Fire localization is a stage (stage) of extinguishing a fire, at which there is no or eliminated threat to people and (or) animals, the spread of fire has been stopped and conditions have been created for liquidation by the available forces and means.

The localization of the fire begins from the moment the first (first) barrel is sent to extinguish it and ends by the time the forces and means capable of ensuring the elimination of the fire are concentrated.

Regardless of the availability of forces and means, the nature of the development of the fire, the direction of the spread of fire and other conditions of the situation, the actions of units during the localization period should be aimed at fulfilling certain conditions for localizing the fire.

Fire localization conditions:

1.1.1. Q f Q tr (3)

where: Q f - the actual amount of fire extinguishing agent supplied per unit of time (actual consumption of fire extinguishing agent), l / s, kg / s, m 3 / s;

Q tr - the required amount of fire extinguishing agent that must be supplied per unit of time (required consumption of fire extinguishing agent), l / s, kg / s, m 3 / s.

1.1.2. V s V s carcasses (4)

where: V s – fire area growth rate, m 2 /min;

V s carcasses - the rate of extinguishing the fire area, m 2 / min.

1.1.3. I f I tr (5)

where: I f - the amount of fire extinguishing agent that is actually supplied per unit of time per unit of burning surface (actual intensity of the fire extinguishing agent supply), l / (s m 2), kg / (s m 2);

I tr - the amount of fire extinguishing agent that is required to be supplied per unit of time per unit of burning surface (required intensity of the fire extinguishing agent supply), l / (s m 2), kg / (s m 2);

The first two conditions of localization (Q f Q tr and V s V s carcasses) are necessary, but not yet sufficient, since they can be formally fulfilled, to ensure the localization of a fire, the third condition must necessarily be met (I f I tr), which is necessary and sufficient.

Localization conditions depend on:

1. quick collection of units on alert;

2. the correct choice of the route of the divisions to the fire;

3. timely call for additional forces and means;

4. rapid combat deployment;

5. proper organization of interaction between units on fire;

6. competent decision of the RTP for extinguishing;

7. correct choice of the type of barrels and positions of the barrelers;

8. uninterrupted supply of fire-extinguishing agent under the required pressure and skillful maneuvering of jets during the work of firemen at their positions;

9. timely opening and dismantling of building structures (in case of open fires) in order to introduce fire extinguishing agents onto burning surfaces;

The duration of the localization period is very important for the process of extinguishing a fire and its consequences.

When localizing a fire (especially an outdoor one), the direction and strength of the wind are of great importance, because they contribute just as much, if not more, to the propagation of fire than the radiation of heat. Therefore, when localizing a fire, these features must also be taken into account.

Generally, anything on the leeward side can be protected from fire with great difficulty, and vice versa, everything on the windward side is almost always possible to be protected from fire.

In order to draw a conclusion about the possibility of localizing a fire, it is necessary to know how the parameters that are included in the localization conditions are determined.

The required consumption of fire extinguishing agent (Q tr) is calculated by the formula:

Q tr \u003d I tr P (S p), l / s (6)

where: I tr - the required intensity of the supply of fire extinguishing agent l / (s m 2), l / (s m), l / (s m 3).

P (S p), - the surface area on which the fire extinguishing agent was supplied.

The actual consumption of fire extinguishing agent (Q f) is determined as follows:

Q f \u003d N st q st, l / s (7)

where: N st - the number of technical devices for supplying fire extinguishing agents;

q st - consumption of the fire extinguishing agent supply device, l / s.

Determining the growth rate of the fire area is considered in the first lecture.

The rate of extinguishing the fire area (V s carcasses) can be calculated by the formula:

V s carcass \u003d Q f / q beats, m 2 / s (8)

where: Q f - the actual consumption of the fire extinguishing agent, l / s;

q beats - the amount of fire extinguishing agent that is actually supplied to the burning surface (specific consumption of fire extinguishing agent), l / m 2.

The required intensity of the fire extinguishing agent supply (I tr) is determined empirically and by calculations in the analysis of extinguished fires. The average values ​​of the intensity of the supply of fire extinguishing agents are given in the reference literature.

The actual intensity of the fire extinguishing agent supply (I f) can be calculated by the formula:

I f \u003d Q resp / (τ f S), l / (s m 2) (9)

where: Q resp - the amount of fire extinguishing agent supplied to extinguish the fire, l, kg, m 3;

τ f - time during which the fire extinguishing agent was supplied, s;

S is the surface area on which the fire extinguishing agent was supplied, m 2.

Conclusion:the period of localization when extinguishing any fire depends on the specific situation of the fire, and all actions of forces and means should be aimed at reducing this period by continuously concentrating forces and means and introducing them to the decisive, and then to other directions.

A fire is considered localized when its development is stopped, i.e. the spread of fire was suspended and the burning rate was reduced, the possibility of extinguishing the fire with the available forces and means was ensured.

The time (since the introduction of forces and means) required to limit the spread of fire and reduce the burning rate is called the period of fire localization.

The time from the moment the fire is localized to the complete cessation of combustion is called the period of fire elimination.

It is necessary to start extinguishing a fire by limiting the spread of fire and saving people from the area where the fire can endanger people's lives, cause the greatest damage, cause an explosion or collapse of structures.

Extinguishing fires in buildings is associated with the need to open and dismantle building structures.

Opening and dismantling of structures is carried out when extinguishing a fire to ensure the rescue of people, the evacuation of property and animals, the detection of hidden sources of combustion, the use of extinguishing agents, the removal of smoke, lowering the temperature, changing the direction of thrust, creating gaps in the paths of fire propagation, and eliminating the threat of collapse.

Selective opening is carried out to detect hidden sources of combustion, the introduction of extinguishing agents and the release of smoke.

Tape opening is performed to create gaps that block the spread of fire and the introduction of fire extinguishing agents.

A continuous opening over the entire area of ​​the burning hollow structures is carried out, as a rule, during the period of fire suppression, when the final flushing with water is carried out.

When opening and disassembling, damage to various communications and equipment should not be allowed, the strength of the supporting structures is preserved.

To localize a fire in a settlement means to prevent its spread to adjacent buildings and structures. The fight against such fires is carried out through active and passive localization of fires.

Active localization of a fire consists in the widespread use and combination in various combinations of all fire extinguishing methods. It is used in the presence of a sufficient number of forces and means, abundant sources of water and a small fire area. At the same time, they primarily focus on rescuing people whose lives are threatened by fire, and then evacuate the rest. Passive localization of fires - blocking the path of fire propagation - is used with a limited number of fire extinguishing forces and means, a large burning area, a lack of water sources and with the danger of individual fires growing into solid ones.

This provides for the partial use of methods for the impact of fire extinguishing agents on adjacent, non-burning buildings and the widespread use of methods for creating firebreaks.

The implementation of this type of localization is facilitated if there are wide streets, boulevards, undeveloped areas, water and other obstacles in the settlement.

In order to ensure fire resistance at the OE, it is necessary to carry out basic fire prevention measures.

Techniques and methods for extinguishing various types of forest fires. Causes of forest fires in 90-95% of cases, unfortunately, is the negligent attitude of people to fire.

The causes of fires in the forests of Russia are distributed as follows:

from agricultural fires - 6.5%;

through the fault of loggers - 3.5%;

from diesel locomotives, electric locomotives - 2%;

through the fault of expeditions and other bodies - 19.9%;

through the fault of the local population - 60%;

from lightning - 8.1%.

Forest fires are subdivided into zones of individual, mass and continuous fires and fire storms according to the coverage of the area.

The zone of individual fires is characterized by the occurrence of a small number of individual fires dispersed over the area. A zone of mass fires is a set of fires that occur simultaneously.

The zone of continuous fires is characterized by the rapid development and spread of fires, the presence of high temperature, smoke and life-threatening gas contamination.

Passage through this zone is impossible or is associated with special fire-fighting measures.

A firestorm is a particularly intense fire in a continuous fire zone. In the center, a convection column ascending upwards appears in the form of a fiery vortex column. Strong wind currents are directed towards it from the periphery of the fire area. Putting out a firestorm is almost impossible.

Depending on the type of combustible materials, forest fires are divided into:

grassroots (low-lying);

riding (general);

soil (underground or peat).

According to the nature of combustion:

runaway (quickly passing);

stable (slow passing).

Burning intensity:

Forest fires can be fought in the following ways:

active;

passive;

combination of active and passive.

The active method of fighting fires is used if there are sufficient forces and means to fight ground and soil fires. With the active method, to localize a forest fire, you must first stop the front of the fire, after that, concentrate efforts on the rear edge of the fire, strive to eliminate combustion. The passive method consists in retreating to a previously prepared line, where it is possible to fight a fire with a limited number of forces and means.

The combination of active and passive methods is used to extinguish several or large fires.

To localize ground fires and partially mounted fires, tactics are used:

in the form of an environment;

in the form of information on the "wedge";

use of obstacles, etc.

The environment is used when there is a sufficient number of forces and means to simultaneously place them on all sides of the fire.

Coverage is used when there is a lack of forces and means to completely encircle the fire and the ability to start extinguishing from the front.

Reduction to the "wedge", as a method of extinguishing, is used when an excessively large flame and smoke do not allow a strong ground fire to be covered from the middle of the front. Extinguishing starts from the rear.

In some cases, it is necessary to extinguish the fire first from the flanks with a gradual compression of the head of the fire.

Extinguishing forest fires includes the following stages: stopping, localization, extinguishing, guarding.

Stopping the fire is the elimination of the edge of the fire, i.e. stop the spread of fire.

Localization is the suppression of foci, as a rule, flameless combustion (smoldering) in the zone of the extinguished edge.

Localization is a time-consuming step that prevents the occurrence of repeated fires.

Extinguishing is the suppression of combustion sources in the combustion zone (outside the extinguished edge of the fire) at a distance, including the possibility of repeated fires.

Guarding is the protection of a place where fires are extinguished, by observation, patrol or overflights by aircraft and helicopters.

The main methods of extinguishing:

Swallowing the edge of the fire.

Throwing soil on the edge of the fire.

Arrangement of barrage and mineralized strips and channels. With explosives.

With the help of aviation.

Extinguishing fires with water or solutions of fire-extinguishing chemicals.

Annealing (starting oncoming fire).

Artificial induction of precipitation from clouds.

In all cases, fighting forest fires is difficult. The difficulty lies primarily in the fact that off-road in the forest and getting to the fires is almost impossible, the personnel of the formations have to operate in conditions of high smoke, limited visibility and air poisoning with carbon monoxide.

The damaging factors of forest fires are:

1. High temperature causing fire of objects and injury to people.

Smoke in large areas.

Visibility restriction.

Negative psychological effect of fire on people

Safety measures for extinguishing various fires.

In the focus of the lesion, it is necessary to observe safety measures.

The personnel of firefighting teams must be provided with special-purpose personal protective equipment, full equipment.

Work in smoky and gassed rooms should be carried out in groups of 2-3 people. L / composition must have belts with a safety rope, one end of which must be at the fighter who remains at the entrance to the premises for insurance.

Strictly observe precautionary measures, provide assistance and mutual assistance. Allocate medical workers who are constantly in the fire area.

To maintain performance in conditions of smoke and high temperatures when extinguishing forest fires, l / composition in the immediate vicinity of the fire can be continuously no more than 30 minutes. Again, people are allowed only after 20-30 minutes of rest outside the zone of smoke and heat from the fire.

In order to prevent smoke in the operating train and equipment, the direction of its spread is constantly monitored. Firefighting personnel must maintain visual communication with each other.

Before starting the firing, the commander of the formation is obliged to check whether there are people and equipment left between the border of the intended front and the front of the impending fire. Patrolmen are posted in the rear of the annealing to eliminate pockets of fire that may arise from sparks and burning branches.

When extinguishing soil (underground, peat) fires, the movement of people and equipment should be done carefully in order to avoid falling into the burned-out soil.

It is forbidden to use equipment with faulty engines and leaks in the fuel system to extinguish a fire.

The duty of each commander is to take care of the protection of the aircraft from overheating, from the harmful effects of fumes and carbon monoxide.

No participant in fire extinguishing has the right to leave his place on fire without permission, except in cases of burns, as well as in cases of danger to life (surrounded by fire).

Conditions for the localization and elimination of fires.

Fire extinguishing is an integral part of the combat mission of the fire brigade personnel.

Success in extinguishing a fire is achieved by correct determination of the decisive direction in the fire, timely concentration and deployment of forces and means, skillful control of the combat operations of subunits, high tactical skill, active and decisive actions in the decisive direction.

The head of the unit that arrived first at the fire should direct all the efforts of the first units to helping people and taking measures to attract additional forces and means.

In extinguishing a fire, two periods can be distinguished, i.e. localization and elimination of the fire.

A fire is considered localized when there is no threat to people and animals, and the development of a fire is limited and it is possible to eliminate it by the available forces and means.

A fire is considered extinguished when the combustion is stopped and measures are taken to prevent the resumption of combustion.

The period of localization corresponds to the period of time from the beginning of the introduction of the first extinguishing means, until the moment when the further spread of the fire is stopped, i.e. the linear velocity of propagation is equal to zero and such dangerous phenomena as a threat to human life or the threat of explosion and collapse of structures have been eliminated.

The total duration of the localization of the fire is the sum of the time spent on offensive and defensive actions. These include: the introduction of the necessary amount of forces and means to extinguish the fire in all directions of the spread of fire, the continuous supply of fire extinguishing agents, the evacuation, opening and dismantling of structures, the implementation of smoke control measures, the adjustment of hostilities based on the results of reconnaissance or. by changing the situation.

It is always necessary to fight for shortening the period of localization due to a high level of organization of offensive actions of subunits, for reducing the time for concentrating forces and means through the use of automated communication and control systems, as well as the use of automatic fire extinguishing equipment.

The elimination of a fire corresponds to the period of time from the moment of localization to the complete cessation of combustion.

This period is characterized by the main conditions:
- complete cessation of combustion;
- Elimination of the possibility of re-ignition.

The period of fire elimination is characterized by continuous fighting, a decrease in the size of the fire area and a gradual reduction in the total amount of work.

The main indicator that determines the result of extinguishing fires is the duration of their localization and liquidation, which depends on the following factors:

Duration of free development of the fire;

The type and size of the fire at the time of the introduction of the first forces and means;

The type and quantity of forces and means used, as well as the method of their placement.

When a fire has developed, when its area is large enough and reaches several hundred square meters, and the first units that arrived at the fire cannot provide the required intensity of the fire extinguishing agent supply for extinguishing, it is carried out in two stages.

At the first stage, the fire localization stage, as the fire departments arrive, conditions are created to limit the spread of the flame front (growth of the fire area), i.e. the fire is localized within certain boundaries, conditions are created for its elimination.

At the second stage, when the actual consumption of the fire extinguishing agent is sufficient, the process of effectively extinguishing the fire area along the entire front to the calculated extinguishing depth takes place, and the combustion process stops when the flame propagation speed decreases by 3-4 times.

During the period of liquidation, military operations are carried out to introduce additional forces, their regrouping, opening and dismantling of structures,

Work to eliminate the threat of deformation and collapse of structures, the fight against excessively spilled water, the evacuation of material assets, extinguishing individual fires, collecting data on a fire and drawing up a fire act.

The process of extinguishing a fire is conditionally divided into two periods: the first - before the moment of localization, the second - after this moment, i.e. when the fire is stopped, limited to some extent. A fire is considered localized when the spread of fire is limited and it is possible to eliminate it with the available forces and means.

Actions to localize a fire are almost always of an offensive nature, they are distinguished by the desire to introduce a sufficient number of extinguishing agents on the main ways of spreading the fire as soon as possible, to ensure their effective operation.

As a result of attacking the fire, the fire area decreases, the temperature and smoke concentration in the fire volume decrease, and the total amount of extinguishing work is gradually reduced. The work of the subdivisions is changing: the number of operating trunks is gradually reduced, the intensity of the supply of fire extinguishing agent is decreasing.

The division of the process of extinguishing a fire into two periods is conditional. In practice, it is impossible to establish a boundary between these periods, but the period of localization plays an important role in characterizing the work of units for extinguishing spreading fires.

The extent to which the spread of combustion is limited depends on the damage done to the national economy.

When localizing a fire, it is necessary to follow the rules justified by tactics: “fire in the basement - look for fire to the attic”, “the fire rushes up, do not forget to inspect the floor below, put a reserve barrel there” and so on.

Urgent fire containment measures are also protection of metal supporting structures from collapse, cooling of heated apparatuses and communications, reduction of heat radiation from a burning gas torch, as well as other actions to prevent an explosion or dangerous heating of technological apparatuses and structures.

Stemmen, working at the boundaries of the localization of the fire inside the building, must supply jets of water to the greatest possible depth along the flame front and gradually move forward. Working on the proposed boundaries of localization of open fires, while protecting the walls and roofs of neighboring buildings and structures from ignition, the shafters, maneuvering the trunks, irrigate not only the protected areas, but also the burning surfaces into the depth of the propagating flame front with water.

Fire suppression is the second, final period of the process of extinguishing a fire, during which the actions of the rescue units are aimed at the complete cessation of combustion and the prevention of its re-occurrence. During this period, a decisive attack on the fire continues with the forces and means introduced during the period of localization of the fire. The tactics of action in this case is to skillfully maneuver the barrels and move deeper into the fire area as it is eliminated.

It implies the cessation of the spread of combustion and the neutralization of dangerous fire factors. In other words, if...

Fire - uncontrolled combustion causing material damage, harm to the life and health of citizens, the interests of society and the state

Then, in the process of localization, combustion is taken under control, a further increase in material damage caused by fire stops, the threat of harm to the life and health of citizens, the interests of society and the state is eliminated. The state when all these measures are completed is called the term of the same name - Localization, which, before the changes adopted in Federal Law No. 69 in 2011, also included the requirement for sufficiency of forces and means to successfully extinguish a fire.

Description of actions aimed at localizing the fire

The process of extinguishing a fire is conditionally divided into two periods: the first - before the moment of localization, the second - after this moment, i.e. when the fire is stopped, limited to some extent.

The question of methods and techniques for localizing a fire is one of the fundamental in fire tactics. It is for the localization of the fire that the most complete manifestation of the tactical skill of the commanding staff of the fire department is required. The actions of all participants in the fight against fire should be distinguished by special skill and activity.

Each fire, even at the same group of facilities (in tank farms for storing oil, at timber exchanges, new buildings, and especially in public, residential and industrial buildings), along with common features, has many features that must be taken into account when distributing forces and means, determining the method actions.

Actions to localize a fire are almost always of an offensive nature, they are distinguished by the desire to introduce a sufficient number of extinguishing agents on the main ways of spreading the fire as soon as possible, to ensure their effective operation. To achieve such an efficiency, it is necessary to approach the firefighters to the sources of combustion, maneuver the work with the barrels, supply long-range jets from the barrels A and fire monitors during developed fires.

To localize a fire during active combustion inside buildings of large volumes, trunks are fed not only along the paths of fire propagation, but also into the fire seat, since without reducing combustion, firemen often fail to approach the expected line of fire localization or prevent the spread of fire through existing openings. By submitting two or three barrels to the fire, the RTP can find their bearings and understand whether additional barrels are needed.

Stemmen, working at the boundaries of the localization of the fire inside the building, must supply jets of water to the greatest possible depth along the flame front and gradually move forward. Working on the expected boundaries of localization of open fires, while protecting the walls and roofs of neighboring buildings and structures from ignition, the barrelers, maneuvering the trunks, irrigate not only the protected areas, but also the burning surfaces into the depth of the propagating flame front with water.

When localizing a fire in buildings, it is impossible to fire barrels only at areas of visible burning, it should almost always be considered that there is a threat of fire spreading through internal openings, unprotected openings in walls and ceilings, especially at the points where they are crossed by plumbing, electrical and other communications, as well as along voids in ceilings and partitions, in spaces formed by suspended ceilings and decorative walls, through ventilation systems, etc. Therefore, during the localization period, a thorough reconnaissance of the fire is carried out, if necessary, with the opening and dismantling of structures and the supply of reserve shafts to dangerous places. Preference is given to barrels B and spray barrels, and in case of a clear danger of fire penetrating into voids, ventilation ducts, attics and other hard-to-reach rooms, medium-expansion foam is supplied there.

When localizing a fire, the rules justified by practice must be observed: "fire in the basement - look for fire to the attic", "the fire rushes up, do not forget to inspect the floor below, put a reserve barrel there" etc.

To prevent the spread of fire, the trunks are fed towards the fire. But with a strong wind, especially on fires in lumber yards, covering a large area, in rural settlements, it is better to file the first trunks from the flanks in order to gradually compress and then stop the advance of the flame front. This technique is caused by the rapid spread of the flame in a strong wind and the formation of a zone of dense smoke on the leeward side.

Emergency fire containment measures are also protection of metal load-bearing structures from collapse, cooling of heated devices and communications, reduction of heat radiation from a burning gas torch supply of barrels with centrifugal atomizers, as well as other actions to prevent an explosion or dangerous heating of technological devices and structures. These measures include those aimed at termination of access of combustible materials to the combustion zone: blocking communications, pumping liquids from emergency tanks.

When extinguishing fires, convective air currents and wind can spread burning pieces of wood and smut. To localize such fires, a fire is prevented in areas where burning particles and smut are possible: they are extinguished with water from trunks and buckets, trampled and covered with earth, irrigated wood stacks, roofs and areas littered with combustible waste. In case of fires in rural settlements, in warehouses for lumber and round timber, at woodworking enterprises, combustible roofs and combustible garbage can ignite from flying hot particles and smut at a distance of 500-1000 m from the fire. Protective measures in the distribution of forces and means for localizing a fire are given the same importance as the supply of trunks along the paths of fire propagation.

If the available forces and means are not enough to localize the fire, and also if there is a lack of water, the RTP organizes the dismantling of buildings, individual structures of buildings and other work to create gaps in the path of fire propagation: gaps in the roof, destruction by bulldozers, tractors, tractors of sheds adjacent to buildings, fences , galleries, dismantling of timber stacks.

During the period of fire localization in buildings, methods of limiting the spread of combustion are also actively used, based on changing the conditions of gas exchange in a fire: they change the direction and magnitude of the draft of air flows and combustion products, creating additional exhaust and supply openings (open windows, roofs, open doors) and changing their relative position (cover individual openings with door panels, install