) originally represented the stylistic unity of the theme, content, genre and certain linguistic means - with a color of elation, solemnity (with the widespread use of Slavicisms, book vocabulary, images of ancient mythology, "magnificent" metaphor). It was represented by the genres of ode, heroic poem, tragedy. It was distinguished by a sublime, rhetorical, solemn tone of expression, which was achieved in addition to the indicated means by the complexity of constructing structures, the frequent use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, and the use of inversions. All this created an emotional mood, "rising to an important magnificence." A typical example of V. s. are odes to M.V. Lomonosov, who developed Three styles theory(cm).
Lit.: Efimov A.I. The language of satire by Saltykov-Shchedrin. - M., 1953; Akhmanova O.S. Essays on general and Russian lexicology. - M., 1957; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of stylistic use of language units. - M., 1980; Petrishcheva E.F. Stylistically colored vocabulary of the Russian language. - M., 1984; Belchikov Yu.A. Lexical stylistics: problems of studying and teaching. - M., 1988; Vinogradova V.N. On some changes in the style of the Russian language, "Stylistyka - VII". – Opole, 1998.
M.N. Kozhina
Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
See what "High style" is in other dictionaries:
High style- noun, number of synonyms: 2 pathos (4) pathos (30) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
tall- adj., use very often Morphology: high, high, high and high, high and high; higher; nar. high 1. High is an object that has a large length from bottom to top. High wall, mountain. | We have the highest TV tower in the world. 2.… … Dictionary of Dmitriev
High Syllable- High Speech variant: High Speech, High Style The official normative language of Gilead in the world of Roland, distinguishing the speaker as a person of noble birth. High Speech. For a moment, his mind refused to perceive it. Years have passed... ... The Dark Tower by Stephen King. Explanatory dictionary for the book.
style- [manner] n., m., use. often Morphology: (no) what? style for what? style, (see) what? style what? style about what? about style; pl. what? styles, (no) what? styles for what? styles, (see) what? styles than? styles about what? about styles 1. Style is called ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev
style- I, m., STALM i, m. style m., gol.stylus, German. Style lat. stylus syllable letter.1. A set of features that characterize the art of a certain time and direction in terms of ideological content and artistic form. BASS 1. Style, calm,… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
Lermontov's style- Lermontov's STYLE, perhaps the most difficult, but at the same time a promising problem of the modern. Lermontov studies. Attempts to define the style of L. either as romantic, or as realistic with elements of romance (see Romanticism and Realism), then as ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
Style (in literature and art)- Style in literature and art, stable integrity or commonality of the figurative system, means of artistic expression, figurative techniques that characterize a work of art or a set of works. S. is also called the system ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
style- 1. STYLE, I; m. [French. style] 1. A set of features, features that create a holistic image of art of a certain time, direction, individual manner of the artist in relation to the ideological content and artistic form. Romantic s. in… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Style- (from Latin stilus, stylus a pointed stick for writing, writing style) in linguistics, a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from others ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
High Beach Park Hotel- (Rostov-on-Don, Russia) Hotel category: 4 star hotel Address: Levoberezhnaya st. 27 … Hotel catalog
Books
- High taste / Haute taste,. The album presents the works of 27 Belarusian artists of different generations and creative priorities. Each of them has its own face, its own style and its own manner of performance. The publication includes about 140…
Lecture questions
The concept of style in language. Functional-stylistic coloring of words.
Emotionally expressive coloring of words.
Means of artistic representation (Trails and figures).
1. The concept of style in the language. Stylistic coloration of words.
Word style ambiguous. In the broadest sense, style is understood as a set of characteristic features, features inherent in something, distinguishing something 1 . This “something” can be both an activity (work style, leadership style, etc.), and a way of performing (swimming style, skiing style, etc.), and a manner of behaving, dressing (he entered in her style, she dresses in retro style, etc.). In a narrower sense, style means direction in art, characterized by special features, properties of artistic expression(styles in painting, architecture, music, etc.). There is also a very special meaning of the word style - a way of reckoning (old style, new style).
However, most of all and most closely the concept of style is associated with literature. The very word style(gr. stylos, lat. stylus) in ancient times meant a stick pointed at one end and rounded at the other, a rod made of wood, bone or metal. The sharp end was written on wax tablets, the rounded end was leveled to write again. “Turn your style more often!” - this advice meant: correct what was written more often, strive for correctness, clarity, brevity, expressiveness of presentation. It is quite natural that over time they began to speak of his bad style, he has a good style, he has a verbose style, he has a strict style, etc., meaning not the writing tool, but the qualities of the written, the features of verbal expression. In the future, the writing stick completely went out of use, and in a word style in literature began to mean manner of using language. This understanding of style is quite correct, but it is of the most general nature and therefore needs at least two clarifications.
First, it should be noted that style - historical category. Throughout the history of the Russian language, the conditions for the formation of styles, their number and relationships have changed. For example, high, medium and low styles in the literature of classicism were determined by the genre of the work and differed from each other mainly by the ratio of the use of "Slavonic" and "simple Russian" elements, and modern functional styles are determined by the use (functioning) in various spheres of human activity (legal relations, science, etc.) and differ from each other by specific sets of correlative means and ways of linguistic expression. Secondly, it should be borne in mind that the concept of style applies to very different uses of language. In addition to those named by G.O. Vinokur, we can talk, for example, about the styles of a particular literary movement, about the style of an individual work, about the individual style of a writer, etc.
An extensive literature is devoted to styles, many definitions of style as a phenomenon of literature have been proposed. In view of the foregoing, we can accept the following: style is a historically developed type of language use, which differs from other similar varieties in the features of the composition and organization of language units. This and similar definitions, common in the specialized literature, allow us to apply the concept of "style" to any kind of language use. Meanwhile, in modern philology, a tradition has developed according to which the concept of style is applied mainly (and sometimes exclusively) to varieties of literary language, although this restriction is usually absent in definitions of style. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that although every style is a kind of language use, it is customary to call every kind of language use a style. The concept of "variety of language use" is applicable to more general and more specific phenomena; one variety may include other varieties of language usage.
Language units, in addition to their main lexical and grammatical meaning, may also have additional meanings that correlate language units with certain conditions or areas of communication. For example, the word businessman not only means "business person", but also contains an emotional negative assessment, and in terms of use it belongs to the vernacular. Word overthrow does not just mean “overthrow”, but contains an emotional connotation of sublimity, solemnity and is used in book vocabulary. Phrase construction When I pass my exams, I will go to my parents.- "neutral", and "I'll pass the exams - I'll go to my parents" - colloquial. These and similar characteristics of language units act as stylistic coloration. 2 Stylistically colored called those words, word forms, sentences, the ability of which to evoke a special impression out of context is due to the fact that they contain not only subject (information about the signified subject) and / or grammatical information, but also some additional information, for example, the coloring of familiarity, disapproval, approval, etc. 3
There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive.
Functional-style fixedness of words 4
Functionally-stylistically colored words include those that are used in some area of communication. We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, prohibited, prescribe).
From a functional point of view, all means of the national language are divided into 3 groups: neutral (generally used), bookish, colloquial.
book words associated primarily with the sphere of intellectual communication ( dissent, nihilist), a significant part of them are borrowed words ( sarcasm, phenomenon) and words of Church Slavonic origin ( raise up, give back).book words are out of place in casual conversation: "On the green spaces the first leaves appeared"; We were walking in the forest array and sunbathing at the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, a trees, bushes; not Forest, a forest; not water, a lake).high vocabulary necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary finds application in speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “ O my unforgettable colleague and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»
colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.
Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.
If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.
Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it "must fit the subject of speech"; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, words are used joking, contemptuous, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.
Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the explanatory dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.
The two argued:
– I can't take seriously what this blond youth says, one said.
– And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond youth are very convincing.
These contradictory remarks express a different attitude towards the young blond: one of the disputants chose insulting words for him, emphasizing his neglect; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.
However, the differentiating features of scientific, journalistic, official business vocabulary are not always perceived with sufficient certainty , and therefore, with a stylistic characteristic, a significant number of words are evaluated as bookish, in contrast to their commonly used and colloquial synonyms. Due to semantic and stylistic differences most clearly opposedbook and colloquial(colloquial) words; compare: intrude - get in, get rid of - get off, get rid of, sob - roar; face - muzzle, mug.
The functional-style stratification of vocabulary is only partially recorded in explanatory dictionaries. stylistic marks to words. Book words, special, colloquial, vernacular, rude vernacular stand out most consistently. The corresponding marks are used in the Big and Small academic dictionaries of the Russian language. In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov, the functional fixation of words is indicated by stylistic marks: “abusive”, “high”, “ironic”, “bookish”, “disapproving”, “official”, “colloquial”, “colloquial”, “special”, etc. But there are no marks , which would highlight publicistic vocabulary.
In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov, stylistic marks are more diverse, they represent the functional stratification of vocabulary in a more differentiated way. Here such marks are given: “newspaper”, “stationery”, “folk poetic”, “special”, “official”, “poetic”, “colloquial”, “journalistic”, etc. However, in some cases these marks are outdated. So, contractual, recalculation, re-register in the dictionary of D. N. Ushakov are given with the mark “official”, and in the dictionary of Ozhegov - without marks; chauvinism - respectively: "political" and - without marks. This reflects the real processes of changing the functional and stylistic affiliation of words.
Unlike functionally fixed, commonly usedvocabulary or interstitial, used in any style of speech without any restrictions. For example, the word house can be used in any context: in an official business document (House No. 7 is to be demolished); in an article by a journalist who owns a journalistic style (This house was built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture); in a comic song for kids (Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire (March.). In all cases, such words will not stand out stylistically from the rest of the vocabulary.
Common vocabulary underlies the vocabulary of the Russian language. It is interstyle, neutral words that are, as a rule, the main (pivot) in the synonymic rows; they constitute the most important fund of generating bases around which various derivational connections of related words are formed.
Common vocabulary is also the most frequent: we constantly refer to it both in oral and written speech, in any style where it performs a primary function - nominative, naming vital concepts and phenomena.
The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their stylistic coloring. For example.
From the point of view of stylistic coloring (stylistic characteristics), the vocabulary of the Russian language is divided into two large categories: 1) stylistically neutral vocabulary; 2) stylistically colored vocabulary.
Stylistically neutral vocabulary makes up the largest circle of words that is not assigned to any functional style of the Russian literary language (official business, scientific, journalistic, artistic or colloquial) and is relevant in various areas of communication: water, house, read, difficulty, white, fifty and etc.
As part of stylistically colored vocabulary first of all, bookish words and colloquial, slang and colloquial words stand out.
book words are characteristic of the book-written version of the national language. They are used mainly in scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic styles. Wed: oscilloscope(scientific), the above named(officer-del.), forbidden(officer-case); cohesion(publ.), sacrament(thin.-poet.), dreams(thin.-poet.). There are also common words, for example: intelligence, erudition, law.
Spoken words- these are words inherent in the colloquial style of the Russian literary language and used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the field of everyday everyday communication, for example: reader, bully, dumbass, yell, braggart, grandpa and etc.
Colloquial words are used in relaxed, informal communication, so they are characterized by a certain reduction. Wed: old man(high) - old man(neutral) - old man(colloquial, reduced).
colloquial words are words that are outside the literary language or on its periphery, but are not limited in their use by either the territory (unlike dialectisms) or the framework of social groups (unlike jargonisms). Vernacular words are of two types: a) violating the actual linguistic norms of literary word usage (tranway instead of tram, shoes instead of shoe, quarter instead of quarter etc.); b) violating to some extent moral and ethical standards. The last category includes rude colloquial words ( head - head, drag - come); harsh colloquial words mug - face, rubbish - about a person), as well as vulgar, obscene, abusive language that offends the dignity of a person.
Phraseologisms(phraseological turns) are non-free integral units that are not created in the process of communication, but are reproduced in finished form. In terms of meaning, phraseological units can correspond to one word (the cat cried - few, Nick down - remember, seven spans in the forehead - smart) or whole expression (to fish in troubled waters - take advantage of someone's hardships, run aground - get into an extremely difficult, difficult situation).
In a sentence, phraseological units act as one member of the sentence. He
handyman.
In terms of origin phraseological units are divided into native Russian (throughout Ivanovskaya, with a gulkin's nose, out of the fire and into the frying pan), Old Slavonic (not of this world, massacre of babies, an eye for an eye) and borrowed from other languages ( blue stocking - from English. lang., somersault-mortale - from ital. lang., Honeymoon- from the French lang.).
From a stylistic point of view phraseological units are divided into the following groups:
1) neutral, or interstyle: keep a word, draw a line, put an end to it, swan song;
2) stylistically colored, among which stand out:
a) colloquial(brew porridge, like the back of your hand, from all legs, two boots of steam, fill your pocket);
b) colloquial(screw brains, it's in the bag, foolish head);
in) bookstores(finest hour, crown of thorns, apple of discord).
Colloquial and vernacular phraseological units are classified as reduced; book phraseological units - to the category of high, solemn.
To vocabulary writing include words that are used mainly in written varieties of the literary language: in scientific articles, textbooks, in official documents, in business papers, and are not used in casual conversations, in everyday everyday speech.
The language of fiction (prose, poetry, drama) does not belong to specifically written varieties of speech (as well as to specifically oral types of speech).
The vocabulary of fiction, based on neutral words, can include words of both oral and written speech (as well as, along with them, all varieties of popular vocabulary: dialectisms, professionalisms, jargonisms).
There are two types of written vocabulary:
1) Vocabulary book;
2) Vocabulary high(poetic, solemn).
noted functional-style bundle book vocabulary:
1) Official business;
2) Scientific;
3) Newspaper and journalistic.
Official business vocabulary is used in government documents of the following types:
1) Laws;
2) Resolutions;
3) Charters;
4) Instructions;
5) Stationery and administrative papers;
6) Business letters;
7) Contracts;
8) Legal business documents;
9) International agreements;
10) Communiqué;
11) Diplomatic notes, etc. This vocabulary is characterized by:
a) isolation(there are no other-style inclusions in it;
b) semantic clarity;
c) maximum uniqueness;
d) the presence cliches, stereotypes, clichés. The main lexical groups of business style:
1) Names of business papers:
Application, instruction, explanatory, dotsaadnaya, note, help, move thailand;
2) Names of documents:
Diploma, passport, certificate, charter;
3) Business and industrial terminology:
Freight turnover, carrying capacity, supply, recyclable materials, medical staff, overalls, financial department;
4) Nomenclature names (names of various institutions, officials and their posts):
General directorate, ministry, engineer, inspector. In modern business style, abbreviations are widely used:
KB - design bureau;
UKS - capital construction management etc. For scientific vocabulary other-style inclusions are also unusual. In the scientific style, words with abstract semantics are used. In the lexical system of scientific style, first of all, general scientific vocabulary can be distinguished:
Lbstraction, argumentation, research, classification, method, methodology, object, systematization and etc.
The features of the vocabulary of the scientific style include the obligatory presence terms. Term is a word or phrase used to exact name special concepts in the field of production, science, art.
Set of terms a certain area or branch of knowledge forms terminological system(terminology), we call) "yu metalanguage of this science.
Each science necessarily has its own terminology (metal-language). Linguistics can serve as an example of a developed terminological sphere (developed meta-language):
Morpheme, sentence, prefix, phrase, suffix, inflection and etc.
main function newspaper and journalistic style is a function impact, after all, the main feature of journalism is political sharpness, citizenship, polemical intensity.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is most commonly used in newspaper and magazine reviews, in socio-political and literary-critical articles, in pamphlets, feuilletons, essays, proclamations, and so on, for example:
Humanism, unity, neutrality, autonomy, patriotism, propaganda, event, progressive and etc.
Unlike book vocabulary, which accurately names abstract concepts, but is somewhat dry (that is, minimally emotional), vocabulary high characterized by elation, often - solemnity and poetry. High vocabulary words belong to four parts of speech:
1) Nouns:
Daring, chosen one, fatherland, accomplishment, creator;
2) Adjectives:
/(rusty, bold, radiant, irrevocable;
3) Adverbs:
Forever, henceforth;
4) Verbs:
hoist, erect, designate, accomplish.
High vocabulary gives speech a solemn, upbeat or poetic sound. It is used when it comes to significant events in the life of the country and the people, when the author's feelings are high and festive.
L. Leonov substantiated the need to use lofty words in this way: “Just as it is shameful to talk about Pushkin, according to Belinsky media turnip prose, the name of Tolstoy today requires a festive verbal frame.
For example, recalling the first meeting with Leo Tolstoy,
V.A. Gilyarovsky wrote: “This meeting with the great Lev Nikolaevich unforgettable This is the best moment of my life." In this passage the word unforgettable sounds higher than unforgettable.
Vocabulary of fiction (poetry, prose, drama), which may include:
1) Neutral words;
2) Words of oral and written speech;
3) Neo-national vocabulary.
The words of the language are heterogeneous in terms of expressive and stylistic possibilities. In the vocabulary there are such units, the choice of which depends on the situation of verbal communication, on the goals and topic of the utterance. In relation to the Russian language, this issue was raised by M. V. Lomonosov, who developed the “theory of three calms”: high, medium and low. The basis of the vocabulary of the language is stylistically neutral(interstyle) vocabulary(bed, sleep, big, fun, if, due). These are words that are not assigned to any particular style and can be used in any situation. Neutral vocabulary is the starting point, relative to which the attribution of some words to the “high” style is determined (cf .: bed - bed, sleep - rest, big - titanic), and some - to the “low” (cf .: sleep - sleep , if - if). The "high style" includes words that are used mainly in writing and in special situations that require the creation of an unusual, solemn atmosphere. High vocabulary includes bookish, high and official vocabulary. High vocabulary is characterized by solemnity, poetry, it is used mainly in oratory and poetic speech (titanic, chosen one, creator, death). Book words are called that are not assigned to any kind of written speech (unprecedented, view, declare, extremely). To official vocabulary includes words used in office and administrative documents (to certify, complicity, as a result). The words "high style" belong to the literary language and are placed in explanatory dictionaries marked high, book or official. The "low style" refers to the vocabulary of oral speech, used in casual conversation, but not used, as a rule, in written genres (scientific, official business speech). Within the framework of the "low style" allocate colloquial vocabulary that does not go beyond the literary language (hard worker, train, take a nap, careless, most interjections: eh, yeah, etc.) and colloquial vocabulary that is outside the literary language; colloquial vocabulary can be rudely expressive, which leads to its frequent use in the oral speech of many native speakers (stupid, talker, dreary, lousy, get into trouble) and rude, including non-normative (obscene). If words of this kind are placed in explanatory dictionaries, then with litters colloquial and colloquial-reduced. The definition of vocabulary as bookish or colloquial does not mean that bookish vocabulary is not used in oral speech, and colloquial in written language. We are talking about the fact that, being used, for example, in everyday colloquial speech, the bookish word is all the more recognized by the speakers as stylistically colored, foreign.
