The study of the patterns of individual and group behavior of people laid the foundation for applied sciences - sociology and political science. Their subject was the study of a wide range of problems - from studying the interests of social strata, tactics of conducting election campaigns to approaches to conflict resolution.
Erich Fromm The German psychologist and sociologist in his works paid attention to the personality and the motives of its behavior. Created his own social philosophy. Much attention in his writings is occupied by the problem of human alienation in modern society and the search for ways to overcome it.
In the 1960s in France, the direction of modern philosophical thought, structuralism, became widespread. The structural approach assumes that any phenomenon under study (language, art, human consciousness, mythology, fashion, advertising) consists of a number of elements that are in a certain relationship. They become the object of study. The French culturologist and philosopher Claude Levi-Strauss (the father of structuralism) compared different cultures and mythological systems.
Abstract expressionism. Jackson Pollock is the most famous abstract expressionist. Its founders were several New York artists. Their canvases conveyed the dynamics of feelings, became a form of spontaneous self-expression of the author. The method of painting such pictures is known as "action painting"
Pop art (popular art) became a counterweight to the ideas of abstract expressionism. The emergence of this artistic movement is associated with the development of the production of consumer goods and entertainment. Pop art artists believed that any thing is worthy of becoming a work of art.
Hyperrealism A new trend in painting and sculpture appeared in the mid-1960s. in the USA. Its characteristic feature is a dotted, photographic reflection of reality: objects drawn in detail, an image of the urban environment, a portrait of a “man from the street.” The most famous hyperrealist artists are Robert Cottingham and Chuck Close.
Elements of pop art appeared in such a form of modern art as happenings. It is a hybrid of painting, sculpture and theater. The first theatrical performances in the style of happening took place in the years. in the USA for the entertainment of artistic bohemia. Happening is characterized by the absence of a clear plot, the improvisation of actors who draw the audience into the performance, the use of transparencies and film frames, light and sound effects, and modern music.
Hristo Yavashev - composition "Surrounded Islands" Environment - an art form, an intermediate position between sculpture and architecture of small forms, aimed at changing the environment. Contemporary artists have taken their works outside of galleries and museums. They create them in nature or transform the urban landscape.
Conceptualism is an international art movement that emerged in the 1950s. Its supporters argued that the idea of a work is more important than its visual representation. Ideas can exist in the form of phrases, texts, diagrams, graphs, drawings, photographs, etc. Joseph Kossuth "One and Three Chairs"
New technologies: video art or video art Video art (English video art) - various experiments with video equipment, computer and television images, proving the conventionality and illusory nature of the technical code in the transmission of reality. The founder of video art is the Korean Nam Jun Pak.
Unlike television itself, which is designed for broadcast to a mass audience, video art uses television receivers, video cameras and monitors, and also produces experimental films in the spirit of conceptual art, which are shown in special exhibition spaces. With the help of modern electronics, he shows, as it were, a "brain in action" - a clear path from an artistic idea to its embodiment.
Video clip Genre of modern TV-video-art. It can be considered that it was invented by the English director Richard Lester in the films A Hard Day's Night (1964), Help! (1965), which he filmed with the famous Beatles. All the elements of a modern video were already present here: rock music, extremely concentrated action, an inflated tempo, special effects. Only the advent of video technology with its computer special effects and ease of editing led to the widespread triumph of the genre.
Counterculture Rejects the basic values of society, offers an alternative vision of the world and its own models of behavior. This is a form of protest on the part of people who have not found a place in life. Their behavior outrages others. And among the youth, the heroes of the counterculture are gaining popularity and becoming role models.
40
In October 2005, by decision of UNESCO, a convention on cultural diversity was adopted, which secured the right of all countries to develop various forms of cultural expression and provide state support to national cultural projects.
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Plan.
Rock movements.
The emergence and development of mass culture.
In the second half of the XX century. science and technology have become the leading forces of civilization. The discovery and peaceful use of atomic energy, space exploration, the emergence of new technologies are fundamentally changing the material and social productive forces. Impressive successes have been achieved in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine (transplantation of internal organs is being successfully carried out; in different countries, they are working on creating an artificial heart).
The development of the scientific and technological revolution has led to an unprecedented acceleration of socio-economic processes in the world, especially in industrialized states. Science has become a priority in state policy. She was enriched with new personnel and branches of knowledge, made many discoveries that changed the face of the entire human civilization. It contains about 15 thousand disciplines. Man put nuclear power, computers, lasers, robotics, heavy-duty materials, satellite communications into his service, began the exploration of near-Earth space. Science has become a direct productive force. Many of her discoveries have become the property of practice. On their basis, the newest science-intensive branches of the national economy have been created, which have become basic - electronics, biotechnology, the production of new materials, computer science. At present, microprocessors have found universal and widespread use; in many countries, computer science serves the entire national economy. It is no coincidence that the current stage in the development of scientific and technological revolution is called the information or microprocessor revolution.
Telecommunication means of communication and computer technology for receiving, processing, storing and transmitting information have acquired paramount importance in the internationalization of economic life. Personal computers qualitatively raise the creative potential of intellectual labor. Fundamental changes are taking place in the way people live and think. Electronic media, satellite communications, providing almost instantaneous transmission of information to all corners of the globe, create a feeling of simultaneity and omnipresence. With the deployment of the technological and industrial revolution, industrialization and urbanization, and then the scientific and technological revolution of the second half of the 20th century. an unprecedented acceleration of historical and social time began and intensified. Accordingly, the pace of scientific and technological progress is also increasing. For example, if in the 70s it was customary to say that the volume of scientific information doubles every 5-7 years, then in the 80s - every 20 months, and by the end of the 90s - annually.
The meaning of scientific, technological and social progress was the gain in time. Satellites, computers and faxes contribute to the densification of information flows. Telecommunication networks that connected the most remote points of the globe provided an opportunity to overcome time. A person has acquired the ability to be in different places at the same time and to be a participant in events that take place far beyond his actual physical presence.
The uncontrolled growth of the economy comes into conflict with the life of nature. Metallurgy, chemistry, cars destroy forests, soil, infect water and air. Technogenic disasters have caused irreparable damage to the health of millions of people, damage to the national economy. The areas of this ecological disaster are the regions of Chernobyl and the Southern Urals, the territories of nuclear test sites, large chemical plants. In the last decade, it has been realized that a radical change in attitude to nature is necessary: not to conquer it, but to interact with it. Today, an urgent direction in the development of scientific and technological revolution is the solution of global problems - the global environmental crisis, lack of resources, demographic imbalance, hunger and poverty, epidemics in the countries of the "third world", crime and drug addiction. In broad public circles, the new meaning of the ancient saying of Protagoras, that "it is man who is the measure of all things," is becoming more and more realized.
The information revolution also leads to social consequences - an increase in unemployment. But a high level of national income in developed countries makes it possible to provide the unemployed with a guarantee of a subsistence "social minimum".
The latest technology requires a qualitatively new employee - with a solid level of general education and professional training, without which catastrophes such as Chernobyl can occur. Hence the gradually growing variety of creative specialties and activities.
The intellectual life of a person consists of two cultures - scientific and artistic, they must be in harmonious interaction. Science, having become a powerful factor of progress, cannot completely fill the human soul. Art uses figurative means to solve questions about the meaning of life, about conscience and duty, about the assessment of good and evil.
Complex processes take place in the second half of the 20th century. in artistic culture. During the Second World War, many cultural figures with weapons in their hands fought against the Nazis for the freedom and national independence of their countries (French writers L. Aragon, A. Camus, German writers A. Zegers, V. Bredel, was twice wounded at the front by E. Hemingway). Comprehension of what is happening and the results of the war, its cruel everyday life, the behavior of people in extreme conditions has become an important topic of world art.
Under the conditions of the Cold War, the confrontation of forces in artistic culture intensified, the ideological side of creativity prevailed over the artistic side. The importance of the culture of developing countries in the world artistic culture (Indian cinema, African and Latin American melodies) grew. One of the consequences of scientific and technological revolution was the accelerated development of mass media, which created the material conditions for the flourishing of mass culture and the emergence of rock music.
In the second half of the 20th century, a variety of critical realism arose - neorealism. The neorealists set as their goal the display of "make-up life". Neorealism influenced world cinema - the work of Akira Kurosawa, Andrzej Wajda, Alexei German. The theme of the triumph of the humanistic principle in the "little" man permeated the later works of E. Hemingway, especially the story-parable "The Old Man and the Sea", for which the author was awarded the Nobel Prize. The best works of Lion Feuchtwanger "Foxes in the Vineyard", "The Wisdom of an Eccentric", "Goya" are devoted to understanding the fate of the creative intelligentsia in critical eras.
Since the second half of the 1940s, so-called "socialist realism" has become widespread in a number of European countries. Its main features are considered to be: the presence of a new hero - a revolutionary proletarian, a communist; party membership is a reflection and evaluation of life phenomena from the standpoint of Marxist-Leninist ideology. Many researchers today deny the existence of social realism as an independent artistic method, considering it not an artistic phenomenon, but an ideological one or one of the ideological and substantive varieties of critical realism. The work of the French writer Louis Aragon, the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda (the fate of Latin America, the interweaving of pathos and lyrics) shows that socialist realism existed as an independent movement. This direction was especially fully reflected in the Soviet culture of the 20th century.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a campaign was launched against avant-garde movements. The work of masters who did not fit into the framework of socialist realism was ignored. This led to an increase in the emigration of cultural figures. In the countries of Eastern Europe, after the events in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968), persecution against political and artistic dissent intensified, and the scope of forbidden topics expanded. The creative intelligentsia became one of the influential forces in the democratic revolutions of 1989-1990 in the countries of Eastern Europe.
The development of mass media stimulated the unprecedented development of mass culture (public and entertainment). Genres of mass culture - show, thriller, hit, comics. The cult of "stars" is an artificial creation of popularity, a means of entertainment. Propaganda of violence, sex contributed to the degradation of morals.
New directions in art were formed largely under the influence of the philosophy of existentialism (existence), the art of the absurd arose. Their ideologists were J.P. Sartre and A. Camus. In their opinion, "being cannot be understood, but can only be felt." The focus of their attention is the personality and its relationship with the world, society, God, the denial of human values and hopes for changing the world. "Theater of the Absurd" by Ionesco - lack of a plot, life ideals, spontaneity and inexplicability of the actions of the characters, the meaninglessness of the dialogues. In the sphere of artistic life, the main directions of modernism, primarily surrealism and abstractionism, received further development.
One of the relatively new trends in contemporary art is pop art. Young artists offered to depict everyday objects and technical products surrounding a person, the modern urban environment - in the hope of making art understandable to a wide audience, popular. But if the objects depicted by pop artists are really popular (tin cans, Coca-Cola bottles, etc.), then this cannot be said about their works. These pictures frightened off the public and critics with their vulgarity and hopelessness. Pop art ideas contributed to the development of the advertising poster.
A striking phenomenon in the artistic life of the second half of the 20th century was the rock movement, which appeared in the early 60s in England and the USA and swept the whole world. The creators of rock - Elvis Presley, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones. Rock music expressed the spontaneous protest of young people against social disorder, war and militarism, and racial discrimination. Their stage and everyday appearance was emphatically democratic. Rock music has become a force that can unite diverse youth movements and groups. So, the music of the Beatles is distinguished by the sophistication of melody and rhythm, depth, brevity, and sincerity of songs. The songs "All you need is love", "Give peace a chance" have become unofficial international youth anthems.
Rock is associated with advanced social movements. The International Rock Festival in 1968 condemned the Vietnam War. Concerts "Rock Against..." (racism, militarism, drug addiction...) have become popular, rock musicians participate in charity events. Rock has also infiltrated classical culture. A notable event in the musical life was the production of the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar by EL Webber and Rice, which combined the achievements of rock with the traditions of classical opera.
In the 70s, the formation of national rock movements took place. Rock has become not only a phenomenon in artistic culture, but also a way of life and thinking of young people. It was characterized by openness, inner and outer freedom, rejection of falsehood, pacifism, God-seeking.
Artistic culture in the late 80s and early 90s received a wide scope for development, which was facilitated by the democratization of public life. On the other hand, the commercialization of the mass media contributed to the expansion of American popular culture, replacing genuine art and national culture. The reassessment of many events in recent history gives rise to an indiscriminate denial of the achievements of the art of socialist realism, which was clearly manifested in the destruction of monuments symbolizing the "socialist choice" and its inspirers. Only barbarians, slaves and fanatics fight against monuments. Crushing the monuments, they destroyed the traces of former slavery and humiliation, but remained slaves in their souls.
The national revival of peoples is capable of causing a powerful cultural upsurge, but it is fraught with the danger of religious fanaticism and nationalism. It is important for society to overcome the existing contradictions.
Topic 19: Spiritual life in Soviet and Russian societies.
2. Culture in the years of "thaw" and "stagnation".
3. Culture of the "perestroika" period.
Features of the spiritual life of mankind in the second half of the XX century.
Mass culture and its features, its impact on society and youth. The development of postmodernism in the visual, theatrical arts. Computer graphics, video clips, advertising as an art form. The culture of youth rebellion. The flourishing of the cultures of the countries of tropical Africa, the Islamic world, South America.
Spiritual life in Soviet and Russian societies.
Soviet Art of the Thaw Period. Spiritual life in the USSR in the 1960s-1980s. Persecution of dissident writers. The development of the trend of "village prose". Perestroika and a new stage in the development of literature and art. Spiritual life of democratic Russia and its features.
classes (profile level)
History as a science
The emergence and development of historical science. History in the system of the humanities. The subject of historical science. historical source. Basic concepts of modern historical science. Unity and diversity of the historical process. historical time.
Fundamentals of philosophy and methodology of history. Cyclic and linear perception of historical time. "Growth", "development" and "progress" in the history of mankind. Principles of periodization of the historical process.
Mankind at the dawn of its history
Causes of the weakening of colonial empires after World War II. Forms of liberation from colonialism.
China after the end of the civil wars. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
Japan after the Second World War: on the path of reform. The search for a new development model at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries.
Features of the post-war development of India, its transformation into one of the world's "centers of power".
Modernization policy in Latin America and its results. The origins of the weakness of dictatorial regimes.
World civilization: new problems at the turn of the millennium
Global threats to humanity and the search for ways to overcome them.
Finding solutions to the problems of the poorest countries. International organizations and their role in the modern world.
US "global leadership" policy and its consequences. The role of the Russian Federation in the modern world.
Spiritual life and development of world culture
Cultural life in the first half of the 20th century. Experience in understanding historical processes. Spiritual life after World War II. Media and popular culture.
Russian history
The history of Russia is part of world history
Features of the formation and development of Russian civilization. Experience of political, economic and cultural interaction of Russia with the peoples of Europe and Asia. The role and place of Russia in world development: history and modernity. Problems of periodization of Russian history.
Sources on the history of the Fatherland. Historiography, popular science and educational literature on the course. The main stages in the development of historical thought in Russia. V.N. Tatishchev, N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky. Soviet historical science. The current state of Russian historical science.
Peoples and ancient states on the territory of Russia
Human development of the eastern and northern regions of Eurasia. Great glaciation. Natural and climatic factors and features of the development of the territory of Eastern Europe, the North of Eurasia, Siberia, the Altai Territory and the Far East. Stone Age sites. Transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one. Cattle breeders and farmers. The emergence of metal tools and their impact on primitive society.
The initial stages of the formation of ethnic groups. language families. Indo-Europeans. "The Great Migration of Nations". Discussions about the ancestral home of the Slavs. City-states of the Northern Black Sea region. Scythians and Sarmatians.
East Slavic tribal unions and their neighbors: Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic tribes. Turkic Khaganate. Volga Bulgaria. Khazar Khaganate. The struggle of the Eastern Slavs with the nomadic peoples of the Steppe, Avars and Khazars. Occupations, social system and beliefs of the Eastern Slavs. Strengthening the role of tribal leaders, property stratification. Transition from tribal to territorial community. East Slavic cities.
Russia inIX- earlyXIIcenturies
The emergence of statehood among the Eastern Slavs. "The Tale of Bygone Years". Discussion about the origin of the Old Russian state and the word "Rus". Beginning of the Rurik dynasty. tribute and allegiance. Princes and squad. Veche orders. Kyiv and Novgorod are two centers of ancient Russian statehood. The development of the rule of law. "Russian Truth". Categories of the population. The ethnic composition of ancient Russian society. Consolidation of the "ladder" (next) order of inheritance of power. Princely feuds.
Discussions of historians about the level of socio-economic development of Ancient Russia. International Relations of Ancient Russia. Trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks". Military campaigns of Russian princes.
The adoption of Christianity in Russia. The role of the church in the history of ancient Russia. Christian culture and pagan traditions. Influence on Russia of Byzantium and the peoples of the Steppe. The culture of Ancient Russia as one of the factors in the formation of the Old Russian people. The origin of Slavic writing. Old Russian monasteries as centers of culture.
Russian lands and principalities inXII- middleXVcenturies
Causes of the collapse of the Old Russian state. Strengthening the economic and political independence of the Russian lands. Political fragmentation in the West and East of Europe: general and special. The largest lands and principalities of Russia in the XII - early XIII centuries. Monarchies and republics. Princely power and boyars. The Orthodox Church and the idea of the unity of the Russian land. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Russia and the Steppe. The heyday of the culture of pre-Mongol Rus. Regional features of cultural development.
Formation of the Mongolian state. The first conquests of the Mongols. Invasion of Russia. The formation of the Golden Horde and its socio-political system. Control system for conquered lands. Russia and Horde. Adoption of Islam by the Horde. The influence of the Mongol conquest and the Horde on the culture of Russia. Discussions about the consequences of the Mongol conquest for the Russian lands.
Expansion from the West and its place in the history of the peoples of Russia and the Baltic. The fight against crusader aggression. Formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Russian lands within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The influence of the foreign policy factor on the choice of ways for the development of Russia.
The beginning of the revival of Russia. Internal migrations of the population. Colonization of North-Eastern Russia. Restoration of the economy of Russian lands. Forms of land tenure and categories of the population. The role of cities in uniting the struggle for political hegemony in North-Eastern Russia. Discussions about the ways and centers of the unification of Russian lands. Political, social, economic and territorial-geographic reasons for the transformation of Moscow into the center of the unification of Russian lands. Politics of the Moscow princes. The relationship between the processes of unification of Russian lands and the struggle against Horde rule. The origin of national self-consciousness in Russia.
Grand Duchy of Moscow in the system of international relations. The defeat of the Golden Horde by Timur and the campaign against Russia. The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde. Formation of the Kazan, Crimean, Astrakhan khanates. Acceptance of Catholicism as the state religion by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The entry of the western and southern Russian lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The fall of Byzantium and the establishment of the autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Cultural development of Russian lands and principalities at the end of the 13th - the middle of the 15th centuries. The influence of external factors on the development of Russian culture. Formation of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples. Moscow as a center for the development of the culture of the Great Russian people. Revival of temple building traditions. The heyday of ancient Russian icon painting. Creation of the Russian iconostasis. Old Russian Literature: Chronicles, Lives, Tales and Walkings.
Russian state in the second halfXV- endXVIcenturies Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. Features of the process of folding centralized states in Russia and in Western countries. The overthrow of the Golden Horde yoke. Formation of a new system of government of the country and development of legal norms. The role of the church in state building. Struggle between "Josephites" and "non-possessors". "Moscow-the third Rome". Heresy in Russia.
The establishment of royal power and its sacralization in the public consciousness. Formation of the ideology of autocracy. Reforms of the middle of the XVI century. Creation of bodies of estate-representative monarchy. Discussion about the nature of the oprichnina and its role in the history of Russia. Establishment of the Patriarchate.
The multinational character of the Russian centralized state. Changes in the social structure of society and forms of feudal land tenure in the second half of the 15th - late 16th centuries. Development of the local system. Cities, crafts, trade in a centralized state. The establishment of serfdom. The role of the free peasantry and the Cossacks in the internal colonization of the country. Expansion of Russian territory in the 16th century: conquests and colonization processes. Livonian war. The growth of the international prestige of the Russian state.
Culture of the peoples of the Russian state in the second half of the X\/-X\/1 centuries. Features of cultural development in the conditions of strengthening the centralized state and the establishment of autocracy. "Renaissance" trends in Russian art. New forms of architecture. The heyday of Russian fresco painting. The development of "book business" in Russia. "Great Menaion" by Metropolitan Macarius. The beginning of printing and its impact on society. "Domostroy": patriarchal traditions in everyday life and customs. Peasant and urban life.
Russia inXVIIin.
Discussion about the causes and nature of the Troubles. The suppression of the ruling dynasty. The phenomenon of imposture. boyar groups. Exacerbation of socio-economic contradictions. Social movements in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The fight against the aggression of the Commonwealth and Sweden. National rise in Russia. Restoration of the independence of the country.
Elimination of the consequences of the Troubles. Zemsky Sobor in 1613 and the restoration of autocracy. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty. Smolensk war. Russia and the Thirty Years' War in Europe. Expanded territory of the Russian state. The entry of Left-Bank Ukraine into Russia. Exploration of Siberia. Wars of Russia with the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate and the Commonwealth in the second half of the 17th century.
Legal registration of the system of serfdom. New phenomena in the economy: the beginning of the formation of the all-Russian market, the formation of manufactories. Development of new shopping centers. Strengthening the merchant class. Transformations in the military.
Church schism in Russia and its significance. Old Believers. Features of the church schism in Russia in comparison with the processes of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe. Discussion about the nature of social movements in Russia in the second half of the 17th century. The uprising of S. Razin.
Features of Russian traditional (medieval) culture. Formation of national identity. The strengthening of secular elements in Russian culture of the 17th century. Expansion of cultural ties with the countries of Western Europe. Updating the principles of urban planning. Secular Motifs in Religious Buildings. German Sloboda in Moscow. Russian monumental painting of the 17th century. The flourishing of jewelry and arts and crafts. The spread of literacy. The origin of journalism. Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
Discussion about the prerequisites for the transformation of the social system and the nature of the modernization process in Russia.
Spiritual life after World War II
Rodionova I.V.
In the second half of the 20th century, computer technologies began to be used to model social and economic processes.
This ensured their progress.
John Keynes is a scientist-economist, a supporter of active state intervention in the country's economy.
Joseph Schumpeter
Joseph Schumpeter
Economists John Galbraith and Walt Rostow, sociologist Alvin Toffler formulated the concept of phases or stages of civilization progress. It was based on a change in the forms of production activity.
Their subject was the study of a wide range of problems - from the study of the interests of social strata, the tactics of conducting election campaigns to approaches to conflict resolution.
American political scientists David Easton and Gabriel Almond, sociologist Talcott Parsons
American political scientists David Easton and Gabriel Almond, sociologist Talcott Parsons expanded the horizons of knowledge about the patterns of development of political systems.
The German psychologist and sociologist in his works paid attention to the personality and the motives of its behavior. Created his own social philosophy. Much attention in his writings is occupied by the problem of human alienation in modern society and the search for ways to overcome it.
The structural approach assumes that any studied phenomenon (language, art, human consciousness, mythology, fashion, advertising) consists of a number of elements that are in a certain relationship. They become the object of study.
New trends in art in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries.
abstractionism.
In the post-war decade, gained great popularity abstractionism.
It was believed that only they are able to express the inner world of a person.
Jackson Pollock
Jackson Pollock- the most famous abstract expressionist.
The emergence of this artistic movement is associated with the development of the production of consumer goods and entertainment. Pop art artists believed that any thing is worthy of becoming a work of art.
Richard Hamilton.
The first composition in the style of pop art was created in 1956 by an English artist Richard Hamilton.
graffiti
Pop art refers to a type of artistic creativity, such as graffiti- street signs. Drawings on fences, garage walls.
A new trend in painting and sculpture appeared in the mid-1960s. in the USA. Its characteristic feature is a dotted, photographic reflection of reality: objects drawn in detail, an image of the urban environment, a portrait of a “man from the street.”
Robert Cottingham
Robert Cottingham
It is a hybrid of painting, sculpture and theater.
The first theatrical performances in the happening style took place in 1958-1959. in the USA for the entertainment of artistic bohemia. Happening is characterized by the absence of a clear plot, the improvisation of actors who draw the audience into the performance, the use of transparencies and film frames, light and sound effects, and modern music.
Happening on a ship during the avant-garde festival, 1968, USA.
Sonoristics
Sonoristics
environment
environment- an art form, an intermediate position between sculpture and architecture of small forms, aimed at changing the environment.
Contemporary artists have taken their works outside of galleries and museums. They create them in nature or transform the urban landscape.
Video art (English video art) - various experiments with video equipment, computer and television images, proving the conventionality and illusory nature of the technical code in the transmission of reality. The founder of video art is the Korean Nam Jun Pak.
Unlike television itself, which is designed for broadcast to a mass audience, video art uses television receivers, video cameras and monitors, and also produces experimental films in the spirit of conceptual art, which are shown in special exhibition spaces. With the help of modern electronics, he shows, as it were, a "brain in action" - a clear path from an artistic idea to its embodiment.
images produced by a computer, which may be in the form of printed documents, graphics or cartoons, but this term refers mainly to images displayed on a monitor screen.
Genre of modern TV-video-art. It can be considered that it was invented by the English director Richard Lester in the films A Hard Day's Night (1964), Help! (1965), which he filmed with the famous Beatles. All the elements of a modern video were already present here: rock music, extremely concentrated action, an inflated tempo, special effects. Only the advent of video technology with its computer special effects and ease of editing led to the widespread triumph of the genre.
Rejects the basic values of society, offers an alternative vision of the world and its own models of behavior. This is a form of protest on the part of people who have not found a place in life. Their behavior outrages others. And among the youth, the heroes of the counterculture are gaining popularity and becoming role models.
Thanks to the existence of a global network of information exchange, the achievements of national cultures have become the property of all mankind
In October 2005, by decision of UNESCO, a convention on cultural diversity was adopted, which secured the right of all countries to develop various forms of cultural expression and provide state support to national cultural projects.
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