The sphere of scientific communication is distinguished by the fact that it pursues the goals of the most accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thought. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by mono-logical speech. Speech genres that embody this style of language are scientific monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, various genres of educational, scientific, technical, popular science literature; scientific reports, lectures.

In most cases, the scientific style is implemented in the written form of speech. However, with the development of mass media, with the growing importance of science in modern society, the increase in the number of various kinds of scientific contacts, such as conferences, symposiums, seminars, the role of oral scientific speech increases.

The main features of the scientific style are accuracy, abstractness, consistency and objectivity of presentation. It is they who form this functional style, determine the choice of vocabulary used in the works of the scientific style.

Requirement accuracy scientific speech predetermines such a feature of the scientific style dictionary as terminology. Special and terminological vocabulary is actively used in scientific speech. Recently, the role of international terminology has increased (this is especially noticeable in the economic sphere, for example, management, sponsor, sequester, realtor etc.).

The growing role of internationalisms in terminological vocabulary testifies, on the one hand, to the trend towards international standardization of the language of science, and on the other hand, it is an indicator of the “detachment” of the means of scientific style from the commonly used vocabulary of the language. The scientific style does not have the property of general accessibility. However, this does not mean the correctness of the converse statement: "the more incomprehensible, the more scientific." The pseudo-scientific style of presentation, not supported by informativeness, is a lack of speech.

A feature of the use of vocabulary in the scientific style is that ambiguous stylistically neutral words are used in the scientific style not in all their meanings, but only, as a rule, in one. For example, from the four main meanings of the verb see, marked by dictionaries, in the scientific style, the meaning of “to recognize, understand” is realized. For example: We see that in the interpretation of this phenomenon, scientists disagree. The use in one meaning, which becomes terminological, is also characteristic of other parts of speech, for example, nouns, adjectives: body, strength, movement, sour, heavy etc.

The desire for generalization, abstraction is manifested in the scientific style in the predominance of abstract vocabulary over concrete . Very frequent are nouns with abstract values ​​of the type: thinking, perspective, truth, hypothesis, point of view, conditioning and under.

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by a relative homogeneity and closure, which is expressed, in particular, in the lesser use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but due to the repeated repetition of the same ones.

In scientific functional style there is no colloquial and colloquial vocabulary . This style is less characterized by appraisal. Estimates are used to express the author's point of view, to make it more understandable, accessible, to clarify the idea, and are mostly rational, not emotionally expressive. Scientific style of speech emotionally expressive coloring is alien, because it does not contribute to the achievement of accuracy, consistency, objectivity and abstractness of presentation.

Not only inappropriate, but also comical, statements like: "An incomparable method of integration..."; "The integral behaves quite decently..."; "The solution to the problem trembled at the tip of the pen ...". However, as scientists note, in some genres of scientific speech, such as, for example, polemical articles, lectures, popular science reports, there may be expressive means of the language used as a means of strengthening logical argumentation.

In the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author, the objectivity of the information presented is maximally demonstrated. This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions, for example: it is believed, it is known, there is reason to believe, presumably, one might say, it should be emphasized etc.

The desire for a logical presentation of the material in scientific speech determines the active use of complex sentences of the allied type, in which the relationship between the parts is expressed unambiguously, for example: Sometimes it's enough to spend 2-3 sessions to restore fluent speech. The most typical complex sentences are sentences with subordinate reasons and conditions, For example: “If an enterprise or some of its structural subdivisions does not work well, then this means that not everything is in order with management here.”

The purpose of an emphatically logical presentation of thought is also the use of introductory words, of which introductory words are especially widely presented in a scientific style, indicating the sequence of messages, as well as the degree of reliability and source of information: firstly, secondly, finally; of course, apparently, as they say..., according to the theory etc.

A distinctive feature of written scientific speech is that texts can contain not only linguistic information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. To a greater extent, this is typical for texts of natural and applied sciences: mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc. However, almost any scientific text can contain graphic information; this is one of the characteristic features of the scientific style of speech.

Summarizing the distinctive features of the scientific style, primarily its lexical composition, we can say that it is characterized by:

1. The use of bookish, neutral and terminological vocabulary.

2. The predominance of abstract vocabulary over concrete.

3. The use of polysemantic words in one (rarely two) meanings.

4. An increase in the share of internationalisms in terminology.

5. Relative homogeneity, isolation of the lexical composition.

6. The uncommonness of colloquial and colloquial words; words with emotionally expressive and evaluative coloring.

7. The presence of syntactic constructions that emphasize the logical connection and sequence of thoughts.

Russian language and culture of speech

DE 1 (Styling)

Functional styles of the Russian literary language

Style- a kind of literary language, which is traditionally fixed in society for one of the spheres of life. Each variety has certain linguistic features (primarily vocabulary and grammar) and is opposed to other similar varieties of the literary language, which correlate with other areas of life and have their own linguistic features.

Style associated with the state of society, it is historically changeable. In the days of Lomonosov, one could only talk about styles of book speech; while highlighting three styles: high, medium and short. Today stand out in the language four styles: three bookstores (scientific, official business, journalistic) and colloquial style. Selection artistic style remains the subject of scientific debate.

We can only talk about relative isolation literary language styles. Most of the language means in each style – neutral, interstyle. The core of everyone style form the linguistic means inherent in it with the appropriate stylistic coloring and uniform norms of use.

Stylistic means used by speakers or writers consciously. Style speech work is associated with its content, purpose, relations between speaking(writing) and listening(to the reader).

Style- a variety of literary language that has historically developed at a certain time in a particular society, which is a relatively closed system of linguistic means that are constantly and consciously used in various spheres of life. Each functional style may exist as both in writing and orally.

Everyone style characterized the following features: a) conditions communication; b) goal communication; in) forms (genres) in which it exists; G) set of language tools and the nature of their use.

In speech practice, there may be style interaction, the penetration of linguistic means, assigned to a particular sphere of social activity, into areas of communication unusual for them. It is justified if it is motivated by a specific communicative goal. Otherwise, use different styles linguistic means within a single text leads to the appearance stylistic mistakes.

scientific style

scientific style speech is one of the functional varieties of the literary language, serving the sphere of science and production; it is realized in book specialized texts of different genres, mainly in writing speech, although the role and oral form of scientific speech (congresses, conferences, symposia).

Science is called upon to give true information about the world around us. Scientific texts related to the orientation towards the professional reader. The main features of the language of science – accuracy, abstractness, consistency and objectivity of presentation.

An important feature of science is accuracy. Requirement accuracy predetermines such a feature of the scientific style dictionary as terminology. Main feature and value term in that it carries logical information of a large volume, is accurate and unambiguous. scientific style imposes a ban on non-literary vocabulary ( jargon, dialectisms, colloquial words), does not allow the use literary words that have emotional coloring.

The desire for generalization, abstraction is manifested in scientific style in the predominance abstract vocabulary above specific. Frequent are abstract nouns of the type: , perspective, truth, thinking and etc. Objectivity appears in the text scientific works both in the presence of some obligatory components of the content, and in the form - in the manner of narration. One of the main ways to create the effect of objectivity content is reference to scientific tradition- an indication of an appeal to a given object of study, problem, term, etc. other scientists. " Objectivity of form» scientific style involves the rejection of linguistic means that are associated with the transmission emotions: interjections and particles that convey emotions and feelings, emotionally colored vocabulary and expressive sentence models are not used; a clear preference is given to a neutral word order; for scientific speech exclamatory intonation is not typical, interrogative intonation is used to a limited extent. Requirement objectivity also defines the rejection of narration in the first person, i.e. from the “personal” manner of narration (the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions, the scientific “we”, etc.).

Committed to consistency presentation of the material predetermines the active use complex sentences, especially complex subordinate(the most frequent sentences with subordinate causes and conditions). These sentences are used as common conjunctions (because, since, since, since) and bookstores (due to the fact that, due to the fact that). For the purpose of emphatically logical presentation of thought, it is widely used introductory words (firstly, finally, according to the theory ..., apparently and etc.).

Linguistic features of the scientific style

Lexical features:

a) the use of words in their direct meaning;

b) lack of figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperbole;

c) widespread use abstract vocabulary and terms(general scientific and highly specialized vocabulary), the frequency of derivatives with suffixes -ist (impressionist), -awn (settled way of life), meas- (symbolism), -from-a (longitude), -none (cloning).

Morphological features:

a) have the highest frequency of use nouns, and among them the majority belongs to nouns with an abstract meaning that do not have a plural form: time, movement, direction etc., including verbal noun;

b) in a scientific text adjectives few, and many of them are used as part of terms, have an exact, highly specialized meaning; while the frequency of use short adjectives in a scientific style is several times higher than in others ( equal, proportional, similar, capable, possible, characteristic);

in) Verbs most often have the form of the present tense (with a "timeless" meaning); in a scientific text, verbs in the 1st and 2nd person are practically not used. h.

Syntax features:

a) use complex sentences, especially complex ones;

b) widespread use introductory words;

c) use of words given, known, relevant as means of communication;

d) permissibility of use chains of genitives: establishing the dependence of the wavelength of x-rays of an atom. (Kapitsa);

e) frequency of use involved and participle turns.

In the field of science, the main written genres are abstracts, article and monograph, since it is with their help that new scientific information; other genres represent either processing of this information, which they give, presenting information in an adapted, compressed form ( abstract, abstract), or give her assessment(review, review).

Depending on how the author determines for himself the capabilities and needs of his "interlocutor", he can use one of the variations scientific style (substyles): actually scientific, scientific and educational or popular science substyle.Main variety - proper scientific substratum(genres - monograph, scientific article, abstract, term paper and thesis, dissertation). On its basis, a lighter version arises, intended for those who are just comprehending a new field of knowledge - scientific and educational substyle(main genres - textbook, handbook and etc.) . A small degree of competence of the reader or listener leads to the appearance popular science text (genres - essay, article and etc.).

Some genres scientific style are a document, and therefore are influenced by the official business style. Strict requirements are imposed on the final student work: the composition of the work is regulated (dividing into chapters or paragraphs, the presence of a plan (table of contents), sections "Introduction", "Conclusion" (or "Conclusions"), "Bibliography", and often "Appendix") , its design (indication on the title page of the details "Scientific supervisor", "Genre" ( term paper, diploma work etc.), “Year”, “Educational institution”, etc.).

Formal business style

Modern official business(hereinafter OD) style is a functional variety of the Russian literary language, used in the field of administrative and legal activities. business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

Formal business style refers to book and written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in texts. laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. oral formofficial business speech presented making presentations at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, official telephone conversation, oral order.

To common extralinguistic and proper linguistic features of thisstyle the following should be included:

1) accuracy, detail presentations;

2) stereotype, standardization presentations;

3) prescriptive character presentation (voluntariness);

4) officiality, the severity of the expression of thought, objectivity and consistency(features inherent and scientific speech).

The language of laws requires accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies. Standardization presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in business style fit into a limited number of standard forms ( questionnaire, certificate, instruction, statement, business letter etc.). Therefore, business speech impersonal, stereotypical, in it no emotional start. specific property business speech is an expression of will. Voluntary in texts it is expressed semantically (by choice of words) and grammatically. So, in management documentation, the first person forms of the verb are frequent ( please, offer, order, congratulations), modal words, forms of obligation ( should, should, should).

Which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

The style of scientific papers is ultimately determined by their content and the goals of scientific communication: to explain the facts as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, and so on.

Scientific style features

The scientific style has a number of common features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of certain sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and the differences between the genres of expression (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole . At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, and mathematics differ noticeably in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.

The scientific style is characterized logical sequence of presentation orderly a system of connections between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors to accuracy, brevity, uniqueness while saving saturation content.

Logic- this is the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of the text.

Sequence has only such a text in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.

Clarity, as the quality of scientific speech, suggests intelligibility, availability. According to the degree of accessibility, scientific, scientific-educational and popular science texts differ in material and in the way of its language design.

Accuracy scientific speech involves uniqueness understanding, the absence of discrepancy between the signified and its definition. Therefore, in scientific texts, as a rule, there are no figurative, expressive means; words are used mainly in their direct meaning, the frequency of terms also contributes to the unambiguity of the text.

Strict accuracy requirements for a scientific text make restriction on the use of figurative means language: metaphors, epithets, artistic comparisons, proverbs, etc. Sometimes such means can penetrate scientific works, since the scientific style strives not only for accuracy, but also for persuasiveness, evidence. Sometimes figurative means are necessary to implement the requirement clarity, intelligibility presentation.

Emotionality, like expressiveness, in the scientific style, which requires an objective, "intellectual" presentation of scientific data, is expressed differently than in other styles. The perception of a scientific work can cause certain feelings in the reader, but not as a response to the emotionality of the author, but as an awareness of the scientific fact itself. Although a scientific discovery has an impact regardless of the method of its transmission, the author of a scientific work himself does not always refuse an emotional and evaluative attitude to the events and facts presented. Committed to limited use of the author's "I"- this is not a tribute to etiquette, but a manifestation of an abstract generalized stylistic feature of scientific speech, reflecting the form of thinking.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their terminology(particularly international). However, one should not overestimate the degree of this saturation: on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work.

An important role in the style of scientific work is played by use of abstract vocabulary.

In the field of morphology, there is using shorter forms, which is consistent with the principle savings linguistic means.

To link parts of the text, special means are used (words, phrases and sentences) indicating subsequence the development of thoughts (“at the beginning”, “later”, “then”, “first of all”, “preliminarily”, etc.), on the connection of previous and subsequent information (“as indicated”, “as already mentioned”, “as noted” , “considered”, etc.), on causal relationships (“but”, “therefore”, “due to this”, “hence”, “due to the fact that”, “due to this”, etc.), to the transition to a new topic (“let's consider now”, “let's move on to consideration”, etc.), to the proximity, identity of objects, circumstances, signs (“he”, “the same”, “such”, “so”, “here "," here ", etc.).

Scientific style substyles

The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into three so-called sub-styles:

• Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of the style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries.
• Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students, in order to teach, describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts stated in the text and examples are typical.
• Popular science. The addressee is anyone interested in this or that science. The goal is to give an idea of ​​science, to interest the reader.

Genres using scientific style

Scientific texts are designed as separate finished works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre.

The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal, review, textbook (manual), lecture, report, informational message (about the conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation , scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.

To secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsing in order to reduce the volume of the text.

The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, term paper, abstract message.

History of scientific style

The emergence with the development of different areas of scientific knowledge, different spheres of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic style occurred in the Alexandrian period, when scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language, which had spread its influence over the entire cultural world at that time.

Subsequently, it was replenished from the resources of Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages. In the Renaissance, scientists strove for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contrary to the abstract and logical reflection of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the too "artistic" nature of Galileo's presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo's scientific proofs was excessively "fictionalized". In the future, Newton's logical exposition became a model of scientific language.

In Russia, the scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the work of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, along with the scientific activities of the greatest scientists of that time.

Example

An example illustrating the scientific style of speech:

The most important economic and biological characteristics of varieties are: resistance to growing conditions (climate, soil, pests and diseases), durability, transportability and storage time. (G. Fetisov.)

Literature

• Ryzhikov Yu. I. Work on a dissertation in technical sciences: Requirements for a scientist and for a dissertation; Psychology and organization of scientific work; Language and style of dissertation, etc. St. Petersburg, BHV-Petersburg, 496 with ISBN 5-94157-804-0.

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See what "Scientific style of speech" is in other dictionaries:

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scientific style- represents scientific the sphere of communication and speech activity associated with the implementation of science as a form of social consciousness; reflects theoretical thinking, acting in a conceptual logical form, which is characterized by objectivity and abstraction ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

speech style- ▲ style of expounding style of speech character of presentation. conversational style. book style. art style. journalistic style. scientific style. scientific. formal business style. clerical style [language]. protocol style. protocol... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

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This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and removed. You can ... Wikipedia

Used in the field of science and teaching. Its main features are the following: generalization and abstractness, terminology, emphasized logic. Secondary features: unambiguity, semantic accuracy, standardity, objectivity, brevity, rigor, clarity, non-categorical, impersonal, figurative, evaluative, etc.

There are three sub-styles: the proper scientific style of the text (articles, monographs, dissertations, scientific reports, speeches at scientific conferences, disputes), scientific and educational (lectures, textbooks), messages, essays).

Scientific style: its main characteristics

Academician D.S. Likhachev pointed out in his works:

1. The requirements for scientific style are significantly different from the requirements for the language of fiction.

2. The use of metaphors and different images in the language of scientific work is permissible only if it is necessary to put a logical emphasis on a certain thought. In the scientific style, imagery is only a pedagogical device necessary to draw attention to the main idea of ​​the work.

3. Really good scientific style language should not be noticed by the reader. He should notice only the thought, and not the language in which the thought is expressed.

4. The main advantage of scientific language is clarity.

5. Other advantages of the scientific style are brevity, lightness, simplicity.

6. Scientific style involves the minimum use of subordinate clauses in scientific papers. Phrases should be short, the transition from one sentence to another should be natural and logical, “unnoticed”.

7. You should avoid frequent use of pronouns that make you think that they are replaced by what they refer to.

8. No need to be afraid of repetition, try to get rid of them mechanically. One and the same concept should be denoted by the same term, it cannot be replaced by a synonym. Only such repetitions should be avoided that come from the poverty of the writer's language.

10. Scientific style calls for paying special attention to the quality of words. It is better to use the word "on the contrary" instead of "on the contrary", "difference" instead of "difference".

Scientific style texts: characteristics of language means

- high frequency (about 13%), prepositions, conjunctions, prepositional combinations (because of, with the help of, on the basis of, compared with ..., in relation to, in connection with ..., etc.);

- complex sentences (especially complex ones);

- sentences with introductory words, adverbial and participial phrases.

The scientific style should be familiar to everyone and everyone.

scientific style(researcher) serves various branches of science and technology, provides the educational process in universities of various profiles (humanitarian, natural and technical).

scientific style- functional style associated with scientific activity and reflecting the features of theoretical thinking.

The main function of the n.s.- communication (transfer) of scientific information, the most accurate, logical and unambiguous expression of thoughts in a particular field of knowledge.

The main goal of a scientific work- inform the addressee of new knowledge about reality and prove its truth.

1. N.s. implemented in two forms: oral (oral scientific speech) and written (written scientific communication). Written monologue speech is the main form of scientific presentation.

2 . The language of scientific presentation supplemented by means of graphical visualization, i.e. drawings, diagrams, graphs, symbols, formulas, diagrams, tables, figures, etc.

Stylistic features (signs) of scientific speech:

objectivity (presentation of different points of view on the problem, lack of subjectivity in the transfer of scientific content, impersonality of linguistic expression);

consistency (consistency and consistency of presentation);

evidence (argumentation of certain provisions and hypotheses);

accuracy (use of terms, unambiguous words, clear design of syntactic links in the sentence and text);

conciseness and information richness (use of types of scientific text compression);

generalization and abstractness of judgments (use of general scientific vocabulary, nouns with an abstract meaning),

impersonality and abstractness of the utterance (the use of special grammatical forms: the predominance of reflexive and impersonal verbs, the use of the 3rd person of the verb, indefinite personal sentences, passive constructions);

standardization of means of expression (the use of scientific style speech clichés to design the structure and components of scientific work, as well as the genres of annotations, abstracts, reviews, etc.).

For scientific and technical literature also characteristic:

Lack of figurativeness, metaphorical turns of language and emotionally expressive means,

The ban on the use of non-literary vocabulary,

The almost complete absence of signs of a conversational style,

Wide use of terms, abstract and highly specialized vocabulary,

The use of words in their direct (and not figurative) meaning,

The use of special ways of presenting the material (primarily description and reasoning) and methods of logical organization of the text.

Within the framework of the scientific field of activity, special methods of logical organization of text, namely : 1) deduction; 2) induction; 3) problem statement;

Deduction (lat. deductio - derivation) - this is the movement of thought from the general to the particular. The deductive method of presenting the material is used when it is necessary to consider some phenomenon on the basis of an already known provision and law and draw the necessary conclusions regarding this phenomenon.

Composition of deductive reasoning:

Stage 1- putting forward a thesis (Greek thesis - a position, the truth of which must be proven) or a hypothesis.

Stage 2- the main part of the reasoning is the development of the thesis (hypothesis), its justification, proof of truth or refutation.

To prove the thesis, various argument types(lat. Argumentum - logical argument):

interpretation of the thesis

"proof from reason"

facts and examples, comparisons.

Stage 3- conclusions, suggestions.

The deductive method of reasoning is widely used in theoretical articles, in scientific discussions on controversial scientific issues, at educational and scientific seminars.

Induction (lat. inductio - guidance) is the movement of thought from the particular to the general, from the knowledge of single or particular facts to the knowledge of the general rule, to generalization.

Composition of inductive reasoning:

Stage 1- determination of the purpose of the undertaken research.

Stage 2- presentation of the accumulated facts, analysis, comparison and synthesis of the material obtained.

Stage 3- on the basis of this are made findings, regularities are established, signs of this or that process are revealed, etc.

Inductive reasoning widely used in scientific reports, monographs, term papers and theses, dissertation research, research reports.

Problem statement involves the formulation of a certain sequence of problematic issues, solving which, one can come to theoretical generalizations, the formulation of rules and patterns.

Problem statement is a kind of inductive method of reasoning. During a lecture, report, in the text of a monograph, article, graduation project, dissertation, the author formulates a particular problem and suggests a number of possible ways to solve it. The most optimal of them are subjected to a detailed analysis in the study (the internal contradictions of the problem are revealed, assumptions are made and possible objections are refuted), and thus the process of solving this problem is demonstrated.