Population resettlement- this is the process of distribution of the population over the territory and the formation of a network of settlements. Its character is influenced by four groups of factors:

socio-economic(general level of economic development, regional differences in the location of economic sectors, household incomes, investment volumes, etc.);

natural(climate, topography, soils, availability of minerals, etc.);

demographic(intensity of mechanical and natural movement of the population);

historical factor(influence on the resettlement of historical conditions).

The main features of the population distribution

The distribution of the population reflects the result of the process of population resettlement for a specific period of time. The people on the planet are extremely unevenly settled.

More than two-thirds of humanity is concentrated on about 8% of the land area, and about 10% of it is still uninhabited (Antarctica, almost all of Greenland, etc.).

Other features of the distribution of the population on Earth are as follows:

72% of the population lives in Eurasia - the area of ​​​​origin and formation of man, 60% of the population - in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere;

More than half of the people are concentrated in the lowlands (up to 200 m above sea level), although the latter make up less than 30% of the land. The population is, as it were, "shifted" to the sea - almost 1/3 of the people live at a distance of no more than 50 km from the sea (this strip occupies 12% of the land).

The distribution of population across regions of the world is uneven. 3/5 of it falls on Asia, 13.5% - Africa, another 12% - Europe, and the rest of the regions in total - less than 15%. Over the past decades, the share of Asia, Africa and Latin America in the total population of the world has been constantly increasing, Oceania has been stable, and Europe and North America has been steadily declining.

Now only 1/5 of the world's population lives in economically highly developed countries, including 11.4% in the top 7 (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Canada), and 4/5 in developing countries.

60% of humanity is concentrated in the ten largest states with a population of more than 100 million in each, and almost 15% in eleven countries with a population of 50 to 100 million people. Thus, there is a very high territorial concentration of the population. However, the vast majority of countries have less than 10 million inhabitants, and many have less than 1 million. The highest proportion of sparsely populated countries is in Africa, Oceania and Central America. Examples of states with very small populations are the Vatican City (1,000 inhabitants) and Pitcairn Island (a British colony in Polynesia), where the population is less than 100 people.

The degree of population and economic development of the territory is often determined by the indicator population density - the number of inhabitants per 1 km 2. Its average value in the world is 45 people per 1 km2. However, at the same time, according to available estimates, for half of the land population density is less than 1 person per 1 km 2, and for 1/4 - it ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 km 2.

On the globe, 6 regions can be distinguished with the highest population density (over 100 people per 1 km 2):

• 1. East Asian (East China, Japan, North Korea, Republic of Korea).
• 2. South Asian (Indo-Gangetic lowland, South India.
• 3. Southeast Asian (Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Myanmar).
• 4. European (Europe without its northern part).
• 5. Northeastern region of the USA.
• 6. West African region (Nile valley and lower reaches of Niger - countries: Nigeria, Benin, Ghana).

In addition, there are areas with high population density in South America - some coastal areas in Brazil and Argentina.

Among the most densely populated countries in the world are Bangladesh (930 people per 1 km 2), the Netherlands and Belgium - 330 - 395 people per 1 km 2 each.

High population density is most often associated with the development of industry and cities, in which it often reaches several thousand and even tens of thousands of people per 1 km 2. However, among densely populated countries there are both industrial, highly urbanized countries (Great Britain, Belgium, Germany) and agrarian countries with a sharp preponderance of the rural population (India, Indonesia, Bangladesh). The situation is similar among sparsely populated states, which include both highly developed countries - Russia, Canada and Australia (respectively 9, 3 and 2 people per 1 km 2), and economically backward - Mongolia, Libya, Suriname (2 - 3 people per 1 km 2).

Depending on the prevailing regime of population reproduction and the intensity of international migration, the population in the countries of the world varies very differently. So, for 1990 - 1995. in Nigeria it increased by 16.4%, in Pakistan by 15.7% , and in Italy and Great Britain almost did not change. Accordingly, there is a rotation of countries in the world table of ranks by population. The main trend is to oust the developed countries from the leading positions and replace them with developing countries.

- this is the process of distribution of the population over the territory and the formation of a network of settlements. Its character is influenced by four groups of factors:

• socio-economic (general level of economic development, regional differences in the location of sectors of the economy, incomes of the population, volumes of investment, etc.);
• natural (climate, relief, soil, availability, etc.);
• demographic (intensity of mechanical and natural movement of the population);
• historical factor (influence on the resettlement of historical conditions).

The main features of the population distribution

The distribution of the population reflects the result of the process of population resettlement for a specific period of time.

The people on the planet are extremely unevenly settled.

More than two-thirds of humanity is concentrated on about 8% of the land area, and about 10% of it is still uninhabited (, almost all, etc.).

Other features of the distribution of the population on Earth are as follows: 72% of the population lives in - the area of ​​origin and formation of man, 60% of the population - in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere; more than half of the people are concentrated in the lowlands (up to 200 m above sea level), although the latter make up less than 30% of the land. The population is, as it were, "shifted" to the sea - almost 1/3 of the people live at a distance of no more than 50 km from the sea (this strip occupies 12% of the land).

The distribution of population across regions of the world is uneven. 3/5 of it falls on , 13.5% - , another 12% - on , and the rest of the regions in total - less than 15% Over the past decades, the share of Asia, Africa and the entire population of the world has constantly increased, Oceania has been stable , and Europe and - has been steadily declining.

Now only 1/5 of the world's population lives in economically highly developed countries, including 11.4% in the top 7 (, Germany, and), and 4/5 in developing countries.

60% of humanity is concentrated in the ten largest states with a population of more than 100 million in each, and almost 15% in eleven countries with a population of 50 to 100 million people. Thus, there is a very high territorial concentration of the population. However, the vast majority of countries have less than 10 million inhabitants, and many have less than 1 million. The highest proportion of sparsely populated countries is in Africa, Oceania and Central America. Examples of states with a very small population are (1 thousand inhabitants) and Pitcairn Island (a British colony in Polynesia), where the population is less than 100 people.

The degree of population and economic development of the territory is often determined by the indicator - the number of inhabitants per 1 km2. Its average value in the world is 45 people per 1 km2. However, at the same time, according to available estimates, for half of the land population density is less than 1 person per 1 km2, and for 1/4 - it ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 km2.

There are 6 regions on the globe with the highest population density (over 100 people per 1 km2):

1. East Asian (East China, Japan, Republic of Korea).
2. South Asian (Indo-Gangetic lowland, South India.
3. Southeast Asian ( , Vietnam, ).
4. European (Europe without its northern part).
5. Northeastern region of the USA.
6. West African region (Nile valley and lower reaches - countries: Nigeria,).

In addition, there are areas with high population density in - some coastal areas in and.

The most densely populated countries in the world include (930 people per 1 km2), and - 330 - 395 people per 1 km2.

High population density is most often associated with the development of industry and cities, in which it often reaches several thousand and even tens of thousands of people per 1 km2. However, among densely populated countries there are both industrial, highly urbanized countries (Great Britain, Belgium, Germany) and agrarian countries with a sharp preponderance of the rural population (India, Indonesia, Bangladesh). The situation is similar among sparsely populated states, which include both highly developed countries -

The world population has already exceeded 6.6 billion people. All these people live in 15-20 million different settlements - cities, towns, villages, villages, farms, etc. But these settlements are extremely unevenly distributed across the earth's land. So, according to available estimates, half of all mankind lives on 1/20 of the inhabited land area.


The uneven distribution of the population on the globe is explained by four main reasons.
The first reason is the influence of the natural factor. It is clear that vast areas with extreme natural conditions (deserts, ice expanses, tundra, highlands, tropical forests) do not create favorable conditions for human life. This can be illustrated by the example of table 60, which shows well both general patterns and differences between individual regions.
The main general pattern is that 80% of all people live in lowlands and uplands up to 500 m high, which occupy only 28% of the earth's land, including in Europe, Australia and Oceania, more than 90% of the total population live in such areas, in Asia and North America - 80% or so. But, on the other hand, in Africa and South America, 43–44% of people live in territories exceeding 500 m in height. A similar unevenness is also characteristic of individual countries: the most “low” include, for example, the Netherlands, Poland, France, Japan , India, China, USA, and to the most "sublime" - Bolivia, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Mexico, Iran, Peru. At the same time, most of the population is concentrated in the subequatorial and subtropical climatic zones of the Earth.
The second reason is the impact of the historical features of the settlement of the earth's land. After all, the distribution of the population on the territory of the Earth has evolved throughout the history of mankind. The process of formation of modern humans, which began 40–30 thousand years ago, took place in Southwest Asia, Northeast Africa and Southern Europe. From here, people then spread throughout the Old World. Between the thirtieth and tenth millennia BC, they settled North and South America, and at the end of this period, Australia. Naturally, the time of settlement to some extent could not but affect the population.
The third reason is the differences in the current demographic situation. It is clear that the number and density of the population increase most rapidly in those countries and regions where its natural increase is the highest.
Table 60

Bangladesh is a prime example of this. This country with a small area and very high natural population growth already has a population density of 970 people per km2. If the current birth rate and growth rate here continue, then, according to calculations, in 2025 the population density of the country will exceed 2,000 people per 1 km2!
The fourth reason is the impact of the socio-economic conditions of people's lives, their economic activities, and the level of development of production. One of its manifestations can be the “attraction” of the population to the coasts of the seas and oceans, more precisely, to the “land-ocean” contact zone.
The zone located at a distance of up to 50 km from the sea can be called the zone of direct coastal settlement. It is home to 29% of all people, including 40% of all urban dwellers in the world. This share is especially high in Australia and Oceania (about 80%). This is followed by North America, South America and Europe (30-35%), Asia (27%) and Africa (22%). The zone, 50-200 km from the sea, can be considered as indirectly connected with the coast: although the settlement itself here is no longer coastal, in economic terms it feels the daily and significant influence of the proximity of the sea. Approximately 24% of the total population of the Earth is concentrated in this zone. The literature also notes that the proportion of the population living at a distance of up to 200 km from the sea is gradually increasing: in 1850 it was 48.9%, in 1950 - 50.3, and now it reaches 53%.
It is possible to concretize the thesis itself about the uneven distribution of the population across the globe using many examples. One can compare in this respect the Eastern and Western hemispheres (respectively 80 and 20% of the population), the Northern and Southern hemispheres (90 and 10%). It is possible to single out the least and most populated areas of the Earth. The former include almost all highlands, most of the giant deserts of Central and Southwest Asia and North Africa, and to some extent tropical forests, not to mention Antarctica and Greenland. The latter include the historically established main population clusters in East, South and Southeast Asia, in Western Europe, and in the Northeast of the United States.
Various indicators are used to characterize the distribution of the population. The main one, the population density indicator, makes it possible to more or less visually judge the degree of population of the territory. It defines the number of permanent residents per 1 km2.
Let's start with the average population density for all inhabited earth's land. As one would expect, during the twentieth century. - especially as a result of the population explosion - it began to increase especially rapidly. In 1900, this figure was 12 people per 1 km2, in 1950 - 18, in 1980 - 33, in 1990 - 40, and in 2000 already about 45, and in 2005 - 48 people per 1 km2.
It is also interesting to consider the differences in average population density that exist between parts of the world. Populous Asia has the highest density (120 people per 1 km2), Europe has a very high (110), while in other large parts of the Earth the population density is below the world average: in Africa about 30, in America - 20, and in Australia and Oceania - only 4 people per 1 km2.
The next level is a comparison of the population density of individual countries, which makes it possible to carry out Figure 47. It also provides the basis for a three-term grouping of the countries of the world according to this indicator. A very high population density for a single country can, obviously, be considered an indicator of over 200 people per 1 km2. Examples of countries with such a population density are Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, India, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, El Salvador. The average density can be considered an indicator close to the world average (48 people per 1 km2). As examples of this kind, we will name Belarus, Tajikistan, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador. Finally, the lowest density indicators include 2-3 people per 1 km2 or less. The group of countries with such a population density includes Mongolia, Mauritania , Namibia, Australia, not to mention Greenland (0.02 people per 1 km2).
When analyzing Figure 47, it should be taken into account that very small, mostly island, countries could not be reflected in it, and it is precisely they that are distinguished by particularly high population density. Examples include Singapore (6450 people/km2), Bermuda (1200), Malta (1280), Bahrain (1020), Barbados (630), Mauritius (610), Martinique (350 people/km2), not speaking of Monaco (16,900).
In educational geography, the consideration of population density contrasts within individual countries is quite widely used. Egypt, China, Australia, Canada, Brazil, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan can be cited as the most striking examples of this kind. At the same time, one should not forget about the archipelago countries. For example, in Indonesia, the population density on about. Java often exceeds 2000 people per 1 km2, and in the deep regions of other islands it drops to 3 people per 1 km2. It should be noted in passing that, if the relevant data are available, it is better to analyze such contrasts on the basis of a comparison of the density of the rural population.
Russia is an example of a country with a low average population density of 8 people per km2. In addition, this average hides very large internal differences. They exist between the Western and Eastern zones of the country (respectively 4/5 and 1/5 of the total population). They also exist between individual districts (the population density in the Moscow region is approximately 350 people per 1 km2, and in many regions of Siberia and the Far East it is less than 1 person per 1 km2). That is why geographers usually distinguish in Russia the main zone of settlement, stretching in a gradually narrowing area through the European and Asian parts of the country. About 2/3 of all the inhabitants of the country are concentrated within this band. At the same time, there are vast uninhabited or very sparsely populated territories in Russia. They occupy, according to some estimates, approximately 45% of the entire area of ​​the country.

1. What are the external signs of people of different races?

Equatorial (or Australo-Negroid) race - includes the Negroid and Australo-Veddoid races in the broadest sense. It combines on the basis of dark pigmentation, dolichocephaly, prognathism, wide eye slit, wide nose, thick lips, narrow physique. However, judging by the non-selection for teeth and dermatoglyphics, it is clearly divided into two trunks - the western (African groups) and the eastern (Asian, Australian and Pacific groups). Caucasoid race, Eurasian race, one of the great races of humanity. Distributed in Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, North India, as well as in areas of European colonization (America, Australia, South Africa). It is characterized by light or dark skin, soft straight or wavy hair, strong development of tertiary hairline, narrow, strongly protruding nose with a high bridge of nose, thin lips, orthognathism. Pigmentation of the eyes and hair within E. p. varies greatly. The Mongoloid race is the race of the indigenous inhabitants of eastern and northern Asia, as well as the far north. Differs in black hard straight, rarely wavy hair; dark eyes; swarthy, often yellowish skin color; poor development of tertiary hairline; strong protrusion of the cheekbones; flattened face; mostly low portability; the presence of epicanthus and a strongly developed fold of the upper eyelid.

2. How do you understand the statement: “Man is a part of the biosphere”?

Man is part of the biosphere because the biosphere is that part of the earth where all living beings, including man, live.

3. Show on the map the ways of settlement of an ancient person on Earth.

Page 69 of the textbook.

4. From the lessons of history, remember where the first agricultural states arose?

Mesopotamia, or Mesopotamia, is a very favorable region for agriculture, a mild, warm climate, an excellent location and the presence of two large rivers in Western Asia - the Tigris and Euphrates - provided the necessary amount of water for the development of an irrigation system and an irrigation method of land use. The people inhabiting these lands were less dependent on the vagaries of the weather than others, so they could get stable and rich harvests. Approximately the same situation developed in the valley of the largest river in Africa - the Nile. But in order to build irrigation and irrigation complexes, it was necessary to organize the collective work of a large number of people, otherwise it was simply impossible to create effective agriculture. So, the first prototypes of state formations originate, and this is where the first states appeared, but these, in fact, were not yet not quite state formations. These were their embryos, from which the most ancient countries of the world subsequently formed.

WORKSHOP

1. Why is the population density different in different places on the Earth?

People are not equally distributed across the hemispheres of the planet. they mostly live in the Northern (90%) and Eastern (85%) hemispheres of the planet. Also, the population density depends on the continents and their parts. Differences in the distribution of people across the countries of the world are much more noticeable. There are also more minor factors that affect the placement of people: remoteness from the sea, the absolute height of the land, relief, age of development of the territory, climate. For a long time, mankind settled on the territory of the Earth, gradually accumulating in places most favorable for living (for example, the valleys of the Nile, Indus, Ganges, the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates, where the so-called "river civilizations" were formed). The further development of society showed that, despite the desire of the state to equalize the population density across the country, people themselves tend to live where the climate is more comfortable for human habitation.

2. How to calculate the average population density of a territory? Study the population density map and determine the most sparsely populated areas on each continent.

Divide the population by the area of ​​the territory. Eurasia - mountainous regions (Himalayas and Tibet), northeastern Russia, North America - northern Canada, South America - mountainous regions in the south of Chile and Argentina, the interior of the Amazon, Africa - the interior of the Sahara, Australia - desert regions in the central part . Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated countries (average density of 1 person per 1 km2). A state in the northeast of Central Asia. Area - 1566 thousand km2; population - 2 million people. Greenland. Its population is 56,000 people who live on an area of ​​2,175,600 km2. The population density of Greenland is 1 person per 39 km2. Botswana is larger than Ukraine, and only one and a half million people live there; Namibia is slightly larger both in terms of population and territory. The most sparsely populated countries in the world are San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein (no more than 30,000 people in each country).

3. Determine and compare the differences in the population of individual continents and countries of the world.

The population of the Earth is distributed extremely unevenly. 70% of the population lives on only 7% of the land area. 80% of the total population is concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere, 0.9% in the Northern Hemisphere. At the same time, the bulk of people live within the temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climatic zones. 15% of the land area is completely undeveloped by people - these are areas with extreme natural conditions. The main indicator characterizing the distribution of the population is the population density. The average population density of the Earth is 40 people/km2. However, the uneven distribution of the population in different regions and countries of the world is enormous. The population density indicator ranges from tenths to 2000 people/km2. The population density in foreign Europe and Asia is more than 100 people/km2, in North and South America - about 20 people/km2, and in Australia and Oceania - no more than 4 people/km2. Comparison of the population density of individual countries allows us to distinguish three groups of countries: countries with a very high population density - more than 200 people / km2 (Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, the Republic of Korea, El Salvador); countries with a population density close to the world average - about 40 people / km2 (Ireland, Iraq, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, Ecuador); countries with low population density - less than 2 people / km2 (Mongolia, Libya , Namibia, Australia, Greenland).

4. What kind of economic activities are people engaged in in areas with high and low population density?

In places with the highest population density, often large cities or coasts, the bulk of the population is employed in industries or services. There are large economic centers that require a large amount of labor resources. In places with low population density, most of the inhabitants are employed in agriculture, cattle breeding or other areas of the agricultural sector. This is due to the fact that huge areas are used for growing and processing food, which does not require a large number of workers.

5. Collect information about the birth rate, death rate and population growth in your area (city, village, small house, one entrance of an apartment building), draw up graphs of the diagram based on the collected data.

6. Specialists of what professions study the population of the Earth?

Geographers, demographers, philologists, ecologists, anthropologists.

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