slide 1

slide 2

History Change of scientific ideas about the origin and development of life on Earth

slide 3

Development of evolutionary ideas Developed a taxonomy of living organisms. The systematic arrangement of species made it possible to understand that there are species-relatives and species characterized by distant kinship. The idea of ​​kinship between species is an indication of their development over time. Carl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778)

slide 4

Development of evolutionary ideas Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1774-1829) Author of the first evolutionary concept. He argued that the organs and organ systems of animals and plants develop or degrade as a result of their exercise or non-exercise. The weak point of his theory was that acquired traits cannot actually be inherited :(

slide 5

The development of evolutionary ideas The author of the first coherent evolutionary concept was Charles Darwin, who wrote a book on this subject: "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or on the Preservation of Favorable Breeds in the Struggle for Life" Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

slide 6

The basic logic of evolutionary teachings Heredity Variability The ability of organisms to reproduce indefinitely Limited environmental conditions Organisms differ from each other and can pass on their characteristic features to descendants Struggle for existence The fittest survive Natural selection

Slide 7

Natural selection As a result: Living systems adapt to environmental conditions There are a huge number of species of living organisms on planet Earth Highly organized species and species with a more primitive level of organization can coexist

Slide 8

Slide 9

Evidence for evolution: Morphological (comparative anatomical) Homologous and analogous organs Atavisms Rudiments

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Topic 1. Fundamentals of evolutionary doctrine LESSON. Formation of evolutionary views The concept of "evolution" means a gradual, regular transition from one state to another. The term "evolution" was introduced into biology by the Swiss naturalist C. Bonnet (1762). Evolution is from the Latin word for unfolding. Irreversible and directed development of the organic world

Pre-Darwinian period Thanks to the work of Aristotle and his students, the beginnings of comparative anatomy and embryology, the doctrine of the correspondence of organisms, and the idea of ​​gradation arose. Of particular note is the development of general principles of classification, which he applied to animals, and his student Theophrastus to plants. For Aristotle, the species did not matter as the main systematic unit. The great geographical discoveries played a huge role in the accumulation of scientific facts. The period of accumulation of knowledge about various plants and animals entered science as a descriptive, inventory period. CONCLUSION. The accumulation of factual material put forward the need to create scientific terminology and a system of plants and animals

Pre-Darwinian period The English biologist J. Ray was the first to reduce a species to the rank of a biological concept. Three features of the species were established: the association of many individuals; morphological and physiological similarities between them; ability to general reproduction and reproduction of offspring that retains similarity with parental forms 1627 - 1705

Pre-Darwinian period K. Linnaeus is the author of the best artificial taxonomy of his time. He singled out 24 classes of plants and 6 classes of animals according to several separate, arbitrarily taken signs, Linnaeus established the reality of species, clearly emphasized the reproductive isolation between them, discovered their stability, paved the way for raising the problem of their origin, introduced scientific terminology (taxons - species, genus, order , class), and their hierarchy. New species can be formed by crossing. A species is a unit of classification. Proposed a double (binary) nomenclature for species names. Carried man to the detachment of primates, the class of mammals. The disadvantages of Linnaeus's works are 1. Creationism - all species are unchanged, created by the creator. 2. Adaptability of organisms - originally expedient 1707-1778

Pre-Darwinian period J. B. Lamarck is the author of the first evolutionary doctrine. Introduced the term "biology" and "biosphere". The main direction of the evolutionary process is the gradual complication from the lowest to the highest. He divided the animals into 14 classes, which he placed on 6 levels of gradation according to the degree of complexity of the nervous and circulatory systems. He proposed the idea of ​​historical development: "Species change, but very slowly, so it is not noticeable." Thus, he correctly assessed the value of time, but believed that species do not really exist, since they are constantly changing as a result of the direct influence of the environment. The driving forces of evolution are: The initial desire for self-improvement The expedient reaction of organisms to the environment: exercise or not exercise of the organs. Fortunately, acquired traits are inherited. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Chevalier de Lamarck 1744 - 1829

The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin is an English naturalist, the founder of the Theory of Evolution. During a trip around the world (1831-1836) he collected rich scientific material, which became the basis of his main work "The Origin of Species" (1859). Evolution, according to Charles Darwin, consists in continuous adaptive changes in species. The main provisions of the teachings of Ch. Darwin 1. The prerequisite for evolution: hereditary (individual) variability 2. Driving forces: the struggle for existence and natural selection 3. Evolution is a gradual complication and increase in the organization of living beings (evolution has a progressive character) Variability Group (non-hereditary, certain ) Individual (hereditary, indefinite) Correlative (correlation) A similar change in all individuals of the offspring in one direction due to the influence of certain conditions The appearance of various minor differences in individuals of the same variety, breed, species, which, existing in similar conditions, one individual differs from others. The possibility of various deviations is not excluded. A change in the structure or function of one part often causes certain changes in others as well.

slide 1


Pimenov A.V. Topic: "The emergence and development of evolutionary ideas" Tasks: Consider the emergence of a variety of species on Earth, the emergence of an amazing adaptability of organisms to certain living conditions. To form knowledge about creationism and transformism, about K. Linnaeus, J. B. Lamarck and C. Darwin - representatives of these views. Chapter X. The Development of Evolutionary Ideas

slide 2

Diversity of living organisms (about 2 million species)

The fundamental questions of biology have been and remain questions related to the origin of the diversity of species on Earth and their amazing adaptability to the environment.

slide 3


Creationism Creationists believe that living organisms are created by a higher power - the creator, transformists explain the emergence of a variety of species in a natural way, on the basis of natural laws. Creationists explain fitness by primordial expediency, species were created originally adapted, transformists believe that fitness appeared as a result of development, in the course of evolution.

slide 4


The representative of the views of creationism was the Swedish scientist, naturalist Carl Linnaeus. He was a metaphysician, i.e. considered the phenomena and bodies of nature as once and for all given, unnamed. Linnaeus is called the "king of botanists", "the father of taxonomy". He discovered 1.5 thousand plant species, described about 10,000 plant species, 5,000 animal species. Fixed the use of binary (double) nomenclature to designate species. Improved the botanical language - established a uniform botanical terminology. His classification was based on the association of species into genera, genera into orders, orders into classes. Metaphysician Carl Linnaeus C. Linnaeus (1707-1778)

slide 5


In 1735, his book "The System of Nature" was published, in which he classifies all plants into 24 classes based on the structural features of flowers: the number of stamens, unisexuality and bisexuality of flowers. Even during the life of the author, this book was reprinted 12 times and had a great influence on the development of science in the 18th century. Fauna K. Linney divided into 6 classes: mammals, birds, reptiles (amphibians and reptiles), fish, insects, worms. Almost all invertebrates were assigned to the last class. His classification was the most complete for his time, but Linnaeus understood that a system created on the basis of several features is an artificial system. He wrote: "An artificial system serves until a natural one is found." But under the natural system, he understood the one that guided the creator, creating all life on Earth. Metaphysician Carl Linnaeus C. Linnaeus (1707-1778)

slide 6


“There are as many species as there are different forms created at the beginning of the world by the Almighty,” said Linnaeus. But at the end of his life, Linnaeus recognized that sometimes species can be formed under the influence of the environment or as a result of crossing. Metaphysician Carl Linnaeus The rapid development of natural science in the second half of the 18th century was accompanied by an intensive accumulation of facts that did not fit into the framework of metaphysics and creationism, transformism is developing - a system of views on the variability and transformation of plant and animal forms under the influence of natural causes. C. Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Slide 7


The representative of the philosophy of transformism was the outstanding French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who created the first theory of evolution. In 1809, his main work, Philosophy of Zoology, was published, in which Lamarck provides numerous proofs of the variability of species. Transformism. The evolutionary theory of J. B. Lamarck He believed that the first living organisms arose from inorganic nature by spontaneous generation, and ancient life was represented by simple forms, which, as a result of evolution, gave rise to more complex ones. The lower, simplest forms originated relatively recently and have not yet reached the level of highly organized organisms. J. B. Lamarck (1744-1829)

Slide 8


Lamarck's classification of animals already includes 14 classes, which he divided into 6 gradations, or successive steps in the complexity of the organization. The selection of gradations was based on the degree of complication of the nervous and circulatory systems. Lamarck believed that the classification should reflect the "order of nature itself", its progressive development of Transformism. Evolutionary theory of J.B. Lamarck

Slide 9


Such a theory of gradual complication, the theory of "gradation", is based on the influence of the external environment on organisms and the response of organisms to external influences, the direct adaptability of organisms to the environment. Lamarck formulates two laws according to which evolution occurs. Transformism. The evolutionary theory of J.B. Lamarck The first law can be called the law of variability: “For any animal that has not reached the limit of its development, more frequent and longer use of any organ strengthens this organ little by little, develops and enlarges it and gives it strength , proportional to the duration of use, while the constant disuse of this or that organ gradually weakens it, leads to decline, continuously reduces its abilities, and finally causes its disappearance. J. B. Lamarck (1744-1829)

Slide 10


Is it possible to agree with this law? Lamarck overestimates the importance of exercise and non-exercise for evolution, so the characteristics acquired by the body are not transmitted to the next generation. Transformism. The evolutionary theory of J.B. Lamarck The second law can be called the law of heredity: “Everything that nature has forced to gain or lose under the influence of the conditions in which their breed has long been, and, therefore, under the influence of the predominance of the use or disuse of one or another part body, - all this nature preserves by reproduction in new individuals that are descended from the first, provided that the acquired changes are common to both sexes or to those individuals from which new individuals are descended. J. B. Lamarck (1744-1829)

slide 11


Is it possible to agree with Lamarck's 2nd law? No, the proposition about the inheritance of traits acquired during life was erroneous: further research showed that only hereditary changes are of decisive importance in evolution. There is a so-called Weismann barrier - changes in somatic cells cannot get into germ cells and cannot be inherited. Transformism. The evolutionary theory of J. B. Lamarck For example, A. Weisman cut off the tails of mice for twenty generations, the non-use of tails should have led to their shortening, but the tails of the twenty-first generation were the same length as the first. J. B. Lamarck (1744-1829)

slide 12


Transformism. J. B. Lamarck's evolutionary theory And, finally, Lamarck explained fitness by the internal desire of organisms for improvement, for progressive development. Consequently, Lamarck considered the ability to respond expediently to the influence of the conditions of existence as an innate property. Lamarck connects the origin of man with the "four-armed monkeys" who switched to a terrestrial mode of existence. J. B. Lamarck (1744-1829)

slide 13


Transformism. JB Lamarck's evolutionary theory And one more weak spot in Lamarck's theory. Justifying the origin of one species from another, he did not recognize species as real categories, as stages of evolution. “The term “species” I consider completely arbitrary, invented for the sake of convenience, to denote a group of individuals that are closely similar to each other .... J. B. Lamarck (1744-1829)

Slide 14


But this was the first holistic theory of evolution in which Lamarck tried to determine the driving forces of evolution: 1 - the influence of the environment, which leads to the exercise or non-exercise of organs and the expedient change of organisms; 2 - inheritance of acquired traits. 3 - internal desire for self-improvement. Transformism. JB Lamarck's evolutionary theory But the theory was not accepted. Not everyone recognized that gradation is influenced by the desire for self-improvement; that fitness arises as a result of expedient changes in response to environmental influences; the inheritance of acquired traits has not been confirmed by numerous observations and experiments. J. B. Lamarck (1744-1829)

slide 15


Docking of the tails of many dog ​​breeds does not lead to a change in their length. In addition, from the point of view of Lamarck's theory, it is impossible to explain the appearance, for example, of the coloring of the shell of bird eggs and their shape, which is adaptive in nature, or the appearance of shells in mollusks, because his idea of ​​the role of exercise and non-exercise of organs is not applicable here. A dilemma has developed between metaphysicians and transformists, which can be expressed by the following phrase: "Either species without evolution, or evolution without species." Transformism. Evolutionary theory of J.B. Lamarck

slide 16


K. Linnaeus divided plants into 24 classes, based on .... The classification of K. Linnaeus was artificial, since .... Creationism, transformism, metaphysical worldview…. How did the variety of species according to Linnaeus appear? How does K. Linnaeus explain the fitness of species? J. B. Lamarck in the book "Philosophy of Zoology" divided animals into 14 classes and arranged them in 6 steps according to the degree .... 6 gradations of animals according to Lamarck .... Its classification can be considered natural, since .... The driving forces of evolution according to J. B. Lamarck are: .... How did the variety of species according to Lamarck appear? As a result of the impact of the external environment in living organisms according to J. B. Lamarck .... How does J.B. Lamarck explain the fitness of species? The undoubted merit of J. B. Lamarck was .... His hypothesis was not accepted, not everyone recognized that .... A. Weisman cut off the tails of mice for twenty generations, but .... What is the Weismann Barrier? Repetition:

Slide 17


At the beginning of the XIX century. there was an intensive growth of industry in Western Europe, which gave a powerful impetus to the rapid development of science and technology. Extensive materials from overseas expeditions enriched ideas about the diversity of living beings, and descriptions of systematic groups of organisms led to the idea of ​​the possibility of their relationship. This was also evidenced by the striking similarity of the embryos of chordates, discovered in the study of the processes of individual development of animals. New data refuted the prevailing ideas about the immutability of living nature. For their scientific explanation, a brilliant mind was needed, capable of summarizing vast material, linking disparate facts with a coherent system of reasoning. Charles Darwin turned out to be such a scientist. Charles Darwin C. Darwin (1809-1882)

Slide 18


Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in the family of a doctor. From childhood he was fond of botany, zoology, chemistry. At the University of Edinburgh he studied medicine for two years, then moved to the theological faculty of the University of Cambridge and was going to become a priest. After graduating from university, Darwin embarks on a world tour on the Beagle as a naturalist. The voyage lasted five years, from 1831 to 1836. In Time, when Chaos burned, The suns exploded in a whirlwind and without measure, Other spheres burst out from other spheres, When the expanse of the seas settled on them And began to wash the land everywhere, Warmed by the sun, in grottoes, in the open space The life of organisms originated in the sea. E. Darwin C. Darwin (1809-1882)

Slide 19


Slide 20

Evolutionary theory of J.B. Lamarck

In 1809 his main work comes out "Philosophy of Zoology", in which Lamarck gives numerous proofs of the variability of species.

The driving forces of evolution according to J.B. Lamarck

External environment

Internal

pursuit

to perfection

exercise or

non-exercise

bodies

higher animals

1. Changing environmental conditions.

2. Changing needs.

3. Change actions.

4. Development of new habits.

5. Exercise of some organs in accordance with new needs,

non-exercise of others.

6. Change of organs under the influence of prolonged exercise or

non-exercise (Lamarck's I law).

7. Hereditary consolidation of the changes that have arisen under the influence of the time factor (Lamarck's II law).

The term "species" I consider completely arbitrary, invented for the sake of convenience, to denote a group of individuals that are closely similar to each other ....

Lamarck connects the origin of man with "four-armed monkeys" who have switched to a terrestrial mode of existence.

findings

“Nature has produced all existing species of animals in succession, starting with the most imperfect or simplest and ending with the most perfect, gradually complicating their organization. When these animals spread over all the inhabited places of the globe, each species acquired, under the influence of the circumstances in which it found itself, those habits and those changes in parts that we observe in it. J.B. Lamarck.

Task number 1. Complete the phrase

• J. B. Lamarck in the book "Philosophy of Zoology" divided animals into 14 classes and arranged them in 6 steps according to the degree ....
• 6 gradations of animals according to Lamarck ....
• Its classification can be considered natural, since ....
• The driving forces of evolution according to J. B. Lamarck are: ....
• How did the variety of species according to Lamarck appear?
• As a result of the impact of the external environment in living organisms according to J. B. Lamarck ....
• How does J.B. Lamarck explain the fitness of species?
• The undoubted merit of J. B. Lamarck was ....
• His hypothesis was not accepted, not everyone recognized that ....

Back forward

Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Target. To acquaint students with the emergence and development of evolutionary ideas, the evolutionary teachings of Ch. Darwin.

Methods. Lesson-lecture.

During the classes

1. Explanation

• Lecture plan.
• Terms
• Aristotle and organic evolution
• Carl Linnaeus is the forerunner of evolutionism.
• The evolutionary doctrine of Zh.B. Lamarck.
• The evolutionary doctrine of Ch. Darwin

First, let's get acquainted with the new terms of the topic.

creationism- the doctrine according to which life was created by a supernatural being at a certain time.

Metaphysical worldview- (Greek "physis" - nature; "meta" - over) - the original and absolute expediency, and therefore the constancy and immutability of all nature.

Transformism The doctrine of the transformation of one species into another.

Evolution- (lat. evolvo - deploy /evolution / - deployment) a historical change in the form of organization and behavior of living beings in a number of generations.

Aristotle and organic evolution

The new branch of biology is called evolutionary doctrine, or Darwinism, since the theory of evolution has established itself in biology thanks to the work of the outstanding English scientist Charles Darwin. However, the very idea of ​​evolution is as old as the world. The myths of many peoples are permeated with ideas about the possibility of transformation (transformation) of one species into another. The beginnings of evolutionary ideas can be found both in the works of the thinkers of the Ancient East and in the statements of ancient philosophers. 1000 BC e. in India and China believed that man descended from apes.

Why do you think?

Similar in India, the monkey is a sacred animal and it is even honorable.

Ancient Greek thinker, philosopher, founder of biology, father of zoology Aristotle (384-322 BC) formulated the theory of the continuous and gradual development of the living from inanimate matter, based on his observations on animals. At the same time, he proceeded from the metaphysical concept of the aspiration of nature from the simple and imperfect to the more complex and perfect. Aristotle recognized the evolution of the earth's thicknesses, but there was no evolution of living organisms, although in his "Ladder of Nature" he grouped and arranged inanimate matter and all living organisms in a certain order from primitive to more complex, which suggested the relationship between living organisms.

Carl Linnaeus is the forerunner of evolutionism.

Carl Linnaeus - Swedish scientist (1707-1778) - the father of botany, the king of flowers, the great systematizer of Nature.

He proposed a simple classification scheme for animals and plants, the best of all previous ones.

a) Linnaeus considered the species as the main systematic unit (a set of individuals similar in structure and giving fertile offspring). The view exists and does not change.

b) He united all species into genera, genera into orders, orders into classes.

c) Linnaeus attributed the whale to the class of mammals, although in the 17th century the whale was considered a fish.

d) For the first time in the history of science, Linnaeus placed man first in the order of primates in the class of mammals, along with monkeys and semi-monkeys, on the basis of the similarity between man and ape.

Linnaeus applied the clear, convenient principle of double names.

Before Linnaeus, scientists gave plants only generic names. They called: oak, maple, rose, pine, nettle, etc. Science used the names of plants by genera, just as it is usually done in colloquial everyday language, in relation to plants and animals, to designate a species, they used long descriptions of signs. So, before Linnaeus, the wild rose was called "Ordinary forest rose with a fragrant pink flower."

Linnaeus left generic names. The names of species were proposed to be given by words (most often adjectives) denoting the characteristics of a given plant or animal. The name of plants or animals now consisted of 2 words: in the first place was the generic name (noun), in the second place - the specific name (usually an adjective). For example, Linnaeus called rosehip in Latin Rosa canina L (Dog rose). L meant the name of the author who gave the name to this species. In this case, Linnaeus.

The very idea of ​​double names was proposed by Kaspar Baugin, i.e. 100 years before Linnaeus, but only Linnaeus realized it.

Linnaeus created the science of botany on the site of former chaos.

a) Carried out a huge reform in the botanical language. In the book "Fundamentals of Botany" he gives about 1000 botanical terms, clearly explaining where and how to use each of them. In fact, Linnaeus invented, albeit with the old terminology, a new language for natural science.

b) Worked on questions of plant biology. Suffice it to recall the "Calendar of flora",

"Hours of flora", "Sleep of plants". He was the first to propose to conduct phenological observations to determine the best terms of work for agricultural plants.

c) Wrote several large textbooks and study guides on botany.

The Linnaean system aroused great interest in the study and description of plants and animals. Thanks to this, the number of known plant species has increased from 7,000 to 10,000 in a few decades. Linnaeus himself discovered and described about 1.5 thousand species of plants, about 2000 species of insects.

Line aroused interest in the study of biology. Many famous scientists, philosophers, writers became interested in the study of nature due to their acquaintance with the works of K. Linnaeus. Goethe said: "After Shakespeare and Spinoza, Linnaeus had the strongest impression on me."

Despite the fact that Carl Linnaeus was a creationist, the system he developed is a living

nature was built on the principle of similarity, had a hierarchical structure and suggested a relationship between closely related species of living organisms. Analyzing these facts, scientists came to the conclusion about the variability of species. The authors of these ideas considered the change in species over time as a result of the unfolding (from the Latin “evolvo” - unfolding) of a certain preliminary plan of the Creator, a pre-composed program in the course of historical development. This point of view is called evolutionist. Such views were expressed in the 18th century. and at the beginning of the 19th century. J. Buffon, V. Goethe, K. Baer, ​​Erasmus Darwin - Ch. Darwin's grandfather. But none of them offered a satisfactory explanation of why and how species changed.

The evolutionary doctrine of Zh.B. Lamarck.

The first holistic concept of evolution was expressed by the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monnier Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829).

Lamarck was a deist and believed that the creator created matter according to the laws of its motion, this stopped the creative activity of the creator, and all further development of nature took place in accordance with its laws. Lamarck believed that the most primitive and simple organisms arise by spontaneous generation, and such spontaneous generation has repeatedly occurred in the distant past, is occurring at the present time and will occur in the future. Organisms, according to Lamarck, could arise from inanimate matter under the influence of light, heat, electricity.

After their appearance, primitive living organisms do not remain unchanged. They change under the influence of the external environment, adapting to it. As a result of this change, living organisms gradually improve over time in a long series of successive generations, becoming more and more complex and highly organized. As a result, the more time passes from the moment a certain form appeared by spontaneous generation, the more perfect and complexly organized its modern descendants turn out to be. The most primitive modern living organisms, in his opinion, arose quite recently and simply did not have time to become more perfect and highly organized as a result of gradual complication. All these changes occur over a long period of time, so they are invisible. But carried away by the denial of the constancy of species, Lamarck begins to represent wildlife as a continuous series of changing individuals, he considers species to be an imaginary unit of classification convenient for the nomenclature of organisms, and in nature only individuals exist. The view is constantly changing, and therefore does not exist - he writes in the "Philosophy of Zoology" (1809). Lamarck called the stepwise nature of the complication of the organization of living beings gradation. Another new term.

gradation(lat. ascension) - an increase in the organization of living beings from a lower level to a higher one in the process of evolution.

The driving forces of evolution according to Lamarck.

Inner desire for progress, i.e., every living being has an innate inner desire to complicate and improve its organization, this property is inherent in them from the very beginning of nature.

Influence of the external environment, thanks to which, within the same stage of organization, various species are formed, adapted to the conditions of life in the environment.

Any change in the environment causes organisms to only useful changes hereditary traits like innate properties and only appropriate changes, i.e., those that correspond to the changed conditions.

In plants, lower animals the reason for the continuous complication and improvement is direct impact of the external environment, causing changes that provide a more perfect adaptation to these conditions. Lamarck gives such examples. If the spring was very dry, then meadow grasses do not grow well; spring, with alternating warm and rainy days, causes the same grasses to thrive. Getting from natural conditions to gardens, plants change greatly: some lose thorns and spines, others change the shape of the stem, the woody stem of plants in hot countries becomes herbaceous in our temperate climate.

On higher animals, the external environment valid indirectly involving the nervous system. The external environment has changed - and animals have new needs. If the new conditions operate for a long time, then the animals acquire the appropriate habits. At the same time, some organs exercise more, others less or completely inactive. An organ that works hard develops stronger and becomes stronger, while an organ that is little used for a long time gradually atrophies.

The formation of a swimming membrane between the fingers in waterfowl Lamarck explained by stretching the skin; the absence of legs in snakes is explained by the habit of stretching the body when crawling on the ground, without using limbs; long front legs of a giraffe - with the constant efforts of the animal to reach the leaves on the trees.

J.B. Lamarck also admitted that the desire, the desire of the animal leads to an increased flow of blood and other "fluids" to the part of the body to which this desire is directed, which causes an increased growth of this part of the body, which is then inherited.

Lamarck was the first to use the terms "kinship", "family ties" to denote the unity of the origin of living beings.

He quite correctly believed that environmental conditions have an important influence on the course of the evolutionary process.

Lamarck was one of the first who correctly assessed the importance of time in the process of evolution and noted the extraordinary duration of the development of life on earth.

Lamarck's ideas about the branching of the "ladder of beings", the non-rectilinear nature of evolution paved the way for the concept of "family trees" developed in the 60s of the XIX century.

J.B. Lamarck developed the hypothesis of the natural origin of man and assumed that the ancestors of man were monkeys who switched to a terrestrial way of life and walking on the ground from climbing trees. This group (breed) for a number of generations used the hind limbs for walking and eventually became two-handed from four-armed. If this breed stopped using the jaws to tear the prey, and began to chew it, this could lead to a decrease in the size of the jaw. This most developed breed has taken possession of all the convenient places on earth, displacing the less developed breeds. Individuals of this dominant breed gradually accumulated ideas about the world around them, they had a need to convey these ideas to their own kind, which led to the development of various gestures, and then speech. Lamarck pointed out the important role of the hand in the development of man.

He tried to explain the origin of domestic animals and cultivated plants. Lamarck said that the ancestors of domestic animals and cultivated plants were taken by man from the wild, but domestic maintenance, change in diet and crossing made these forms unrecognizable compared to wild forms.

The evolutionary doctrine of Ch. Darwin.

2. Ch.Darwin about the view.

The view exists and changes

The driving forces of evolution according to Ch. Darwin.

• Heredity.
• Variability.
• Natural selection based on the struggle for existence.

3. Homework. Paragraphs 41, 42 to ste.

4. Fixing.

• What did Aristotle think about the evolution of living organisms?
• Why is Carl Linnaeus called the forerunner of evolutionism?
• Why is the evolutionary doctrine of J.B. Lamarck was not recognized by his contemporaries?
• What do you know about Ch. Darwin's evolutionary teachings?