, so that only a tattered shirt and old boots remained in his apartment. Two chains, one on top of the other, hung around his neck with some kind of ducat. He stood with his kohanka, Yuzysya, and constantly looked around so that no one would soil her silk dress. He explained absolutely everything to her, so that it was decidedly impossible to add anything. “This, my dear Yuzysya,” he said, “all the people that you see came to see how the criminals would be executed. But the one, my dear, that, as you see, is holding an ax and other tools in his hands, is an executioner, and he will execute.
D. The RP makes fun of the gentry: he put on " resolutely»everything wants to appear rich, but is actually poor. And he explains everything to his girlfriend somehow funny, sugary.
U. So, Gogol has many ways to convey his point of view: a special narrator, and the actions of the characters, and their thoughts, feelings, statements. The task of the reader is to understand all this, and then it will be possible to speak about the position of the author himself.
Gogol painted us a very complex picture of life. In it he depicted people of different nationalities, different religions. On whose side is the narrator's sympathy? Who is closer to him?
D."Our Cossacks".
U. Does he sympathize with people of other nationalities and religions?
D. In a different way. . Sometimes he sympathizes with the Poles, for example, in the place where they are starving. Sometimes Jews, when the Cossacks brutally crack down on them.
U. But is the narrator always fair in relation to non-Cossacks?
D. No not always. He sometimes evaluates certain negative qualities as a property of an entire people.
U. This is a very complex and painful issue. A person must love his homeland, his people (it is true, he must also see the shortcomings of his people), but this does not mean that, while loving his own, “ours”, one must despise, humiliate other peoples. The feeling of love for "ours" can lead to neglect of "strangers". This is how nationalism is born, from which there is so much grief in the world.
Well, what about the Cossacks? Who are they by nationality?
D. It takes place in Ukraine, the Sich is Ukraine, and the RP all the time talks about the “Russian character”. Weird.
U. Indeed, strange. Gogol lived in the 19th century, he is Ukrainian, but he wrote not in Ukrainian, but in Russian. And he describes the Sich of the 17th century, when the Slavic tribes (as he writes, the “Slavic breed”), or rather the Eastern Slavs, were already divided into Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians, with their own languages and customs. Gogol, apparently, longs for their unification into a single "Slavic breed", he understands their closeness and inseparability.
And you have already seen that, although the narrator is closest to the Cossacks, he does not hide their qualities that he does not like, which he denies. What?
D. Rudeness, cruelty, greed, drunkenness.
U. And what qualities admire him?
D. The fact that the Cossacks fight for the Orthodox faith, that they are brave, value comradeship.
U. Remember what the historian Klyuchevsky wrote about the Cossacks. Remember the pictures drawn by Gogol. Is the writer objective? After all, you already know that the author of an artistic historical work differs from a historian in that he seeks to convey his point of view, to emphasize what is important and interesting to him as a distant descendant in the past. What does Gogol emphasize? What fascinates him most about that era?
D. Camaraderie.
U. Yes. Two editions of the story can serve as confirmation. In the first version, Bulba quarreled with his comrades because of the unequal division of the booty, but in the second because of what?
D. He quarreled with those who leaned towards the Poles.
U. And he called them "serfs of the Polish pans." In the first edition, there was such a description of Taras: "In general, he was a big hunter before raids and riots." What is it like in the second?
D.“I considered myself the legitimate defender of Orthodoxy.”
U. In the second version, Gogol puts into Taras's mouth his famous speech about partnership. What does the comparison of the two editions tell us?
D. Gogol "improves" the image of Taras.
U. Gogol idealizes, glorifies Taras Bulba. And this helps him to show his descendants what they "lost". Yes, they may not be so rude and cruel, they know how to understand and feel more, but they have lost those features of an ideal knight that Gogol endows his hero with his author's will.
Homework assignment. Write an essay. Themes:
1. “The attitude of the Republic of Poland to the main character of Gogol's story “Taras Bulba”.
2. "Ostap and Andriy in the assessment of the narrator."
At home, you should think about what attitude of the RP towards the chosen hero prevails? Does the narrator's assessment of the hero change from the beginning to the end of the story? If so, how? All these questions must be supported by evidence in the text. It is also necessary to understand who exactly gives the assessment, so as not to ascribe to the narrator the assessments of his characters. Don't forget about the writing plan. It is necessary to think over how to start the essay, how to express your thoughts, how to finish your work.
Lesson 42
Essay discussion
U. Today we are summing up the study of a large and complex work. We are pleased to note that our lessons were not in vain. Many good essays have been written (you can read the best ones in the magazine). Which of the proposed topics seems more difficult to you and why?
D. The second one is more difficult, because there you have to compare two heroes.
U. You are right, but, despite this, the number of essays on both topics turned out to be approximately equal. There are more successful essays on the first topic, and you yourself have determined why. The works show who seriously prepared at home and who did not.
At home, you should have thought of a plan. Some decided to go the most, as it seemed to them, the easy way: to state the assessments of the RP in the course of the development of the plot. But the story is very long, there is not much time in the lesson, and it is understandable why these critical readers could not complete their essays to the end. Still, it was necessary at home to think seriously about three points: 1) highlight the main character traits of the hero; 2) understand how the narrator evaluates these features; 3) find evidence in the text. And then think about the sequence in which to state all this, how to start and how to finish. This is what will serve you today as criteria for evaluation in the work of "critics of critics".
“The attitude of the RP to the main character of the story “Taras Bulba”.
U. Let's start with essays Zara about the narrator's attitude to Taras Bulba. Write down the title of the topic.
We will work like this. I am reading you one paragraph. You write down his number and the answers to three questions. (writes on the board):
1) what character trait does the reader-critic highlight - does the hero have such a trait;
2) whether the critic determines the attitude of the narrator and whether he does it correctly;
3) whether there is proof in the text and whether this proof is chosen correctly. We will discuss all this orally during the reading, and then we will make a general assessment of the essay.
Here is the first suggestion:
paragraph 1
I want to reflect on the main character of the story "Taras Bulba".
D. Introduction.
paragraph 2
RP highlights more good features in him than bad ones. Here, for example, is one trait that is evaluated negatively and which subsequently led to the death of himself and his sons. This is stubbornness: "Bulba was stubbornly terrifying" and "Bulba said stubbornly." And in order to achieve his goal, he acted dishonestly: “Shout Kirdyag! whispered Taras Bulba to some. But Taras did this for his sons: "But old Taras prepared another activity for them."
U. The critic begins the second paragraph with an attempt to give a general description of the hero's traits: "more good than bad." The very words "good" and "bad" sound somehow childish. We have already said more than once that the narrator condemns some features, likes others, and even elevates some, idealizing the hero. So, what features does the critic mention here, how does the narrator evaluate them, is the evidence provided by the text correct?
D. First, the critic emphasizes stubbornness, emphasizes the negative attitude of the narrator and proves this with the text.
Bulba really acted dishonestly. But from the quote "Shout Kirdyag!" it is not clear why he acts dishonestly.
U. And it is not clear what exactly “Taras did for his sons” and how the narrator relates to this.
paragraph 3
And when, thanks to his stubbornness, Bulba nevertheless achieves his goal, he shows himself to be a good commander and father: “Taras himself, seeing his misfortune, hastened to the rescue.”
D. Traits are indicated - "a good commander and father." But it is not said how the narrator feels about this. It is not clear from the quote who Taras hurried to the rescue, why he was a good commander.
Paragraph 4
But Taras, seeing the son of Andrii at night, could not imagine that he had gone into the enemy army. “Leaving to his regiment, Taras thought and could not figure out where Andriy would have gone.” Taras did not think that his son, a Cossack, could betray his own. And only after the words of Yankel, which he also did not believe at first, did he remember that there was such a weakness in Andriy's character: "from this side, Andriy's nature is malleable." But after that Taras hated Andriy, he calls him a devil's son, and although his son, he does not tolerate betrayal of his homeland. And when Taras met Andriy, dressed up, on horseback, he decided to kill him and killed him as a traitor to the motherland, hating him, but the narrator does not approve of this act: “The son-killer stopped and looked for a long time at the lifeless corpse.” Gogol even calls him a son-killer.
U. One important note: there are distortions of Gogol's text. In the first quote, an extra word "would" appears; in the second quote, the words are rearranged. Gogol says this: "from this side, the nature of Andria is malleable."
D. And according to this quote, it is not clear what kind of weakness was in the character of Andriy. It is clear that Taras does not tolerate the betrayal of his homeland, but it is not said how the narrator assesses this quality. It is only said that the RP does not approve of the murder of his son.
paragraph 5
But even when Ostap is imprisoned, he does not lose hope, gives money to the Jews, is ready to pay them all his life just to save Ostap: “I will sell all the goblets and gold buried in the ground, the hut and the last clothes and conclude with you contract for life.
U. And there is an inaccuracy in the quote.
D. The father is ready to save his son. What trait is this? Moreover, he killed another son, but he wants to save this one. Why? And then from the quote it is not clear what kind of contract Bulba concludes and why. Evidence fails.
paragraph 6
Taras was careless: "Taras saw his carelessness," and again stubbornness, but stubbornness and annoyance prevented him from thinking about how to correct it. But when Ostap was taken to be executed, the narrator sympathizes with him: “What did old Taras feel when he saw his Ostap?”
U. Again, an inaccuracy in the quote: I didn’t “feel”, but “felt”. You have to respect the author!
D. Taras is careless, stubborn. The narrator sympathizes with him when his son is about to be executed, but the textual proof is not very good.
Paragraph 7
But when the Cossacks began to advance again, the narrator treats him with respect: “Everything gave him an advantage over others: advanced years, and experience and ability to move his army and the strongest hatred of all enemies.”
U. Well! Again, an inaccuracy in the quote!
D. The critic correctly showed that the narrator respects the fighting qualities of Taras. But the attitude of the RP is more complicated! Later he writes how cruel Taras was even with women and children. And condemns this cruelty.
U. And the main thing is that this is already said in the sentence following the quoted passage: “Even the Cossacks themselves seemed excessive to his merciless ferocity and cruelty.” "Even" the Cossacks, what to say about the narrator?
Paragraph 8
And when they made peace, then again, thanks to stubbornness, Taras did not agree to it. “Only the colonel did not agree to such a peace. That one was Taras. Taras was generally caring and even in the most extreme cases took care of everything. When they had already seized him and were about to burn him at the stake, he still looked and thought about the Cossacks: “But Taras did not look at the fire, he did not think about the fire with which they were going to burn him; he looked, cordial, in the direction where the Cossacks were shooting back. Here P shows his caring, courage and pities him, for this he uses the word "cordial". And Taras managed to rejoice for the Cossacks for the last time before his death: "Joy flashed in his eyes." Even R uses the word "eyes" rather than "eyes" to elevate him. Then they stunned him, and after that he woke up and rejoiced again: “... bullets rained down on them from above, but did not reach them. And the joyful eyes of the old ataman flashed.
D. The text is misunderstood. Taras did not agree not because of stubbornness, he correctly understood that the Poles would break the peace. Then it happened. So this is foresight. He is a smart, far-sighted warrior. What Zara calls "caring" would be better called "camaraderie", because Taras could never leave his comrades in trouble. And this is emphasized by R more than once, and he always admires this. And Zara correctly says that R elevates the hero.
Paragraph 9
In general, R highlights many positive and negative traits in the character of Taras Bulba, but R is pleased with his behavior, because he dies like a real Cossack, like a hero and a Russian person: “Is there really such fires, torments, such a force that would overpower Russian power!
U. Again, citation errors. And not very, in my opinion, the word "satisfied" fits. When evaluating this paragraph, keep in mind that it is the last one.
D. This is the conclusion. The critic is trying to somehow generalize and emphasize the main thing in the character of Taras, which R. admires. He is a hero and a Russian person.
U. Now review your notes. What can you say about the composition of the essay? How would you rate it?
D. There is an introduction and conclusion, the character traits of the hero are revealed in the course of the plot. That's how you can do it.
U. Yes, it’s easy to follow the “plot”, but there is a danger here: the main features can be “missed”, “stuck” on trifles. What feature of Bulba Zara emphasizes more than once in the course of the composition?
D. Stubbornness.
U. And what are the main features of this hero, from the point of view of the narrator? Remember what Bulba defended? What did you value the most? What did you despise the most? Remember his toasts, his famous speech.
D. He valued comradeship most of all, despised betrayal. First he toasted for faith, then for the Sich, then for glory.
U. And what is fame?
D. They didn't betray their comrades.
U. And what traits R can't take on?
D. Cruelty.
U. Let Zara not be offended by us that her essay was examined “under a microscope”. Compared to others, her writing is very good. But it is necessary that your next works become even better after this discussion.
"Ostap and Andriy in the assessment of the narrator".
And now I will read to you with pauses, paragraph by paragraph writing Ira on the topic "Ostap and Andriy in the evaluation of the RP". This topic, as you have already found out, is more difficult. But the same three questions arise: what features, how does the narrator evaluate, how is this proved by the text. You now do the same work as with the previous essay, but on your own in notebooks.
In the story "Taras Bulba" the main character is Taras, and the images of the sons and the development of their fate are needed primarily to explain and reveal the image of the main character. But Ostap and Andriy are very important in the story: it is no coincidence that the word “son” appears in the first sentence of the story: “Turn around, son!”
At the beginning of the story, Ostap and Andriy, as it were, do not receive a separate, independent description. For RP they are the sons of Taras more than anything. In the text they are together, they are still merged, they are children: “His sons have just dismounted from their horses. They were two burly fellows, still looking sullenly, like recently graduated seminarians. All further narrative, as we will see, further and further away from appearance, character, fate, separates the brothers, makes them completely different. And in the end, people who are completely strangers to each other, and in the final - enemies.
All who entered the bursa "received something in common that made them similar to each other." Here RP unites Andriy and Ostap for the last time. Further, in the history of school life, signs of individuality begin to appear. The RP himself begins to compare the brothers: “Andriy studies more willingly without stress ... He was more inventive than his brother.” In comparison, RP is almost neutral, except that Ostap arouses a little more sympathy for his kindness and straightforwardness, while Andriy is described more vividly. RP is clearly more interested in Andriy than Ostap. Here, where the stormy, romantic nature of Andriy is described, the words important for understanding his image are said: “He also seethed with a thirst for achievement, but along with it, his soul was accessible to other feelings.” The description of R draws Andriy rather as an impressionable, unrestrained, very young person. One can recall how long Andrii dreamed of a terrible execution for a murder: “For a long time afterwards, he seemed to think of a terrible rite of execution ...”
An interesting difference can be seen between R and the main character Taras in assessing the behavior of the brothers in battle. Taras says: “And this is kind - the enemy would not have taken him - a warrior! - not Ostap, but such a kind warrior. Both are good fighters for him. But RP leads us to the final: "Ostap is a lion, a knight, confident, noble, cold-blooded in battle." For Andriy, the battle is a game: "Andriy was completely immersed in the charming music of bullets and swords." The battle for him, as the RP says, is the bliss of rapture. His nature finds an outlet in a fight. RP says: "rushes like a drunk in the whistle of bullets."
The scene of the night meeting is written very beautifully, it seems that the RP sympathizes with Andriy, here, as it were, a split occurs in the soul of the RP itself: “And in this mutually merged kiss, one felt that only once in a lifetime a person is given to feel.” Here the sympathy ends, the border sets in, and then R unites with the opinion of Taras: "And the Cossack died." Further, it seems to me, R's look at Andriy is the look of Taras - hatred of betrayal, filicide. Andriy is not very afraid of death, and in the description of his death, the sympathy that, in my opinion, he feels for Andriy R. sometimes shines through. He takes some revenge on Taras for Andriy: Taras is forced to watch the terrible execution of the second and last son.
In conclusion, I will say that the main idea in the story and in comparing the brothers is that all feelings are weaker than love for the motherland and duty to it. “It is known what a war is in the Russian land, raised for faith: there is no force stronger than faith!”
U. Pay attention to how beautifully Ira finished her composition. She's quoting the P words from a lyrical digression that you didn't pay attention to when you proofread the text.
Listen to these words from the story:
It is known what kind of war is waged for faith in the Russian land: there is no force stronger than faith. It is irresistible and formidable, like a miraculous rock in the midst of a stormy, ever-changing sea. From the very middle of the seabed, it raises its impenetrable walls to heaven, all created from one solid, solid stone. It is visible from everywhere and looks straight into the eyes of the passing waves. And woe to the ship that will strike her! His powerless tackles fly into the wood chips, everything that is on them sinks and breaks into dust, and the stricken air resounds with the pitiful cry of the perishing.
What feelings does the narrator express here?
D. He exalts the struggle for faith, and those who resist are pathetic.
U. Yes, they are pitiful, and at the same time they are “pathetic” for him. It is very difficult to fully understand the position of R. On the one hand, he condemns the cruelty and rudeness of that century, he understands that the Poles also have “saints”, there are “enlightened” minds and souls; I'm ready to pity everyone. On the other hand, he is clearly on the side of the Cossacks, he can show a “top-down” attitude towards people of a different nationality and faith. And this is clearly manifested in relation to Andriy: the love of Andriy and the Poles is where truly human feelings are, if they were not shared by the difference of nationalities and faith. How many destinies have been broken and are still breaking these differences and boundaries! And always a person has to make a difficult choice.
Now think about yourself. Why did he come up with such an ending when all the heroes die?
D.(in turn). Because of the stubbornness of Bulba. If he had not gone to the Sich, everything would have been different. No, he would have gone anyway - he's a warrior.
U. Suppose Gogol had left Ostap alive. He would have continued the work of Taras, and would have continued better, since Ostap is a man of the next generation: he is not so rude, not so cruel, alien to self-interest, honest, direct ...
U. It's a difficult question. It can be assumed that Gogol killed his heroes because he did not see future prospects for them, for their cause. This "strange" republic lived by prey, but the stronger the states became, the more just the laws became, the less room was left for a wild life based on arbitrariness. But the defense of faith and the Fatherland, as well as camaraderie, are unshakable values for Gogol.
Union of Lublin 1569 - the unification of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state - the Commonwealth.
