If you do not know what the sacrament is, then first of all we advise you to read the article "" on this site.

Valid participles

Real Communion- This is a participle that denotes a sign produced by an object / object. Example: A girl jumping rope. The action is performed by the object "girl" - she jumps over the rope.

Active participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• The person who writes the news. Writer - active present participle. The person is writing the news at the moment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -usch-, -yushch- (for the first conjugation of verbs) and -ash-, -yashch- (for the second conjugation of verbs).
• The man giving the compliment. Made - real past participle. The man has already made a compliment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past tense using the suffixes -vsh-, -sh-.

Passive participles

Passive Communion- This is a participle that denotes a sign produced on one object or object by the actions of another. Example: a ship built by the villagers. The villagers performed an action on the ship - they built it.

Passive participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• A chair broken by a student. Breakable - present passive participle. The student performs an action on the chair - breaks it. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -om-, -em- (for verbs of the first conjugation) and -im- (for verbs of the second conjugation).
• Dog beaten by owner. Beaten - passive past participle. The owner performed an action on the dog - he beat her. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past with the help of suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -ot-.

Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); building, building (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

Like an adjective, a participle denotes a sign of an object. But unlike the adjective, the participle denotes such a sign of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who sleeps.

The participle has a number of features of the verb: 1) the participle is present and past tense: working- present tense worked- past tense; 2) the sacrament can be perfect and imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the sacrament can be recurrent; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: read a book, read a book, read a book (but reading a book).

On the other hand, the participle has a number of features of an adjective: 1) the participle changes by gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working etc.

In a sentence, the main role of the participle is the same as that of the adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (definition).

Real and passive participles.

Real participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.

A real participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that itself produces or performed an action: a student who draws a painter (or a painter) of a picture.

A passive participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that is being acted upon by another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.

Perfect and imperfect participles.

Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tenses are formed from imperfective verbs. And from perfective verbs, only past participles are formed.

Formation of real participles of the present and past tenses.

I. The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -usch- (-yush-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -ash- (-yash-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.

1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding

Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction

II. Real past participles are formed from the stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -w- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.

The real present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -Xia: fighting-fighting; fight - fought.

The case and generic endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.

Note. Communion on shchy (powerful, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. with. have lost their time value. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing-standing, current - fluid, piercing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.

The formation of passive participles of the present and past tense.

Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.

I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-em-th; see, view-im-th.

Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive participles of the present tense are formed using the suffix -om: Ved-ut, Ved-om-th; attracted-ut, attracted-ohm-th. These sacraments are bookish in nature.

II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb:

a) using the suffix -nn-, if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read-be-read; sow-th - sown; see-th- seen.

b) With the help of the suffix -enn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in and (moreover, the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint-th - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-th- glorified.

At the same time, the verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternations of sounds (s-sh, s-zh, t - h - u, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).

c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t- we-th - washed; vi-t - twisted; mya-th - crumpled; touch - touched; tere-th- grated; lock up - locked; mo-mo-th - ground; koloty - chipped.

Notes. 1. The verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation, if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, s, u, oh, and also i(a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, throne-t-touched, prick-t - chipped, mt-t (mn-y) - crumpled, compress (compress-u, compress-u ) is compressed.

2. For verbs whose stem of the indefinite form ends in -ere-, the final e of the stem is omitted: tere-t - grated.

Short form of passive participles.

Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.

The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a definition. The short form of passive participles is not declined and serves as a predicate in a sentence.

Compare: 1. Noisy forest entangled in fog. - The forest is shrouded in mist. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children went to the open door. -The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is a predicate.)

Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -i- or less often -t-.

Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: book read - book read, floors painted - floors painted.

Declension of participles.

Full participles have the same case endings as adjectives.

The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought etc.

Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.

The participle can be used in the sense of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The working people of the USSR joyfully meet the May Day holiday, 2. The students are preparing for the spring tests - the words of students and workers have the meaning of nouns.

The participle, which turns into an adjective, loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of the subject. Passive past participles are especially often used in adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not carry explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, a wounded beast (compare: a beast wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).

Passive participles with prefixes are always written in two n (-НН-): frozen, reinforced, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, skilled worker.

Particle spelling not with sacraments.

Particle not with participles in full form is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.

Particle not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.

Winding led to the garden uncleared track.

On the uncut the meadow was full of flowers..

unfinished a glass of milk was on the table. Winding led to the garden, not cleared by anyone track.

In the meadow, more not mown by collective farmers, dazzled flowers.

Not drunk by a child a glass of milk was on the table.

With participle in short form negation not written separately: Work not finished. Required materials more not collected.

Notes. 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, absolutely, absolutely, very, extremely, extremely etc.), not with participle is written together, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.

2. If it is not part of amplifying negations - far from, far from, not at all and others standing before the sacrament, then the negation is not written separately, for example: far from a thoughtful decision, not at all a settled issue.

The participle is a special part of speech, which is a verbal form, denotes a sign by action. It should be noted that being a verbal form, pr-e has some morphological features of the verb: aspect and tense for each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.

Features of the part of speech

The sacrament answers the question:

• Which?
• Doing what?
• What did you do?
• What has done?

Here are some examples: melting snow (doing what?), melting snow (doing what), melting snow (doing what?), sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question "what?" can be set to all of the above, incl.

Since this part of speech answers the question "what?" and signifies action, it has several morphological features of an adjective: number, gender, case.

This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:

• ushch (yusch) - ashch (box)
• vsh (sh)
• em-im (om)
• enn (yonn)

These suffixes distinguish it from other parts of speech.

In a sentence, it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.

For example:

• A melting snowflake lies on my palm. In this sentence, "melting" is the agreed definition and is underlined by a wavy line.
• snowflake melting. In this sentence, "melting" is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (modality of the present tense).

About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full form by truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the short adjective form with the short participle form.

In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: real and passive.

Real Communion

The real participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.

For example: A running person (a person performs an action on his own), melting snow (snow performs an action on his own).

• Present tense suffixes: ush-yusch, ash-box.
• Past tense suffixes: vsh (sh).

These suffixes will help determine the time and type of the sacrament. All real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.

It should be noted that suffixes usch (yusch) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yash - from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: "sower" is formed from the verb "sow" of the first present tense conjugation using the suffix "yusch".

Passive Communion

The passive form denotes a sign according to the action of an object that does not perform this action itself (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).

For example: a reed swayed by the wind (a reed that is swayed by the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).

• Present tense suffixes of the passive pr-tion: am-em-im
• Passive past tense suffixes: n, t.

Passive present participle formed in the same way as the real, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle with the help of suffixes nn, t the stem of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.

Exception! When forming a passive participle from the verb to "it", the stem of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.

The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and led are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.

The passive form of the past tense is formed from full perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in Russian.

It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: seek, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb "to give" has the exclusive form "given".

It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the basis of the future tense.

• Example: Bring - reduced, spin - spun

A return postfix can be added to the passive lines of the present and past tense "sya"

• Example: Sold (books, buns), conceited (children, athletes).

Participial

Before finding out the role of these parts of speech in turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, participial turnover is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. In both complex and simple sentences, the participle can be found:

• Before the word being defined;
• after the defined word.

It should be noted that participial turnover is always a single member of the sentence, namely the agreed common definition.

For example:

Painting, , hanging in the hall of our museum. In this sentence, the participial phrase " painted by famous artist» is in front of the defined word "picture" and is an agreed common definition.

We hope that our article has helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what full passive participle is.

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)

Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle

Verb Features	Adjective signs
1. View (imperfect and perfect): burning(non-sov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(sov.v.) forest(from burn out).	1. General meaning (like an adjective, participle calls object attribute and answer the question which?).
2. Transitivity / intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running.	2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle consistent with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruits.
3.Returnability / non-returnability: lifter- rising smoke.	3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf .: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc.
4. Real and passive meaning (collateral): attacking battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy.	4. Syntactic function (both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate).
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - reading(past tense).	5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed.

Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Communions divided into real and passive.

Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.

Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.

And valid, and passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).

Participle formation

1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not have participles present tense).

2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.

4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).

Participle Verbs	Valid		Passive
	Present tense	past tense	Present tense	past tense
	-usch (-yusch) from verbs of I conjugation; ash (box) from verbs II conjugation	-vsh ■sh	-om, -em from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs II conjugation	-nn, -enn, -t
Transitional imperfective form	reading	+ reading	Readable	+ read
Transitional perfect type		Reader		read
Intransitive imperfective form	Sitting	sat	-
Intransitive perfective		blossomed

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.

Short form participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

AT short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).

Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, a- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant attributes of objects, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.

Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) and When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Communions are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four inconstant (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.

Scheme of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) real or passive; 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by clouds. (A. Pushkin)

An example of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. illumined(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes a sign of an object by action, formed from a verb illuminate. II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect look. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine; 4) nominative case. III. syntax function. In the sentence, it is an agreed definition (or: is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover).