Modeling of social systems. Methodology for modeling management processes in socio-economic systems

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Introduction

Specific models of management processes in social and economic systems proceed from the general methodology, which we formulate in this article. We introduce the basic concepts of control theory. We draw attention to the inherent multicriteria of real control problems. When discussing the issues of optimal management of economic systems, common misconceptions were noted related to the comparison of the efficiency of public and private enterprises and the dogma of the effectiveness of competition. After considering the basic concepts of modeling theory, we briefly analyze the post-war history and the current state of mathematical modeling of control processes. The discussion of modeling methodology is centered around four basic components: (practical) task - model - method - applicability conditions. As an example of a specific model of the management process, a model of the distribution of time between the acquisition of knowledge and the development of skills is analyzed.

Basic concepts of control theory

Subjects and objects of management. In each country, both economic and non-economic (military, religious, sports, etc.) activities of society are consciously controlled. What is meant by the term "management"? Control-the process of the influence of the subject on the object in order to transfer it to a new qualitative state or maintain it in the established mode.

The subject of control is the one who controls. The object of control is the one who is controlled.

Example 1 Let's discuss the concepts of subjects and objects of management in relation to environmental safety and environmental protection. The subjects of environmental management, including environmental activities, are state bodies of general competence, in addition - specially authorized bodies for the protection of the environment, as well as local governments. At the level of enterprises, the subjects of management are subdivisions and services of nature management (workshops, departments) or individual employees.

To government agencies general competence include the President, the Federal Assembly, the Government, representative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. State and municipal authorities general competence are in charge of environmental protection issues, along with many other areas of work.

To government agencies special competence include those that are authorized by relevant government acts to perform environmental functions. Bodies of special competence are divided into three types: complex, sectoral and functional. Integrated environmental authorities perform all environmental tasks or separate blocks of tasks, sectoral ones are engaged in their industry (for example, forestry), functional ones are responsible for individual functions (for example, monitoring the state of the environment).

Competence of local governments on environmental protection is reflected in their statutes. Their role resembles the role of state bodies of general competence, only in a much narrower space related to the jurisdiction of the relevant local self-government body - at the level of a district or city.

The objects of management are all users of natural resources, both legal entities and individuals, regardless of the nature and directions of their activities.. Since all organizations and enterprises, all residents of cities and villages are located and operate in the natural environment, the objects of management are all legal entities and individuals on the territory of our country. Connections and relations between subjects and objects of management in the process of nature management and environmental protection are built in two ways:

- on the basis of the rules and procedures fixed in the current Laws and other regulatory legal acts;
- on the basis of agreements between specific subjects and objects of management.

Methods and mechanisms of management. A control method is a set of methods, techniques, means of influencing a managed object. According to the content of the impact on the control object, methods are usually divided into: organizational and administrative, economic, socio-psychological and etc.

So, organizational and administrative methods are based on orders, directives, laws and other legal documents and are based on the possibility of using force by state bodies, including directly on law enforcement agencies. Within the organization, the relationship between managers of their subordinates is regulated by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Economic Methods impacts are based on the use of material (economic, monetary) interests. A specific economic method includes both individual methods of influence, and their combination. A set of interrelated economic measures aimed at achieving a specific result forms economic mechanism management.

Socio-psychological methods management is based on persuasion, moral stimulation, consciousness, and is based on the customs and traditional values of society.

Under the words " control mechanism» understand the totality of certain management methods. Organizational-administrative, economic and socio-psychological methods of management are applied jointly. It is clear that the very possibility of using economic and socio-psychological methods is based on the existing administrative structure of the enterprise. On the other hand, purely administrative (command) methods, without material and moral incentives, it is impossible to achieve a significant increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

Organizational-administrative, economic, socio-psychological mechanisms are parts of the management system as a whole. At various levels of management, this system has its own characteristics. It is possible to single out the macro level, i.e. management throughout the country, and the meso level, relating to individual sectors and branches of the national economy, for example, the management of oil and gas production. At the level of specific enterprises, management systems are of a more special nature, adapted to the characteristics of these enterprises and their divisions. Of great practical importance is the lowest level of management - self-management. We can say that everyone is a manager because he manages at least one person - himself.

Management Goals . Determining the goals to which one should strive, as they say, goal setting, is the most difficult and responsible part of the manager's work. The choice of targets depends on the specific situation. Let's consider an example.

Example 2 Let it be established that production in the agro-industrial complex (AIC), despite the sharp decline in its volume over the past fifteen years, is unnecessarily large for this region, and the food shortage is due not to insufficient production, but to backwardness in storage and processing industries. Then the goal of environmental management in this area should be to reduce the natural basis of agriculture, i.e. reduction in the amount of natural resources used in agriculture. Economic impact measures will include, for example, setting high rents for agricultural land. This will slow down the involvement of new lands in the economic turnover. It is necessary to increase taxes on additional land development, increase fines for irrational use of land, stimulate the conservation of degraded sites in various ways, etc. All these measures are aimed at reducing agricultural production and removing the agricultural burden from the natural environment. At the same time, backwardness in the storage of produced foodstuffs and in the processing industry must be combated. It is necessary to create favorable economic conditions for improving the technologies for storing and processing agricultural products, and for developing the relevant sector of the national economy.

If, however, the goal of the development of the agro-industrial complex for a certain period is considered to be an all-round increase in agricultural production, then measures of economic impact, on the contrary, should not only not prevent the involvement of new land and water resources, chemical plant protection products, mineral fertilizers, but in every possible way stimulate them. The vast majority of experts believe that the agrarian and land reforms carried out in Russia in the 1990s are aimed at a nature-intensive version of the functioning of the agro-industrial complex. Over the years, agricultural production has fallen by an average of 30-40%.

Control parameters . In mathematical models used in management, various types of variables are used. Some of them describe the state of the system, others - the output of the system, i.e. the results of its work, the third - control actions. There are exogenous variables, the values of which are determined from the outside, and endogenous variables, used only to describe processes within the system.

The control parameters are part of the exogenous ones. By setting their values (or changing these variables over time), the manager changes the output of the system in the direction he needs.

Since it is impossible to absolutely accurately predict the behavior of the system under the influence of certain influences, it is necessary to study the stability of the socio-economic models used in management. Most often, random influences (perturbations) are introduced, which leads to the replacement of a single motion trajectory by a beam (tube) and reduces the control efficiency. The corresponding mathematical theory is well developed, but rather difficult to understand and apply.

Various options for the formulation of management objectives . In the simplest case, the goal is fully described. For example, you need to get to a certain place in the minimum time. Or - to build a house according to a pre-selected project, guided by an approved estimate. We will call this option of goal-setting "Get to the point".

Its dual is the option "Move on". For example, to produce as many parts as possible in a given time. With a given advertising budget, organize the most effective advertising campaign.

In this option, there are criteria by which systems must be optimized. In the first case - the number of parts. In the second - the effectiveness of an advertising campaign, which can be measured by increasing the number of buyers and sales. Criteria - part of the variables that describe the output of the system, i.e. those results of her work that are of interest to the manager. management simulation training

A special case of the Go Further option is to get as close as possible to a predetermined ideal state. For example, to design an engine, the efficiency of which, perhaps, is closer to the ideal - to 100%. Let's call this option of goal-setting "Get closer to the ideal." For its real use, it is necessary to measure the degree of closeness to the ideal.

From the “Get to the point” option, it is natural to move to the “Get to the area” option. For example, a person can determine for himself the desired level of salary and consider the goal achieved as soon as his salary exceeds a given threshold. The manager responsible for the heating system needs to ensure that the temperature in the premises is within the specified limits - from and to. Managers of the enterprise need to ensure that the indicators of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise fall within the specified intervals.

One of the most important goals for both the individual and the organization is self-preservation. The desire to be preserved as an independent whole, to ensure balance with the environment, stability and integrity - we will call this goal-setting option “Ordered to survive”. It is self-preservation, and not profit maximization (over what period?) - often the main goal of the enterprise.

Another approach to the control problem is related to the idea of feedback. The control is not selected in advance, but is adjusted at each current moment of time based on information about the state or output of the system.

For a unit within an organization, there is usually a conflict between external and internal goals. For example, the central management aims to get as much output from the shop as possible at the lowest possible wages. While the management of the shop wants the exact opposite - to somewhat reduce output, but to increase the wage fund. The situation is similar for the organization in relations with the outside world. Consumers want to get goods of the highest possible quality at the lowest possible wages, while suppliers, on the contrary, would prefer not to care about quality, but to increase prices.

A conflict is inevitable between the internal goals of the subject of economic life (from an individual to groups of countries) and the external goals of his environment. The resolution of such conflicts is one of the main tasks of the manager.

Thesis

Romashkina, Gulnara Fatykhovna

Academic degree:

Doctor of Sociological Sciences

Place of defense of the dissertation:

VAK specialty code:

Speciality:

Sociology of management

Number of pages:

Chapter 1. Social processes as an object of regional management 18 1.1. The essence of the structural-functional approach to the description of social processes. w) 1.2 Regional management at the level of social reality.

1.3 Regional management as a process and mechanisms of its self-regulation.

1.4. Internal and external social processes in the region.

Chapter 2. Conceptual bases of modeling of social processes in the region.

2.1. Application of structural-functional analysis as a methodology for modeling regional management.

2.2. Analysis of the "life world" and "analysis of systems": revealing latent functions.

2.3. Modeling the societal system.

2.4. Modeling of complex systems in conditions of instability.

Chapter 3. Models of managing social processes in the region.

3.1. Regional management in the context of the historical process: a cyclic macro model.

3.2 Information paradigm and social process management

3.3. Information-mathematical model at the regional level.

3.4. Models for ensuring sustainable development.

3.5. The concept of stationary states of an empirical system and their statistical description.

Chapter 4

4.1. Sociological analysis of the potential effectiveness of modeling. f 4.2. Designing a virtual test site for testing the mechanism for implementing models.

4.3. The practice of applying modeling.

4.4 The study of public opinion as a factor in the technologization of management.305"

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) On the topic "Modeling in the social process management system: Regional aspect"

Relevance of the research topic. The present period of Russian history is characterized, in our opinion, by the clash and cumulative interaction in time and space of two vectors of social change. The first vector, which is global in nature, is due to the emergence at the end of the 20th century of a new technological paradigm based on more powerful and flexible information technologies. The second vector is determined by the market reforms carried out in Russia during the last decade of the 20th century.

The impact of the first vector led to the emergence of the prerequisites for the transition of world civilization to a new development trajectory - a network society. Manuel Castells argued that a new culture had emerged: “the culture of real virtuality. .Electronic communications are the necessary tools of expression in the new culture, and the dominant functions and values of society are organized in information flows. The network society, like any other social structure, is not without contradictions, social conflicts and challenges from traditional forms of social organization. These challenges are generated by the characteristics of the network society and thus differ sharply from those of the traditional society. For the network society in the relations of power and control, the key link is the availability and efficiency of information. The technologization of information exchange in the management process implies modeling, and the creation of formalized models for managing social processes seems to be a necessary response to the challenges of our time.

The impact of the second vector has led to a profound transformation of structural ties in management. Having broken the old system and got rid of a number of shortcomings of the planned economy, the reforms gave rise to new problems caused, in particular, by gaps in the macro-, meso- and micro-levels of information flows. Moreover, there is a difference in approaches and assessments of the very concept of " effective management» depending on the goals and objectives of different levels of government. The development of market relations in Russia led to a revision of the methodological foundations for modeling social processes, designed to provide a scientific basis for decision-making under the influence of strict market laws. Therefore, the initial prerequisites for modeling should be aimed at developing a long-term strategy for social and economic development and possible alternatives for their implementation in a network structure, as well as taking into account operational, tactical chances and opportunities that arise in a situation of market environment uncertainty.

Recently, one has heard objections to the possibility of modeling the management of social processes in conditions of instability, " synergistic» the nature of the current crisis situation in Russia. In this regard, the “external”, descriptive model does not really make much sense. Models that describe a social system in terms of structural levels and processes have a completely different character. Such models work at the level of internal systemic mechanisms that explain the possibility of the existence of society. Thus, the need to develop new modeling concepts and, consequently, the relevance of this dissertation research is due to the following circumstances.

First, in today's complex, ever-changing world, management that does not rely on models is doomed to fail. Modeling gives the manager the opportunity to test a complex, unstructured or semi-structured situation without experimenting on people. In this case, the starting point of modeling is a set of structural relationships, which are considered as a kind of integrity.

Secondly, it should be taken into account that during the years of reforms, the development of Russian regions has repeatedly been subjected to severe deformations. The processes of disintegration manifested themselves as a reaction to market reforms. Strengthening differentiation in the strategic positions of the regions has both an objective and subjective character, there is a different degree of influence of transformations on the regions. As a result, the levels of coherence, adequacy, clarity, optimality and informativeness in the management of the region today have the character of strategic parameters that make it possible to assess the effectiveness of management in practice.

Thirdly, the need to develop new concepts using the methods of information and mathematical modeling is due to the insufficient degree of scientific development of this problem. This circumstance is most likely due to the fact that such sciences as sociology, management, mathematics, computer science have different, albeit overlapping, subject areas of study.

Fourth, the problem of interaction between new subjects of management and new information technologies has not yet been productively resolved. Between the levels of management there are, first of all, conceptual and conceptual contradictions. The essence of these contradictions lies in the ambiguity of interpretations of the same concepts and their interdependence by decision makers and those constructing these decisions at the operational level. In addition, there is no evidence-based system for selecting representative factual data necessary for entering and processing information in order to adequately display the key parameters of the region's development.

Fifthly, modern society, built on the basis of numerous flows of capital, information, technology, organizational impact, etc., has its own social effects based on information technology, the depth of impact of which is a function of information penetration into the social structure. As a result, the task of reconstructing the schemes of social interaction on the basis of studying the space of flows of the information age becomes very relevant, to the solution of which this dissertation research is directed.

The degree of scientific development of the problem. The scientific tradition of modeling in the field of social management stems from the functionalism of G. Spencer, who is credited with highlighting the general evolutionary principles for describing changes in social structures, which make it possible to explore various management systems in society. G. Spencer's ideas were developed in the concept of E. Durkheim, which considers society in the context of functional interdependent relationships determined by the division of labor.

Social management, considered from the standpoint of subject-oriented concepts (M. Weber, G. Simmel, V. Pareto, JI. Ward, G. Tarde, F. Tennis, W. Thomas, etc.), is associated with social actions, the subject of which are actors. The paradigms of action theory and systems theory are of particular importance in the concept of T. Parsons, who developed and generalized the ideas of G. Spencer, E. Durkheim, F. Tennis and M. Weber in systemic social theory.

Modeling of social and managerial processes has been studied in works on cybernetics (N. Wiener), synergetics (I. Prigogine), and applied systems theory (J. van Gig). It should be emphasized that most attempts to build mathematical models in sociology were based on the ideas of these theories.

The general theory of the social from the point of view of the perspectives and possibilities of modeling was further developed in the concept of social action by J. Habermas, who sought to symbolically restructure the object area of social science.

Apart from this scientific tradition stands the mathematical and sociological theory of V. Pareto, in which society is presented as a system of equations that serves to find the optimum. According to V. Pareto, there is a so-called state of equilibrium, in which no individual can receive more benefits without causing harm to others, and he spoke about the social system in this sense. Logical explications of the ideas of V. Pareto are given in all modern works on the theory of effective management.

The theory of marginal utility by K. Menger, exploring social phenomena as a result of the rational behavior of individuals, laid the foundation for modern economic and mathematical approaches, where control and manageable parameters are fixed in terms of marginal values. Representatives of this trend in sociology are the leaders of structural-functional analysis R. Merton and T. Parsons and economists sociological directions R. Simon and J. Forrester. The objects of control are considered by them as systems with their inherent features and functions, the sources of random factors are considered to be the influence of the external environment, and the source of fuzziness is the consideration of a person inside the model. P. Berger and G. Lukman developed the ideas of social forecasting and social construction.

The school of social planning and forecasting in the USSR played a significant role in the development of the science of effective social management. So, following the traditions of functionalism, V. G. Afanasiev divided management into the functions of forecasting and planning, organization and coordination, regulation, accounting and control. A great contribution to the development of the theory of forecasting was also made by I. V. Bestuzhev-Lada, who developed the theory of normative social forecasting.

Thanks to the research of A. G. Zdravomyslov, T. L Saaty, C. Smol, E. I. Stepanov, S. V. Sokolov, J. Cooley, L. Kozer, Yu. A. Frolov, Yu. received such sciences as conflictology and regional studies, the combination of paradigms of which is actively used by the author in this dissertation.

System analysis in sociological context at the regional level, found development in the works of A. A. Bogdanov, V. I. Butov, Yu. N. Gladkiya, A. G. Granberg, A. A. Denisov, V. I. Ignatov, M. Mesarovich, S. Optner, V. I. Paniotto, Yu. I. Peregudov, S. A. Suspitsyn, R. Z. Khasminsky, R. I. Shniper and other authors.

Based on the works of the classics of sociology, a school of Russian sociology of management was formed, developed in the works of O. M. Barbakov, G. S. Batygin, Z. T. Golenkova, N. I. Dryakhlov, T. I. Zaslavskaya, Yu. D. Krasovsky , A. I. Kravchenko, N. I. Lapina, V. A. Mansurova, Zh. T. Toshchenko and other authors. Problems related to the formalization and analysis of the results sociological research, studied in the works of V. Osipov, O. I. Shkaratan, V. A. Yadov.

The problems of reliability, representativeness of the sample and the validity of conclusions drawn on the basis of empirical data were studied in the works of B. Z. Doktorov, V. I. Gerchikov, V. I. Paniotgo, S. S. Papovyan, G. G. Tatarova. The works of V. G. Andrienkov, E. P. Andreev, Yu. N. Tolstova, G. I. Saganenko, V. F. Ustinov and others promoted and explained the principles of applying mathematical methods in sociology. M. Vartovsky, A. A. Davydov, V. V. Kelle, N. N. Moiseev, A. D. Myshkis, Yu. M. Plotinsky, F. S. Roberte, T .J1. Saati, N. P. Tikhomirov, M. O. Shkaratan, V. A. Shvedkovsky and many other researchers.

The problems of sustainable, stable development of modern Russian society were studied by N. Aitov, V. Bobrov, I. Diskin, V. Levashov, V. Pokosov, R. Ryvkina, A. Sarkisyan, V. Skitovich, V. Turchenko, A. Ursul, A. Sharov, R. Yanovsky. They revealed the essence, signs and features of the sustainable development of Russian society. In the works of A. A. Melkumov, N. P. Kononkova, V. E. Chirkin, the main attention is paid to the negative consequences of asymmetric regional development of territories. The characteristics of the prospects for the transition to a more mature state of society are given by representatives of the concepts of late modern sociology (E. Gidtzens) and social theories of postmodernism (J. Galbraith, P. Drucker, O. Toffler, A. Touraine).

The influence of social changes on the current state of the regional society is studied by the author of this scientific study in the context of the works of domestic and foreign philosophers, sociologists, psychologists: P. Berger, N. Berdyaev, O. Bogatyreva, P. Bourdieu, V. I. Vernadsky, T Zaslavskaya, V. E. Kemerov, N. Luman, L. N. Moskvichev, A. I. Prigozhin, N. Smelzer, C. Tarleton, S. S. Frolov, P. Sztompka.

Analysis sociological, management and economic literature, the practice of sociological research have shown that modeling in terms of its theoretical and methodological foundations, possibilities and limits of application, as well as the analysis of factors influencing the effectiveness of regional management, mechanisms for searching for new opportunities, strategies for assessing and improving efficiency in at the present stage of the development of society is disclosed fragmentarily, or in the context of consideration of other topics.

The problem of dissertation research

The current structure of information support for power functions at the regional level comes into conflict with the current objective situation. The fundamental feature of the current situation is the multiplicity of interests and the distribution of the target functions of regional market entities (actors), which leads to contradictions between the "system" and "life" levels of management. Comprehension of real contradictions leads to the realization of the need to revise the conceptual foundations and methodological principles of modeling as a social phenomenon.

Based on the relevance of the topic, the degree of its study, the formulation of the problem, the object and subject of the study, its purpose and objectives are determined.

Object of study: the management system in the region (on the example of the Tyumen region).

Subject of study: modeling as a social phenomenon in the management system.

The purpose of the study: to develop a methodology for "information-mathematical" modeling of the management of social processes in the region.

Research objectives:

1. Definition of the essence, scientific content, structure of the functional description of social processes.

2. Allocation of structural levels of management of social processes in the region on various grounds.

3. Formation of a system of theoretical, institutional and historical conditions for the existence of a society characterized by a multi-level structure.

4. Conceptualization of the basics of modeling as a social phenomenon in the control system.

5. Clarification of the essence, main interpretations and methodological foundations of the phenomenon of "sustainability" as a category of sociology of management.

6. Analysis of the problem of sustainable development from the standpoint of the network approach.

7. Modeling management as a network of social interactions.

8. Creation of a conceptual scheme for step-by-step modeling based on a set of soft (flexible) management models.

9. Reconstruction of schemes of social interactions in the space of information flows.

10. Verification of the provisions of the conceptual model at the empirical level.

11. Identification of social factors that determine the mechanisms for the implementation of models.

The methodological and theoretical basis of the study was sociological, philosophical, historical works of domestic and foreign scientists who substantiated the most general laws of social processes, their historical conditionality, regional specificity, dependence on external and internal factors.

The author was guided sociological and philosophical concepts of the study of social dynamics, the theory of modernity, the theory of equilibrium, the theory of the information society, system analysis, conflictology, the theory of sustainable development of society.

Based on the necessary complementarity, the study uses various methodological approaches to understanding and modeling social management in the region: structural-functional, systemic, historical, mathematical, informational.

For the research methodology, the concept of the social system of T. Parsons, which became the source of modern general theory of systems, as well as the theory of explicit and latent functions of R. Merton, are of great importance. The work uses a model understanding of the motivation of social action by J. Habermas, through which rationally pursued goals of observed behavior are attributed, which allows us to consider social science to a certain extent a natural science of social action and at the same time a science of spirit and culture.

The empirical base of the study consists of two blocks.

1. Statistical data, including information from the statistical authorities of the Russian Federation on socio-economic development and the results of one-time special studies; data from the Tyumen Regional Committee of State Statistics; statistical compilations and surveys on the OSCE countries, USA, Canada, Germany, France and Japan.

2. Data from sociological surveys conducted by the author in 1999-2002, both on the author's project and as part of research groups. The first study was an expert survey in the interview mode: formalized and non-formalized (186 experts). The second study was carried out under the program " Regional conflicts» in 2002-2003 as part of a research group with a sample size of 1241 people. Data of sociological research provided to the author by research groups in the regions of the Russian Federation and the IS RAS.

The work used theoretical and empirical methods: theoretical analysis, synthesis, scientific generalization, analogy, forecasting, observations, interviews, document analysis, comparative analysis of scientific sources and documentary legislative base on regional governance, practices of applying methods and models of managing social processes.

Scientific novelty of the dissertation research

In the dissertation research, the static and dynamic levels of the description of the region are identified based on the application of the structural-functional approach. Management in the region is considered from the standpoint of dynamic analysis in the form of a system of social interactions, which made it possible to theoretically substantiate the methods of modeling management as a social process.

Logical schemes are formed that allow conceptualizing subject-object interactions in the system of regional management. The systematization of the structural levels of regional management on the grounds of various nature has been carried out, the structures of the first and second kind on the systemic and life-world grounds have been identified.

The concept of management modeling based on the application of extremal-functional principles in sociology has been developed.

A theoretical and model analysis of the conditions for the sustainable development of a societal system was carried out on the basis of the developed mathematical model.

It is proposed to carry out the identification of boundaries " equilibrium cone» when constructing mesolevel control models. " Cone of balance» determines the stability of the social process in the space of the factors under consideration, in relation to its boundaries, the states of phenomena are distinguished, internal and external in relation to the system, and the processes are divided into functional and structural.

As the conceptual foundations of modeling as a social phenomenon in the control system, the synthesis of structural-functional analysis, stability theory, general systems theory and conflict theory, operationalized in the dynamic sociological analysis of control systems, is implicitly considered.

A method for managing social processes is proposed, based on modeling the system's internal connections that ensure the stability of regional development. The region is considered as a self-organizing system, which makes it possible to model the management in the region based on the principle of homeostasis. Regional management is considered as an artificial function in relation to society, and the boundaries of the cone of equilibrium are those that face the personality and culture.

Due to the fact that the region as a mesolevel, by definition, cannot be doomed to liquidation, a new concept of optimal management at the regional level has been introduced: maintaining the system at a level corresponding to the minimum of integration in the structure of the first kind with the maximum of adaptation in the structure of the second kind. The minimum of integration in the structure of the first kind provides the diversity (economic, political, organizational, etc.) necessary to maintain this structure, the maximum of adaptation in the structure of the second kind implies the adaptation of the social structure to the processes taking place in the system (the level of conflict, the level of quality of life, etc.). ).

A conceptual model has been developed for step-by-step modeling of the functioning of the regional governance system using flexible (soft) technologies that are adequate to the synergistic nature of the complication of social processes in a network society.

The management of social processes is considered in the context of the informational paradigm of the network society. It is substantiated that in such a society the old criteria of management (centralization - decentralization) lose their meaning, yielding to the logic of network relations.

Based on the results of empirical studies, it has been established that the observed contradiction in the relationship between the space of flows and the territorial organization leads to a structural bifurcation, which creates a threat of violating the stability of the existing social spatial organization.

It has been established that at the moment there is a new division into “center” and “periphery”, but not so much in the territorial as in the informational aspect. Informatization as such exacerbates the social conflict structure, since the availability of knowledge and information is directly related to stratification the structure of society.

The theoretical significance of the work is due to its scientific novelty and consists in:

In the explication of known and in the development of new methodological prerequisites for modeling control systems;

In creating a holistic concept of modeling;

In substantiating the application of extreme principles in sociology for the analysis of regional governance;

In developing criteria for maintaining the boundaries of the equilibrium cone of social systems and social processes as the basis for modeling in the management system;

In the introduction of the concept of point-stochastic equilibrium in the management system, social risks that play the role of limiters when considering the target management functions.

The practical significance is:

In the methodological significance of the work for regional studies on the problems of social management, forecasting the development of the region;

In the possibility of applying the theoretical developments of the author and the results of empirical sociological research in the management of the region;

In the possibility of using the findings of the study in the field of socio-economic, socio-political relations and management in the region;

That the results obtained during the study can be used in the development of training courses " Sociology of management», « Theory of managerial decision making», « Mathematical methods and models in management», « Research of control systems". The author of the dissertation uses the results obtained in the educational process.

The facts and regularities revealed in the course of the study concerning assessments of the socio-economic state and development prospects of the region, relations between the center and the periphery, public opinion on the level of management were taken into account and used in the development of the management strategy and tactics of the administration of the Tyumen region.

Basic provisions for defense

1. The emergence of the prerequisites for the transition of world civilization to a new trajectory - "network" society has led to the need to study the social effects of information technology. One of these social effects is the transformation of models and functions of regional governance as a special form of organization of social interactions. Spatial regional division, transforming from geographical to socio-economic, further through the functional is increasingly shifting to informational. Management interactions are more clearly expressed through communication technologies, and management at the regional level is undergoing qualitative changes, obeying the network logic, according to which the interests of those groups and communities that have maximized their advantages in the new communication structure become dominant.

2. Russian realities at the present stage are characterized by the multivariance of management models and the principles of division into inter- and intra-regional formations. Of such kind " polystructurality” entails many connections in an organization that is networked in nature. The multiplicity of forms of representation and the multivariance of interpretations of models of regional governance is a consequence of the process of complication, which is inherent in all aspects of the life of modern society, its polystructurality, which is a systemic characteristic of modern society. Organizational structures formed in the systemic component of society, for the purposes of further analysis and modeling, are called structures of the first kind.

3. The complication of connections in a network society causes an increase in the synergistic nature of the management process. This process can no longer be described in the usual techniques and logics, since it becomes more complicated not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively, accumulating the only resource in the world civilization that has no limits - information. The new geometry of power, which implies an increase in the number of communicative interactions in the implementation of power functions, creates a space in which the old management criteria (centralization - decentralization) practically lose their meaning, giving way to the logic of network relations. The structure that forms the network of communicative interactions between the actors of regional management is called the structure of the second kind.

4. At the regional level, effective management implies the management of social processes as a stable set, characterized by the interdependence of parts and multi-level structures of the first kind. Effective management in the context of network logic primarily relies on maintaining a balance of interests in the structure of the second kind.

5. Social systems (for example, a region) have " equilibrium cone”, within which normal functioning is carried out. By normal functioning, we mean that in which social processes are in a state of stable fluctuations that do not go beyond certain boundaries. The presence of boundaries means the existence of differences between the states of social phenomena and phenomena external to the system. The boundaries of the equilibrium cone are identified both in the design of control models and in the process of control optimization. From an organizational point of view, management that maintains the balance of the structure of the first kind will be functional. From the standpoint of the "life-world" component, the functional control will be the control that maintains the balance of the structure of the second kind. The boundaries of the equilibrium cone of the structure of the second kind are addressed to the individual and cultural systems. The process of structural change aimed at destroying boundaries is the opposite of balancing, which is aimed at maintaining boundaries. Revealing the boundaries of the cone of equilibrium makes it possible to eventually form the control parameters of the management model in the region.

6. Regional management in the structure of the first kind is an “artificial” function in relation to the structure of the second kind, aimed at increasing the adaptation of subsystems of society, since social management of the community is considered as a means of implementing power functions by the subject of management in the targeted impact on the parameters of the object.

7. Based on the qualitative-quantitative principle, management levels are distinguished: formal (administrative-organizational, normative), corresponding to the structure of the first kind, and informal (sociocultural, defining fundamental values and norms), corresponding to the structure of the second kind. The formal level is the "system", which lends itself to modeling in quantitative terms based on measurement procedures; informal is the life-world level. Modeling management at this level involves fuzzy functions that are described on the basis of the interaction of elements of social networks that correspond to socio-cultural values and fundamental norms of behavior of social groups.

8. Modeling of regional governance as a transition from its content to structure and functions seems to be a weakly structured problem that should be solved by adequate means at each of the levels. The model is a means of diagnosing the state of the region as a system, measuring the balance, as well as parameters for maintaining borders. The introduction of the model into social management allows reconstructing the schemes of social interactions in the space of information flows.

9. The region, as a self-sustaining system, exhibits homeostatic tendencies, possesses a stable set of requisites necessary for reproduction, detects interdependent parts, which makes it possible to build a conceptual model of regional management. Within their boundaries, self-organizing systems produce their own structures, create basic elements, which in turn are interpreted as systems. The processes occurring in self-organizing systems are interactions, which are divided into structural and functional, macro-meso- and micro-processes.

10. In the technological aspect, the information-mathematical model for managing social processes in the region is based on the phases and cycles of the regional reproduction process. The region as a system of interdependent processes is an integral part of a single system of productive forces and production relations and is characterized by direct and reverse social and production, socio-economic, resource, scientific, technical, managerial and information links. In the region, full cycles of reproduction of the population, labor and other resources are carried out, the description of which implies the creation of a single sociological and information space. Harmonious, sustainable development of the region is a necessary goal of regional management, however, due to external influences, internal restrictions, conflicts of interests and goals of the actors, this state can be observed only for a limited period of time. A harmoniously ideal state of the region can be achieved through the coordination of interests and the achievement of a compromise acceptable state of the regional system as the only palliative between the real and the ideal.

11. Reasonable methodologies for managing social processes in the context of the internal relations of the system are immersed in the space of subjective and objective properties that comprehensively describe the entire system of socio-economic relations in the region and inter-level connections. At the same time, the unity of the sociological and economic components of the integral assessment of the quality of life allows us to move on to the concept of sustainability of regional development. Research on the sustainability of regional development involves embedding a conflict paradigm into the management model. When considering the region as a territorial organization, it is obvious that the aspirations of the members of the organization for integration may be in conflict with any attempts to change or influence their systems of understanding in order to achieve coherence. Understanding systems are determined on the basis of sociological research in the management structure, and such research should be carried out both at the systemic and at the life-world levels.

12. The weakly structured nature of the structure of the second kind leads to the need to create a system of soft (flexible) models that have a consistent character. The model is subdivided into structural levels according to the complexity of the described process in such a way that the next level is based on the results of the previous level with the addition of the information required at this stage external to the model. The social aspect is taken into account by embedding the results of expert surveys, special sociological studies, and studying the public opinion of the population into the model.

13. The results of the conducted sociological research led to the following conclusion. The space of information flows does not occupy the entire area of social interactions: the vast majority of people perceive their space as territorial. This means that there is a stratification between the space of flows and the territorial organization. In the Russian regions, this stratification is the stronger, the greater the gaps at different levels of the social stratification structure. This implies a structural bifurcation between the two spatial logics, which creates a threat of destruction of communication channels. Ties between territories (regions) are weakening, as they are less and less able to use common cultural codes. Actors located at different levels of the social structure also become less interconnected, which can lead to deformation of the links between different dimensions of social space. There is a threat of disruption of the connectivity of networks, as a result of which the stability of the existing social spatial organization may suffer. Our survey of experts demonstrated the presence of widening gaps in power and information flows, both horizontally and vertically. The implementation of the information-mathematical approach, built into the system of social management, allows you to create a sociological-information space that serves as a link between the two forms of social spatial organization.

Approbation of the study and implementation of the results in practice

The course and results of the study at its various stages were discussed at the Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen State University, the Tyumen International Institute of World Economy, Management and Law, the Center for Conflictology of the IS Ross Academy of Sciences, at regional, Russian, international conferences. The materials and conclusions of the study were used in the development of long-term and current plans for the development of the Tyumen region, in the formation of a forecast of the need for personnel in the Tyumen region.

The main results of the study were published in three monographs, a textbook, articles, materials of international and regional scientific conferences and symposiums: “ Improving the training of specialists in a market economy"(Tyumen, 1995); "Socio-economic development of the Tyumen region" (Tyumen, 1996); "Problems of education, scientific and technological development and economy of the Ural region" (Berezniki, 1996); " Actual problems of the humanities and their information support»

Kharkov, 1997); " Integration of the economy into the system of world economic relations"(St. Petersburg, 1997); " Mathematical Methods and Computers in Economics"(Penza, 1999); "" (Penza, 2000); "Student and scientific and technological progress" (Tyumen,

2000); " The role of entrepreneurship in the revival of the Russian economy"(St. Petersburg, 2000); "Problems and ways of ensuring the economic growth of the Tyumen region at the beginning of the XXI century" (Tyumen, 2000); " Improving the quality of specialist training: problems and solutions"(Tyumen, 2001); " Mathematical methods and information technologies in economics» (Penza,

2001); " Globalization, federalism and regional development"(Tyumen, 2001); " Gallup Readings"(Tyumen, 2002); " Tolerance and extremism in modern Russia» (Tyumen, 2002).

Dissertation structure. The dissertation consists of four chapters, introduction, conclusion, five appendices and a list of references.

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Sociology of Management", Romashkina, Gulnara Fatykhovna

1. The emergence of the prerequisites for the transition of world civilization to a new trajectory - "network" society, has led to the need to study the social effects of information technology. One of these social effects is the transformation of models and functions of regional governance as a special form of organization of social interactions. Spatial regional division, transforming from geographical to socio-economic, further through the functional is increasingly shifting to the informational. Access and widespread dissemination of information technologies are not in themselves a sufficient condition for the development of a network society, but they are a necessary condition. Statistical data, although in general terms, show a significant lag in Russia, which clearly does not correspond to its scientific and educational level. Lack of investment and delayed technological upgrades in private infrastructures have also led to a widening gap between public and private networks, between serving households and individuals. One of the characteristics of the network economy is its organization around networks of cooperation, production, distribution and management. This feature has become absolutely defining in the new Russian economy, a key element in ensuring the dynamism of the oligarchic core, in the survival strategies of the majority involved in the informal economy. An oligarchic power system has developed in Russia. The network organization largely explains the diversity and dynamism of the urban informal economy, which provides consumers and creates jobs everywhere in Russia, while avoiding huge costs. Networks, mutual settlements based on trust, are the backbone of the post-communist economy, allowing the public sector and non-profit enterprises to survive.

2. The difference observed throughout the entire centuries-old period of Russian statehood in general and the 20th century in particular is expressed in the predominance of geopolitical interests over economic ones. To implement its geopolitical concepts, the Russian state needed to develop a strict concept of state control over the regions.

3. The study of cycles of reform and modernization led to a number of conclusions. Firstly, Russia belatedly entered the industrial society, and this could not but affect the manifestation of the Kondratieff cycles. Secondly, the change in the phases of management cycles is associated not so much with the psychological attitudes of successive generations of people, but with changes in the technological and economic conditions of reproduction, which require radical reforms in the management system. Thirdly, the transition of the world economy to a new level, which is often called " network society” leads to the fact that these cycles are gradually transformed, giving way to new characteristics of the relationship between levels of power - the network, which will be considered by us further.

4. A network model for managing social processes is created to describe the structure of subject-object interactions in the system of regional governance. When creating models, it is necessary to include control parameters that characterize the territorial features of the regional economy and build a system of models that takes into account the synergistic nature of modern rationality both at the policy level and at the production level. The regional management model is integrated from the formal (administrative-organizational, normative) and informal (sociocultural, defining fundamental values and norms) management systems. Standard state means of regulating activities at the macro- and meso-levels (legal, social) determine the formal system; while the informal system of governance correlates with the real, "life-world" system of norms of behavior, determined by the values of the dominant groups. It follows that the models corresponding to these levels have a fundamentally different type of complexity.

5. One of the main problems in calculating and forecasting the main indicators, in contrast to the current ones, is the presence of " vicious circle". To calculate the forecasts, indicators of the economic development of the regions are needed, and the latter, no matter how they are calculated, are not to a small extent determined by the scale of investments in the region, including at the expense of the federal budget. You can break this circle by acting "in a spiral", introducing a time lag in the causal relationship "investments - economic results (growth or reduction in the fall of GRP)". The conditionality of this approach is obvious, because Many investment projects, in terms of market conditions, competition and efficiency, can and should have a period of implementation within a year, especially those related to the development of social infrastructure. Therefore, the methodological problem vicious circle” in determining the diagnosis and forecasts of regional development remains and it is possible to solve it only if there is a clear understanding of all the consequences of the existence of a feedback loop.

6. The solution of the problem of the “vicious circle” is based on the application of two levels of analysis and forecasting of the development of the region. The quality of life is assessed at the “life” level (based on the results of mass surveys) and at the “systemic” level - based on the results of statistical surveys. Next, a step-by-step refinement is carried out within the framework of automated systems.

2. The introduction of automation into management in organizations and social systems is based on the transfer of the concepts of cybernetics, mathematical communication theory and information theory from hard systems to soft ones. This approach gives us powerful means of understanding phenomena, but it also has significant limitations on its application. The main one is that complex social systems are not prepared for modeling, and the means of describing them are far from perfect in terms of formal rigor. The use of an approach based on the main control cycle is possible in cases where each of the system functions is clearly defined and unambiguously associated with any subsystem. Modeling and searching for optimal solutions in large complex systems, such as society, requires complex conceptualization, which is carried out using a structural-functional approach, while taking into account the significance of the following concepts: sustainability, integrity, efficiency, regulation. Management " flow of diversity» in complex systems will consist not only in creating the right amount of information, but also in determining the value of this information. In open systems, such as complex social organizations, movement towards a desired end state depends on " self-regulation"due to the nature of the constituent parts of the system", to a much lesser extent it is determined by the initial conditions or other external constraints.

Mechanisms for the implementation of variant models in the system of managing social processes in the region

The processes taking place in the system of regional social management were previously divided into three structural levels. Higher - institutional - which is the borderline between political and public administration. It defines the general policy and the main tasks for its implementation. Middle-administrative level - the sphere of functional management (administration). On it, any line of activity is analyzed and decomposed into various organizational and managerial components - planning, organization, leadership, control, etc. At the third - technological (lower) - there is a direct satisfaction of social needs for public administration services that are converted into specific products (results) used by society as a whole and individual citizens or their organizations.

Let's consider the algorithm of personification of the level structure, place and role of actors in this process.

4.1 Sociological analysis of the potential effectiveness of modeling

Modeling is impossible without personification of the level structure, determination of the place and role of the subjects of control in the structure under study. The level of uncertainty in decision making is considered unknown. It is assumed that the degree of uncertainty is directly proportional to the structural level in the system of regional organization. The essence of information-mathematical modeling, as noted above, is to replace the studied social object (process) with an adequate mathematical model and then study the properties of this model using either analytical methods or computational experiments. When building information-mathematical models, first of all, a set of objective parameters characterizing the processes taking place in the region is determined, which is set out in the third chapter of the work.

Here we join the point of view of Niklas Luhmann on power, truth and money as a means of communication. “Means of communication theory, as a basis for a theory of power, has the advantage of opening up the possibility of comparing power with other kinds of communication media, such as truth or money. Such a formulation of the question, therefore, serves not only to clarify the phenomenon of power, but at the same time to a broader comparative interest and the exchange of theoretical approaches that exist in various areas of communicative means. It follows that the theory of power also includes, among other things, the need to review the forms of influence considered outside the limited concept of power. This approach helps to avoid the often observed overloading of the concept of power with signs of a process of influence, understood too broadly and vaguely.

The creation of models seems to us a cyclical process, the basis of which is the consideration of the object field at different levels of measurement, which is shown in Fig. 4.1.

Fig.4.1. Conceptual scheme of research

Figure 4.1 shows a cyclic algorithm that describes successive approximations when compiling information-mathematical models for managing social processes. In this case, successive approximations are built on the basis of a sequential analysis of the structural elements of the system.

The study of models must necessarily be preceded, and, in the future, continuously checked by the so-called "subjective" indicators. The measurement of the “subjective” component turns out to be a necessary step in the transition to a formal model of social phenomena (processes), which, for example, was shown by the author when compiling the model for measuring the category “quality of life” (see clause 2.3).

We consider the direct application of probabilistic methods to be undesirable, since the nature of social factors is fundamentally different from the stochastic nature.

Modeling steps

Descriptive (or descriptive) modeling Content (go verbal) model

Formal (or non-verbal; model I Tools:

Analytical Modeling -» Goal Selection

Choice of parameters l—

Resource Optimization -> Stability Check

Statistical

Risk tolerance assessment no

Information and mathematical modeling as an innovative form of management

I tasks:| options

Obtaining operational analytical information

Technical support for the exchange of information with the regions of the region

1 Diagnosis of the current situation

Checking possible development scenarios

-[Automate the selection of alternatives

Resource Allocation Optimization

Study of system dynamics

Forecasting the socio-economic development of the territory

Minimization of possible management risks

Minimization of possible social risks

social engineering

Rice. 4.2. Cyclic algorithm of successive approximations

The study of the social environment in which management is implemented, on which it influences and which, in turn, has a reciprocal effect on it, means searching for answers to questions about what are the characteristics of civil society and how the latter influences power management activities. In fact, the problem of the relationship between public authority, state administration and civil society is being solved, i.e. interaction of political institutions in the implementation of public administration. The specificity of the social structure of civil society lies, first of all, in the fact that it is a secondary structure, derived from the method of connecting the social structural elements of the vital and systemic worlds of society. The attributive characteristic of this structure is conventionality, i.e. the ability to establish coordinated forms of interaction between autonomous entities, excluding the means of violence and direct pressure. The level of uncertainty in the interaction of various structural elements of society is higher than at the institutional level. What is the degree of internal uncertainty of the institutional component of social management, and what is the uncertainty in the interaction of the life and system components of society? The choice of methods and ways of modeling social management of such a complex object as regional social management directly depends on the answer to these questions.

All this determined the need for an expert survey of individuals of subjects of regional management. Only after that, both the objective social reality that has developed in the system of regional governance and the subjective assessment opinion of experts from all levels of regional governance are taken into account.

Thus, in this study, a mechanism was proposed for conceptualizing subject-object relations in the system of regional governance.

1. At the first stage, a conceptual study of the structural levels of social governance and factors that can describe the system of regional governance with varying degrees of reliability is carried out. The degree of reliability of the structuring of the system and the factor field at this stage is considered unknown. The types of social processes and the space of informative factors describing the region are investigated. Considered: stable, stable, crisis conditions; internal and external processes (in terms of social structure); socio-political, socio-economic, natural and cultural factors. The inclusion of these factors is accompanied by an assessment of the degree of controllability for each factor, which determines a set of models that adequately reflect social reality; interaction of the corresponding subsystems of the region.

2. At the second stage, groups of experts are formed, representatively representing the system of managing the region according to the main set of features, while the features are divided into managerial

251 administrative and status. To management-administrative we will attribute: the subject of management; the level and form of management, the degree of potential awareness. By status we will refer: position, length of service, age, gender, type of education.

3. At the third stage, the expert's questionnaire and questionnaires are developed, methodological tools are created. Held sociological studies with various expert groups.

4. At the fourth stage, the processing and analysis of the research results is carried out. The models that are most adequate to the objective parameters and the subjective field are selected. The obtained quantitative characteristics are entered into the models described at the second stage of the study.

5. At the fifth stage, public opinion is monitored and its results are processed using well-known sociological packages.

6. At the final stage, an analysis of the statistical socio-economic and sociological information (macro-, meso- and micro-level) and integrating it into the simulation system in order to diagnose and predict the direction of development of social processes in the region.

The purpose of the first of the conducted sociological studies - an expert survey - was to assess the possibilities and prospects for the use of modeling as one of the mechanisms for managing social processes. In the modern situation, model analysis itself becomes a social phenomenon, since it includes actors, their subjective assessments, or “ virtual reality».

When compiling models (meaning non-verbal models of various types), the key issues are the following: what to model, why to model, what parameters should be monitored, what types of models can be used here. The answers to the last two questions follow from the (fundamental) answers to the first two. In this case, it is not the object of modeling (it is clear) that is considered, but the definition, its interpretation and the most acceptable ways of implementation. Model types for different stages of implementation are selected depending on the answers to the first three questions. It was taken into account that the information component here manifests itself in the synthetic nature of modeling. The structure, nature and degree of reliability of the information component of the model is supposed to be revealed by conducting an expert survey.

In May-July 2002, an expert survey was conducted. Sample size 186

252 experts, of which 68% are men and 32% are women.

CONCLUSION

The analysis and solution of the problem of modeling in the system of managing social processes at the regional level as a social phenomenon carried out within the framework of the sociological and managerial approach is important not only for a deeper understanding of adequate methods and methods of management, but also for regulating the forms of economic behavior associated with both economic and with non-economic motivation.

Conceptually, approaches to modeling in the work were based on the synthesis of the theory of structural-functional analysis, equilibrium theory, general systems theory and conflict theory. At the level of formalization, the methodology of the network approach, methods of dynamic analysis of systems and approaches of "soft" or fuzzy modeling were used.

In the methodological aspect, the context of substantive rationality (in terms of M. Weber), which orients the actor towards optimal social action in the field of value-cultural orientations, was of great importance. The premise of substantive rationality made it possible to involve in sociological analysis the algorithms of mathematics and computer science, which also interpret the actions of the actor as optimal (extreme), but in other terms.

Explication in the regional context of such sociological concepts as institutionalization; model variables of culture, personality, society, cybernetic control hierarchy; mechanisms of social control and socialization; the functional imperatives of adaptation, goal achievement, integration, latency, made it possible to move to a higher level of abstraction in the description of the social sphere, or, in terms of systems theory, to structure the object sphere.

A clear distinction between the action subsystems of T. Parsons - cultural, personal, behavioral and social, of a functional nature, carried out on the basis of four primary functions inherent in any action systems - pattern reproduction, integration, goal achievement and adaptation - was also used by the author when developing the concept of modeling .

T. Parsons' understanding of the structure of social systems was also used by applying four types of independent variables: values, norms, teams and roles. They not only include elements of the value system specified in relation to the corresponding levels in the structure of the social system, but also contain specific ways of orientation for action in functional and situational conditions. Since the content of the concept of social came from the concept of a system, this allowed the author to work at the level of internal systemic mechanisms of a regional community that ensure the very possibility of the existence of its sociality. This made it possible to build both ideal and real models of the mechanisms of survival, functioning and development of a social regional community. These mechanisms were described in terms of the theory of equilibrium in the field of action of sociological concepts and in terms of the theory of stability in the field of action of the concepts of mathematics and computer science.

Drawing on the understanding of social action according to T. Parsons, we got the opportunity to create models, operating with the following elements that are part of its structure: the actor, the goals pursued by the actor; alternative means that the actor has; a variety of situational conditions and external pressures that influence the choice of ends and means; values, norms and other ideas that influence what is considered the goal and what means to choose to achieve it; expert subjective decisions regarding the means to achieve goals; the conditions of the situation.

Methodologically, the understanding of the essence of the subject of sociology in the formulations of R. Merton was used: as a clear explanation of logically interconnected and empirically confirmed proposals about the structure of society and its changes, human behavior within this structure and the consequences of this behavior. The methodology was based on the ideas of R. Merton about the social structure, determined by four criteria: the presence of an organizational (structural) context in which members of the group are involved; the presence of a regular, repetitive nature of the relationship, amenable to "modeling"; the presence of latent functions and social structure; the presence of the idea of both a restraining and an auxiliary influence that the social structure has on human behavior (or on other modifications of a real social phenomenon).

In our opinion, the prospects and possibilities of modeling were expanded on the basis of the concept of social action by J. Habermas, who sought to symbolically restructure the object area of social science by interpreting the subjective meanings and objective meanings of actors - their carriers. Through this understanding, rationally pursued goals are attributed as sufficient motivation for the observed behavior, and when the final statements regarding the lawfulness of behavior are empirically confirmed, we can say that the “model” understanding of motivation has led to an explanation of social action. Involvement in analytical constructions of the concept of analysis of "the life world" and "analysis of the system" by J. Habermas made it possible to formulate the idea of splitting systems of models on two grounds and structuring social processes in the form of structures of the first (system level) and second (life level) kind. The concept of structure in models relates primarily to those elements of system ordering that can be considered independent of random events of a local nature.

The use of a complex of structural and functional concepts and categories in one categorical field of sociology, mathematics and computer science made it possible to provide the necessary completeness of consideration of all elements of the system under study, and the involvement of a number of dynamic functional categories that operationally describe social processes in the region, thanks to which one can understand how and why social structures are preserved or destroyed, enter into conflict relations, present not only models, but describe social contexts and latent functions of regional communities. The development of the conflictological paradigm of structural-functional analysis led to the development of the concept of conflict at the regional level, tested using tools sociological research on a representative sample (with inclusion in the all-Russian sample), and to verify the main provisions of the concept.

One of the results of the study is the understanding that the development and translation of the modeling parameters of the region and their dynamics in the system of managing social processes at the regional level from economic atomism and universal rationality " purely economic community» to socio-psychological, socio-economic and socio-cultural dynamic models is a movement towards the discovery of new latent layers, functions and structures and real behavior in various social contexts. The movement is aimed at interpreting the key variables of these models, which are increasingly difficult to operationalize and verify, and is conceptually necessary, important and promising.

In theoretical and methodological terms, the analysis obtained, as it now seems, only "opens up" the world of real social ties and relations in the field of "live management", therefore, further development of models and research approaches to solving the main task - identifying links between theoretical and empirical parameters models, as well as a description of the mechanisms that unite them into a "holistic regional community" and into a region - is yet to come.

Another important result of the study is the general concept of the regional governance model presented in the paper. The regional management model is integrated from the formal (administrative-organizational, normative) and informal (sociocultural, defining fundamental values and norms) management systems, and from the management structure mechanism. The formal management system is compared with the official ideology of power and standard state means of regulating activities at the macro and meso levels (legal, social space); while the informal control system - with a real, "life-world" system of norms of behavior, determined by the values of the dominant groups.

The mechanism of operation of the informal control system involves fuzzy functions, control actions (signals), control: in this sense, the informal system, acting as a real control mechanism, functions very rigidly, like a well-coordinated work of elements of social networks embodied in the relevant socio-cultural values and fundamental norms of behavior , the informal rules of the game shared by a given social "stratum".

The operationalization of this hypothesis was based on the idea of developing a system of variables (indicators) of the fundamental principle of existence post-nomenclature states: power determines ownership and elaboration of interrelations of variables of the type: the higher the power powers of certain autonomous groups (teams, clans), the greater the share of income (profit, rent) and scarce resources (rights to information, products, services, finance , decision-making) they have, and will continue to extract from the current environment of Russian market uncertainty. Based on this assumption, the theoretical and methodological hypothesis of the study was developed on the basis of the idea of managing the key system-forming) parameters of the region in the context of control and controlled variables of control objects, understanding their common and different features.

Consideration of the region from the standpoint of dynamic analysis led to the definition of the region as a sequence of interdependent social processes, or a moving set of actions and interactions. Then the structure of the region as a system was described in the form of subsystems for various reasons, and each of the subsystems formed its own incomplete structure of an open type. The management of social processes was considered at the level of subject-object interactions in social systems in order to change the characteristics of a social object. Since the region was described as a set of interrelated social processes, this set was considered from the standpoint of I. Wallerstein's concept of world systems. According to this concept, the development of each region or country is carried out within the framework of the entire world system, developing according to universal laws, and the division into “core” and “periphery” is observed throughout the entire historical process. The study of Russian realities has led to the need to study the complexity of the structure of the social structure, not only in the context of the "world-system", but also in the context of domestic socio-economic and socio-political processes.

The thesis about the need to separate the national and territorial components of the regional society, repeatedly voiced in the work, was confirmed both in the results of an expert survey and in the results of model numerical experiments.

In the theory of structural-functional analysis, it is assumed that society, as a self-sustaining system, has certain basic needs, the satisfaction of which is necessary for its survival, the balance of a self-sustaining system. We relied on this basic principle of the homeostasis of the social system in the model. Since a region as a mesolevel, by definition, cannot be doomed to liquidation, the optimal management at the regional level implies maintaining the system at a level corresponding to a minimum of integration in the structure of the first kind with a maximum of adaptation in the structure of the second kind. According to the principle of extremeness, the minimum of integration in the structure of the first kind is understood as maintaining the diversity of economic, political, organizational, etc., necessary to preserve this structure), the maximum of adaptation in the structure of the second kind implies the adaptation of the social structure to the processes taking place in the system (the level of conflict, the level of quality of life, etc.) Then the interaction of equilibrium and non-equilibrium social processes at the regional level is considered in terms of control (and controllable) parameters, and the model of control of social processes as a meta-description of their changes.

The expert survey made it possible to identify the main reasons for the insufficient effectiveness of the attempts made so far to create information models for managing social regional processes. It is concluded that social management cannot be considered as a random process, and when modeling human participation, his behavior cannot be described by purely statistical methods. Because of this, the currently existing system for collecting and analyzing statistical information does not meet the ever-increasing requirements of modern management structures, so all attempts to build information models based on such data are doomed to failure in advance. The most informative are selective studies conducted on the principle of continuous monitoring by non-governmental or scientific institutions, aimed at collecting information and analyzing it on the principle of "soft" mixed systems, taking into account training and expert analysis.

The conceptual model is integrated from: a mathematical model of the first level of complexity, an information-mathematical model of the second level of complexity, a network and sociological-information models of the third level of complexity. The mathematical model of the first level of complexity was created on the basis of mathematical methods as a formalized description of the trends in the interactions of subsystems of the societal system. The information-mathematical model is aimed at formalizing the communicative interactions of the subsystems of the regional management system. Communications are considered as information exchange (in the form of signals and data) between subsystems. Integration into the conceptual model of the study of the results of expert surveys and monitoring of public opinion leads to the creation of a sociological-information model. If the first model works at the level of analysis, the second is aimed at processing statistical information, the third and fourth - sociological.

In the models of the third and fourth levels, the technology of mixed modeling is used, when the “soft” model, built using the analysis technology, is optimized on the synthesis model. In addition to the traditional advantages of flexible "soft" systems, it is proposed to take into account the "civilian" component of society, the dynamics of which would be impossible to model using traditional means. The concept integrates approaches previously considered as alternative and uses their alternativeness (diversity of modules) in order to clarify and correct the obtained characteristics.

From the standpoint of dynamic analysis, it was concluded that research and forecasting of the development of regional social processes should be carried out in conjunction with a study on the stability of self-organization processes and a check on the limitations of social risks. The integrated model and classification of social risks developed in the work makes it possible to formalize the management problem and bring it to a virtual level, which can significantly reduce the risk of making erroneous management decisions.

Consideration of the space of social properties of a regional community at the level of the minimum necessary for the survival of the system, its functioning and, possibly, development, when solving the problem of setting boundaries, made it possible to formulate the idea of " equilibrium cone”, which sets the boundaries of the normal functioning of the system.

Thus, the introduction of automation into management in organizations and social systems, based on the transfer of the concepts of cybernetics, mathematical communication theory and information theory from hard systems to soft ones, gives us powerful tools for understanding phenomena, but it also has significant limitations on its application. The main one is that complex social systems are not prepared for modeling. In addition, the means of their description are very far from perfect in the sense of formal rigor. The use of an approach based on the main control cycle is possible only in cases where each of the system functions is clearly defined and unambiguously associated with any subsystem. Modeling and searching for optimal solutions in large complex systems, such as society, requires far from simple conceptualization. Conceptualization is carried out using a structural-functional approach, while taking into account the importance of the following concepts: sustainability, integrity, efficiency, regulation. Regulation here consists in maintaining the response of the system within predetermined limits. However, the process of setting such boundaries is quite complicated and is the result of a certain evolution of our ideas about the system under study.

The modern stage of the development of society, often called informational (informational), is also characterized by the fact that access to information resources determines the position of the actor in the decision-making structure in the management system, not only at the formal, but also at the informal level. Thus, not just insufficient, but not quite adequate and insufficiently coherent information about the structures of business and production, determined in the course of a sociological survey, leads to a break in power codes and networks.

One of the fundamental results of the study is the consideration of regional governance modeling in the context of the network paradigm of modern society. Since the network society is a modern society built on the basis of the interaction of various flows: capital, information, technologies, sounds, symbols, images, and these flows are not just one of the elements of social organization, they are an expression of the processes that dominate the economic, political and symbolic life. Following M. Castells, the author understands flows as purposeful, repetitive, programmable sequences of exchanges and interactions between positions occupied by social actors in the economic, political and symbolic structures of society. Dominant social practices are embedded in dominant social structures. Under the dominant social structures is understood such a structure of organizations and institutions, in which the internal logic plays a strategic role in the formation of social practices and public consciousness in society. These social flows are a new spatial form characteristic of the social practices that dominate the network society. In other words, the space of flows is the material organization of social practices in shared time, working through flows.

The network society is a consequence of the current technological revolution, which is characterized by the central role of knowledge and information, and more importantly, the application of such knowledge and information to the generation of new knowledge, and in the implementation of all functions in the social fabric through communications. The paper compares the network society with the industrial one in the context of the development of Russian regions, which implies the simultaneous consideration of two dimensions - technological and territorial. The network society has its own social effects of information technologies, the depth of impact of which is a function of the penetration of information into the social structure. Changes in the relations of production, power and experience lead to the transformation of the material foundations of social life, space and time. The result is a fundamental transformation of relationships. Sociological research conducted by the author confirmed the presence of elements of a network society, indicating the emergence of a new social structure. They showed the lag of the Russian regions, so significant that we should already talk about the transition to a different development trajectory. However, it is required to conduct additional, deeper research aimed at identifying possible development trajectories depending on the degree of changes in the social structure of the information society.

The problem of region modeling formulated in the work is interpreted at a new level, when the model is already not only a means or one of the control elements, the model itself becomes a social phenomenon. The emergence of a new culture: the culture of real virtuality in the informational paradigm led to the fact that reality, i.e., the material and symbolic existence of people, was immersed in the installation of virtual images, in the world of created beliefs, in which the symbols themselves contain actual experience. The dominant functions and values of society are organized in information flows that have a global meaning; at the same time, dominant values and interests are constructed without reference to the past or the future. This structure is called a network society because it is created by networks of production, power, interests and experience that form a culture of virtuality in global flows that deny time and space, this is the new social structure of the information age. Not all social dimensions and institutions follow the logic of the network society, just as industrial societies have included numerous pre-industrial forms of human existence for a long time. But all societies of the information age are indeed permeated - with varying intensity - by the ubiquitous logic of the network society, whose dynamic expansion gradually absorbs and subjugates pre-existing social forms. It is easiest to imagine a network of decision-making systems in a social structure as a network characteristic of the space of flows.

The relevance of the introduction of integrated systems for the analysis and forecasting of social regional management is assessed by experts as high, while the need to adjust the existing system for collecting and analyzing information, streamlining it in order to bring it into a single system is noted. However, there is a lack of readiness of managerial personnel to perceive virtual models as a form of management, both at the mental and purely formal levels. Probably, a process of mutual convergence of the “humanitarian” style of thinking and the style of information systems is needed. One of the steps in this direction is to conduct simulation experiments with the participation of the leading management personnel of the region.

M. Castells owns a hypothesis that he verified, which is of interest in the context of the results of the research: real social domination stems from the fact that cultural codes are built into the social structure in such a way that the possession of these codes already opens access to the power structure. The spatial manifestation of such logic leads to the fact that, on the one hand, the elites form their own society and constitute symbolically closed communities. They create their community in the form of a spatially limited interpersonal network subculture, the space of flows is made up of personal micronetworks, from where interests are transferred through many interactions to functional macronetworks.

If the space of flows is truly the dominant spatial form of the network society, then the forms, functions, processes in the management of the region will be redefined anew in the coming years. The space of flows does not permeate the entire field of human experience in a network society - the vast majority of people in both developed and traditional societies perceive their space in a territorial aspect. This leads to contradictions in the relationship between the space of flows and the territorial organization, between the network society and the region. Since the dominant functions and power in society are organized in the space of flows, the meaning of territorial organization changes significantly. Hence follows a structural bifurcation that threatens to destroy the communication channels in society. Thus, there is a threat of violating the stability of the existing social spatial organization. The information-mathematical approach, being built into the system of social management, allows you to create a sociological-information space that serves as a "bridge" between the two forms of social spatial organization that are emerging today.

The conducted sociological research allowed, in addition, to draw a number of conclusions. Compliance with the rules of the game (according to the principle “tops command, bottoms obey”) works, because in the perception of the masses it is unprofitable to violate them. The masses are demobilized and interest groups are relatively mobilized. The system of articulation of interests and values is relatively stable, with the exception of the system of political parties and non-governmental organizations. Business in the regions has not yet shown itself as a political force, as happened in the center. Ambivalence towards the authorities is manifested in consistently high ratings “in general” (the economic situation in the region, trust in mesoactors, assessments of the actions of the governor, specific representatives of the regional executive power) and in low, “negative” ratings in response to specific questions, as well as in assessments of the actions of the apparatus of the regional administration, police, courts, prosecutors and other law enforcement agencies. The system is socially legitimized, at least in the sense that the systemic alternatives lack the power to mobilize the masses. There is no single set of "authorities" characteristic of a democratic society. " Criminal gangs» are perceived as a real political force that influences the economy and politics in the region.

The studies that are available in this work contain only a certain set of freely constructed, based on classical and neoclassical traditions, methodological judgments and assumptions of conclusions, the theoretical and empirical reliability of which has been assessed, although as correctly as possible, but is still far from being fully completed. Here the problem arises of the research prospects of the proposed approach and the possibility of further work with it and on it itself. Continuation of the study implies a transition to its next phase - more complex and more time-consuming. We are talking about further empirical study of the problem and conducting more large-scale specific economic and sociological research on this problem.

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Prerequisites for modeling.

Any system can be modeled using elements of known types of systems. Such models have corresponding characteristics and purposes. In some cases, systems modeled in this way have a positive result, ensuring the progressive development of the system as a whole, in other cases, on the contrary, development is slowed down or a clear regression is observed.

In this regard, it is necessary to consider the evolution and consequences of the incompatibility of different types of systems when modeling a social system.

Attempts to explain the regularities of the origin and functioning of the social system were often made from the points of view of mechanics, biology, and physics. However, it should be noted that we are not aware of attempts to model a mechanistic or biological system by applying the laws of social development.

The emergence of mechanistic theories in relation to the laws of nature and social development appeared as early as the 17th century. Supporters of the idea of the absolute universality of the application of the laws of mechanics tried to explain the phenomena of nature and social life from the point of view of the laws that explain the variety of forms of motion of matter. Among them were such prominent biologists as Y.Ya. Berzelius, J.B. Lamarck, A. Rooks and others. According to mechanists, biology allows precise formulations because matter exists. Therefore, there is no reason to oppose inanimate nature to forms of living nature. Living nature, according to A. Rooks, is a set of living organisms consisting of cells with nuclei, which in turn developed from inanimate elementary particles through the impact of mechanical laws on them.

In turn, supporters of the biological concept, such as G. Spencer, A. Hansong, S. Beer and others, considered models of social systems in the context of the laws of development of living organisms. Comparing the patterns of development of living organisms and human society, Herbert Spencer distinguishes three groups of significant similarities: a) the growth of the system as an increase in quantity; b) differentiation of the structure of the system; and c) an increase in the differentiation of functions.

From the point of view of G. Spencer and A. Hansong, both biological and social systems are characterized by quantitative changes that characterize their growth. For example, a living organism develops from an embryo to a mature individual, and society, like a living organism, has overcome in its development the path from a small tribal organization to a great nation.

The differentiation of structures in biological and social systems also has similarities. For the early stages of the development of wildlife in the Protozoic era, it was characteristic that organisms were microscopic. As they developed, their differentiation led to the emergence of new species and classes of animals and plants. Social organisms are also represented by primitive communities, which, as a rule, do not form large groups. On the other hand, the great empires known in the history of human civilization included tens and hundreds of peoples speaking different languages and representing different cultures.

And, finally, both in biological systems and in social systems, with growth through a simple multiplication of units and the emergence of groups and subgroups, in each group there is an increase in the number of individuals who differ from each other in their functions.

Modeling a social system on such principles significantly limited its possibilities, since it did not provide parts of the system with freedom of choice. Although it must be admitted that at a certain historical stage they played a positive role. For example, the unification of the Russian principalities under the rule of the Grand Duke and overcoming feudal fragmentation. The strengthening of the autocracy contributed to the rise of the economy, the liberation from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

Thus, autocratic rule tends to use more of the body model. However, the development of productive forces and production relations, technical and social progress rather soon showed the inconsistency of the organismic model of the social system. The unlimited and uncontrolled power of one person or group, as a rule, led to the emergence of totalitarian regimes, the consequences of which are known both for the economy and for the social sphere.

The authoritarian style of leadership also takes place in modern management. The application of the organismic model to organization may be justified in some situations. Such situations will be considered later. However, autocratic governance as a whole is regressive in nature, as it contradicts the law of the social system - the law of freedom of choice of its parts. This leads to situations in which the managed parts of the organization can function more efficiently than the parts that manage them.

The use of the laws of mechanics and physics in relation to social systems had both an objective and a subjective basis. In 1928, the Russian sociologist P. Sorokin summarized the attempt of the social physicists A. Barzelo and Gareth to translate the language of social science into the language of mechanics as follows. An individual person is a “material point”, and his environment is a “force field”. Therefore, according to Gareth and Barzelo, “an increase in the force field of an individual is equivalent to a decrease in its potential energy ... The total energy of an individual in his force field remains constant during all its changes ...” (Sorokin P., Modern Sociological Theories, 1928, p. 17) .

Another physicist, G. Carey, applied the law of gravity to social phenomena. In the book “Principles of the Social Sciences”, G. Carey wrote that if an individual is taken as a molecule, and society as a body, then the attraction between any two bodies is directly proportional to their mass, that is, the number of persons per unit volume, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them .

These examples show that the formation of the theory of social organization was influenced by many factors. However, the development of production and the social processes that were associated with it still had a dominant influence.

Deterministic models of social systems .

The industrial revolution, which revolutionized public life, was marked by the replacement of manual labor by machines. As a result, significant contradictions appeared in the social sphere of the industrially developed countries of Western Europe and the USA. They were associated with the displacement of agricultural manual labor and a sharp increase in the army of hired workers. The former peasants deprived of their property were forced to sell their labor power (K. Marx) as the only possible commodity. But this product was of very low quality, since it was the labor of unskilled workers. Such labor could be used where high qualifications are not required. For example, with in-line assembly, which was a cycle of simple labor operations. Such work did not provide for an intellectual load and was based on the regulation of physical operations. Thus, a person began to be considered by the organizers of production as an addition to the system of mechanisms, that is, as an integral part of a deterministic (mechanistic) system. In addition, replacing such a worker was as easy as replacing a worn part of a machine. A shortage of jobs, high unemployment among unskilled workers, and a very low standard of living - all this made it possible for the employer to treat workers as easily replaceable parts of machines.

The influence of the deterministic model on the organization of production was so great that a huge amount of goods was produced in a relatively short period of time. It was during this period that the era of marketing began. Marketing began to turn into a special management activity, which led to such approaches as:

a) improvement of production and the introduction of new technologies and machines into it, sharply reducing the cost of goods (G. Ford); b) improving the product and ensuring its competitiveness in the market in terms of such an indicator as quality; c) intensification of commercial efforts aimed at solving the problem: “how to sell what is produced” (A. Sloan).

The growth and diversification of production, which were a kind of reaction to the growing demand, inevitably had to put before the organizers of the business the most important question: how to manage this process. As production developed, enlarged and differentiated, the need for decentralization became more and more obvious. The phenomenal success achieved in the creation of a mechanistic model of mass production was already fraught with the contradictions that became more acute in the process of its development. With the development and complication of the organizational structures of capitalist production, the effectiveness of their management decreased every year. Although the need for decentralization of management was obvious, nevertheless, most owners were in no hurry to introduce it into their production. The reason for this was precisely the incompatibility of the models. A mechanistic system requires centralized control and invariance of the results of work. Decentralization of such a system will lead to chaos and disorganization, which will certainly affect the resulting indicators. Therefore, improving the operation of one of the parts of the mechanistic system does not lead to an improvement in the performance of the system as a whole, but, on the contrary, destabilizes the functioning of the entire system.

As a result, in deterministic systems, the functional characteristics of its individual parts can be improved, provided that this improvement is followed by the modernization of the entire system with indispensable observance of causal laws.

Animation models of social systems.

The influence of biological concepts on the construction of a model of a social system has already been discussed above. In particular, one of these concepts found its expression in the writings of the evolutionist philosopher Herbert Spencer in the 19th century, and was subsequently generalized by A.M. Hansong in 1931

The period of the 20s - 30s of the last century was marked by significant changes, both in the field of production and in public life. The increase in demand for consumer goods caused a deepening of the differentiation and diversification of capitalist production. The processes taking place in the social sphere also significantly changed its structure. The number of state institutions designed to control production and regulate demand has increased. Trade unions arose, which to a certain extent began to influence the management of enterprises. The professional and educational level of workers and employees has grown significantly. All this could not but affect the management model. For example, in order to maintain competitiveness, the capitalist was forced to take care of the permanent technical and technological re-equipment of his enterprises. For this, additional financial resources were needed, the source of which was the state and citizens who were ready to invest free funds in the shares of big business. As a result, there was a separation of ownership and management.

Companies were now owned by shareholders who, in accordance with the number of shares, took part in management by delegating their powers to elected managers. This is how corporations . The word "corporation" comes from the Latin word corpus - body. In this regard, the changes that have taken place in the productive forces and production relations have determined the appropriate approaches to building a new management model. One of the leaders in this area is Pierre Dupont(1870 - 1954) and Alfred Sloan (1875 – 1966).

A. Sloan, an outstanding manager and management theorist, worked for General Motors for almost half a century. In 1921, he becomes CEO of the company, when GM held 12% of the market, producing eight car models. For comparison, Ford with one model had 60% of the market. Sloan developed the new concept in just one month with the help of a small group of managers. According to this concept, the corporation was divided into two distinct parts: control and operations department . The operations department had no freedom of choice in the functions it performed. These functions were prescribed by the managers, who made sure that they were strictly carried out. Thus, the functions of the operations department were limited to deterministic reactions to commands or events in the external environment.

In developing the ideal business model for a car company, Alfred Sloan believed that the car models produced should cover all market segments. Not sharing Henry Ford's point of view that the buyer is only interested in price, Sloane argued that the car emphasizes the social status of its owner. In this regard, the company must enable its customer to purchase the cheapest model, and then, when he has saved up for the cheapest model of the next row, the company must help him sell a used car. This is how the used car market was born. At the same time, each GM model competed not only with cars from other companies, but also with GM models of other classes.

By constantly observing customer reactions, as well as in conversations with car dealers, Sloan drew the necessary information that helped him in making managerial decisions. The success of the strategy proposed by A. Sloan was due to a systematic approach to creating an ideal business management system and a correct understanding of marketing aimed at creating goods in accordance with the needs of potential buyers.

The methodological basis of the concept of A. Sloan was the views of representatives of the "school of human relations" in management, such as Hugo Munsterberg (1863 -1916), Mary Parker Follet (1868 - 1933), Elton Mayo (1880 - 1949), Douglas McGregor (1906 - 1964) and others.

The progressiveness of their views in terms of the formation of a new management concept was that the decisive role in production was assigned to a person. The main provisions of the "school of human relations" found their expression in the conclusions of Elton Mayo and McGregor's theory, which were already discussed in the previous chapter.

The influence of the organismic approach to building a model of a social system was very tangible. So, speaking about the fact that man is a social being, E. Mayo considered the group as a living organism. In this regard, the defining motive for the behavior of an individual in a group, according to Mayo, are group norms that determine what exactly workers and employees should do and what can be expected of them in specific situations. These norms are very stable because they are backed up by group sanctions. They must be done in the name of the group. Hence it is not difficult to understand A. Sloan's view of the corporation. General Motors is a large social group in which the corporate plans and orders of managers are the group norms that all operating performers must adhere to.

According to Alfred Sloan, management is called upon to develop group norms of labor behavior. . The task of the operational department is to ensure that the corporate plans, the requirements of the management - that is, the developed norms of labor behavior - are transformed into the consciousness of employees as immutable values - the norms of labor relations at this enterprise.

Adhering to the position of Elton Mayo that the social and psychological position of the worker in production is no less important than the work itself, Alfred Sloan attached great importance to informal relations in the activities of the organization.

Satisfaction with the results of one's work determines a favorable atmosphere in the workplace and contributes to the cohesion of the group in maintaining the group norms of the company. In this regard, A. Sloan considered labor productivity not only as the prerogative of the management structure of the corporation, but as the prerogative of the working group. Following Mayo, he believed that this factor in increasing business efficiency could be regulated in the process of informal relations between employees and managers. As a result, it became obvious that informal relations in the production process can solve many managerial tasks and that they need some guidance. When manufacturing and selling cars, managers must not only be concerned about increasing profits, but also look for ways to unite employees around the goals of the company.

Thus, in the first half of the 20th century, with the development of management theory and practice, the understanding came that a positive result can be achieved only if integration technical and social components of the production process. Therefore, some administrative functions, such as goal-setting, planning, making individual decisions, and correcting work assignments and production standards, began to be transferred to groups in the operations department.

All these changes were a prerequisite for those cardinal changes that actualized social models in building an organization. Already within animation models the organization is considered as a social system, and a person endowed with skills and abilities to work as its central link. At the same time, the highest social needs of a person (A. Maslow), his ability to determine goals and ways to achieve them, now come to the fore, which, in turn, led to an aggravation of the conflict within the management system built on organismic principles.

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