mixing with forced air supply (blowing):

straight-through;

vortex.

In addition, all burners, depending on the pressure of the gas entering, entering them are divided into:

low, medium and high pressure.

Injection burners are also divided into:

multi-flare and single-flare.

Diffusion burners . Hearth horizontally slotted multi-torch low-pressure burners without forced air supply. Up to 90% of sectional boilers are still equipped with bottom horizontal slot burners.

A hearth single-row (two-row) burner consists of a gas collector made of a steel pipe with a diameter of 50 mm with two rows of holes arranged in a checkerboard pattern. The slot is made of refractory bricks and serves as a combustion stabilizer. The slot width, depending on the modification, ranges from 90 to 120 mm. With careful adjustment, the temperature of the gas collector does not exceed 350 ° C.

The minimum allowable rarefaction in the furnace at a height of 1 m above the burner is 15-20 Pa, excess air coefficient a, ensuring the absence of products of chemical incompleteness of combustion, 1.25-1.35. Burners require a sufficient height of the furnace, since the length of the flame can reach 1500 mm when operating in nominal mode.

Heat losses with outgoing gases amounted to 11.3-15.2%. In the absence q 3 The efficiency of sectional boilers reached 80%, at 50% heat load it decreases to 73-75%. With a long inter-adjustment period, a more significant decrease in efficiency and the appearance of a significant chemical incompleteness of combustion (up to 2-6%) and an increase in losses with exhaust gases due to significant soot contamination of heating surfaces (T x = 320-350 ° C and more) are possible.

Widespread use is explained by certain advantages of burners - their simplicity, low cost, reliability, wide range of regulation, stability in operation, noiselessness.

Diffusion hearth burners with forced air supply are more efficient and reliable. Basically, TVG-type boilers are equipped with such burners.

At the Department of “Heat and Gas Supply and Protection of the Air Basin” of SPbGASU, a modernized diffusion burner with forced air supply was developed, which was equipped with a modern control and safety automation system. The burner is designed for installation on sectional boilers such as "Energy", "Universal", "Tula".

The energy and environmental performance of the burner is very high. Thus, the efficiency of the boiler in the nominal mode reached 92.1%, the specific fuel consumption was 157.2 kg of fuel equivalent/Gcal. The temperature of the gases behind the boiler decreased from 185 to 133 °С. The products of unfinished combustion were completely absent and emissions of nitrogen oxides decreased by almost 10%.

Group (multi-torch) low-pressure injection burners with a1" 0.4 designs by Lengiproizhproekt. Designed for installation on cast-iron boilers such as "Universal", MG-2T, "Energy", "Tula", etc. The burner consists of a collector, to which branch pipes are welded, having three nozzles at the end. A mixer is attached to each branch pipe. Built-in ring stabilizer and slotted lid on the top of the faucet . Distance between mixers S = 230 mm, mixer length no more than 240 mm.

Secondary air enters the root of the torch through the gaps between fireclay bricks laid out in the form of nests on the grate. The stability range of low-pressure burners is 400-2000 Pa, nominal pressure is 1000 Pa. Burners are not widely used due to the unreliability of operation.

Injection single-torch medium-pressure burners with complete pre-mixing (IGK type, designed by MosgazNIIproekt). They work without chemical incompleteness of combustion with a 1 = l.03-l.05, which ensures high economic performance of boilers with a thermal power of up to 1 MW. The IGK burner has the classic form of injection burners with a central gas nozzle 4 (Fig. 2.1).

A distinctive feature of the burner is a plate stabilizer 1, consisting of plates 0.5 thick and 16 mm wide, fastened together by rods 6 at a distance of 1.4-1.6 mm. As a result, stabilization of combustion is ensured, both in the area of ​​​​separation and flashback of the flame, which in turn guarantees a wide range of stable regulation.

Rice. 2.1. Medium pressure injection burner type IGK.1 - stabilizer; 2 - nozzles: 3 - confuser; 4 - nozzle; 5 - primary air regulator with felt silencer; 6 - rod; 7 - stabilizer plates.

IGK burners are recommended to be installed in the lower part of the sectional boiler furnace. The boiler is equipped with one to three burners. IGK burners have one or four nozzles. At present, modernized IGK-M burners have been developed, which have smaller dimensions and weight with the same performance. IGK burners are widely used when equipping sectional boilers with a thermal power of up to 1 MW in central Russia. The main disadvantage of burners is the high noise level and large dimensions.

Block medium-pressure injection burners with peripheral gas output (BIG type). Developed by Promenergogaz for installation on low power boilers. The burner consists of a set of mixer tubes 3 with a diameter of 48x3 and a length of 290 mm, united by a common gas manifold 4 , each mixer has four nozzles with a diameter of 1.5 mm, drilled at an angle of 25° to the longitudinal generatrix of the mixer and countersunk from the collector side (Fig. 2.2). Tunnel 9 with a depth of 100 mm and a width of 60 mm is used as a combustion stabilizer (for a single-row version). The space between the elements from the collector to the cut of the pipes is filled with a refractory mass in order to avoid heating from radiation in the furnace. Estimated excess air ratio of 1.02-1.05 is achieved with a rarefaction in the furnace of at least 5-30 Pa and gas pressure from 15 kPa to nominal, which in turn ensures complete combustion of gas in a short transparent flame.

Blast burners. Vortex burners with forced air supply type GGV designed by MosgazNINproekt.

Designed for low pressure gas combustion in boilers and furnaces. Burners with a central gas outlet, which from gas outlets with a diameter of 3.0-2.0 mm enters the air stream at an angle of 90 °. The twisting is carried out by a swirler, the blades of which are welded to the outer surface of the gas chamber at an angle of 45°.

Inside the gas chamber, it is possible to install an oil burner with mechanical or steam atomization. The flame nozzle creates a flow squeezing, which increases the stability of combustion and reduces the dependence of gas pressure on air pressure.

Rice. 2.2. The layout of the medium-pressure block injection burner of the BIG type, designed by Promenergogaz: 1 - main burner; 2 - attached ignition burner (BIG-1-1); 3 - single element; 4 - gas manifold of the burner; 5 - supply gas pipeline; 6 - frame for fastening curtains; 7 - noise-absorbing pad; 8 - refractory packing between mixers; 9 - tunnel; 10 - curtain made of transparent material; 11 - nozzle.

A conical embrasure with an opening angle of about 60 ° or a cylindrical tunnel with a sudden expansion serves as a stabilizer. The first, as a rule, is arranged during the operation of the burner in the gas-oil version. Modernized GGV burners. passed state tests.

Blast burners type G-1.0 (0.4). They operate on low pressure gas with forced air supply and have a short torch. The gas part of the G-1.0 burner consists of two pipes: the main 11 with a diameter of 70 mm (Fig. 2.3) and the ignition 12 with a diameter of 10 mm . The burner has two electrodes: one for ignition 6 , another for flame control 10 . To stabilize the igniter flame, a stabilizing flat disk 7 is installed at a distance of 30 mm from its end.

The gas exits from the gas outlets arranged in three rows on the gas pipe 11 at an angle of 90° to the air flow. The first row has 18 holes with a diameter of 6.5 mm, the second with 18 holes with a diameter of 5.0 and the third with 24 holes with a diameter of 3.5 mm. Air is supplied to box 2 by a medium pressure fan VD-2.7 or Ts-14-46 supplied with the burner.

Estimated gas pressure at a nominal flow rate of 100 m 3 / h, depending on the type of boiler, is taken from 1500 to 2500 Pa, air - 1400-1500 Pa. The burner can operate both under rarefaction in the furnace (1-20 Pa) and under pressurization (400-500 Pa). Estimated coefficient of excess air behind the boiler a k \u003d 1.1-1.2.

In addition to the burner and fan, the package includes an individual smoke exhauster D-3.5 and an integrated automation system AMK-U, which provides automatic ignition of the boiler, safety and regulation of thermal power.

Rice. 2.3. Burner type G-1.0 (0.4): 1 - porcelain insulating tube; 2 - air box; 3 - front sheet; 4 - thermal insulation of the front sheet; 5 - clamp for fixing electrodes; 6 - ignition electrode; 7 - stabilizing flat disk; 8 - stabilizing washer; 9 - mixer; 10 - flame control electrode; 11 - main gas pipe; 12 - ignition pipe.

Automated gas burner block L1-N. Designed for low-pressure gas combustion in heating water-heating automated boilers with a capacity of up to 1 MW (Fig. 2.4). The burner of the L1-N block is combined with a fan for supplying the air necessary for combustion. According to the level of its automation, it can work without the constant presence of maintenance personnel in the boiler room, which allows switching to servicing several boiler houses from one control room.

Rice. 2.4. Automated gas burner block type L1-N: 1 - support frame; 2 - electric motor; 3 - fan; 4 - burner body; 5 - control damper; 6 - gas supply pipe; 7 - front plate; 8 - confuser; 9 - resonator; 10 - perforated air swirler; 11 - cast-iron boiler "Torch"; 12 - trolley; 13 - guide frame.

Block L1-N operates in two modes: "small combustion" and "large combustion", while the power is respectively 0.418 and 1.077 MW, and the gas flow rate is 42 and 103 m 3 / h. In the entire range of thermal loads, the excess air coefficient is automatically maintained within 1.04-1.05 in the absence of chemical incomplete combustion. The main technical characteristics and test results on natural gas are presented in Table. 2.1.

Table 2.1

Main technical characteristics of the L1-N automated gas burner unit

The end of the table. 2.1

Automated block burner type GBL. Burners of the GBL type are designed for economical and safe combustion of natural gas in heating water and steam boilers with a nominal capacity of up to 1.0 MW, both with vacuum and with excess pressure in the furnace (Fig. 2.5).

The process of fuel combustion is carried out in automatic mode, with positional control of the test power of the burner with a smooth transition from one mode to another at the command of the water temperature sensor, as well as automatic shutdown of the burner when emergency values ​​​​of the controlled parameters are reached.

In addition to positional control, the burner provides the following operations: start-up in automatic mode with preliminary purge of the combustion chamber and chimneys; supply and ignition of gaseous fuel; automatic maintenance of the set water temperature at the outlet of the boiler by changing the operating modes ("small combustion" - "large combustion" and vice versa); automatic shutdown of the burner in emergency situations.

The technical characteristics of the burners are presented in Table. 2.2.

Table 2.2 (Appendix)

AUTOMATED GAS BURNER UNIT

L 1 - n WITH CONTROL PANEL

Fm 34B.00.00.000 PS

1. Introduction
2. Purpose
3. Specifications
4. The composition and arrangement of the block L I-n and its components
5. Work
6. Safety Instructions
7. Mounting and overlay
8. Preparation for work
9. Operating procedure
   1. Ignition
   2. Exploitation
   3. Stop
   4. Emergency stop
10. Maintenance
11. Storage rules
12. Transportation
13. Completeness
14. manufacturer's warranty

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. The passport is intended for familiarization with the L 1-n automated gas burner unit, equipped with KSU7 automation, and contains a description of its devices, the principle of operation, as well as technical characteristics and other information necessary for the full use of the technical capabilities of the unit. The passport provides information necessary for the correct operation of the product and maintaining its readiness for work.

1.2. The provisions set out in this document are mandatory for implementation at all stages of installation and operation.

1.3. Based on the results of the operational check, changes and additions may be made to the passport.

1.4. When studying block L 1-n, you must use the following documents included in the delivery set:

1) the form of the set of controls KSU7 3Ya.606.54IFO;

2) instruction manual for the set of controls KSU7 3Ya.606.541EI;

3) passport, technical description and operating instructions for the BUK7 boiler control unit;

4) technical description and operating instructions for flanged diaphragm valve with electromagnetic drive Lu 25, 40, 50;

5) technical description and operating instructions for a thermometer showing signaling TGP - 100Ek;

6) passport - instructions for the photo sensor PD - 1;

7) passport, technical description and operating instructions for the gas electric ignition type EZ;

8) technical description and operating instructions for a long-stroke single-phase alternating current electromagnet of the EM series;

9) passport and instruction manual for the sensor - pressure switch DN - 6;

10) passport and operating instructions for pressure sensor-relay DN - 2.5;

11) passport and instruction manual for the sensor - pressure and thrust relay DNT - 1;

12) passport and instruction manual for the sensor - pressure switch DD - 1.6;

13) passport and operating instructions for the thermostatic dilatometric electric device TUDE - 4.

1.5 The design of the block L1 - n is constantly being improved. Therefore, the passport may not reflect individual changes associated with the modernization of block L1 - n at the present time.

2.PURPOSE

2.1. Automated gas burner unit L1-n with a control panel, hereinafter referred to as "L1-n unit", is designed for combustion of low-pressure natural gas in automated hot water boilers with a heat output of up to 1.0 MW.

Block L1 - n is designed to operate under the following conditions:

1. ambient air temperature - from +5 to 50 0 С;
2. relative humidity - from 30 to 80%;
3. vibration with a frequency of 5 to 25 Hz and an amplitude of up to 0.1 mm;
4. external constant or variable (50 or 60 Hz) magnetic fields up to 100 A/m;
5. the premises are closed capital, without sudden changes in temperature and splashes, non-explosive and not containing impurities of aggressive substances in the air.

2.2. Block L1-n is installed on the front wall of the boiler furnace. Blocks BUK 7 and BKE 7 or the control panel and instrument panels are installed near the boiler in accordance with the design of the boiler house.

2.3 Block L1-n can operate without the constant presence of maintenance personnel in the boiler room and allows you to switch to servicing several boiler houses from one control room.

3.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

3.1. Type of fuel - natural gas GOST 5542-87

3.3. Frequency, Hz 50 ± 1

3.4. Power consumption, kV-A, not more than 1.5

3.5. Other technical characteristics are given in Table 1

Table 1

Continuation of Table 1

Notes: 1. Indicators marked with * are checked during acceptance tests, the rest - during periodic tests.

2. Overall dimensions and weight of individual elements of electrical equipment, as well as their composition may vary depending on the specific state of delivery of automation devices

3. When the L1-n unit is equipped with the KSU7-G-2 automation, instead of the BUK7 and BKE7 units, it includes a control panel with overall dimensions of not more than 560x200x810 mm and a weight of not more than 37 kg. (fig. 1.pos 28)

4. COMPOSITION AND DESIGN OF L1-n UNIT

AND ITS COMPONENTS

4.1. The structural diagram of the L1-n block is shown in fig. one.

4.2. The L1-n block consists of six main units: a firing unit, an air supply unit, a reinforcement group, BUK7 and BKE7 blocks or a control panel, instrument panels and sensors installed on the boiler.

4.3. The firing unit, the air supply unit and the automation armature group are structurally combined into a burner block.

4.4. The armature group contains a valve “on the burner” (pos. 1), the main shut-off valve (pos. 2), a valve for “large” (pos. 3) and “small” (pos. 4) combustion, an ignition valve (pos. 5) burner and flange (pos.10) for connection with the firing unit of the block.

4.5. The firing unit contains an ignition (pos. 6) and a main (pos. 7) burner, which, respectively, have photo sensors for controlling the pilot burner flame (pos. 8) and the main burner flame (pos. 9) . The firing unit is installed on the front wall of the boiler.

4.6. The air unit contains a control damper with an electromagnetic drive (pos. 11) and a radial (centrifugal) fan (pos. 12) with a motor (pos. 13).

The air damper drive mechanism provides regulation of its final positions: opening - by changing the length of the screw rod (pos. 14) from the armature of the electromagnet; closing - by changing the position of the screw - stop (pos. 15) under the lever.

At the end of the air damper axis there is a slot corresponding to the position of the damper blade. The tension of the return spring (pos. 16) of the drive mechanism is provided by the adjusting screw (pos. 17)

Adjustment of the air damper provides the necessary coefficient of excess air and the absence of harmful impurities and heat losses with chemical underburning during gas combustion in both "small" and "large" combustion modes.

4.7. The electrical equipment includes: boiler control unit BUK7 (pos. 18), block of switching elements BKE 7 (pos. 19), dashboards (pos. 20); transformer OS33 - 730 (pos. 23), terminal box (pos. 21) . mounted on the engine, an electromagnet for actuating the damper of the boiler flue valve and sensors for monitoring parameters installed on the boiler. Block BKE7 (pos. 19) includes a magnetic fan motor starter, an automatic switch for turning on the power to the burner, terminal blocks, a fuse.

4.8. The automation elements installed on the control panel, on the instrument panels, on the burner and on the boiler are interconnected in accordance with the electrical diagrams given in the appendix.

4.9. Schematic diagrams of block L1-n are given in the appendix.

4.10. Automation L1-n, complete with actuators and parameters control sensors, provides automatic start-up of the boiler with the L1-n unit, regulation of the water temperature at the outlet of the boiler when working with a general boiler or individual regulator, protection of the boiler and alarm in case of violation of controlled parameters with memorization of the root cause of the accident .

4.11. To move the L1-n block, sling loops are provided in its design.

5 . JOB

5.1. Turning on and off the block L1 - n (see Fig. 1) is carried out by the operator using the "Start" and "Stop" buttons located on the front panel of the BUK7 control and signaling unit.

5.2. At start-up, in accordance with the set program, the boiler furnace is automatically ventilated sequentially, the pilot burner (pos. 6) and the main burner (pos. 7) are turned on at 40% of the power (“low burning” mode) and then at 100% of the power ( "big burn" mode.

5.3. Air for ventilation of the boiler furnace is supplied by a fan (pos. 12) through the main heater. To burn gas to the pilot and main burners, air is also supplied by a fan. Gas enters the pilot burner through a valve (pos. 5), which opens when the Start button is pressed.

5.4. During ignition, the gas enters the main burner through the "small combustion" valve (pos. 4), which opens on the signal from the sensor for controlling the presence of the torch of the ignition heater. In the pilot burner, the gas is ignited by a high-voltage spark of an electric ignition device. The gas in the main burner is ignited by the flame of the pilot burner. After ignition of the gas in the main burner, the gas supply to the pilot burner is converted by automatically closing the valve (pos. 5), and the “low combustion” valve (pos. 4) is held open by the signal from the flame presence control photosensor (pos. boiler furnace wall.

5.5. After turning on the L1-n block and warming up the boiler to "low combustion" for the time specified by the program, the hot water temperature control system at the boiler outlet is automatically turned on. After that, the temperature control device or the general boiler regulator automatically ensures the temperature of the hot water at the outlet of the boiler in the specified range.

5.6. In the automatic mode of operation of the unit, positional control is carried out - 100% and 40% of its rated power.

5.7. The safety of the boiler operation is ensured by the automatic burner both when it is turned on and when operating in automatic mode.

5.8. When operating in the "small combustion" mode, the air damper of the L1-n block must be installed vertically (the magnet is de-energized). The supply of air for "small combustion" is provided due to the incomplete overlapping of the channel with an air damper.

5. 9. The layout of dampers is shown in fig. 2. The position of the damper in the modes of "small" and "large" combustion is finally determined by the quality of gas combustion at a given coefficient of excess air behind the boiler. The excess air coefficient is determined during complete combustion of the gas using the GHPZm device. Changing the position of the shutters (see Fig. 3) during adjustment is carried out by changing the position of the axis (pos. 4) in the clamp (pos. 5) using a screwdriver and an oven key. If the excess air ratio exceeds the set value, the damper is closed during adjustment.

5.10. The tension of the spring (pos.6) on the air damper and the flue damper damper must be adjusted in such a way that the damper is in a stable position when operating at “low combustion”. The tension force of the spring should not exceed the value that ensures a snug fit of the core to the magnetic circuit of the electromagnet in the "high burning" mode.

5.11. To actuate the damper of the gas boiler valve as part of the L1 - n block, an electromagnet of the EMZZ - 5111 type is supplied (R ± 2.2 kg, armature stroke 20 mm). To install the specified electromagnet, the boiler flue must have an appropriate bracket in the boiler structure.

5. 12. The gas distributor must have a distance of 6 ± 0.5 mm from the plane of the flame stabilizer.

5.13. Safety automation cuts off the gas supply to the burner block in the following emergency situations;

1) extinguishing of the igniter flame;

2) extinction of the flame in the main burner;

3) increase in water temperature at the outlet of the boiler;

4) increase in water pressure at the outlet of the boiler;

5) lowering the water pressure at the outlet of the boiler;

6) lowering the air pressure in front of the burner;

7) increasing the gas pressure in front of the shut-off solenoid valve;

8) lowering the gas pressure in front of the shut-off solenoid valve;

9) lowering the vacuum in the boiler furnace;

10) increase in pressure in the boiler furnace during the explosion of gases in the furnace or in gas ducts;

11) loss of automation supply voltage;

12) malfunctions of the main components of the BUK7 control and signaling unit;

13) breakage of wires of protection circuits;

14) shutdown of the smoke exhauster.

5.14. The reasons for the emergency shutdown of the L1 block - n are fixed by a light indication on the front panel of the BUK7 boiler control unit. An audible signal about the emergency shutdown of the L1-n block is sent to the boiler room.

5.15. A detailed description of the operation of the set of controls KSU7 is set out in its operating instructions 3.606.541IZ, which is included in the delivery kit of the L1-n unit.

6. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

6.1. To ensure the safe operation of the unit L1 - n, the safety department of the enterprise operating the unit should develop a “Safety Instruction”, which should be agreed with the local authorities supervising gas equipment.

The instruction must be developed in strict accordance with the requirements of the “Safety Rules in the Gas Industry”, taking into account the safety features of the operation of the unit. The instruction must be posted at the operator's workplace. In its absence, it is prohibited to operate the L1-n unit.

6.2. Only persons who have been instructed in safety precautions, trained and have a certificate for the right to work with gasified equipment and a P electrical safety group may be allowed to work with the L1 - n unit.

6.3. Roz and operation of the block L1-n without checking the tightness of the closure of manual and automatic shut-off devices and with faulty automation is prohibited.

6.4. The control panels of the gas burner unit and metal non-current-carrying parts of electrical appliances must be grounded in accordance with the "Rules for the Construction of Electrical Installations" - PUE.

6.5. On the non-working unit L1 -n, the manual gas shut-off valve must always be closed. It is allowed to open the manual shut-off valve only when the boiler is started, before applying voltage to the BUK unit of the KSU7-G set.

6.6. The operator does not have the right to allow unauthorized persons to the L1-n unit without appropriate permission.

6.7. The sudden stop of the L1 - n unit, caused by its abnormal operation or a malfunction of the automation, must be immediately notified to the head of the boiler room.

6.8. When performing any work, use a portable electric lamp with a voltage not higher than 12 V.

6.9. In the event of a gas leak, the operation of the L1 - n unit, ignition of a fire, switching on and off of electrical equipment is prohibited.

6.11. All types of repair and maintenance work should be carried out only on the non-working L1-n block, with the electrical and gas networks disconnected from the L1-n block, after blowing the block and the boiler furnace.

The power supply from the electrical network must be turned off at the boiler switchboard.

The regime overlay, repair and maintenance work must be carried out by specially trained personnel and with the appropriate permits.

6.12. If there is a smell of gas, a fire or another emergency occurs, immediately make an emergency stop of the L1-n unit (see section 9.4), and then call the relevant emergency services.

6.13. In the event of an emergency shutdown of the L1-n unit, according to one of the controlled parameters, the gas valve in front of the gas burner unit must be immediately closed.

6.15. Each set of block L1-n must be accompanied by passports of components indicating the necessary safety measures.

7. INSTALLATION AND COVERING

7.1. Block L1-n arrives for installation packed in wooden boxes.

It is not allowed to unload the boxes by dropping them, as well as turn over them during loading and unloading operations.

It is not recommended to unpack the boxes prior to installation.

7.2. Only specialized organizations and persons are allowed to install, mount, adjust and configure the L1-n unit, instruments and automation devices. who have undergone special training and have the appropriate documents.

7.3. After unpacking, install the L1-n block with a flange to the front wall of the furnace and fix it through the asbestos gasket.

Assemble bolted fasteners with graphite grease.

7.4. Connect the gas inlet of the L1-n unit to the gas pipeline of the boiler house in accordance with the gas supply scheme (see Fig. 4)

7.5. Parameter control sensors (DD-1.6, TUDE-4, TGP-100Ek, DNT-1, DN-2.5, DN-6) are connected by impulse tubes to the places for sampling impulses on the L1-n unit and the boiler.

7.6. On the parameters control sensors that provide protection and regulation of the boiler, set the following settings:

1) DD - 1.6 - lower limit of water pressure 0.35 MPa

(3.5 kgf / cm 2) 1.5 kgf / cm 2 DD -0.025 (0.25 - 3.5);

2) DD - 1.6 - the upper limit of water pressure is 0.6 MPa (6.0 kgf / cm 2);

3) TUDE - 4 upper limit of water temperature - no more than 115 0 С;

4) DNT -1 - on the line of selection of rarefaction 5-10 Pa (o.5 - 1 kgf / cm 2);

5) DN-6 - the upper limit of gas pressure in front of the shut-off solenoid valve is 4.85 kPa (485 kgf / cm 2);

6) DN-6 - the lower limit of gas pressure in front of the shut-off solenoid valve is 2.9 kPa (290 kgf / cm 2);

7) DN - 2.5 - the lower limit of air pressure is 0.3 kPa (30 kgf / cm 2);

8) DN - 2.5 - increase in gas pressure in the furnace 2.5 kPa (250 kgf / cm 2)

9) TGP - 100Ek - set the lower and upper values ​​of the water temperature at the outlet of the boiler in accordance with the heating schedule.

7.7. The control unit BUK7, the block of switching elements BKE7 (or the control panel) must be hung in the immediate vicinity of the boiler in a place convenient for operation on the walls, columns, metal structures of the boiler room.

7.8. Make all electrical connections between the equipment in accordance with the application with a copper wire with a cross section of at least 1 mm 2 or aluminum - 2.5 mm 2.

To be included in the alarm system of the boiler room, the BUK7 block has “dry” contacts that are not electrically connected to the boiler circuit.

7.9. Before installing automatic devices, remove protective grease from them with a clean, soft, gasoline-soaked rag.

7.10. Before turning on the gas, check all lines and connections (pulse and connecting) for tightness at operating pressure. Leaks are not allowed.

7.11. Check the electrical connection diagram: the insulation resistance, measured with a megger between the cores and the core of each wire and the ground, must be at least 20 MΩ (U test = 500 V).

7.12. Try turning on the KSU7-G-5 automation system by checking the sequence and consistency of the actions of all its elements without turning on the gas. The check should be carried out by assembling the "Scheme for checking the operation of the KSU7 kit with the BKE7 unit", given in the instruction manual for the KSU7 control kit.

For automation KSU7-G-2 "Scheme for checking the functioning of modifications of KSU7 with the BKE7 block" is also given in the mentioned operating instructions.

7.13. Check the correctness of the adjustment, the operability of the wire and the reliability of fixing the initial and final positions of the air damper by manually lifting the armature of the electromagnet until it stops. If necessary, adjust the screws.

7.14. By briefly switching on, check the correct direction of rotation of the fan wheel according to the arrow on the fan housing and, if necessary, change the direction of rotation by switching phases at the motor terminal box.

7.15. Check the technical condition of locking and control devices and, if necessary, tighten bolted connections and electrical contacts.

If necessary, during the period of commissioning, the spark gap in the igniter can be reduced to 4 mm.

7.16. The L1-n block during installation and lining must be protected from vibrations not related to its operation, shocks and water ingress on electrical equipment and rubbing parts.

7.17. The correct installation of the L1-n block on the boiler and its connection to the gas network is subject to the control of the relevant authorities supervising gas equipment.

7.18. Connecting the L1-n unit to the gas network is carried out by a local specialized organization.

8. PREPARATION FOR WORK

8.1. during the preparation for ignition it is necessary:

1) check the reliability and tightness of the connection of the L1-n block to the front wall of the boiler furnace. Air leaks into the furnace through leaks are not allowed;

2) check the tightness of closing of the gas valves and the igniter valve by the drop in gas pressure in front of the solenoid valve and after it by briefly (1-3) opening and closing the cock (pos. 1). If the pressure drops more than 1 kPa in 1 min, inspect the gas valves and the igniter valve, eliminate the leak and re-check;

3) check the performance of work on preparing the boiler on which the L1-n block is mounted for ignition;

4) check the correct setting of the air damper drive: when the armature of the electromagnet is retracted, the damper should not rest against the manifold; with the magnet armature lowered, the angle between the boil (item 5 of Fig. 3) and the horizontal axis should not exceed 45 0, otherwise the end of the damper shaft will bend.

8.2. check the response limits of the sensors for the parameters specified in clause 7.6.

9. ORDER OF WORK

9.1. Ignition

9.1.1. After completing the installation of the L1-n block, its adjustment and preparation for ignition, prepare for the start of gas.

THE PRIMARY STARTING OF GAS (AT THE BEGINNING OF THE HEATING SEASON OR AFTER REPAIR) MUST BE CARRIED OUT BY A SPECIALIZED ORGANIZATION IN THE PRESENCE OF THE PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GAS SERVICE.

9.1.2. Before starting the gas, you must:

1) make sure that there is no gas in the room in the boiler room where the L1-n unit is installed, by smell or using a portable gas analyzer. If there is a smell of gas in the room, naturally ventilate the boiler room by opening doors and windows.

It is forbidden to bring open fire into the boiler room, smoke and turn on electrical equipment. BEFORE CHECKING THE SHUT-OFF BODIES AND ELIMINATION OF THE GAS LEAKAGE, START-UP OF THE L1-n UNIT IS PROHIBITED;

2) make sure that all gas valves and gate valves are closed, and the valves of the purge gas lines in front of the L1-n block are open;

3) with the fan off and the air damper closed, check the vacuum in the boiler furnace.

For different types of boilers, the vacuum value in the furnace before start-up is specified in the process of commissioning.

9.1.3. check the gas pressure in front of the solenoid valve of the L1-n block, it should be 4.2 kPa (420 kgf / m 2).

Correct data for gas consumption.

9.1.4. Open the tap on the burner.

9.1.5. Start side L1-n to produce in the following order:

1) apply voltage from the general boiler board;

2) turn on the automatic power switch on the BKE7 unit or control panel and the “Network” toggle switch on the front panel of the BUK7 control unit. At the same time, the "Network" indicator light should light up.

3) check the serviceability of the light and sound alarms by pressing the "Control" button.

4) set the control mode selection button to the “Auto” position;

5) click on the "Start" button. After that, all start-up operations are carried out automatically. The fact that the start program is being executed is indicated by the on state of the Start indicator light. After the completion of the start program, the Start indicator turns off and the Start completed indicator light turns on.

The further operation procedure is described in sufficient detail in the instruction manual for the KSU7 kit.

9.1.6. When the L1-n unit is operating in the “FROM OKU” control mode, the boiler is started only by a signal from the control room or from the general boiler control device.

9.1.7. During operation of the L1-n unit, the gas pressure measured in front of the burner (after the gas valves) must be at least 260 Pa (26 kgf / m 2) in the “low combustion” mode, not more than 2.0 k in the “large combustion” mode Pa (200 kgf / m 2), air pressure, respectively, 650 Pa (65 kgf / m 2) and 1.15 kPa (115 kgf / m 2). (to be specified during setup).

9.1.8. Visually check the operation of the L1-n block through a peeper on the front wall of the boiler furnace.

9.1.9. Make sure that the L1-n unit is burning normally and that the electromagnetic actuators of the air damper of the boiler flue are working properly.

9.1.10. The vacuum in the boiler furnace at 100% and 40% load should be 10-25 Pa (1.0 - 2.5 kgf / m 2).

9.2. Exploitation

9.2.1. During the operation of block L1-n, fire safety rules and safety regulations must be strictly observed.

9.2.2. Maintenance personnel must undergo special training and pass exams on safety rules in the gas industry.

9.2.3. The power control of the L1-n unit according to the modes of "small" and "large" combustion is carried out automatically using the electric actuators of the boiler gas flue damper, the air damper and the gas valve of the "large" combustion of the L1-n unit according to the signals of the general boiler or autonomous control device, or from the control room item.

9.2.4. When the load increases at the time of operation of the L1-n unit by 40% mode, the latter automatically switches to 100% mode.

9.2.5. When the L1-n block is turned off, its subsequent start is carried out by the operator after the completion of the automatic stop program.

9.3. Stop

9.3.1. For a planned shutdown of the L1-n unit operating in an autonomous control mode, the operator must:

1) press the "STOP" button on the front panel of the BUK7 unit, after which the stop program is executed automatically;

2) close the tap "on the burner";

3) after the fan stops, turn off the automatic power switch on the BKE7 unit or the control panel and the “Network” toggle switch on the front panel of the BUK7 unit. in this case, the "Network" indicator should turn off.

9.3.2. A scheduled shutdown of the L1-n block operating in the “Oku” control mode can be carried out either by a signal from the control room or from the general boiler control device, or by pressing the “Stop” button. If the stop was carried out by pressing the "STOP" button, then the BUK7 unit is automatically transferred to the offline mode of operation, after which the operations specified in listings 2) and 3) of clause 9.3.1 should be performed.

9.4. Emergency stop.

9.4.1. If there is a smell of gas or an accident (see Fig. 4), close the gas valve at the inlet to the boiler room, turn off the safety valve on the GRU and the valve "on the burner" (pos. 3), turn off the power supply. open windows and doors and take measures to eliminate the accident, informing the person responsible for the boiler room. If necessary, call emergency services: gas control authorities, fire department, etc.

9.4.2. In the event of an emergency, i.e. violation of any of the controlled parameters of the L1-n block or the boiler, the L1-n block automatically stops with the root cause of the emergency remembered. At the same time, the corresponding light indication is switched on on the front panel of the BUK7 block, and an audible signal is given in the boiler room.

In this case, the operator must close the valve "on the burner". The sound and light signal is removed by the operator by pressing the "Disable ∆" and "Disable O" buttons, after which the reasons for the emergency stop of the L1-n unit should be found out and eliminated.

After that, the automation kit KSU7-G-5 or KSU7-G-2 is again ready for operation.

9.4.3. In the event of malfunctions in the BUK7 block, the light indication “The block is faulty” turns on.

9.4.4. The operator must immediately inform the head of the boiler room about the emergency shutdown of the L1-n block.

9.4.5. During the dispatching service of the boiler room, the signal about the emergency stop of the L1-n unit is automatically sent to the control room.

11. MAINTENANCE

11.1. During operation, it is necessary to monitor the technical condition of the L1-n unit as a whole and its components.

11.2. Checking and cleaning of the L1-n block should be carried out if there is a violation of the combustion process, but at least once during the heating season.

11.3. Maintenance of the BUK7 boiler control unit and other devices of the automation system and components consists in the implementation of preventive measures and the elimination of noticed malfunctions in accordance with the factory instructions.

11.4. During operation, it is necessary to monitor the state of lubrication in the motor end shields, as well as in the bearings and screw connections. Periodically, but at least once during the heating season, replenish the lubricant in the listed connections (see fig. 2 and 3). Lubricate the engine in accordance with the requirements of its operating instructions, other places - IATI-203 GOST 8773-73.

The bolts for fastening the burner flange to the boiler at each installation must be lubricated with paraffin grease in accordance with GOST 3333-80.

11.5. Block L1- must be kept clean, all bolted connections must be securely tightened. Periodically, but at least once a month, during operation, bolted connections and electrical contacts must be tightened. In this case, special attention must be paid to the threaded connections of the electromagnetic actuator of the air damper.

11.6. Shelf life of the L1-n block in the consumer's warehouses, without renewal of conservation lubricant. one year. After this period, the unit must be reactivated and inspected. If there are traces of corrosion, defective areas are cleaned, after which re-preservation is carried out in accordance with GOST 9.014-78.

11.7. Once a shift, the tightness of threaded and flanged connections of pipelines and fittings should be checked by soaping with fixing the results of the check in a journal.

Before each inclusion of the L1-n unit into operation, in addition to the above check, the tightness of closing the gas valves and the igniter valve should be checked using a pressure gauge.

11.8. Periodically, at least once every three months, it is necessary to check the reliability of the bolted fastening of the air damper to its axis. The check should be carried out in the following sequence (see fig. 1):

1) disassemble the connection between the fan and the burner body;

2) tighten the bolted connections of the air damper to the axis and lock them;

3) further assembly is carried out in the reverse order.

11.9. Periodically, at least once every 3 months, it is necessary to check the axial clearance (see Fig. 5) between the impeller (pos. 2) and the inlet pipe (pos. 1) of the fan, for which it is necessary:

1) measure the size of the gap;

2) if the gap is more than 1 mm, loosen the screw fastening (pos. 3) and set the gap to 1 mm by moving the branch pipe axially, after which the screws are tightened.

11.10. All maintenance operations of the L1-n block must be carried out with the voltage removed from the boiler room shield.

11.11. When carrying out activities for the maintenance of electrical equipment, one should be guided by the "Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers and safety precautions for the operation of electrical installations of consumers" - PTE and PTB.

12. STORAGE RULES

12.1. The gas burner unit, BUK7 and BKE7 units or the control panel, instrument panels and components must be stored in the manufacturer's packaging - plank non-separable boxes in accordance with GOST 2991 - 85.

12.2. Storage of the L1-n unit and its components in the warehouses of the consumer should be carried out in a heated ventilated room at a temperature of +5 0 С to + 50 0 С and relative humidity up to 80%.

12.3. The containers must be marked with indelible paint, where they must be indicated in accordance with GOST 14192-77:

1) main, additional and information inscriptions;

2) manipulation signs "Up, do not turn over", "Slinging place", "Caution, fragile", "Center of gravity", "Afraid of dampness".

12.4. Unpacking boxes during storage is not recommended.

13. TRANSPORTATION

13.1. Block L1-n can be transported packed in wooden boxes provided that it is protected from mechanical damage and moisture ingress.

13.2. Transportation conditions - in accordance with the requirements of GOST 10617 - 83.

14. COMPLETENESS

14.1. The completeness of the block is given in Table 3

Table 3

18. MANUFACTURER WARRANTY

18.1. The manufacturer guarantees the compliance of the L1-n gas burner unit with the requirements of the technical specifications TU 21-0282129-264-90, provided that the consumer observes the conditions of transportation, storage, installation and operation established by the technical specifications and the passport.

18.2. The warranty period of operation is 24 months from the date of putting the L1-n gas burner unit into operation.

18.3. In case of detection during the warranty period of malfunctions in the operation of the gas burner unit, caused by improper manufacture of its parts and assembly units, the manufacturer replaces the unusable parts and assembly units free of charge.

When erecting stairs in multi-level premises, builders must take into account the fact that in the event of a fire, it is the stepped structure that can become the only way to get out into the air and save people. Depending on how adapted the system is to the evacuation of people in the building, staircases are usually divided into types H1, H2, L1 and L2. The main design features of these spans, as well as the requirements for them, will be discussed in this article, illustrated with a large number of photos and videos.

Before proceeding with the design of a multi-level building, the architect must pay special attention to the development of sketches of staircases.

What is a staircase

Before the construction of the stairs begins, a special vertical opening is designed for it in the building - the stairwell.

• stepped marches;
• sites;
• fences;
• walls with door and window openings;
• ceilings and floors.

The main criterion by which stairwells are divided into types is fire safety and unhindered evacuation of people in the event of a fire and smoke.

Classification of stairwells

Depending on the level of smoke in the event of a fire, staircases can be:

• ordinary - this species is divided into types L1 and L2;
• smoke-free - types H1, H2 and H3.

Ordinary staircases

Structures that may be subject to smoke in case of fire belong to ordinary landings, which in turn are divided into two main types - L1 and L2. Next, consider them in more detail in the photo.

Type L1

Stepped platform L1 is characterized by the presence on each floor of glazed windows located in the bearing wall of the building, through which natural light enters the room. In some cases, these gaps in the wall may not be glazed.

Type L2

The L2 type landing has natural lighting, which enters the span through glazed open gaps made in the coating. The photo below clearly demonstrates this type of conventional staircase.

Smoke-free staircases

The main requirements for this type of system are:

• the presence of special locks for entering the stepped cage of air flows from a smoke-free zone;
• the presence of evacuation passages that allow people to leave the dangerous premises at the time of fire.

Smoke-free structures also have their own division - these are types H1, H2 and H3. Let's analyze them in more detail.

Type H1

This type of staircase has an entrance from the floors of the building through the street part of the building through an open passage, free from smoke. This type of construction is often used in administrative, public and educational institutions, whose height exceeds 30 meters. It is considered the most suitable for carrying out the evacuation of people from a building engulfed in smoke.

Type H2

Site H2 is distinguished by the presence of a special ventilation support through which, in the event of a fire, clean air will be supplied to the stairs, which will enable people to get oxygen. This option is used in rooms whose height is 28 meters. A photo of the design is shown below.

Type H3

Smoke-free stepped cage type H3 is equipped with an entrance from the floor through the vestibule, as well as oxygen overpressure with the possibility of multiple air supply to people in case of fire in the room.

We examined the main types of staircases, according to the standards of SNiP. However, the above classification does not apply to household step structures installed in country dwellings for the transition between two or three levels.

Requirements for stairs and stairwells

Since ladder systems serve evacuation purposes in the event of a fire, they must be built in accordance with the standards prescribed by SNiP 21-01-97.

According to this regulatory act, the following requirements are imposed on staircases located inside multi-level buildings:

• 1 m 35 cm - for buildings of class F 1.1;
• 1 m 20 cm - for houses with more than 200 people on each floor;
• 0.7 meters - for stairs designed for a single workplace;
• about 90 cm - in all other cases.

2. The permitted slope of the structure for carrying out evacuation measures is 1:1.

3. Depth of tread - not less than 25 cm.

4. Step height - no more than 22 cm.

5. Bias for open systems - 2:1.

6. Open-type structures must be made of non-combustible materials and mounted near blank walls, class not less than K1 with the highest fire resistance limit. The platforms of such stairs must have a fence with a height of at least 1 m 20 cm.

7. The width of the platform must correspond to the width of the march.

8. The doors to the cage, when opened, should not block the march and the platform.

9. Blocking of staircases with cabinets and other equipment is not allowed.

10. The use of luminous railings is allowed.

11. Landings of type H1 must have an exit to the outside.

12. Cells of types L1, H1 and H2 should be illuminated with natural light through specialized openings in the facade walls on each floor.

13. Type H2 sites are equipped with blind (non-opening) windows.

Related videos

In the video below you will find additional information on the topic discussed.

Space program L-1 (UR500K-L1), L-3 (N1-L3)

Space program L-1 (UR500K-L1)

In September 1966, by order of General N.P. Kamanin, a group of cosmonauts was formed at the Air Force Cosmonaut Training Center for training under the UR-500K-L-1 lunar flyby program on the L-1 spacecraft. This ship had a discrete control part, including manual input of settings. The astronauts learned how to manually perform orbit correction, as well as control the spacecraft during the descent to Earth. There were a lot of trainings on the simulator "Volchok", which worked out the control of the spacecraft under real g-forces during entry into the atmosphere with the second cosmic velocity. Each of the crews made at least 40 rotations on the centrifuge with g-forces up to 10g.
At the beginning of 1969, as a result of the reorganization of the CPC under the 1st Directorate, separate detachments of cosmonauts were formed in the first four departments according to their areas of activity. The detachment of the 3rd department included military cosmonauts of the L-1 group. V. Bykovsky was appointed head of the department, and E. Khrunov as his deputy. At the end of 1969, the program of manned flight around the moon was actually closed. The cosmonauts were transferred to training under other programs, and the L-1 group ceased to exist.

Program "L-1" or "UR500K-L1" intended for a manned flight around the moon. The program was carried out in 1965-1970. The main goal of the program was to ensure the priority of the USSR in the first manned flight to the Moon. The goal was not reached.

In order to complete the program as quickly as possible, the lunar flyby ship was created on the basis of the Soyuz 7K-OK spacecraft. The ship under the program "UR500K-L1" received the designation 7K-L1, the designation 11F91 was also used. To conduct flight and space tests, an unmanned version of the ship was created, which received the official name "Zond" (with the spacecraft "Zond-4").

Ship 7K-L1 was intended for a manned flight around the moon by two astronauts. The development of 7K-L1 began at OKB-1 in the 2nd half of 1965 under the leadership of Chief Designer S.P. Koroleva, since 1966 was carried out under the leadership of the Chief Designer V.P. Mishina. The 7K-L1 spacecraft was supposed to be launched onto a trajectory around the Moon using a four-stage Proton launch vehicle. The strict limits imposed on the Proton launch vehicle (UR-500K) limited the launch weight of the 7K-L1 spacecraft to 5.2 tons. Therefore, the ship did not have a utility compartment and consisted of a descent vehicle and an instrument-aggregate compartment. The cosmonauts on the 7K-L1 spacecraft had to fly without spacesuits, in flight suits.

The launch of the 7K-L1 manned spacecraft with a flyby of the Moon was originally planned to be carried out in June 1967, the year of the 50th anniversary of Soviet power. This should have been preceded by 2-3 completely successful flights of the ship in unmanned mode. The launch of a manned spacecraft was repeatedly postponed (the last time it was scheduled for April 1970, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of V.I. Lenin) due to numerous launch vehicle accidents and failures of ship systems during test flights in unmanned mode.

Ship 7K-L1 (11F91) with upper stage D

Three crews were fully prepared for the flight: 1 - Leonov-Makarov; 2 - Bykovsky-Rukavishnikov; 3 - Popovich-Sevastyanov.

However, in January 1970 the program was closed. This decision was largely facilitated by the fact that the Soviet Union lost priority in the first manned flight to the Moon (in December 1968, American astronauts on the Apollo 8 spacecraft were the first in the world to fly to the Moon).

In total, 11 7K-L1 unmanned spacecraft were launched as part of the LCI. Of these: 4 did not enter the Earth's orbit due to launch vehicle accidents, 4 spacecraft circled the Moon. One ship was not launched in July 1968 due to an accident in Block D during the preparation of the launch vehicle for launch.

L-3 (N1-L3)

Program "L-3" or "H1-L3" intended for a manned flight to the moon with a landing on its surface. The program was carried out in 1964-1974. The main goal of the program was to ensure the priority of the USSR in the first manned landing on the lunar surface. The goal was not reached. To carry out this program, the L-3 lunar rocket system (LRK) was created, which was supposed to first be launched into the Earth's orbit using the N-1 launch vehicle.

The development of LRK began at OKB-1 in 1964 under the leadership of S.P. Korolev, subsequently the creation of the LRC was led by V.P. Mishin. LRK "L-3" consisted of a lunar orbital ship (LOK), a lunar ship (LK), an upper stage rocket block "G" and a brake rocket block "D". The LRC was intended for the flight of two cosmonauts to the Moon in the LOC, the landing of one cosmonaut in the LOC on the surface of the Moon and the return of the cosmonauts in the LOC to the Earth. The total mass of the LRK reached 95 tons, the length of the entire L-3 complex was 30 meters. LOK (11F93) was designed and created taking into account the experience of developing the Soyuz spacecraft and outwardly looked like it, but in fact it was a new ship. The LOK consisted of a descent vehicle (SA), a household compartment (BO), an instrument-aggregate compartment (PAO), a complex attitude control engine compartment (DOK), an I missile block, and an energy compartment (EO). The astronauts had to make the flight in the ship without space suits.

Rocket and space complex N-1 - L-3S

The launch of the first experimental prototype unmanned LOK as part of the L-3 LRK took place on June 27, 1971 during the third launch of the N-1 launch vehicle. The second launch of an unmanned LOK (the first regular ship), also as part of the L-3 LRK, was carried out on November 23, 1972 during the fourth launch of the N-1 launch vehicle. Due to LV accidents, test flights to the Moon did not take place. LK (11F94) consisted of two separable parts: the lunar landing unit (LPA) and the lunar takeoff vehicle (LVA). The LPA was intended for landing the LK on the surface of the Moon. LVA was located on top of the LPA. One cosmonaut in the Krechet-94 spacesuit was accommodated in the LK.

To test the LK in an unmanned mode in Earth orbit, an experimental LK was created, which received the designation T2K. For the first time, the T2K spacecraft was launched into Earth orbit on November 24, 1970 using the Soyuz launch vehicle (Cosmos-379). Subsequently, two more test flights of this spacecraft were carried out in Earth orbit (Cosmos-398 and Cosmos-434). ).

20 cosmonauts (10 Air Force cosmonauts and 10 TsKBEM cosmonauts) were trained under the N1-L3 program. In 1969-1972, 4 test launches of the N-1 launch vehicle were carried out, but they all ended in failures of the 1st stage of the launch vehicle. In May 1974, work on the N1-L3 program was suspended. The program was finally closed in March 1976, as full-scale work began on the Buran program.