Problems of depressive development of regions

Structural disproportions in the development of regions, the low economic efficiency of the national economy as a whole or its individual components often cause the formation of depressed areas with a constant negative trend in socio-economic indicators.

The reasons that give rise to disproportions in the development of regions can be varied. They can express natural differences: natural and climatic, composition and scale of natural resources, location (center, periphery, etc.), the existing reproductive structure, advantages and disadvantages associated with the intersection of ties, in the level and composition of the population, the dynamics of socio-economic and political processes, the state of industrial and social infrastructure, the degree of urbanization, etc.

However, along with the natural ones, there is a complex of reasons that have arisen as a result of inadequate political and economic decisions that are in conflict with the social goals of the reform. Examples of this can be: state policy that creates advantages or discriminates against individual regions, a gap (temporal, spatial) in the implementation of economic reforms at the regional level; unsettled legal framework, as well as the inefficiency of the very mechanism for implementing the current legislation; unreasonable benefits provided by the center to individual regions for social support.

The results of these and other similar phenomena are the difference in the level of incomes of the “poor” and “rich” segments of the population in the intraregional and interregional sections, which significantly exceeds the permissible norms; uneven distribution and deepening of the economic crisis in different regions and, ultimately, the deepening of the collapse of the single economic space and the formation of local markets in the regions.

The depression of the territories is manifested, first of all, in the lack of development of the leading industries of the region. At the same time, the number of problem regions does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases, moreover, the depressed regions already include those territories that, before the start of economic reforms, developed normally, but as a result of the transformation of the economic basis of Russia, for various reasons, they turned into subsidized regions, with indicators their socio-economic development is many times worse than the corresponding average Russian indicators.

Depressed and backward regions are not able to form their budget on the basis of their own financial resources, since the security of their own tax potential (including regulated taxes) is only 8–33.5%, therefore, they cannot function without financial state support. For some depressed and backward regions, the share of state financial support in the total amount of budget revenues is over 70%. However, state financial support does not always cover even current expenses. And therefore, depressed and backward regions, having no funds for development, are increasingly lagging behind other subjects of the Russian Federation in economic development.

The budget process in depressed regions has its own characteristics. Thus, the annual budget of a depressed region, adopted as a law, which consists of 1/3 of the financial assistance of the state, actually acts as an indicative plan of income and expenses. At the same time, federal legislation prescribes the treasury execution of the budget, which involves vesting the treasury not only with accounting functions, but also with the functions of carrying out expenditure transactions on behalf of and on behalf of budgetary organizations.

As a result, the organization of the budget process in depressed regions significantly limits the ability to manage finances at the regional level, so depressed and backward regions have little interest in improving the management of financial resources and increasing the efficiency of their use.

The logic of economic transformations and the implementation of the principles of territorial independence bring to the fore the solution to the problem of the development of depressed and backward territories in terms of their ability to self-sufficiency. At the same time, the improvement of regional financial management at the present stage of Russia's economic development is still not characterized by a comprehensive and systematic solution to the problem. Some of its aspects are fragmented, which does not contribute to the achievement of financial self-sufficiency and financial stabilization of depressed and backward regions.

The complexity of solving the problem of managing territorial development in Russia is exacerbated by the undeveloped mechanisms for taking into account the inequality (asymmetry) of regional development and territorial differentiation in strengthening the financial potential of depressed and backward regions, which requires the formation of conceptual foundations for the introduction of innovations and finding optimal ways for their practical implementation. All this predetermines the need to rethink and identify new approaches to the study of theoretical and practical problems of organizing finance in depressed and backward territories.

The financing needs of the public sector, calculated by traditional normative methods, turn out to be incomparable with the resource capabilities of even the richest and most successfully developing territories. This situation has developed not only as a result of the deep and prolonged recession of the Russian economy in the 1990s, but also in part because of the existence of an unsustainable approach to managing public finances.

In this regard, reforming the public sector and improving the mechanisms for improving the quality and efficiency of regional financial management as part of the implementation of medium-term financial planning and performance-oriented budgeting, which involves creating effective incentives for depressed and backward regions to increase their own financial resources, are fundamentally new and priority for Russia. resources and manage them more effectively.

Questions to control

1. Define the concept of "depressed region".
2. List the criteria and conditions for classifying individual territories as depressed regions.
3. What are the features of financing and problems of managing depressed regions?
4. Name the causes and ways of solving the problems of depressive development of regions

APPENDIX A

TESTS FOR ASSESSMENT

LEVEL OF MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Development always has a direction determined by

a) goal and system of goals

b) the political situation in the country

c) the state of the economy

d) there is no correct answer

2. The main, integral goal of the socio-economic development of the territories is

a) increasing confidence in regional governments

b) removal of social tension in the territory

c) improving the quality of life of the population

d) there is no correct answer

3. The process of socio-economic development of territories has three major components:

a) increasing the income of the population;

b) creating conditions conducive to the growth of people's self-respect;

c) increasing the degree of personal freedom of people.

d) all answers are correct

4. Specially organized systemic actions aimed at ensuring sustainable and balanced reproduction of the social, economic and natural potentials of the territory are ...

5. The most important features of territorial development are:

a) a high degree of personal freedom of the population

b) high level of income and education of the population

c) sustainability and balance of territorial development

d) there is no correct answer

6. According to the level of development, the districts are divided into:

b) stagnant, depressive highly developed,

c) backward, pioneer.

d) there is no correct answer

7. According to the pace of development, territories are distinguished (2 answers):

a) dynamically and inertially developing,

b) stagnant, depressive.

c) backward, pioneer.

d) problematic and effective

8. A sign of territorial development is:

a) population density of the territory

b) the level and quality of life of the population of the given territory

c) effectiveness of territory management

d) there is no correct answer

9. The main tasks of regional management and territorial planning (2 answers):

a) study of the economic resources and opportunities of the regions;

b) improved planning efficiency

c) study of production location problems;

d) forecasting the development of territories

10. Regional management and territorial planning widely uses the following methods in their research (2 answers):

a) balance method

b) experiment

c) program-target method

d) generalization

11. The types of state regional policy include:

a) economic, social, national-ethnic, ecological;

b) economic, scientific and technical, social, demographic, environmental policy;

c) economic, ecological, scientific and technical, social, demographic, environmental policy;

d) there is no correct answer.

12. Types of regional policy in the field of tasks to be solved:

a) directed at firms, citizens, industries and territorial authorities.

b) economic, social, national-ethnic, ecological regional policy.

c) leveling the levels of socio-economic development of the regions, stimulating growth poles.

d) automatic, problematic, targeted

13. Types of regional policy according to the purpose of application:

a) financial, administrative, infrastructural

b) leveling the levels of socio-economic development of the regions, stimulating growth poles.

c) automatic, problematic, targeted

d) aimed at firms, citizens, industries and territorial authorities.

14. Which of the legal acts are not part of the legislation?

a) laws;

b) regulatory legal contracts;

c) by-laws;

d) acts of local authorities.

15. What level of power does not belong to state power?

a) federal

b) regional

c) local

16. Planning for the development of territories, including for the establishment of functional zones, zones of planned placement of capital construction facilities for state or municipal needs, zones with special conditions for the use of territories is

a) Economic zoning

b) Spatial organization

c) Spatial planning

d) No correct answer

17. For public authorities, local governments, when they make decisions and implement decisions on planning the development of territories, territorial planning documents are

a) mandatory

b) optional

18. The tasks of financial management in the region include (2 answers):

a) development and better use of the country's productive potential

b) reducing the gap between money income and household spending

c) ensuring material and financial balance of investment processes in the region

d) Satisfaction of domestic demand with high quality goods and services

19. The tasks of financial management in the region include (2 answers):

b) creating favorable conditions for attracting foreign capital

c) rational use of the country's productive potential

d) mobilization of free financial resources

20. State intervention in real current economic processes in order to change their course and obtain the necessary results is

a) market mechanisms of influence

b) public administration

c) government regulation of the economy

d) there is no correct answer

21. The regional management system includes:

a) the system of authorities and civil service;

b) a set of functions of state bodies, methods and resources used to implement these functions;

c) a system of federal and regional authorities, a system of links between objects and subjects of management;

d) the system of federal and regional authorities, the totality of functions of state bodies, the methods and resources used to implement these functions, the system of public service, the system of relations between objects and subjects of management.

22. Indirect methods of public administration include:

a) depreciation policy;

b) government orders;

c) grants;

d) all of the above.

23. In what case does it become necessary to adjust the plan for the implementation of a management decision:

a) when the environmental factors and objectives of the organization change;

b) when there is a change of leadership;

c) in intra-organizational conflicts;

d) all answers are correct.

24. The purpose of the management decision is to:

a) making a decision by the manager to fulfill the duties due to the position held;

b) making the right management decision;

c) achieving the goals set for the region;

d) meeting the needs of employees.

25. The general strategy of state regulation of the economy is based on the following principles:

a) preference for market forms of economic organization.

b) tatal regulation of the economy;

c) the dominance of state enterprises over private ones;

d) all of the above

26. Direct methods of state regulation of the economy are based on:

a) additional incentives when making a market decision

b) using the funds and opportunities of the financial and monetary systems of the country

c) administrative and legal ways of influencing the activities of certain business entities

d) there is no correct answer

27. Instruments of state regulation of the economy (2 answers):

a) administrative instruments;

b) economic

c) political

d) social

28. The economic instruments of state regulation of the economy include:

a) financial (tax) system;

b) the monetary system of the state;

c) state property;

d) all of the above

29. The administrative instruments of state regulation of the economy include:

a) government order

b) prohibitions, restrictions

c) state property

d) standards and norms

30. Which of the principles of the regularity of distribution and territorial development of social production lies in the rational territorial division of labor between regions and within their territories?

a) the principle of rational and efficient distribution of production;

b) the principle of integrated development of economic entities;

c) the principle of a rational territorial division of labor between and within regions;

d) the principle of equalizing the socio-economic level of development of regions

31. The set of unequal production conditions and resources, their properties, the correct use of which ensures high results in the placement of enterprises of material production and the development of the economy of the region - this is

a) management efficiency

b) production placement factors

c) comprehensive development of economic entities

32. This principle of zoning considers the region as a specialized part of a single national economic complex of the country with the established structure of auxiliary and service industries:

a) national principle

b) economic principle

c) administrative principle

d) there is no correct answer

33. The constituent parts of the country, allocated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, having official authorities, their own legislation and budgets, official relations with federal bodies are

a) regions

b) economic regions

c) subjects of the Russian Federation

d) geographical areas

34. The type of zoning based on the specifics of industrial relations and the class structure of the population, which determine the corresponding development of social infrastructure, which ensures the reproduction of the labor force:

a) natural resource zoning

b) recreational zoning

c) socio-geographical zoning

d) there is no correct answer

35. Currently, Russia is

a) 11 economic regions

b) 85 economic regions

c) 12 economic regions

d) 79 economic regions

36. The Russian Federation includes:

a) 83 subjects of the Federation;

b) 85 subjects of the Federation;

c) 99 subjects of the Federation;

d) 77 subjects of the Federation.

37. The economic region is ...

a) a part of the territory of the Russian Federation that has homogeneous natural and climatic conditions, its own market specialization and industries that complement the economic complex, strong internal economic ties;

b) the socio-economic system formed in a certain territory;

c) a combination of industrial enterprises, one or more settlements, together with common industrial and social infrastructure facilities located in a compact area;

d) a territorial entity integrating industrial and transport hubs, communication systems, cities and towns.

38. The industry structure shows the ratios:

a) between branches of material production;

b) between branches of the non-manufacturing sphere;

c) between branches of the social sphere;

d) between large groups of industries.

39. Tax, budgetary, monetary, investment, institutional, social policy of the state refers to:

a) economic methods of regulation of regional development;

b) legal methods of regulation of regional development;

c) mixed methods of regulation of regional development;

d) special methods of regulation of regional development.

40. The main subsystems of the region as a socio-economic system are:

a) environment, population and market infrastructure;

b) backbone base and backbone complex;

c) backbone base, backbone complex, ecology, population and market infrastructure.

d) backbone base, backbone complex and market infrastructure.

41. Which of the principles of organizing the system of strategic planning for the development of the region means the unity of the principles, procedure and methodology for the organization and functioning of the strategic planning system, and reporting on the implementation of strategic planning documents?

b) realism

c) resource endowment

d) unity and integrity

42. Which of the principles of organizing a system of strategic planning for the development of a region means that the choice of methods and methods for achieving the goals of socio-economic development should be based on the need to achieve the desired results with the least expenditure of resources in accordance with strategic planning documents?

a) balanced strategic planning system

b) effectiveness and efficiency of strategic planning

c) realism

d) measurable goals

43. Which of the principles of organizing the system of strategic planning for the development of the region means that strategic planning documents, with the exception of documents that contain information related to state and other secrets protected by law, are subject to official publication?

a) transparency (openness) of strategic planning

b) realism

c) separation of powers

d) unity and integrity

44. Which of the principles of organizing the system of strategic planning for the development of the region means that when developing strategic planning documents, the sources of financial and other resource support for the activities provided for by these documents should be determined?

a) resource endowment

b) measurable goals

c) compliance of indicators with objectives

d) separation of powers

45. The task of financial management in the region, which allows solving the problem of ensuring the development and expansion of production through internal capabilities.:

a) establishing material and financial balance of the regional budget

b) mobilization of free financial resources

c) control over compliance with the proportion between the monetary income of the population and the possibilities of the consumer market

d) creation of conditions for normal money circulation.

46. ​​The form of education and expenditure of funds in order to ensure the functions of public authorities in the region

a) off-budget funds

b) federal consolidated budget

c) regional budget

d) local budget

47. The main functions of the budget system of the region (2 answers):

a) government regulation of the economy

b) creation of conditions for improving the level and quality of life of the population of the region;

c) leveling the playing field

d) financial support of budgetary powers

48. Which of the principles for the formation of the budget system of the region is the uniformity of budget legislation, forms of budget documentation and budget reporting, budget classification, etc.:

a) the principle of independence of budgets

b) the principle of equality of budgetary rights of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

c) the principle of a balanced budget

d) the principle of unity of the budget system of the Russian Federation

49. The budget system of the region includes

a) budgetary and extrabudgetary funds

b) consolidated regional budget

c) the consolidated budget of the region and off-budget territorial funds

d) all answers are correct

50. The consolidated budget of the region includes

a) target budget territorial funds

b) budgets of the region, cities of regional subordination, district budgets

c) off-budget territorial funds

d) all answers are correct

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4

Introduction

Causes of complaints and ways to solve them. Often, after a PVC profile window is installed, its happy owners forget that translucent structures require special attention and care. Regular window care includes timely cleaning of dust and lubrication of fittings with special oil. But sometimes situations arise in which it is necessary to call a service representative (hereinafter - SS). These reasons can be divided into two groups: errors made by installers when installing windows and errors in assembling windows in production - all this comes down to one denominator - the human factor. To exclude it, there are service departments (either from the manufacturer, or independent organizations). The reasons why you need to call a service representative are discussed below.

Blowing around the perimeter of the window sash

Freezing of the window block along the perimeter of the sash in winter, icing of the hinges and accumulation of condensate, and in some cases ice on the window sill (at the junction of the window sill and the window frame. The reason for this is usually the incorrect installation of the “rubber” seal, i.e. the seal is installed with a large overlap on the perimeter of the frame or sash - excessive length, or vice versa strongly stretched - insufficient length.In both cases, the geometry of the section of the sealing profile is violated - which adversely affects the functioning of the window as a whole.

If the window is under warranty - feel free to call the manufacturer of your window, they should help, unless of course this manufacturer values ​​\u200b\u200bits reputation. What to do if the window is no longer under warranty, you ask, there is only one way out - call the representative of the SS and he will at least offer you two options. In the case of an excessive length of the seal (the seal goes in waves along the entire length - as shown in the photo on the right), the problem is solved simply - the SS representative will shorten the length of the seal without any problems. In the second case, insufficient length, the CC representative will have to select the "rubber" for your window, and this is an additional cost and waiting time. There are a great many options for seals for PVC windows (photo below).

Don't forget to accept the work and check everything.

Hardware adjustment

Adjustment of fittings is necessary in several cases:

a) The sash sagged (violation of the geometry) - the unhindered movement of the sash when opening or tilting is disturbed (the sash clings at the bottom when opening / closing).

b) Blowing along the perimeter of the sash to a small extent - not critical, but there is.

Consider the option "a) the sash sagged":

1) Incorrect installation of a double-glazed window in the sash: over time, experiencing dynamic loads, the sash sags, because the double-glazed window was not installed according to the technological scheme of the PVC profile manufacturer. When installing it, an employee of a window company, for one reason or another, did not install straightening plates around the perimeter of the double-glazed window, giving the correct geometry to the window sash (the reason for this is the human factor, and the result is marriage). In this situation, rarely when adjusting the fittings will help, the most ideal option is to “stretch” the double-glazed window in the window sash according to the technology. In this case, the call and work of the SS representative are carried out at the expense of the manufacturer of your window, even if it is already in post-warranty service.

2) The sash sags due to frequent use (no one has canceled the influence of the laws of physics). When the sash sags, friction of the sash against the window frame or strikers (metal fittings installed on the window frame) is felt. With dynamic loads acting on the sash, the weight of the sash does its job - as a result, it sags. In this case, you can try to adjust the window yourself, but it is better to call a CC representative who will accurately determine the cause and make the necessary adjustments to the fittings with a special tool (as a rule, this is a hinge group: upper and lower hinges).

Option "b) blowing along the perimeter of the sash to a small extent" - in this case, you can not do without a representative of the SS, because he knows the true reason for blowing around the perimeter of the sash - a weak pressing of the sash to the frame. The sash pressure is adjusted by turning the trunnions (sash locking elements: cylindrical or mushroom-shaped). Turning the trunnions to "+" or "-" provides maximum or minimum pressure, respectively (winter or summer version).

Problems associated with double-glazed windows:

a) Moisture inside the double-glazed window; b) Fogging and copious amounts of condensate on the inner glass (weeping windows); c) Double-glazed windows burst. So, let's consider each option separately: a) Condensation accumulates inside the double-glazed window - a manufacturing defect, the manufacturing technology of the double-glazed window is broken or the manufacturer uses low-quality materials, as a result of which the tightness of the double-glazed window is broken. There are several reasons for the depressurization of a double-glazed window: a violation of the manufacturing technology of window blocks in production - there are no drainage channels in the frame / sash of a window block, or these channels are made of poor quality - blunt cutters, making technological holes in PVC profiles, leave hard-to-remove chips, which entails difficult removal of moisture, and in the cold season - the formation of ice inside the window unit. freezing of the window block is a consequence of improper installation. For example: the window frame along the perimeter is fixed to the opening with frame anchors, which create numerous “cold bridges”, freezing occurs along the anchor heads, which contributes to the formation of ice in the window unit (PVC profile chambers and inter-seam gaps).

Consequence - constantly accumulating moisture under the double-glazed window increases and begins to put pressure on the double-glazed window.

The result - either the double-glazed window bursts (glasses burst), or the glasses begin to separate from the external sealant - the double-glazed window is depressurized.

The way out is to replace the double-glazed window at the expense of the manufacturer and eliminate the shortcomings made in the manufacture of the window block.

B) Your windows began to “cry” - the effect is accompanied by the presence of an abundant amount of moisture on the inner glass of the window, usually in its lower part, and in winter, freezing of the lower part of the window along with the window sill. There are several reasons for condensation on double-glazed windows: - high humidity in the room (violation of the microclimate). - lack of passive or forced ventilation (no air convection in the room) Increased humidity in the apartment is due to the fact that all human life is associated with the release of moisture. The table shows examples of how much moisture does accumulate in the room as a result of human activity on average per day:

As can be seen from this table, our activity is accompanied by abundant release of moisture and the air in the room becomes saturated with water vapor, which contributes to the formation of condensate on the surface of the double-glazed window, or rather on its lower part. Therefore, with such a large volume of released moisture, it is necessary to get rid of it. AS? - exhaust ventilation will solve the problem of removing moist air from the room (passive or forced).

Passive ventilation - works constantly, and is a system of air exchange channels in the floor slabs of buildings.

Cleaning channels is a rather time-consuming and expensive process. Therefore, most people install forced ventilation - easier, faster and cheaper. Forced ventilation can take many forms, like a wall-mounted fan or an air inlet damper. If everything is clear with the first option, then with the second it is not entirely clear. So, what is a supply valve - this is a device that provides continuous air exchange in the room. Supply valves may look different, and their installation principle may differ, but they perform the same function - they provide the necessary air exchange in the room.

The supply valve maintains an optimal microclimate in the room, eliminates and prevents condensation on the double-glazed window.

The easiest way to deal with condensation on double-glazed windows is to ventilate the room several times a day during the day. You can constantly keep in mind the thought: “you need to ventilate the room” or install a supply valve and forget about the problem of fogging windows once and for all, it's up to you. c) Double-glazed windows burst - there can be two reasons (if they were not thrown at them, for example) - poor-quality or incorrect installation of a double-glazed window in the window sash / frame and incorrect installation (not according to GOST - the secondary expansion of the mounting foam presses on the window frame and double-glazed windows, as usually burst). The first option is checked very simply: pull out the glazing bead (with a spatula or knife) and look - the double-glazed window must be equidistant from all sides of the sash profile, i.e. don't touch it. This is ensured by straightening plates - remote liners 1-4 mm thick. If there are none or they all crumbled, it means that the technology for installing a double-glazed window in the window frame / sash was violated. The second option - was described above "a) Moisture inside the double-glazed window" - installing the window with frame anchors. In order to avoid problems associated with freezing of window blocks in cold weather, it is recommended to install on anchor plates - there are no “cold bridges” in the seam gap, freezing of the window around the perimeter is excluded.

Therefore - replacement at the expense of the window manufacturer in both cases.

Aesthetics

Another reason for customers to contact the manufacturer's service department is the unaesthetic appearance of the finished product (swelling on the slopes and window sills - excess mounting foam) and the discomfort felt when using the window (tight handle, for example). All these problems are solved by service representatives or installation teams.

In order for your window to serve you for a very long time, there are service departments. Be careful and carefully accept work from PVC window manufacturers, because. Your peace of mind and the microclimate in your home depend on it!

An objective prerequisite for the emergence of global problems is the internationalization of economic activity. The worldwide development of labor has led to the interconnectedness of all states. The scale and degree of involvement of various countries and peoples in world economic relations has acquired unprecedented proportions, which contributed to the development of local, specific problems of the development of countries and regions into the category of global ones. All this indicates the presence of objective reasons for the emergence in the modern world of such problems that affect the interests of all countries. There are contradictions on a global scale, affecting the foundations of the existence of life on earth.

The UN is calling on all countries: if we want to take the best from globalization and avoid the worst, we must learn to govern better together. These appeals could work successfully if most countries were at a sufficiently high level of economic development, and there would not be such a significant differentiation in per capita income levels between countries. The vast inequalities in the distribution of wealth in today's world, the miserable conditions in which more than a billion people live, the prevalence of interethnic conflict in some regions of the world, and the rapid deterioration of the natural environment - all these factors combine to make the current development model unsustainable. It can be said with good reason that in order to reduce tension on a number of global problems, it is necessary to completely discard the factors of class and political confrontation between social systems and groups of people, and use the principle of spatial institutionality when considering global problems that affect the formation of the world economy.

Thus, the causes of global problems: on the one hand, are the huge scale of human activity, which has radically changed nature, society, people's way of life; on the other hand, it is the inability of a person to rationally dispose of this power.

There are the following ways to solve the global problems of our time:

Prevention of a world war with the use of thermonuclear weapons and other means of mass destruction that threaten the destruction of civilization. This implies curbing the arms race, prohibiting the creation and use of weapons systems of mass destruction, human and material resources, the elimination of nuclear weapons, etc.;

Overcoming the economic and cultural inequality between the peoples inhabiting the industrialized countries of the West and East and the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America;

Overcoming the crisis state of interaction between mankind and nature, which is characterized by catastrophic consequences in the form of unprecedented environmental pollution and depletion of natural resources. This makes it necessary to develop measures aimed at the economical use of natural resources and the reduction of pollution of soil, water and air by waste products of material production;

Decline in population growth rates in developing countries and overcoming the demographic crisis in developed capitalist countries;

Preventing the negative consequences of the modern scientific and technological revolution;

Overcoming the downward trend in social health, which involves the fight against alcoholism, drug addiction, cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis and other diseases.

Therefore, the priority global goals of humanity are as follows:

In the political sphere - reducing the likelihood and in the long term the complete elimination of military conflicts, preventing violence in international relations;

In the economic and environmental spheres - the development and implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, the transition to non-traditional energy sources, the development and widespread use of environmental technologies;

In the social sphere - raising the standard of living, global efforts to preserve people's health, the creation of a world food supply system;

In the cultural and spiritual sphere - the restructuring of the mass moral consciousness in accordance with today's realities.

The solution of these problems is today an urgent task for all mankind. The survival of people depends on when and how they begin to be solved.

Thus, summarizing the above, we note that the global problems of our time are a set of key problems that affect the vital interests of all mankind and require coordinated international actions on the scale of the world community for their resolution.

Global problems include the problems of preventing thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples, overcoming the growing gap in the economic level and per capita income between developed and developing countries, the problems of eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy on the globe, demographic and environmental problems.

A distinctive feature of modern civilization is the growth of global threats and problems. We are talking about the threat of thermonuclear war, the growth of armaments, the unreasonable waste of natural resources, disease, hunger, poverty, and so on.

All global problems of our time can be reduced to three main ones:

The possibility of destroying humanity in a world thermonuclear war;

Possibility of worldwide ecological catastrophe;

Spiritual and moral crisis of mankind.

It is important to note that when solving the third problem, the first two are solved almost automatically. After all, a spiritually and morally developed person will never accept violence either in relation to another person or in relation to nature. Even just a cultured person does not offend others and will never throw garbage on the sidewalk. From trifles, from the wrong individual behavior of a person, global problems also grow. It can be said that global problems are rooted in the mind of a person, and until he transforms it, they will not disappear in the outside world either.

Global problems of mankind. essence and solutions

Global problems are those that cover the whole world, all of humanity, pose a threat to its present and future and require joint efforts, joint actions of all states and peoples for their solution.

In the scientific literature, one can find various lists of global problems, where their number varies from 8-10 to 40-45. This is explained by the fact that along with global problems there are many more private problems.

There are also various classifications of global problems. Usually they include:

1) problems of the most “universal” nature;

2) problems of a natural and economic nature;

3) social problems;

4) mixed problems.

The main global problems include the following.

I. Environmental problem. The depletion of the environment as a result of irrational nature management, its pollution with solid, liquid and gaseous wastes, poisoning with radioactive wastes have led to a significant degradation of the global environmental problem. In some countries, the tension of the environmental problem has reached an ecological crisis. The concept of a crisis ecological region and an area with a catastrophic ecological situation has appeared. A global environmental threat has arisen in the form of uncontrolled climate change on the Earth, the destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere.

Currently, an increasing number of countries are beginning to join forces to solve the environmental problem. The world community proceeds from the fact that the main way to solve the environmental problem is such an organization of the production and non-production activities of people that would ensure normal eco-development, preservation and transformation of the environment in the interests of mankind and every person.

II. demographic problem. The population explosion around the world has already subsided. In order to solve the demographic problem, the UN adopted the "World Population Action Plan", in the implementation of which both geographers and demographers participate. At the same time, progressive forces proceed from the fact that family planning programs can help improve the reproduction of the population. For this, one demographic policy is not enough. It must be accompanied by an improvement in the economic and social conditions of people's lives.

III. The issue of peace and disarmament, prevent nuclear war . An agreement on the reduction and limitation of offensive arms between the countries is currently being developed. Civilization is faced with the task of creating a comprehensive security system, the phased elimination of nuclear arsenals, reducing the arms trade, and demilitarizing the economy.

IV. Food problem. Currently, according to the UN, almost 2/3 of humanity lives in countries where there is a constant shortage of food. To solve this problem, humanity must make fuller use of the resources of crop production, animal husbandry and fisheries. However, it can go in two ways. The first is an extensive path, which consists in the further expansion of arable, grazing and fishing lands. The second is an intensive way, which consists in increasing the biological productivity of existing lands. Biotechnology, the use of new high-yielding varieties, the further development of mechanization, chemicalization and land reclamation will be of decisive importance here.

V. Energy and raw materials problem- first of all - the problem of providing humanity with fuel and raw materials. Fuel and energy resources are constantly depleted, and in a few hundred years they may disappear altogether. Enormous opportunities for solving this problem are opened up by the achievements of scientific and technical progress, and at all stages of the technological chain.

VI. The problem of human health. Recently, when assessing the quality of life of people, the state of their health has come to the fore. Despite the fact that in the 20th century great strides were made in the fight against many diseases, a large number of diseases still continue to threaten people's lives.

VII. The problem of using the oceans, which plays an important role in the communication of countries and peoples. Recently, the aggravation of the raw material and energy problem has led to the emergence of the marine mining and chemical industries, and marine energy. The aggravation of the food problem has increased interest in the biological resources of the Ocean. The deepening of the international division of labor and the development of trade are accompanied by an increase in shipping.

As a result of all industrial and scientific activities within the World Ocean and the contact zone "ocean - land", a special component of the world economy arose - the marine economy. It includes mining and manufacturing, fishing, energy, transport, trade, recreation and tourism. Such activities gave rise to another problem - the extremely uneven development of the resources of the World Ocean, pollution of the marine environment, and its use as an arena of military activity. The main way to solve the problem of using the World Ocean is rational oceanic nature management, a balanced, integrated approach to its riches, based on the combined efforts of the entire world community.

VIII. The problem of space exploration. Space is the common property of mankind. Space programs have recently become more complex and require the concentration of technical, economic, and intellectual efforts of many countries and peoples. World space exploration is based on the use of the latest achievements of science and technology, production and management.

Each of the global problems has its specific content. But they are all closely related. Recently, the center of gravity of global problems has shifted to the countries of the developing world. The food problem has become the most catastrophic in these countries. The plight of most developing countries has become a major human and global problem. The main way to solve it is to carry out fundamental socio-economic transformations in all spheres of life and activity of these countries, in the development of scientific and technological progress, and international cooperation.

2) Global studies - a field of knowledge that studies the global problems of mankind.

Global problems:

They concern all mankind, affecting the interests of all countries, peoples, strata of society;

Lead to significant economic and social losses, may threaten the existence of mankind;

Can be solved only with cooperation on a planetary scale.

The main reason for the emergence (or rather, close study) of global problems is the globalization of economic and political relations! è the realization that the world is interdependent and that there are common problems, the solution of which is vital.

Dr. reasons: the rapid growth of mankind.

Great pace of technological progress

Scientific and technological revolution è transformation of productive forces (introduction of new technologies) and production relations (including relations between man and nature).

The need for a large amount of natural resources and the realization that many of them will end sooner or later.

"Cold War" people really felt the threat of the destruction of mankind.

The main global problems: the problem of peace and disarmament, demographic, environmental, food, energy, raw materials, the problem of the development of the oceans, space exploration, the problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries, nationalism, the lack of democracy, terrorism, drug addiction, etc.

Classification of global problems according to Yu. Gladkov:

1. The most universal problems of polit. and social economy. nature (preventing nuclear war, ensuring the sustainable development of the world community)

2. Problems of a natural and economic nature (food, environmental)

3. Problems of a social nature (demographic, lack of democracy)

4. Mixed problems leading to loss of life (regional conflicts, technological accidents, natural disasters)

5. Problems of a purely scientific nature (space exploration)

6. Small synthetic problems (bureaucratization, etc.)

The problem and its essence	Causes of occurrence (or exacerbation)	Solutions	Achieved results and creatures. difficulties
1. War prevention; the problem of peace and disarmament - the world is under the threat of destruction by a nuclear war or something like that	1. Two world wars of the 20th century 2. Technological progress. Creation and distribution of new types of weapons (in particular, nuclear weapons)	1. Establishing tighter controls on nuclear and chemical weapons 2. Reducing conventional arms and the arms trade 3. General cuts in military spending	1) Signing of international treaties: on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (1968 - 180 states), on the ban on nuclear tests, the convention on the prohibition of development, production, chemical. weapons (1997), etc. 2) The arms trade has decreased by 2 p. (from 1987 to 1994) 3) Reducing military spending by 1/3 (for the 1990s) 4) Strengthened control over the nonproliferation of nuclear and other weapons by the international community (Ex: IAEA activities, etc. international organizations), but not all countries have joined treaties on the nonproliferation of various types of weapons, or some countries are withdrawing from such treaties (Ex: the United States unilaterally withdrew from the ABM treaty in 2002); The activities of some countries give reason to believe that they are developing nuclear weapons (DPRK, Iran) Armed conflicts do not stop (Lebanon - Israel, the war in Iraq, etc.) - In a word, it is still far from perfect ...
2. Environmental problem - Expressed in the degradation of the environment and the growth of the ecological crisis - Manifested in various natural disasters, climate change, deterioration in the quality of water, land, resources	1. Irrational nature management (deforestation, resource waste, drainage of marshes, etc.) 2. Pollution of the environment with human waste. activities (metallization, radioactive contamination ... etc.) 3. Economy. development without taking into account the possibilities of the natural environment (dirty industries, giant factories, And all these negative factors accumulated and finally è awareness of the environmental. Problems!	Conducting environmental policy at the state, regional and global levels: 1. Optimization of the use of natural resources in the process of social production (Ex: introduction of resource-saving technologies) 2. Nature protection (Ex: creation of specially protected natural zones; regulation of harmful emissions) 3. Ensuring environmental safety of the population. Success depends on the level of socio-economic development of individual countries (it is clear that developing countries cannot afford to produce environmentally friendly garbage bags) + international cooperation!	1) The existence of the problem was recognized, measures began to be taken 2) Holding international conferences and forums (UN World Conferences on the Environment) 3) Signing int. conventions, agreements, etc. (World Charter for Conservation of Nature (1980), Declaration on Environment and Development (during a conference in Rio de Zh. in 1992), Helsinki Protocol (set the task of reducing CO2 emissions), Kyoto Protocol (1997 - limited greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere gases), the Earth Charter (2002), etc. 4) Creation and operation of international governmental and non-governmental organizations, programs (Greenpeace, UNEP) 5) Strict environmental legislation in a number of countries + introduction of environmental technologies, etc. IPOs spend 1-1.5% of GDP on "environment" IPOs deduct 0.3% of GDP for "ecology" in poor countries (should be 0.7%), but little attention and funds are paid to this problem. Transfers of dirty industries are practiced, but the general condition of the Earth does not improve from this. Many developing countries are still on an extensive development path and cannot afford to spend money on "greening".
3. Demographic problem - The world's population is growing too fast (population explosion since the 1960s) food shortages, poverty, epidemics, unemployment, migration, etc.	Most developing countries have entered the second phase of reproduction (ç wider use of the achievements of world medicine, small successes in the economy) Mortality has decreased, and the birth rate for 2-3 generations has remained very high	Implementation of demographic policy: - Economic measures (Ex: benefits, allowances) - Administrative and legal (Ex: regulation of the age of marriage, permission for abortions) · Educational Because. to conduct demographic politics needs a lot of money, then international cooperation is needed	In some countries (China, Thailand, Argentina), where demog. policy managed to reduce the population growth rate to 1% per year. Some of them are demographers. the explosion subsided (Brazil, Iran, Morocco, Chile). Basically, this problem is solved only by "advanced" from developing countries. In the poorest countries (Afghanistan, Uganda, Togo, Benin), the situation has not yet changed for the better. World conferences and forums are held on the problem of population. Organizations (UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund)
4. Food problem Human diet per day = 2400-2500 kcal (on average in the world per person - 2700 kcal) 25% of people do not get enough. protein, 40% - dot. vitamins This is mainly for developing countries (number of undernourished can reach 40-45%)	1) Population growth outstrips the growth in the production of grain and other foodstuffs (population explosion, erosion, desertification, lack of fresh water, climate factor) 2) Low social economy. the level of development of many developing countries (no money to produce or buy food)	A. Extensive: Expansion of arable and grazing land (1.5 billion land is in reserve) B. Intensive: Use of the achievements of the green revolution (see the question about the green revolution).	1) International cooperation in this field (1974 World Food Conference; World Food Council established) 2) Food aid (Ex: 40% of all food imports to Africa) (according to UN report 2006)
5. Energy and raw materials - the problem of reliable supply of mankind with fuel, energy, raw materials	This problem has always existed, especially aggravated (manifested on a global scale) in the 70s (energy crisis) Main reasons: too much growth in the consumption of mineral fuels and other resources wa) => depletion of many deposits, deterioration of conditions for resource extraction and development of deposits Add. reasons for energy. problems: the need to abandon some types of "too dirty" fuel, global competition for fuel	A. Traditional Increasing resource extraction New deposits Increasing "recoverability" B. Energy and resource saving policy (many measures, including the focus on the use of renewable and non-traditional fuels, the use of secondary raw materials) C. Radically new solutions - the use of scientific and technological progress (Ex: nuclear energy, use of hydrogen engines, etc.)	Many new deposits were found (Ex: number of proven oil reserves - 10 rubles since 1950 + active development of world resources) + introduction of new technologies into production Energy saving policy is actively pursued (mainly in WIS) Ex: Energy intensity of GDP VIS by 1/3 (compared to 1970). Activities of the IAEA and other int. organizations (including coordination of international programs for the development of new types of fuel) BUT: The economy of most countries remains energy-intensive. primary resources does not exceed 1/3)

Important information: those who have read to the end all the recommended materials listed here: - gave up drugs.

Try it too! This works regardless of how long you've been using or what type of drug you've been using.

Foreign and domestic films show adult men and women who leave the real world, forever becoming drug addicts. This layer of society destroys more than 20% of the population. Is it true that only people who use drugs will soon remain on the planet?

But the most terrible disaster is that drug addiction among young people is acquiring youthful forms. Child drug addiction and drug addiction among adolescents and young people is the scourge of society. What to do if your child seems to have become a drug addict? How to help? This article will tell about it.

Causes of child drug addiction

Drug addiction among adolescents, youth, children is becoming a horror of modern society. The average age of Russians who use drugs is already the threshold age of 15 years, there are cases when drugs have been seen in the blood of six-year-old children. Drug addiction among children is extremely destructive. Little people are introduced to drugs by parents who cannot live without a new dose.

Child drug addiction and drug addiction among young people is spreading like a plague in the 18th century, extremely quickly and reaches enormous proportions even now. Among all schoolchildren in Russia, about 20% suffer from drug addiction, and among people belonging to the youth and puberty, the figure is completely terrible - about 60%.

There are practically no drug addicts with experience. The disease takes away only some miserable 4 or 5 years of life. The term can be reduced by 1-2 years, depending on when the final dose comes, which relieved the torment. Drug addict kids who leave notes for posterity describe it as the most burning pain they've ever experienced. Escape is impossible, hiding is impossible. Just sleep. Forever…

The specificity of teenage drug addiction is extremely remarkable: 70% of the surveyed drug addicts claim that they first tried drugs in crowded places. In social institutions among young people - school, university or entertainment venues, such as discos.

Drug use increases the number of child mortality by as much as 42 times, but the most terrible are the companions of drug addiction among young people: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV infection.

The increase in child drug addiction in adolescence increases the massive number of crimes: theft, robbery, murder, for the sake of a life-saving dose, which is fundamentally wrong. Drug addicts are insanely unhappy people who are capable of various actions to get a drug. They are not aware of what they are doing. It is important to limit children from the influence of various dealers and scammers who profit from someone else's grief.

The first call will be a change in the behavior of a teenager or child. If you have a trusting relationship, and the child admits that he uses drugs, you should not scream and throw tantrums. Otherwise, it is easier for a drug addicted son or daughter to withdraw into himself, and then it will be impossible to save him or her. My son is a drug addict?! What to do?! Calm down first.

How to help? Try to come to terms with this fact, start treatment immediately, so you can extend the life of your beloved child for many years. Some forms of child and youth drug addiction are still amenable to drug addiction treatment, but it must be started at the right time.

Prevention of addiction is easier than cure!

The proverb and saying that it is easier to prevent a disease than to treat it saves many lives. Now a huge anti-drug propaganda is going on in society - a program that allows young people, children, teenagers to learn the most unpleasant details about drugs.

This is a way to see the other side of life not in pictures, but with your own eyes, attending special drug treatment seminars and forums where teenagers come - drug addicts who no longer want to be drug addicts, but are still deeply ill and therefore remain so. True stories about how drug addiction develops among young people, how they got confused and embarked on the wrong path, allow the younger generation to rethink their priorities and never pick up a lethal syringe or pill.

Why do children become drug addicts? First you need to find out the reasons for drug addiction in adolescents, because of which a small person can become a drug addict:

1. Biological reason.

2. Environment and environment.

3. Vulnerability of the nervous system and "emptiness of the soul."

Consider the causes of drug addiction in adolescents in more detail. The first group includes children with a physical predisposition, they can take drugs unconsciously. This category also includes children born to parents of alcoholics and whose development was clearly affected by harmful substances. There is a place here for those unfortunate babies whose mothers used alcohol or drugs during pregnancy. Such a child should be protected as much as possible from the harmful influence of the media, bad companies, from an unhealthy lifestyle, reinforced by youth night parties, incomprehensible long walks in various haunts. It is possible to control at least part of teenage alcoholism, child drug addiction and drug addiction among young people, starting with your own child.

The first task will be to convince the young teenager that by preventing this behavior, you save a future life. Help! But do not put too much pressure on these children. Due to natural resistance, a backlash may occur, and the child will become an avid alcoholic or drug addict.

Much depends on the family in which the child was born. Complete absence, neglect of interests, and, conversely, excessive guardianship can make the consequences deplorable. A child left to himself is guaranteed to fall under the influence of a bad company, unlike a father and mother who carefully and understands his problems. This is how drug addiction spreads among the youth.

A variant of the development of the situation may be the reverse side, when the child is so patronized by his parents that he cannot even breathe on his own without their presence. Having escaped from excessive maternal and paternal guardianship, a teenager can indulge in all serious things, and become a drug addict, a murderer, and also a thief who has tasted all the delights and joys of the free life of youth. He will be happy already knowing that control over him has been exhausted. The main task will be to maintain a balance between the two faces of this coin called "The life of your child."

Don't take too much care of him so he doesn't feel like he's under constant scrutiny, but don't leave him alone thinking he's an adult either. Addiction among young people is highly variable and can depend on one person's decision to become an addict.

It is worth hugging him or asking about what the problems are. They are always there. Feel free to inquire about the affairs of the child. Why was he suddenly sad? The most insignificant situation can push to drugs or alcohol, and then children's alcoholism and drug addiction no longer bypass the child, having collapsed with two diagnoses at once.

Pay attention to friends, to school, to the place where he spends his free hours during a walk. The best option would be to find a section or circle of interests where, under the guidance of an experienced teacher-teacher, your child is unlikely to think about "deadly" pranks, and thus minimize the statistics of drug addiction among children, adolescents and young people.

The last, extremely important point in education is to monitor the fluctuations of the young nervous system. Remember, children become drug addicts unconsciously, so drug addiction in adolescence is an intractable problem. A child or teenager is an unformed person who is constantly rethinking his personality under the influence of various internal and external factors. And, if during such a period the child sees complete parental neglect or, conversely, excessive correction and indication of shortcomings, then huge spiritual voids can form, leading to a society of youth that will understand him.

Obviously, not only the child is to blame for the problem of child drug addiction and drug addiction in adolescence, but also parents who are not very actively involved in the life of a young person.

Signs of drug addiction in a child and methods of treatment

Peculiarities of child, adolescent and drug addiction among young people is that it cannot be hidden from the very beginning, therefore it is easiest to detect at an early stage, when the first signs of deviant behavior in a child appear.

These signs can be identified in the course of communication with a teenager, as well as with close monitoring of the daily routine, routine and relationships with peers. Watch him throughout the day. You may notice the following signs of addiction in teenagers:

1. Sudden mood swings

Such differences, as a rule, are not connected with a real life situation. For example, he may suddenly laugh, and after a second, cry. Schizophrenic delusions may appear when the child begins to be frightened of his own shadow or talk to himself. In especially severe and advanced cases of drug addiction, hallucinations appear among children and adolescents.

2. Sleep disturbance

An important symptom in this problem is a violation of the rhythm of sleep, which, as a rule, is developed individually in a child. A child can sleep all day, and at night be alert and energetic and take on a variety of things. He may constantly listen to music, completely not understand what you are saying to him, or fall and fall asleep. If you notice such oddities in your child's behavior, then try to gently ask him about the reasons for this behavior. Maybe it's not the drugs, but the difficult test he's been preparing for all night.

3. Malnutrition

Perhaps the most important criterion by which you can recognize a sick person. If a child completely refuses to eat, then he either has big problems with digestion, or he has long been sliding down the smooth path of drugs.

Watch him and find out what he absorbs per day, whether these products are harmful or, on the contrary, they practically do not exist. The other extreme may persist - a wild appetite, accompanied by aggression when you select too much food. If these signs are present in your child, then you should immediately call for help from specialist narcologists.

In medical practice, there are physiological signs of child drug addiction and drug addiction in adolescents:

Too cloudy, reddened eyes;

Incoherent, slow speech;

Frequent cough;

Sharp weight loss;

Impaired coordination of movements.

Features of teenage drug addiction are such that among the behavioral factors may be:

Lethargy or excitement without objective reasons;

school truancy;

Frequent being late home;

A sharp change in appearance, a tendency to slovenliness;

Unwillingness to communicate with their friends, self-isolation;

The most striking manifestations of behavioral deviation are frequent requests for a large amount of money.

And finally, you can, unfortunately, find visible signs of drug use: injection marks on the hands, syringes, vials, capsules, tablets and powders that your child keeps in his room.

The only method of treating child, adolescent and drug addiction among young people today is medication, isolation treatment of a child or adolescent drug addict. He can be helped by specialists in narcology, who must find out at what stage the disease is, prescribe an appropriate course of medication that slows down the destructive effect of drugs on the body.

Remember, the degradation of the child's personality has already begun, you need to help the child realize the seriousness of the whole situation in a timely manner. You must convince your daughter or son who is a drug addict that he is terminally ill, and if right now he does not start to trust you and give up addiction, he will no longer be able to be a full-fledged member of society and will leave it forever.

Unfortunately, the specificity of teenage drug addiction is such that from the moment a child uses drugs, childhood is over, but you can save this fragile youth, undestroyed to the end.

How to help? The post-rehabilitation of such a child who has undergone drug treatment should be associated with health and educational centers, where he will meet with the same children who have overcome the terrible habit of child drug addiction.

If he wants to become a volunteer and take part in such actions as "Children against drugs", "World against drugs", in the World Day against AIDS and HIV infection, then this will be the best step towards recovery and return to an unusual existence. - to be a healthy person.