transport value
The transport significance of the Black Sea for the economy of the states washed by this reservoir is great. A significant volume of maritime transportation is made up of tanker flights that ensure the export of oil and oil products from Russian ports (primarily from Novorossiysk and Tuapse) and Georgian ports (Batumi). However, the export of hydrocarbons is significantly constrained by the limited capacity of the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. In Ilyichevsk, the largest oil terminal was created to receive oil as part of the Odessa-Brody oil pipeline. There is also a project for the construction of the Burgas-Alexandrupolis oil pipeline bypassing the Black Sea straits. Oil terminals in Novorossiysk are capable of receiving supertankers.
In addition to oil and products of its processing, metals, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, timber, lumber, grain, etc. are exported from the Russian and Ukrainian ports of the Black Sea. commodities, etc.
Container traffic is widely developed in the Black Sea basin, there are large container terminals. Transportation is being developed with the help of lighters; railway ferry crossings Ilyichevsk (Ukraine) - Varna (Bulgaria) and Ilyichevsk (Ukraine) - Batumi (Georgia) are operating. Maritime passenger transportation is also developed in the Black Sea (however, after the collapse of the USSR, their volume decreased significantly).The international transport corridor TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe - Caucasus - Asia, Europe - Caucasus - Asia) passes through the Black Sea. The Black Sea ports are the end points of a number of Pan-European transport corridors.
The largest port cities on the Black Sea:
- Novorossiysk, Sochi, Tuapse ( Russia);
- Burgas, Varna (Bulgaria);
- Batumi, Poti, ( Georgia);
- Sukhumi, (Abkhazia) (Georgia)
- Constanta (Romania);
- Samsun, Trabzon ( Turkey);
- Odessa, Evpatoria, Ilyichevsk, Yuzhny, Kerch, Sevastopol, Yalta(Ukraine).
On the Don River, which flows into the Sea of Azov, there is a river waterway connecting the Black Sea with the Caspian Sea (through the Volga-Don Shipping Canal and the Volga), with the Baltic Sea and the White Sea (through the Volga-Baltic Waterway and the White Sea-Baltic Canal) . The Danube River is connected to the North Sea through a system of canals.
A unique deep-sea gas pipeline "Blue Stream" has been laid along the bottom of the Black Sea, connecting Russia and Turkey. The length of the underwater part of the pipeline, which runs between the village of Arkhipo-Osipovka on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the coast of Turkey, 60 km from the city of Samsun, is 396 km. There are plans to expand the capacity of the gas pipeline by laying an additional pipe branch.
Industrial fishing
The following types of fish are of commercial importance in the Black Sea: mullet, anchovy (hamsa), mackerel, horse mackerel, pike perch, bream, sturgeon, herring. Main fishing ports: Odessa, Kerch, Novorossiysk, etc.
recreational value
Favorable climatic conditions in the Black Sea region determine its development as an important resort region. The largest resort areas on the Black Sea include: the Southern coast of Crimea (Yalta, Alushta, Sudak, Koktebel, Feodosia) in Ukraine, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (Anapa, Gelendzhik, Sochi) in Russia, Pitsunda, Gagra and Batumi in Georgia, Golden Sands and Sunny Beach in Bulgaria, Mamaia, Eforie in Romania.
The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is the main resort region of the Russian Federation. In 2005 it was visited by about 9 million tourists; in 2006, according to the forecasts of officials of the Krasnodar Territory, this region should have been visited by at least 11-11.5 million tourists. There are over 1,000 boarding houses, sanatoriums and hotels on the Russian Black Sea coast, and their number is constantly growing. A natural continuation of the Russian Black Sea coast is the coast of Abkhazia, the most important resorts of which Gagra and Pitsunda were popular back in Soviet times. The development of the resort industry on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is constrained by a relatively short (for example, compared to the Mediterranean Sea) season, environmental and transport problems, and in Abkhazia by the uncertainty of its status and the threat of a new outbreak of military conflict with Georgia.
Since ancient times, important routes have passed along the shores of the Black Sea, and ships of various peoples have been plying its waters for centuries. The geographical position and natural resources of the Black Sea determine the development of coastal areas, their economic importance.
The Black Sea is a natural waterway. Its connection with other seas and oceans, with river systems creates conditions for intensive navigation. The merchant fleet of the Black Sea countries annually transports millions of tons of cargo and hundreds of thousands of passengers. After the Second World War, great changes took place in the Black Sea basin. For the USSR and the NRB, the Black Sea turned into a "bridge of friendship".
Significant fish stocks of the Black Sea lead to the development of industrial fisheries. There are also bases of ocean fishing ships of the Black Sea states. The collection and processing of seaweed is expanding. Sea salt and oil are being mined on the shores. Shipbuilding, ship repair, fish processing industry and other types of economic activity directly related to the use of the sea and the development of its resources are developed.
On the Black Sea coast there are favorable conditions for the development of tourism, as well as hydrotherapy. Moderate climate, diverse landscapes; quiet bays, beautiful sandy beaches, reserves of therapeutic mud, historical monuments, economic and cultural achievements of the population are invaluable tourist resources. A special tourist material and technical base has been built. Hundreds of hotels, restaurants, tourist bases and other buildings are located on the Black Sea coast of the USSR, the PRB, the SRR and Turkey. Sochi, Yalta, Mamaia, Golden Sands and Sunny Beach are only a small part of the pearls in the necklace of the Black Sea resorts.
Many resort complexes with international fame have been built on the coast.
Every year, millions of holidaymakers and nature lovers visit the Black Sea coast. The international fame of the Black Sea resorts is constantly growing.
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES
Since ancient times, the population living on the shores of the Black Sea has been looking for opportunities to use its food resources. The main attention was paid to the fish fauna, and then mainly to the mass species of fish in the coastal zone. Fishing in the Black Sea has retained its importance to this day. At the same time, other biological resources - commercial invertebrates and algae - are used more and more intensively in the food industry and in pharmacology.
plant resources. In terms of biomass and productivity among the plant resources of the Black Sea, algae are in first place.. Macrophytes occupy a shallow zone to a depth of 60-80 m, but most of all they are found (excluding the Zernov phyllophora field) on rocky and stony soils to a depth of 10 m. The biomass of macrophytes in the Black Sea is 10 million tons (Moiseev, 1966). Of the large number of algae species growing in the Black Sea, only a few species are currently used. In the first place in terms of use is the red alga Phyllophora, the reserves of which in the north-western part of the Black Sea amount to 5-7 million tons. The maximum biomass of this alga per 1 m 2 reaches 5.9 kg. Phyllophora is rare and in very small quantities.For industrial purposes, its accumulations in the field of Zernov are used.The Soviet Union has special vessels that collect phyllophora in this zone of the sea.Agar-agar is obtained from raw materials dried and washed with hot water, the mass of which is 20-22% of the dry mass phyllophores.Agar-agar is used as a jelly-forming substance in industry.If it is added to bread, the latter does not stale for a long time.Agar-agar is also used in the textile industry - it gives density, shine and softness to fabrics.
Agar-agar is also used in the manufacture of certain medicines, the preparation of cosmetic creams, etc.
Of interest are the thickets of brown algae, algae, common on the rocky-stony bottom near the seashore. Research by V. Petrova (1975) showed that the total reserves of cystoseira in the sublittoral near the Bulgarian coast reach 330 thousand tons. With industrial reserves of 50 thousand tons in a zone with depths of up to 2 m, annual production of 10 thousand tons of raw material is possible. Algin is extracted from cystoseira, which is used in the food industry and to obtain various technical emulsions. Both in Bulgaria and in other Black Sea countries, the issue of mechanized extraction of cystoseira has not been resolved. In some areas of the coast, algae periodically thrown out by the sea (mainly cystoseira) are collected and used as an additive to nutrient mixtures for farm animals.
Of the flowering plants in the Black Sea, sea grass (zostera) is relatively widespread. It grows at depths of up to 6 m and is rarely found at depths of up to 15 m. Zostera stocks in the Black Sea reach 1 million tons. Small fields of sea grass are also found off the Bulgarian coast. Zostera is mainly used as a packing and stuffing material in the furniture industry.
Animal resources of the Black Sea are of great economic importance. These include some invertebrates and a number of commercially valuable fish.
Mussels should be put in the first place from non-fish raw materials. Its reserves are estimated at approximately 9.5 million tons (Moiseev). According to the studies of V. Abadzhieva and T. Marinov (1967), the stocks of mussels in the Bulgarian part of the sea exceed 300 thousand tons, of which about 100 thousand tons can be considered as a commercial stock. However, recently the predatory snail Rapana has caused significant damage to the mussel fields. Mussel meat contains the same amount of proteins as the meat of farm animals and fish, but it is richer in some amino acids (methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan), microelements and vitamins Bi, B2, Be and PP. In terms of taste, it is most suitable for preparing savory dishes; it is used in food fresh, canned and dried. The commercial extraction of mussels in Bulgaria is carried out by special dredges.
From other mollusks, cockles are used for food, from crustaceans - shrimp, etc. But their number and distribution do not allow commercial fishing.
In the coastal areas and partly in Lake Varna, oysters are found, which used to be an object of fishing. In some areas of the coast, stone crab is used as food. Currently, oysters and stone crab have no commercial value. A small amount of crayfish is mined in the Blatnitsky and Shabla lakes, as well as in the Mandrensky reservoir.
Biomass of Black Sea fish evaluated differently in different periods. After the discovery of hydrogen sulfide in the deep waters of the basin, it was believed that the overall biological productivity of the sea was low. Before and after the Second World War, this estimate, which included an estimate of the fish biomass, was significantly overestimated, but it was not confirmed by the fish catches. When they began to use new methods for determining the production of organic matter, they received a modern understanding of the biomass and annual production of organisms in the Black Sea. According to the definitions of P. A. Moiseev, the biomass of fish should not be estimated at more than 1 million tons. He considers their more realistic biomass equal to 500-600 thousand tons, which is only 0.8% of the gross biomass of all organisms. The volume of fish production in the period 1950-1965 amounted to 110 thousand tons, and by 1975 increased to 230-250 thousand tons. The increase was due to catches off the Caucasian coast, as well as near the Anatolian coast, where the use of winter accumulations of the Black Sea anchovy was intensified. Bulgaria and Romania, catching 8.6 and 6.3 thousand tons, respectively, in 1975 occupied the third and fourth places in terms of catches in the Black Sea. Anchovy, sprat and horse mackerel are of decisive importance in the commercial fishing of the Black Sea. In some periods, this group of commercial fish also includes bonito and mackerel. The second most important group of fish includes kalkan, Black Sea shad, bluefish, mullet, etc. The main factor determining the volume of catches is the state of stocks of the main fish species. They also depend on many factors, the main of which are abiotic factors that cause sharp changes in the amount of plankton. The amount of plankton, in turn, affects the abundance of planktivorous fish and subsequent trophic levels of the food chain. The behavior and distribution of the main species also influence the veil fish to a large extent.
Commercial fish living in the Black Sea are divided into two groups according to biological characteristics and the nature of changes in stocks. The first group includes fish with a long life cycle, i.e. fish that reach sexual maturity late. This group is dominated by species that breed more than once. The fish populations of the first group do not have a high abundance, and their stocks change little. These are sturgeon fish and Kalkan. The second group includes species that have a short life cycle, early puberty occurs - sprat, Hamsa, etc. In their populations, the younger generation prevails over mature individuals. As a result, in one productive year, the stocks of sprat and anchovy can increase many times over. Losses - due to natural death, from predators and fishing - are compensated when the recruitment of juveniles is significant. Otherwise, the stocks of the species begin to decrease.
Thus, after 1968, mackerel stocks decreased so much that it lost its commercial value. The decrease in its numbers coincided with the relative
a significant increase in the stocks of predatory species - bluefish and partly bonito. The reduction in the parent school was so great that the remaining individuals were not able to quickly increase the reproduction of the species. This was facilitated by the small breeding area of mackerel (only part of the Sea of Marmara) and the coincidence of the mackerel wintering area with the wintering area of some predatory species (also the Sea of Marmara).
Return after a good catch.
Industrial fishing in the Black Sea waters conducted all year round, but depending on the migration and distribution of the main species, some areas become more important in certain seasons. For example, anchovies along the Anatolian and Caucasian coasts are caught mainly in winter. In the Bosphorus area, fish catches increase in spring, when migratory species (scad, bonito, mackerel) from the strait and the Sea of Marmara enter the Black Sea. The same area revives in the second half of autumn, when these species return to their wintering grounds. In the northwestern part of the Black Sea and areas near the Crimean Peninsula, species important for commercial purposes breed and remain for a long feeding. As a result, in May - October, fishing fishing fleet is concentrated near the Kerch Strait, when the Azov anchovy migrates to the wintering areas, to the Caucasian coast. .
In Bulgarian waters, in comparison with other areas of the Black Sea, the conditions are not particularly favorable for industrial fishing, because the main fish species, except for sprat, do not come here for breeding, long-term feeding and wintering, but migratory ones (anchovy, bonito, horse mackerel, mackerel, bluefish etc.), only along the way they pass this region, heading north in spring, south in autumn. In this regard, fishing here is seasonal.
In the period 1972-1976, when sprat trawling was introduced, the seasonality of the fishery was disturbed.
The volume of catches in Bulgarian waters depends mainly on the state of stocks and hydrometeorological factors. In 1966-1970. with a sharp increase in the number of bluefish herds, its catches were as high as ever. On the contrary, the decrease in stocks of mackerel since 1968 and bonito since 1970 caused both species to lose their commercial value. In some years, the number of mackerel and horse mackerel increased, but due to strong winds during the periods of their migration, the catches of these species near the Bulgarian coast remained still low. Fishing periods in Bulgaria are limited by migration periods, and if hydrometeorological conditions worsen during the movement of shoals, catches will inevitably turn out to be low even with a good stock. In 1960, however, with an average stock of bonito in Bulgaria, a record catch of this species was recorded, as favorable winds from the south repeatedly returned shoals to Bulgarian waters.
Until September 9, 1944, the Bulgarian Black Sea fishery had an artisanal and small-scale cooperative character. They caught mainly passive means - fixed and purse nets, the catch depended on how close the shoals came to the coastal zone. The average annual catch was:
1925-1930 ... 1549.9 t.
1931 - 1940 ... 2379.0 t.
1941 - 1950 ... 3533.5 t.
After the victory of the people's democratic revolution, a period of reorganization of fishing cooperatives into the public sector began, thanks to which the supply of nets and other fishing equipment has improved significantly. This period ended in 1948 with the formation of the State Fishing Enterprise. Specialized vessels were required to intensify fishing. At the same time in 1951 - 1960. the organization of work has changed, synthetic materials have been introduced for the manufacture of nets, radio communication has been introduced between ships and the shore, reconnaissance of fish schools from an aircraft. All this together determined the appearance of the Bulgarian Black Sea fisheries and in the seventh five-year plan (1976-1980)
In 1976, the catches from fishing vessels amounted to 79.6% of the annual catch, while those from seines and other passive fishing equipment accounted for only 20.4%.
The structure of catches in the Black Sea has also changed. Sprat, horse mackerel, bonito and mackerel have always played a paramount role. Their ratio, which periodically changed within significant limits, reflected the dynamics of their stocks, as well as the organization and equipment of the fishing industry near the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.
The table shows that the Bulgarian Black Sea catches are dominated by pelagic fish. This will be even more confirmed if we take into account the catches of anchovy, bluefish, satin, garfish and other species that are also pelagic, although they are of less economic importance. part of which is small in the total catch.In 1976, the catch was the following species: sprat - 72.4%, horse mackerel - 18.2, whiting - 3.5, Kalkan - 2.2, anchovy - 0.7, others - 3 .0%.
Pelagic species this year accounted for 93.3% of the catch, and bottom fish - 6.7%, i.e. 14 times less. But no matter how this ratio changes, pelagic species will always prevail in the gross catch, since their stocks form the basis of the Black Sea ichthyofauna. With the further development of sprat fishing, the importance of whiting increases, which, as a cold-loving species, lives at the same depths as sprat. But even this is unlikely to change the ratio between pelagic and demersal species, since it will occur against the background of an increase in total catches.
The Bulgarian water area is divided into 2 fishing areas. The northern region begins at Cape Kartalburun (border with Romania) and ends at Cape Emine. It is characterized by a slightly indented coastline, a small number of bays and a slight slope of the seabed. Migratory species pass far from the coast, almost never stopping here. The most significant fishing facilities in terms of fishing are located near Cape Kaliakra, in the Bay of Varna and near Byala. The section from Cape Kaliakra to the border with Romania is little used, as it is open to northern winds and is characterized by strong currents. The northern fishing area provides about 10-15% of the Bulgarian sea fish catch (in 1976-11.3%). Perhaps in the future its importance will increase when sprat accumulations in the open sea in front of its shores will be used more fully. Trawl fishing here is difficult due to rocks and rocks on the seabed.
The southern fishing area includes the territory from Cape Emine to the south to the mouth of the Rezovska River (border with Turkey). The indented coastline, convenient bays and relative protection from the northern winds make the area favorable for fishing. Here they catch 85-90% of the Black Sea fish (in 1976 - 88.7%). The main cities in which almost the entire Bulgarian Black Sea fishing fleet is concentrated are Sozopol and Nessebar.
Commercial fishing in Bulgaria produced by trawl and drift nets from a fishing vessel following the fish schools.
Trawl Drift-net It is a cone-shaped bag made of mesh fabric of various sizes, towed in the water by a vessel. Trawls are bottom, bottom, pelagic. Its horizontal opening is provided by trawl boards. Its vertical opening is carried out by metal balls (kukhtyl) in the upper part and weights in the lower part of the net opening. Trawls catch sprat, whiting, galkan, sturgeon and other fish. Schools of fish at depths are detected with the help of a radar installed on a fishing vessel. Bulgarian fishermen were the first to create a trawl for catching sprat in the Black Sea.
Drift-net has dimensions of 800-900 by 80-95 m. To ensure buoyancy, foam floats are attached to the upper selections of the net, and metal weights and rings are attached to the lower edge, through which a metal cable is stretched. This tackle is used to catch pelagic fish - horse mackerel, mackerel, bonito, etc. When a school of fish is found, the vessel goes around it, sweeping the drift net behind the stern. When the circle is closed, the drifter net forms a cylinder that encloses the pursued fish. To prevent the exit of fish from below, the metal cable is pulled together by winches located on the vessel. Now, when the drift net resembles a cone turned upside down, it, along with the fish, is taken on board.
set seine refers to a passive fishing facility into which migratory fish enter themselves. This is a huge trap net, consisting of two parts: a wattle fence and a house, stretched in working position on high pipes or wooden stakes fixed at the bottom. The fence is placed in the open sea perpendicular to the shore. Depending on the depth, the net web has a length of 300 to 1000 m. The inner end of the wattle fence is connected to the bottom, which also consists of two parts: a vestibule with a lifting path and a cage. Usually fixed nets are placed in the bays to some cape prominent in the sea. Migrating fish approach the shore, meet a net barrier and, parallel to it, go to the open sea, while entering the house. On the lifting path they rise and enter the cage. From time to time, anglers come up to a fixed seine on a longboat and scoop out fish from the cage. Sprat, anchovy, horse mackerel, mackerel, shad, sable, garfish, etc. are caught with a fixed seine. Large predatory fish, such as bonito and bluefish, as well as bottom species, rarely fall into the seine.
purse seine - filtering fishing tackle, like a trawl. This is a long, up to 1000-1200 m, net fabric up to 15 m high, with a small bag in the middle. The purse seine is caught from a longboat, which, describing an arc in the waters of the bay, encloses a certain space with a net. Then the ends of the purse seine are pulled together, closing the exit of the bag for the fish. Cases have been noted when up to 30 tons of bluefish fell into such a seine (during the spring months). The same types of fish are caught with a purse seine as with a fixed seine.
As a fishing tackle for fishing, the so-called slings and nets are also used. The basis of the leash is a rope, to which leashes with hooks and bait are tied. They are mainly used for catching the sea otter and gobies. The nets consist of one or more wall nets 30-50 m long and 2-3 m high. They are tied in several and laid on the bottom in the direction of the expected movement of the fish. The nets are used to catch the wild otter, the European river flounder, the mullet, etc.
Amateur anglers on the Bulgarian coast mainly use the so-called chepari. When fishing with this fishing device, colorful bird feathers are used to imitate bait. In this way, horse mackerel, mackerel, bonito, etc. are caught from a boat or from the shore.
Fishing in the coastal waters of Bulgaria. Until recently, the coastal Black Sea lakes in Bulgaria were effective fishing targets. Commercial fishing in them is rapidly declining.
Until 1964, the Beloslav and Varna lakes produced up to 150-250 tons of fish annually. With the creation of an industrial complex near Devnya and a navigable canal, both lakes lost their significance as fishing reservoirs. Multiple deaths of fish due to pollution of water bodies with wastewater have had a negative impact on recreational fishing.
The second shipping channel between the sea and Lake Varna will improve the conditions for the existence of fish and their food. With the gradual cooling of waste water from the Varna CHPP, Lake Varna will become important as an object of accumulation of mullet fish, which will settle in other inland water bodies (Lake Pomorie).
The Burgas and Mandren lakes, which have been turned into reservoirs, are the main basins on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, in which commercial fishing is still possible. They caught up to 1500 tons of fish, but in recent years, despite the artificial breeding of carp and herbivorous fish, production has been declining due to water pollution. Burgas Lake is one of the unique water bodies in terms of productivity, which must be preserved for the future.
Commercial fishing in the Black Sea does not adequately satisfy Bulgaria's needs for fish and fish products. The experience gained here was one of the main factors that contributed to the organization of the Bulgarian ocean fisheries. The importance of the Bulgarian Black Sea fisheries, however, will increase, mainly due to the intensification of fishing for local species, primarily sprat.
The Black Sea has a fairly calm coastline, with some exception being only its northern territories. The Crimean peninsula cuts quite strongly into the sea in its northern part. This is the only large peninsula in the Black Sea. There are estuaries in the northern and northwestern parts. There are practically no islands in the sea. The coastline in the west and northwest is steep, low-lying, only in the west there are mountainous areas. The eastern and southern sides of the sea are surrounded by the Caucasus and Pontic mountains. Many rivers flow into the Black Sea, most of them are medium-sized, there are three large rivers: the Danube, the Dnieper, the Dniester.
History of the Black Sea
The development of the Black Sea began in ancient times. Even in ancient times, shipping was widespread on the sea, mainly for trading purposes. There is information that Novgorod and Kyiv merchants sailed along the Black Sea to Constantinople. In the 17th century, Peter the Great sent an expedition on the ship "Fortress" in order to carry out research and cartographic work, as a result of the expedition, the coast from Kerch to Constantinople was obtained, and the depths were measured. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, a study of the fauna and waters of the Black Sea was carried out. At the end of the 19th century, oceanographic and depth-gauging expeditions were organized, at that time there was already a map of the Black Sea, as well as a description and its atlas.
In 1871, a biological station was established in Sevastopol, which today has become the Institute of the Southern Seas. This station conducted research and study of the Black Sea fauna. Hydrogen sulfide was discovered in the deep layers of the Black Sea at the end of the 19th century. At a later time, a chemist from Russia N.D. Zelinsky explained why this happened. After the revolution in 1919, an ichthyological station for the study of the Black Sea appeared in Kerch. Later, it turned into the Azov-Black Sea Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, today this institution is called the Southern Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. In Crimea, in 1929, a hydrophysical station was also opened, which today is assigned to the Sevastopol Marine Hydrophysical Ukraine. Today in Russia the main organization engaged in the research of the Black Sea is the Southern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which is located in Gelendzhik, in Golubaya Bukhta.
Tourism on the Black Sea
Tourism is very developed on the Black Sea coast. Almost the entire Black Sea is surrounded by tourist cities and resort towns. The Black Sea is also of military and strategic importance. The Russian fleet is based in Sevastopol and Novorossiysk, and the Turkish one in Samsun and Sinop.
Use of the Black Sea
The waters of the Black Sea today are one of the most important transport routes in the Eurasian region. A large percentage of all transported cargo falls on oil products exported from Russia. The limiting factor for increasing these volumes is the capacity of the Bosporus and Dardanelles channels. The Blue Stream gas pipeline runs along the bottom of the sea, which runs from Russia to Turkey. The total length attributable to the sea area is 396 km. In addition to oil and oil products, other products are transported along the odes of the Black Sea. Most of the goods imported into Russia and Ukraine are consumer goods and foodstuffs. The Black Sea is one of the points of the international transport corridor TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe - Caucasus - Asia, Europe - Caucasus - Asia). Passenger transportation is also present, but in a relatively small volume.
A large river waterway also passes through the Black Sea, which connects the Black Sea with the Caspian, Baltic and White Seas. It runs through the Volga and the Volga-Don Canal. The Danube is connected to the North Sea through a series of canals.
The great economic importance of the seas and oceans lies in the fact that they are the cheapest and most convenient means of communication. Various trades are associated with them: catching fish, crabs, mussels, extracting edible waters, hunting for sea animals (whales, walruses, seals), extracting pearls, corals, amber, etc.
At the bottom of the oceans and seas lies a large number of various minerals. Within the continental shallows of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and under the bottom. Northern. Arctic Ocean. North,. Caspian Sea,. The Azov and other seas have rich deposits of oil and combustible gases, the reserves of which are twice as large as on land. In many places the ocean floor is covered with nodules of iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt and rare and trace elements.
Sea water contains many useful chemical elements in a dissolved state, and therefore, in the process of desalination, they can also be extracted and used.
The energy of the tides, and more recently ocean currents, are beginning to be used to generate electricity.
Groundwater and springs
An important part of land waters is groundwater - waters located in soils and rocks of the upper part of the earth's crust (up to a depth of 12-15 km)
Groundwater is constantly moving in the depths. Earth both vertically and horizontally. The direction, intensity of movement and depth of groundwater depends primarily on the water permeability of the mountains. RSC breeds. Rocks are permeable (capable of passing water: sand, pebbles, gravel, etc.) and water-resistant, or waterproof (igneous and metamorphic rocks without cracks, clay). On plains composed of sedimentary rocks, layers with different water permeability usually alternate; water seeps down, lingers on impermeable rocks, fills the gaps between particles of highly permeable permeable rock, forming an aquifer, or aquifer. There can sometimes be up to 10-15 such horizons. According to the conditions of occurrence, groundwater is divided into soil and between reservoir power.
Groundwater occurs above the first layer of water-resistant rocks from the surface. In the upper soil layer, which is influenced by weather factors, water moves only vertically, depending on the alternation of wet and dry periods: during the wet period, water seeps down, and in the dry period, it comes to the surface. Part of the water goes beyond the layer under the meteorological influence, and moves only outwards from to the surface of water-resistant rocks, forming a ground aquifer in water-permeable rocks.
low aquifers formed between two water-resistant layers are called interstratal, they are mainly pressure (artesian)
Groundwater moves slowly in the direction of the slope of the aquifer. Where
surface. A layer of water-resistant rocks comes out of the earth, above which groundwater collects, a source is formed - a natural outlet of groundwater to the earth's surface
Geysers are a peculiar type of springs, periodically ejecting hot water and water vapor to a height of up to 60 m.
In other areas, waters that rise from great depths or horizons adjacent to volcanic centers come to the surface in the form of warm or even hot springs. Hot underground waters (from 20 to 100 °. C) are called thermal. They are usually characterized by a high content of various salts, acids, metals, radioactive elements.
The upper groundwater horizons are predominantly fresh (up to 1 g/l) or brackish (1-10 g/l), while the deep layers are often saline (from 10 to 35 g/l or more). Waters with a salt content of more than 35 and approaches more than 50 g / l) are called brines.
Groundwater is of great economic importance, it has long been used for water supply.
slide 1
The Black Sea and human economic activity
slide 2
Do you know?
slide 3
How old is our Black Sea and why is it called that?
This is the youngest sea. At first it was a fresh lake and only 7,000 thousand years ago it began to acquire the properties of a salty sea. Name - water darkens during a storm, metal objects lowered to the bottom turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide, black means inhospitable, according to Turkish conquerors.
slide 4
Do you know?
Features of the Black Sea?
slide 5
Features of the Black Sea?
- Isolated - More than 300 rivers flow into the Black and Azov Seas (the water in it is more muddy due to sediments brought by rivers) - Water salinity is 2 times less than in the Mediterranean Sea - Weak vertical currents - Biological diversity is poorer than in the Mediterranean Sea due to low salinity, low temperatures and hydrogen sulfide
slide 6
Do you know?
Where did hydrogen sulfide come from in the Black Sea?
Slide 7
Hydrogen sulfide has a biochemical origin - bacteria (autotrophs-chemosynthetics) in an oxygen-free environment decompose the corpses of animals and plants into a number of simple compounds that, interacting with salts of sea water, form hydrogen sulfide Living zone - 150-200 m There is a billion tons of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea!
Where did hydrogen sulfide come from in the Black Sea?
Slide 8
Do you know?
Who lives in the Black Sea?
Slide 9
Species diversity of the Black Sea includes -3774 species Mushrooms, algae, higher plants - 1619 species Invertebrates - 1983 species Fish - 168 species Marine mammals - 4 species For comparison, there are more than 8000 species in the Mediterranean Sea
Slide 10
Nature worked to create a variety of species... And man came... and also began to work...
slide 11
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Lesson topic: Environmental problems of the Black Sea. types of pollution
1. Pollution of the sea with solid and liquid wastes 2. Depletion of natural resources, reduction and change in the species composition in the sea types of pollution Chemical Microbial Radioactive Biological
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Lesson Objectives
Lesson objectives To get acquainted with the main types of pollution in the Black Sea and their impact on the ecosystem Formation of respect for the environment and understanding of relationships in nature
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In the critical 70s, the World Plan for the Development of Agriculture was adopted - a sharp intensification of the agricultural sector due to fertilizers - the Green Revolution plan
It was applied to fields all over the world: 1960 - 8 billion tons 1970 - 42 billion tons 1975 - 65 billion tons In Russia in 1991 per 1 hectare of arable land - 79 kg In 1996 11 kg - removal to the sea decreased - eutrophication weakened " Green revolution on land - green death at sea Commoner's 4th Law - Nothing comes for free
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Anthropogenic Eutrophication (chemical pollution) is the intake of a large amount of nutrients (mineral and organic) along with household, agricultural and industrial waste, as a result of which the rapid development of phytoplankton begins
sources
1. Intensive agriculture - with the runoff of rivers, nitrates and phosphates are carried into the sea 2. Industrial development 3. Population growth
1
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Abundance of phytoplankton - decrease in water transparency → no light deeper than 20 m → photosynthesis is difficult - the death of the Zernov field (phyllophora red algae biocenosis)
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The abundance of phytoplankton → the amount of herbivorous zooplankton increases (the nocturnal beetle and the aurelia jellyfish are highly hydrated, few people eat them) → fodder zooplankton (crustaceans, worms, etc.) reduces the number
Anthropogenic Eutrophication - Consequences
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Abundance of phytoplankton, rapid development - "flowering" → dying off and settling to the bottom → decomposition with oxygen consumption → Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) → fish death and death of biofilterers (mussels, scallops, etc.) 50s - 2- 3 g 60s - 5-6 g settled on the bottom 70s - 90 g settled on the bottom 80s - 150 g settled on the bottom
Anthropogenic Eutrophication - Consequences
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Garbage in the sea
Destruction of substances in sea water: Cotton fabric -4-5 months Woolen fabric -1 year Rope - one and a half years Painted wooden board 10 years Nylon rope 200 years Plastic bottle 500 years Under a plastic bag left on the beach, the sand will be black with the smell of hydrogen sulfide - these are the dead inhabitants of the seabed, responsible for cleaning the beach.
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Plastics (petrochemical products) in the sea chemical pollution
Sources
1. Settlements 2. Sea vessels 3. Tourists and vacationers 4. Oil platforms
Damage
1. Lost nets and trawls continue to catch animals - crabs, fish, dolphins 2. Plastic granules overgrown with algae are swallowed by birds 3. Air exchange is hindered under films and bags on the beach and at the bottom - stagnant areas - beach cleaners die 4. Aesthetic appearance is disturbed coast
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Toxic Substances - Pesticides Chemical Contamination
Sources
- Release of water from rice paddies Herbicides - chemicals for weed control Fungicides - chemicals for fungus control Insecticides - chemicals for insect control
Damage
1. Inhibition of algae 2. Rule of biomagnification - the concentration increases when moving from the previous link in the food chain to the next, reaching a critical level in the last link (birds, fish, aquatic mammals)
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Toxic Substances - Pesticides Chemical Pollution - Strengthening Rule
3. Death of birds (Grind Island, 1965) 650 pairs left out of 20,000 pairs 4. Egg shells become thinner 5. Have a negative effect on the reproductive system
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Detergents - Synthetic Surfactants - Detergents Chemical Contamination
Sources
1. River runoff into the sea 2. Poorly cleaned city sewerage 0.1 mg per 1 liter of water detergents become toxic 50,000 tons of detergents enter the sea annually
Damage
1. The entire surface of the sea must be dead, but either they dissolve well, or not all are toxic!
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oil pollution
Causes - Accidents of oil tankers and oil pipelines
Oil is a natural product and many organisms are not afraid of it and even feed on oil. And yet, larvae and eggs of fish and birds suffer from a thin film on the surface of the sea. Self-purification of the sea occurs faster in the warm season and on sandy beaches.
