The words of different parts of speech interact as part of a sentence, some of them, as a result of various processes, have become words of another part of speech. There are two cases of transitivity in relation to parts of speech: transitional phenomena within one part of speech and the transition of words from one part of speech to another. In the latter case, grammatical homonyms arise in the language that retain the same sound and spelling, but differ in structural, semantic and grammatical characteristics.

Substantiation (transition of adjectives into nouns). Substantiation is an ancient and at the same time developing process. There are adjectives that have long passed into nouns. These include nouns with the suffixes -ov- and -in-, denoting surnames and names of settlements (Ivanov, Nikitin; Maryino, Mitino, etc.). By their origin, they are possessive adjectives. The use of words such as dressing room, bathroom as nouns is a phenomenon of a later time.

Full and partial substantiation. We speak of complete substantivation when the adjective has completely turned into a noun, as an adjective it can no longer be used (tailor, pavement, maid, dowry). With partial substantiation, the word is used either as an adjective or as a noun (military doctor and military man; childless families and childless).

According to their meaning, substantiated adjectives are divided into several groups. They serve to name persons, premises, documents, dishes and drinks, abstract concepts. Complete the table by placing the words on the right in groups. Worker, laundry, tailor, hot, military, reception, future, cold, past, ice cream, gift, hairdresser, nursery, forester, guard, operating room, beer, past, jellied, bill of sale, canteen, orderly, private, pantry, bakery, private, champagne, consignment note, teacher's room, sick, on duty, beautiful, cake, professor's, visitor, sweet, shower room, worthy, white. mountain, link. Persons Rooms Documents Dishes and drinks Abstract concepts

Note! There are words in Russian that are outwardly similar to substantiated adjectives, but are not: For example: universe, insect, subject, predicate. These nouns appeared in Russian as a result of tracing.

Transition of adjectives and participles into pronouns. Adjectives and participles can become pronouns, for example: He hid his real (adj.) surname (genuine, real). - This (local) book will deal with the problems of astronautics (this one). There is an inaccuracy in this (adj.) example on the board. - At this (local) moment, your proposal (this one) does not suit us. !Come up with your own examples confirming the transition of adjectives and participles into pronouns.

Can the underlined words be participles? Brilliant speaker, outstanding abilities, dependent state, reserved character, educated person, well-bred child. Do the highlighted words have verbal properties: tense, form, ability to control nouns?

For the transition of participles into adjectives, the location of the participle before the word being defined is necessary (hoarfrost, brilliant (adj.) in the sun - brilliant (adj.) abilities), the absence of controlled words (poisonous (adj.) substances), the loss or weakening of the verbal categories of aspect, time . There are changes in the lexical meaning of words (burning (adj.) firewood - burning (adj.) eyes; an embankment formed by an (adj.) explosion - an educated (adj.) woman).

The transition of participles into nouns is accompanied by the fact that there is no need for a defined noun, the categories of gender, number and case become independent for them, in a sentence they perform syntactic functions characteristic of a noun, they can have definitions with them, that is, they develop the meaning of objectivity and the value of the attribute is lost. Remember as many participles as possible that have turned into nouns. For example: Present, past, future, workers, students, leading, needy, teaching, escorting, walking, arriving.

The transition of a gerund into an adverb depends on the place occupied in relation to the verb - the predicate: at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, as a rule, such a transition does not occur, at the end it does. He stammered. He added, stammering, a few words of his own. They walked slowly. - On the way, slowly, they picked mushrooms and berries. She woke her son smiling. - Smiling, she woke her son. In the first examples, the highlighted words have lost their verbal meaning, in the second they have not. Therefore, in the second examples these are gerunds, and in the first examples they are adverbs.

Most often they turn into adverbs of the imperfect participle, since they are usually the circumstances of the mode of action in the sentence, while the perfect participles have other shades of meaning (time, reasons, conditions, concessions). Single perfect participles, as a rule, are isolated.

The following parts of speech can pass into adverbs: nouns with and without prepositions, adjectives, pronouns, gerunds. To believe in the truth (n.) - to be really (adv.) happy; give boots in a stretch (n.) - speak in a stretch (adv.); according to your (local) advice - to be your way (adv.); preserve according to the old (adj.) recipe - preserve in the old way (adv.).

In phrases where a noun with a preposition acts as a dependent component, the connection is control. The adjective and pronoun agree with the noun. The adverb does not have any coordinated and controlled words and is not itself coordinated and controlled. In a dark (what?) Room - play (how?) In the dark; to complain (about what?) about evil and injustice - to do (why?) out of spite. With a noun there can be an explanatory word, with an adverb there is no: to keep a secret from the sister - to act in secret, goes into the depths of the forest - dive deep. Various parts of speech pass into introductory words: nouns, short adjectives, short participles, adverbs, verbs. Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory words, sometimes as members of the sentence: No, friends, it can be a hundred times worse, I know for sure. (A.T. Tvardovsky) - Potugin, for sure, and loved, and knew how to speak. (I.S. Turgenev)

Separation of independent parts of speech and prepositions formed from them. There is a technique that helps to distinguish between independent parts of speech and prepositions formed from them: prepositions are replaced by prepositions, unions by unions, particles by particles, nouns by nouns, adjectives by adjectives, gerunds by gerunds. Talk about (proposal) trip. - Talk about (prev.) trip. Answer without looking (deep.) in the textbook. - Answer without looking (Deep.) in the textbook.

The class of conjunctions and particles, as well as prepositions, is replenished due to the transition of other parts of speech. At the same time, independent parts of speech lose their inherent features and acquire features characteristic of conjunctions and particles. The syntactic function of the original words also changes: they cease to be members of the sentence.

The process of formation of new particles on the basis of other parts of speech in modern Russian is quite active. Both independent and auxiliary parts of speech pass into particles. This process is accompanied by shifts in the lexical meaning of the original words, as a result of which the words begin to serve to express different shades of meaning.

Schematically, the system of parts of speech can be represented as follows:

§ 52. Transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech

In the process of language development, the transition of words from one part of speech to another is possible. At the same time, the meanings of the word, its morphological features and syntactic role change. Wed: The work day is over. - The best worker is awarded. In the first case, the word worker answers the question what?, denotes a sign of an object, agrees in gender, number and case with the noun day and plays the role of a definition, therefore it is an adjective. In the second case, this word answers the question who? , denotes a subject, has an independent gender and is the subject in a sentence. Therefore, it is a noun.

The following transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech are most often observed:

1) substantiation - the transition of other parts of speech into nouns. Adjectives and participles most often pass into the category of nouns: A tall military man entered, oblique fathom in his shoulders. (Sim.) A lover's dreams are tender and pure. (Antok.)

Other parts of speech can also be used in the meaning of nouns: Instead of thousands, two fight. (Tvard.) And everyone thought and dreamed about something about his own. (Isak.);

2) adjectivation - the transition of other parts of speech into adjectives. Participles are most actively adjectived. Compare: an open window - an open face, dew shining on the grass - brilliant speech.

3) pronominalization - the transition of other parts of speech into pronouns. In the meaning of pronouns, the numerals one, one, one (on one of the Saturdays), some participles, adjectives and nouns can be used: at this (this) moment, to a certain (some) extent;

4) adverbialization - the transition of other parts of speech into adverbs. Most often adverbialized under certain conditions (in the absence of definitions) are nouns in the instrumental case with a temporary meaning or with the meaning of a mode of action. Wed: we left in the morning, met in the spring, “sometimes it was dripping, we walked at a pace - we left early in the morning, in early spring, it was over with hard times, we walked with a brisk step (in the first combinations, the highlighted words are adverbs, and in subsequent combinations - nouns). In the meaning of adverbs, nouns fear, horror, etc. can act. For example: I don’t like fear that you are a poet, that you made friends with bad glory. (Her.)

Research work. Transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech. Substantiation.

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Research work

Direction: linguistics

Transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech. Substantiation.

5B students of the MOU "Secondary School No. 24"

Head: Lisovenko Svetlana Sergeevna,

teacher of Russian language and literature, MOU "Secondary School No. 24"

Saransk 2017

Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3

1. Transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech………………………………….5

2. Substantiation ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...............................................6

3. Practical part…………………………………………………………….9

4. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………….17

List of used literature………………………………………….18

Introduction

A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “Transitional facts in the field of parts of speech are the result of the fact that individual words, on the basis of sound changes and changes in meaning occurring in themselves and associated associative words, slowly and gradually move from one category to another. This process is eternal in the language, and in those cases when the process for a given word is completed, when the word has already passed into a new category, we, of course, do not see any "transitivity". But when the transition is taking place before our very eyes, when the long process of transition has occupied as its middle just the epoch we are living through, then we stop in perplexity at the word and do not know to what part of speech it belongs.

This statement made me think about the following questions:

What are transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech?

• Why does such a phenomenon as transience occur?
• How does this process take place?

How not to make a mistake in determining the part of speech?

When performing various kinds of tasks in the Russian language, we are faced with a problem in determining the morphological affiliation of a particular word.

Purpose of the study - consider transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech using the example of substantiation (transition of adjectives into nouns).

Tasks:

- consider the basic concepts of the theory of transitivity in the grammatical structure of the Russian language;

- identify the causes, conditions, signs and consequences of substantiation;

• consider phenomena that reflect the phenomenon of transition, using examples from fiction for grade 5.

Practical partThe work is a language analysis of fiction texts for grade 5.

Research material- fiction for grade 5.

Relevance

Transitional phenomena in the system of parts of speech are a fairly common occurrence. However, school textbooks give the most general idea of ​​this.

Why do we need knowledge in the field of the phenomenon of transition?

It is known that the ability to establish the morphological affiliation of a word depends on its competent spelling. In addition, by correctly establishing the connection of words in a sentence, finding the grammatical basis, we are more successful in forming punctuation skills. No less important is the development of linguistic flair, attention to linguistic matter, deepening and expanding the acquired knowledge.

That is why the ability to identify parts of speech is one of the basic ones.

1. Transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech

word belonging to a certain part of speech, may lose (or change) its main lexical meaning and morphological features inherent in a given series of words, while it acquires the features of another part of speech, and in accordance with this, its syntactic functions change.

Wed: Worker the neighborhood was very busy in the mornings. - Worker took a place at the machine, where, depending on belonging to different parts of speech, the role of the word in the sentence also changes. In the first sentence, the word worker denotes a sign of an object and is an adjective, acting as a definition. In the second sentence, the same word received an independent meaning of objectivity, i.e. passed into the category of nouns, with it a definition is possible (old worker, personnel worker, auxiliary worker, etc.), it is used in the function of the subject.

The processes of transition from one part of speech to another or transposition are called Latin terms.

In modern Russian, there are 12 types of transposition. But the most common are the following:

• substantiation - transition to the category of nouns of other parts of speech,
• adjectivalization - the transition of participles to the section of adjectives,
• pronominalization - transition to pronouns,
• numbering - transition to numerals,
• adverbialization - transition to the class of adverbs,
• verbalization (voicing).

Transitional phenomena are primarily due to the need for a more economical, but accurate expression of information about reality.

The causes of transition phenomena include the following:

1) the absence in the language of the necessary words and structures to express thoughts;

2) the desire to save language resources;

3) the need for the very structure of the language.

2. Substantiation

“The conditions for the formation of nouns from adjectives are such that they make one assume a more ancient reverse course of the formation of adjectives from nouns”

A.A. Potebnya. From notes on Russian grammar

The most frequent cases are the transition of adjectives to the class of nouns.

This process is called substantivation (from Latin substantivum).

Substantiation is a process that the Russian language has known for a long time. It is unlikely that a non-specialist will now be able to guess that such nouns aswidow, prayer service, sleeve, scabbard,by origin are adjectives.There are adjectives that have long passed into nouns. These include nouns with suffixes-ov-
and -in- denoting surnames and names of settlements (Ivanov, Petrov, Nikitin, Fomin, Maryino, Mitinoand etc.). By their origin, they are possessive adjectives. The use of such words as nounsdressing room, bathroomis a later phenomenon.

In modern language, the process of substantiation is also very active.

It is possible to single out large thematic groups of nouns that are derived from adjectives.

These include, for example, many words that serve as the names of rooms in an apartment or residential building:entrance hall, living room, dining room, bathroom, pantry, dressing room, billiard room.

Former adjectives are also the names of trade and public catering establishments that are in every city:bakery, confectionery, barbecue, dumplings, sandwich, snack bar, wine glass etc.

Names of dishes: first, second, third, hot, cold, hot, sweet,as well as generalized names of some homogeneous types of food:

flour, bread, meat, fish, dairy, in addition to lean, modest -all these are words of the middle gender and in their main meaning they do not have a plural.

Many names of representatives of individual races are also adjectives that have passed into the category of nouns:white, black, yellow, red.

Substantiated adjectives are colloquial synonyms for the names of animals.(Slanting - a hare, gray - a wolf, clubfoot - a bear, elk - an elk.)

Words of a subjective-evaluative naturebeloved, dear, dear, dear, the only one.

Chancellery report, bill of lading, explanatory noteused in formal business style.

Examples of substantiation we meet in proverbs, riddles: Wet rain is not afraid. Evil with evil were carried out and both fell into the pit. Hurried does the same thing twice. The fat one will beat the thin one will kill something (riddle). Happiness is always on the sidebrave. Kindthey die, but their deeds live. From the small is building the great.

With substantivation, the morphological and syntactic properties of former adjectives and their meaning change. Now they designate an object, not a sign, acquire an independent gender, change in cases and numbers; moreover, like some nouns, substantiated adjectives are used in the form of only one number:hot, hot, sweet, aspic(only the only one); relatives, relatives (only plural).

Substantiated adjectives can, in turn, carry definitions: "bright living room" , " cooperative dumplings" , " first-class tailor" .

In a sentence, substantivized adjectives are predominantly subject or object (" diner opens at 10 o'clock" - "We opened a wonderful diner").

Substantivation can be complete or partial. With full substantivation, words are no longer used as adjectives:past, pavement, laundry, tailor, forester, hairdresser.With partial substantivation, the word can be used either as an adjective or as a noun: dedicatory inscription" - dedicatory, "bathroom" - bathroom, "beggar old man" - beggar, "snack caviar" - snack bar, etc.

Nouns that have survived both full and partial substantiation are a fact of the language and are fixed in explanatory dictionaries.

In addition, we can talk about the so-called contextual substantivation. This is the transition of an adjective (or participle) into a noun, valid only within the given context.

The consequences of substantiation of adjectives are as follows:

1) their lexical and grammatical meaning changes;

2) short forms and degrees of comparison for qualitative adjectives disappear;

3) substantiated adjectives do not have a definable noun;

4) the categories of case, gender and number change, which become signs of nouns;

5) the syntactic function changes: from definitions (dependent members) they become independent members of the sentence;

6) Substantiated adjectives can carry definitions:spacious dining room, wonderful tailor.

7) Substantiated adjectives can be combined with whole and collective numbers:three invoices, four orderly.

8) homonymy, synonymy and antonymy appear.

3. Practical part.

The practical part of our study was to find examples of substantiated adjectives in the literature textbook for grade 5, edited by V.Ya. Korovina, to consider the interpretation of these words in the dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegov and compile your own dictionary of adjectives that have turned into nouns.

In the literature textbook for grade 5, edited by V.Ya. Korovina, we found 25 adjectives, partially or completely turned into nouns. This is a military, deaf-mute, girlish, bad, hackneyed, goblin, small, dead, dumb, beggar, accursed, tailor, laundry, traveler, passer-by, Russian, red, blind, brave, sleepy, older, old, difficult, flimsy, ruble.

Of these, in the dictionary S.I. Ozhegov, 7 words are interpreted both as adjectives and as nouns (senior, military, traveler, tailor, passerby, Russian, beggar). The words laundry, goblin, girlish, ruble are nouns. The remaining 14 words appear as adjectives and have no indications of relation to nouns in the dictionary.

1. MILITARY , th, th. 1. see, war. 2. Relating to military service, service to the army, military personnel. military industry. B. Doctor (military doctor). Military uniform, overcoat, cap. V. person (soldier). V.gorodok (residential complex, where servicemen live). 3. Such as the military, the army, characteristic of them. Military bearing. Military bone (about a person with strong military training).4. n. military, th, m. Same as a soldier.

Others seemed to be soldiers in their attire (A. Pogorelsky, Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants)

2. DEAF-MUTE , th, th. Deprived of hearing and verbal speech.His face, already lifeless, like all deaf-mutes, now seemed to be petrified. (I.S. Turgenev, Mumu)

3. GIRL , -hey, well. Room for female servants in manor houses.

... And the housekeeper got up and went into the maid's room (I.S. Turgenev, Mumu)

4. BAD , -th, -th; bad and bad, bad, bad, bad and bad. 1. Same as bad (in 1 value). D. taste. D. character. She is bad-looking (ugly). D. sign (unfavorable). 2. Reprehensible, immoral. Bad habits. D. deed. 3. full f. Stupid, silly (simple). D. guy.A person with such a shard in his eye began to see everything upside down or to notice only one bad thing in every thing ... (Andersen, The Snow Queen).

5. DEVELOPED , -th, -th; This one at all hackneyed (footnote - disabled person) (P.P. Bazhov, Mistress of the Copper Mountain)

6. Leshy , -his, m. In Slavic mythology: a humanoid fairy-tale creature living in the forest, the spirit of the forest, hostile to people.

"Look, deaf devil, goblin!" (I.S. Turgenev, Mumu)

7. SMALL , th, oh; small, small; smaller. 1. Same as small (in 1 digit). Dresses for m. growth. With little loss. Small, yes daring (last). From an early age (since childhood). Low water (the lowest water level at low tide). 2.only kr. f. Insufficient in size, narrow, cramped. Boots are small. The apartment is small for a family. 3. The same as a minor (obsolete and simple). Children are small. From small to large (all without distinction of age; colloquial). Mal is small less (about small children in a large family: one is smaller than the other). An old lady (n.; about an old man and a child who are together, together; colloquial). 4. small, -th, cf. Something small or insignificant. Start small. Be content with little. Things have become small (because of a trifle, things stop).

“He won’t die, little one,” Anisya muttered. (K.G. Paustovsky, Hare paws)

8. The dead lies on the grass, does not move, and they sit as if dead (L.N. Tolstoy, Prisoner of the Caucasus)

nine . DUMB , -th, -th; him, -a, -o. one.Deprived of the ability to speak. N. hatching. Training of the dumb (n.). When I eat, I am deaf and dumb (joking). Nem is like a fish (he knows how to keep silent about who does not give out secrets). 2. trans. Quiet, silent (book). Silent night. Silent abyss. 3. trans. Undetectable, not expressed directly, hidden (bookish).

Such is the rumor about the heroic strength of the dumb (I.S. Turgenev, Mumu)

ten . BEGGAR , -th, -her; poor, poor, poor. 1. Very poor, poor. N. wanderer. A poor hut. Beggar life (also trans.: soulless). 2. beggar, -his, m. A person who lives on alms, collects alms.

... Are you ... beggars? I asked in a low voice.

Beggars! Valek snapped sullenly (V.G. Korolenko “In Bad Society”)

11. DAMNED , th, th. 1. Outcast, damned (obsolete). O. sinner. 2. Use as a swearing and condemnatory word (simple).

Oh damn! - he sighs with relief, seeing a huge root-eversion in front of him. (V.P. Astafiev, Vasyutkino Lake)

12. TAILOR, -go, m. Master, tailor. Male p. II female dressmaker, -and. II adj. tailor, -th. th.

Ditch digger - Vologda,

Tinker, tailor, wool beater,

And then a city dweller in a monastery,

On the eve of the holiday, he rolls to pray (N.A. Nekrasov, Peasant Children)

In her house there were not only laundresses, seamstresses, carpenters, tailors and dressmakers ... (I.S. Turgenev, Mumu)

13. LAUNDRY [shn], -oh, f. Laundry company and laundry room.

She tried in every possible way not to meet him, even squinted, it happened when she happened to run past him, hurrying from home to the laundry ... (I.S. Turgenev, Mumu)

14. TRAVELER, -th, -her. 1. Passing by. Traveling people. Lots of passers-by (n.)2. About the way: fit, designed to ride. Passing road. Passage of the street.

Passers-by jostle along the road ... (N.V. Gogol, Enchanted Place)

Although the passerby curses

The roads of my coasts

I love the village of Nikola

Where did you finish elementary school? (N.M. Rubtsov, Native Village)

15. PASSERER , -th, -her. 1. Walking by, passing somewhere. (outdated). P. people. 2. passer-by, -his, m. A stranger walking along the street, road.

It happened, here the whole days flew by, -

What a new passerby, then a new story ... (N.A. Nekrasov, Peasant Children)

A passer-by will fall asleep to his jokes ... (N.A. Nekrasov, Peasant Children)

sixteen . RUSSIAN , -ih, units -y, -oto, m.The people constituting the main indigenous population of Russia.

One son remained and was handed over to the Russians (L.N. Tolstoy, prisoner of the Caucasus)

17. RED , -th, -her; red, red, red. 1. Copper colors, red-yellow. Red squirrel. Red fox. R. wig. 2. With hair of this color, red-haired. 3. red, -his, m. The same as a clownAnd the whole village gathered to the redhead to commemorate the deceased (L.N. Tolstoy, Prisoner of the Caucasus)

18. BLIND , -th, -th; blind, blind, blind. 1. Deprived of sight, the ability to see, blind. S. old man. School for the blind (n.). 2. reckless, acting or committed without a reasonable basis. Blindly (adv.) to believe someone. Blind love. 3. Indistinct, poorly distinguishable (spec.). C. font. 4. Performed blindly, without the participation of vision, without visible landmarks.

Doesn't the blind see them, but the sighted says about them:

“It will pass - as if the sun will shine! If he looks, he will give you a ruble!” (Frost. Red nose, N.A. Nekrasov)

19. BOLD , -th, -th; bold, bold, bold, bold and bold. 1. Knowing no fear, resolute. S. man. C. deed. Act boldly (adv.) and decisively. 2. Novelty and original, innovative. A bold thought. Bold decision. 3. trans. Going beyond the boundaries of the accepted, decent, defiant. Ridiculous joke. C. toilet. 4. boldly, adv. With ease, without hindrance, difficulty (colloquial). Five people can easily fit at the table. 5. boldly, adv. With fullcertainty (colloquial)

Will one be found brave for a dangerous feat? (V.A. Zhukovsky. Cup)

20. SLEEPY, -th, -th; - no, - no. 1. See sleep. 2. Immersed in sleep, sleeping. Wake up sleepy children. The house is now in a sleepy kingdom (everyone is sleeping; colloquial joke.). 3. Sluggish from the desire to sleep, being as if half asleep. Sleepy state. All evening he sat with. 4. trans. Inactive, motionless. Sleepy life. 5. The same as sleepy. Sleepy eyes. C. view. Sleepy face. 6. Same as sleeping pills (in 1 value) (obsolete:). Sleep drops. Sleeping potion (also about poison). 7. Being in a state of hibernation.

Sleepy - He passes between the sleepy ones to the palace (V.A. Zhukovsky, The Sleeping Princess)

21. SENIOR , -th, -her; older. 1. Having more years in comparison with someone who is the oldest or oldest in age. The older generation. S. brother. S. family.2. n. elder, -him, m. The same as an adult (in 2 meanings). Obey the elders.3. Standing above others in rank, position, official position. Researcher. S. military chief. S. lieutenant. You will go older (n.). 4. Highest in degree, value. Senior card. 5. About the class, study group, student: close to graduation, to the end of the training course.…

The elder said: "Sleep in a coffin ..." (A.S. Pushkin. The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs)

There were no elders ... (Sasha Cherny, prisoner of the Caucasus)

22. OLD , -th, -th; old, old, old and old. 1. Reached old age. S. man. Both old and young (all without exception - both old and young; obsolete.). 2. Old, existing for a long time, for a long time. S. friend. C. debt. Old truth. Old fields. 3. Long used. Buying old textbooks. S. house. Old dress. 4. full f. No longer valid, useless. C. ticket .. 5. Ancient, ancient. old manuscripts. 6. Former, not modern, outdated. C. order. Old times. C. mode. Old fashion. Feel free to break the old (n.). 7. full f. Former before. another, previous. Return to the old apartment. Restore from. Variant of the text, o. full f. Not being a beginner, for a long time somewhere. located, living, working. Old students along with newcomers. S. soldier (long-time). 9. old, know. skaz. What has been known for a long time is not new (colloquial). As old as the world (long known to everyone; book.).

Everyone knows that the magpie is the most talkative bird in the world, and therefore the crows did not believe her - they only croaked among themselves, that, they say, the old one again lied (K.G. Paustovsky, Warm bread)

23. DIFFICULT , -th, -th; -den, -dna, -dno, -dny and -dny. 1. Requiring a lot of work, effort, stress. Hard work. T. rise. It is difficult for the patient (meaningful) to speak. 2. Containing difficulties, not easy. Difficult position. T. question. T. day. 3. Difficult to influence, disturbing. G. child. T. character. T. man. 4. Same as heavy

But the most difficult was yet to come... (D. Defoe, Robinson Crusoe)

24. flimsy , -th, -th; -pok, -pka and -pka, -pko (simple). Weak, feeble. X. youth. Flimsy healthTaiga, our nurse, doesn't like flimsy ones! (V.P. Astafiev, Vasyutkino Lake)

25. PURPOSE , th, m. (obsolete and simple.). The same as the ruble.…

and the next day she sent Gerasim a ruble (I.S. Turgenev, Mumu)

Findings:

As a result of the work, the goal was achieved: transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech are considered using the example of substantivation (transition of adjectives into nouns).

To achieve the goal of the study, the following tasks were solved:

The term "substantiation" is disclosed,

Causes, conditions, signs and consequences of substantiation are revealed;

• the phenomena reflecting the phenomenon of transition are considered, using examples from fiction for grade 5,
• a dictionary of substantiated adjectives was compiled using examples from fiction for grade 5.

Work on the study can be continued along the path of a more complete study of the phenomenon of transitivity in the field of parts of speech. This study requires in-depth study, since this issue is practically not considered within the framework of the school curriculum, it is relevant and little studied in linguistics.

List of used literature:

1. Literature. Grade 5 Proc. for 7 cells. general education institutions /M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvov, V.I. Kapinos and others; Ed. MM. Razumovskaya and P.A. Lekanta. - 3rd ed. - M., Education, 1999.
2. Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language: Theory: Proc. for 5-9 cells. general education textbook institutions./ V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokov. - 2nd ed. - M., Education, 1993.
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Schematically, the system of parts of speech can be represented as follows:

§ 52. Transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech

In the process of language development, the transition of words from one part of speech to another is possible. At the same time, the meanings of the word, its morphological features and syntactic role change. Wed: The work day is over. - The best worker is awarded. In the first case, the word worker answers the question what?, denotes a sign of an object, agrees in gender, number and case with the noun day and plays the role of a definition, therefore it is an adjective. In the second case, this word answers the question who? , denotes a subject, has an independent gender and is the subject in a sentence. Therefore, it is a noun.

The following transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech are most often observed:

1) substantiation - the transition of other parts of speech into nouns. Adjectives and participles most often pass into the category of nouns: A tall military man entered, oblique fathom in his shoulders. (Sim.) A lover's dreams are tender and pure. (Antok.)

Other parts of speech can also be used in the meaning of nouns: Instead of thousands, two fight. (Tvard.) And everyone thought and dreamed about something about his own. (Isak.);

2) adjectivation - the transition of other parts of speech into adjectives. Participles are most actively adjectived. Compare: an open window - an open face, dew shining on the grass - brilliant speech.

3) pronominalization - the transition of other parts of speech into pronouns. In the meaning of pronouns, the numerals one, one, one (on one of the Saturdays), some participles, adjectives and nouns can be used: at this (this) moment, to a certain (some) extent;

4) adverbialization - the transition of other parts of speech into adverbs. Most often adverbialized under certain conditions (in the absence of definitions) are nouns in the instrumental case with a temporary meaning or with the meaning of a mode of action. Wed: we left in the morning, met in the spring, “sometimes it was dripping, we walked at a pace - we left early in the morning, in early spring, it was over with hard times, we walked with a brisk step (in the first combinations, the highlighted words are adverbs, and in subsequent combinations - nouns). In the meaning of adverbs, nouns fear, horror, etc. can act. For example: I don’t like fear that you are a poet, that you made friends with bad glory. (Her.)

Adjectives and participles take on the meaning "a person is a carrier of a feature called an adjective or participle." Wed: look after sick child (sick- adjective) and sickalready got out of bed (sick- noun); cf. also nouns adult, military, wounded, on duty, helmsman, manager, manager, student, accused, authorized; depressed(cf. the oppressed and oppressors), exploited(cf. exploiters and exploited) etc. In the feminine form, substantiated adjectives denote, as a rule, a room where something is located, happens: reception, checkpoint, operating room, bathroom, control room, hairdresser, bakery, snack bar, barbecue etc. In the form of the middle gender, substantiated adjectives and participles are called a generalized, abstract carrier of the attribute (past, future, new, beautiful, obsolete, upcoming; cf. repetition passed; amazing near etc.), and are also the names of foods, medicines (edible, sweet, aspic, ice cream, sleeping pills), representatives of various species and classes of flora and fauna (mammal, amphibian, reptile, citrus). Substantiated adjectives in the plural form. h. are the words pluralia tantum, denoting mainly various types of money and payments (travel allowance, bonus allowance, per diem allowance) etc.; cf. also call signs).

Substantivized adjectives and participles are homonymous with the corresponding adjectives and participles, which, from a word-building point of view, are motivating (producing) words for them. The grammatical mechanism of substantivation is based on the fact that the gender-case-number paradigm of an adjective or participle is reduced: only a part of it remains - a system of word forms of one kind (in the singular) or only many. numbers. Substantivized adjectives and participles make up the vast majority of nouns in the adjectival declension (see § 52).

Other parts of speech can also be substantiated - for example, adverbs (is our tomorrow, road to nowhere; Today the millennium is collapsing before. Mayakovsky), interjections (Far away thundered Hurrah. Pushkin), personal pronouns in the form of them. P. (not interested in anything but his own "I"; speak you; empty you cordial you She, having spoken, replaced. Pushkin), as well as any other word forms and their combinations when transmitting words spoken by someone (work through"I can not »; Her excited"no need" will remain in my memory for a long time. O. Shestinsky). In all such uses, substantivized words and their combinations act as indeclinable neuter nouns. The essence of this phenomenon, in contrast to the substantiation of adjectives and participles, is purely syntactic; it comes down to putting a particular word, word form, combination of words into the syntactic position of a noun.

2. Adjectivation(transition to adjectives) participles. The essence of this phenomenon is semantic: the loss of verbal features by the participle due to its semantic separation from the corresponding verb, for example: outstanding, brilliant in combinations like outstanding, brilliant abilities; an outstanding, brilliant scientist; killed, confused, lost, battered etc. in combination with words like look, look, face. Such participles break away from the verbal paradigm and become an independent word - an adjective while maintaining the adjective type of declension.

3. adverbialization(transition to adverbs). Adverbialized participles, losing verbal signs and breaking away from the verbal paradigm, like participles during adjectivation, for example: joking (He will do it jokingly - "very easy, without stress"), effortlessly in the same sense lying down (Read lying down harmful). The forms of indirect cases and prepositional case forms of nouns are also adverbialized, for example, the forms of creation. n. in adverbs of type autumn, winter, summer, evening, at times, step, trot, wine forms. n. with prepositions in adverbs sideways, up, down, far, alone, half, random etc. At the same time, breaking away from the noun paradigm, such forms become invariable words, and inflections and prepositions of the original case and prepositional case forms are functionally transformed: inflections become adverb suffixes, and prepositions become prefixes.

4. Pronominalization(transition to pronouns) is a purely semantic phenomenon. Nouns, adjectives and participles, turning into pronouns, acquire the function of pointing to an object or attribute. For example, nouns thing (Ball- thing good, captivity is bitter. Griboyedov), business (Vacation is good case), Human(when referring to a person: He Human not bad etc.), brother(in colloquial speech, also when pointing to a person, in some constructions: had to or three rubles came out brother); adjectives famous, certain in the meaning of "some, some" (in famous sense, on certain stage etc.). How adjectives and participles are used as demonstrative pronouns the("this; the one in question": in given case, in given minute), last("this one just mentioned"), next("the one that will now be mentioned"), specified etc. The numeral is also pronominalized one(see § 68).

5. Widespread the transition of significant words and word forms into functional words. Functionally transformed, significant words, their word forms and prepositional-case combinations acquire various service functions - they become prepositions, conjunctions, particles. Such word forms are separated from the paradigms of the corresponding significant words, for example:

Noun → preposition: through what (This can only be solved through careful analysis) by virtue of what, via what, in continuation what, due to what, etc.

Noun → conjunction: truth(meaning "although": Someone's steps truth still distant, made the children alert. A. Gaidar), good(in the sense of "especially since": The dogs climbed into the kennel good there was no one to bark at. Goncharov).

Adverb → preposition: according to what, inside what, around what, the day before what (cf. He arrived the day before - adverb and He arrived on the eve of the decisive day- suggestion) against what (cf. Through the alley - a meadow, and against forest and Opposite houses - forest) etc.

Adverb → conjunction: barely(cf. barely alive, she barely could stop laughing- adverb and Barely he left as he received a phone call- union) a little while(cf. I'm still I'll wait- adverb and Bye he slept, she cooked breakfast- union).

Adverb → particle: simply (I just can’t see him), directly (He’s a real hero), decisively (Everyone definitely needs this person).

Verb (in the form of a gerund) → preposition: thanks to what, in spite of what, later what (two hours later), not counting what, ending how.

Verb (more often in the form led, inclinations) → particle: let, come on, let (Let me try to do it), look (Look, do not fall), it was (I wanted to stay, I thought about it).

Pronoun → conjunction: what, what, how etc.

Pronoun → particle: it(in colloquial speech, for example: Here it what!), yourself (Go yourself home).

6. Various significant parts of speech turn into interjections: nouns (fathers, God, guard, abyss, devilry), Verbs (drop, think, have mercy) adverbs (complete, away, out). Set phrases are widely used in the function of interjections. (oh my god, damn it, please tell me etc.).

7. Grammatical homonymy of service parts of speech is widespread, for example:

union - particle: to (Hurry, to catch the train- union; To it was no more!- particle), as if (Assures as if saw it myself union; As if I didn't see it!- particle), exactly, yes;

preposition - particle: like [coat like my- suggestion; smiled like Terkin...(A. Tvardovsky) - particle].

Sometimes a polysemantic word is a system of several interrelated meanings related to different parts of speech and therefore are grammatical homonyms. These are, for example:

Only - 1) particle (multi-valued: cf. Leftonlythree days;Onlyto leave; What foronlyI said!); 2) union (Onlysay, I will come; I agree to goonlynot now); 3) adverb (Heonlywoke up); once- 1) noun (On thatonce,twotimes); 2) adverb (Oncelate evening); 3) union (Oncepromised, do); 4) interjection (Once! - hit a white bit... A. Voznesensky).

The phenomenon of grammatical homonymy is wider than the phenomenon of the transition of words from one part of speech to another. So, from a synchronic point of view, we can only talk about homonymy, for example, for qualitative adverbs and short forms of media, the gender of adjectives (cf .: She isnicedressed and Her dressnice;Express the ideaIt's clear and Your excitement to meIt's clear), in some cases - for homonymous invariable words (to, yes, only) and etc.