Reasonable human needs. What needs does a person have

Man, like any living being, is programmed by nature to survive, and for this he needs certain conditions and means. If at some point in time these conditions and means are absent, then a state of need arises, which causes the appearance of a selective response of the human body. This selectivity ensures the occurrence of a response to stimuli (or factors) that are currently the most important for normal life, life preservation and further development. The experience by the subject of such a state of need in psychology is called a need.

So, the manifestation of a person's activity, and, accordingly, his life activity and purposeful activity, directly depends on the presence of a certain need (or need), which requires satisfaction. But only a certain system of human needs will determine the purposefulness of his activities, as well as contribute to the development of his personality. The very needs of a person are the basis for the formation of a motive, which in psychology is considered as a kind of “engine” of a personality. and human activity directly depends on organic and cultural needs, and they, in turn, give rise to, which directs the attention of the individual and its activity to various objects and objects of the surrounding world with the aim of their knowledge and subsequent mastery.

Human needs: definition and features

Needs, which are the main source of personality activity, are understood as a special internal (subjective) feeling of a person's need, which determines his dependence on certain conditions and means of existence. The activity itself, aimed at satisfying human needs and regulated by a conscious goal, is called activity. The sources of personality activity as an internal motivating force aimed at satisfying various needs are:

organic and material needs (food, clothing, protection, etc.);
spiritual and cultural(cognitive, aesthetic, social).

Human needs are reflected in the most persistent and vital dependencies of the organism and the environment, and the system of human needs is formed under the influence of the following factors: the social conditions of people's lives, the level of development of production and scientific and technological progress. In psychology, needs are studied in three aspects: as an object, as a state, and as a property (a more detailed description of these values is presented in the table).

The Importance of Needs in Psychology

In psychology, the problem of needs has been considered by many scientists, so today there are quite a lot of different theories that understand needs as needs, as well as the state, and the process of satisfaction. For example, K. K. Platonov I saw in needs, first of all, a need (more precisely, a mental phenomenon of reflecting the needs of an organism or personality), and D. A. Leontiev considered needs through the prism of activity in which it finds its realization (satisfaction). Famous psychologist of the last century Kurt Lewin understood by needs, first of all, a dynamic state that occurs in a person at the moment of the implementation of some action or intention by him.

An analysis of various approaches and theories in the study of this problem allows us to say that in psychology, the need was considered in the following aspects:

as a need (L.I. Bozhovich, V.I. Kovalev, S.L. Rubinshtein);
as an object of satisfaction of need (A.N. Leontiev);
as a necessity (B.I. Dodonov, V.A. Vasilenko);
as the absence of good (V.S. Magun);
as an attitude (D.A. Leontiev, M.S. Kagan);
as a violation of stability (D.A. McClelland, V.L. Ossovsky);
as a state (K. Levin);
as a systemic reaction of the personality (E.P. Ilyin).

Human needs in psychology are understood as dynamically active states of the personality, which form the basis of its motivational sphere. And since in the process of human activity, not only the development of the individual takes place, but also changes in the environment, needs play the role of the driving force of its development, and here their subject content is of particular importance, namely the volume of the material and spiritual culture of mankind that affects the formation of needs. people and their satisfaction.

In order to understand the essence of needs as a driving force, it is necessary to take into account a number of important points highlighted E.P. Ilyin. They are as follows:

the needs of the human body must be separated from the needs of the individual (at the same time, the need, that is, the need of the body, may be unconscious or conscious, but the need of the individual is always conscious);
a need is always associated with a need, by which it is necessary to understand not a deficit in something, but a desire or a need;
from personal needs it is impossible to exclude the state of need, which is a signal for choosing a means of satisfying needs;
the emergence of a need is a mechanism that includes human activity aimed at finding a goal and achieving it as a need to satisfy the need that has arisen.

Needs are passive-active in nature, that is, on the one hand, they are due to the biological nature of a person and the lack of certain conditions, as well as his means of subsistence, and on the other hand, they determine the activity of the subject to overcome the deficit that has arisen. An essential aspect of human needs is their social and personal nature, which finds its manifestation in motives, motivation and, accordingly, in the entire orientation of the individual. Regardless of the type of need and its focus, they all have the following features:

have their object and are the awareness of need;
the content of needs depends primarily on the conditions and methods of their satisfaction;
they are able to reproduce.

In the needs that form human behavior and activity, as well as in the production motives, interests, aspirations, desires, inclinations and value orientations from them, the basis of the individual's behavior lies.

Types of human needs

Any human need initially represents an organic interweaving of biological, physiological and psychological processes, which determines the presence of many types of needs, which are characterized by strength, frequency of occurrence and ways to satisfy them.

Most often in psychology, the following types of human needs are distinguished:

isolated according to origin natural(or organic) and cultural needs;
distinguished by direction material needs and spiritual;
depending on which area they belong to (fields of activity), they distinguish the needs for communication, work, rest and knowledge (or educational needs);
according to the object, needs can be biological, material and spiritual (they also distinguish human social needs;
by their origin, needs can be endogenous(there are waters due to internal factors) and exogenous (caused by external stimuli).

Basic, fundamental (or primary) and secondary needs are also found in the psychological literature.

The greatest attention in psychology is paid to three main types of needs - material, spiritual and social (or public needs), which are described in the table below.

Basic types of human needs

material needs of a person are primary, since they are the basis of his life. Indeed, in order for a person to live, he needs food, clothing and housing, and these needs were formed in the process of phylogenesis. spiritual needs(or ideal) are purely human, as they primarily reflect the level of development of the individual. These include aesthetic, ethical and learning needs.

It should be noted that both organic and spiritual needs are characterized by dynamism and interact with each other, therefore, for the formation and development of spiritual needs, it is necessary to satisfy material needs (for example, if a person does not satisfy the need for food, then he will experience fatigue, lethargy, apathy and drowsiness, that cannot contribute to the emergence of a cognitive need).

Separately, one should consider public needs(or social), which are formed and developed under the influence of society and are a reflection of the social nature of man. Satisfaction of this need is necessary for absolutely every person as a social being and, accordingly, as a person.

Classification of needs

Since psychology became a separate branch of knowledge, many scientists have made a large number of attempts to classify needs. All these classifications are very diverse and basically reflect only one side of the problem. That is why, to date, a unified system of human needs that would meet all the requirements and interests of researchers from various psychological schools and trends has not yet been presented to the scientific community.

natural desires of a person and necessary (it is impossible to live without them);
natural desires, but not necessary (if there is no way to satisfy them, then this will not lead to the inevitable death of a person);
desires that are neither necessary nor natural (for example, the desire for fame).

Informational author P.V. Simonov needs were divided into biological, social and ideal, which in turn can be the needs of need (or preservation) and growth (or development). According to P. Simonov, social needs of a person and ideal ones are divided into needs “for oneself” and “for others”.

Quite interesting is the classification of needs proposed by Erich Fromm. A well-known psychoanalyst identified the following specific social needs of a person:

a person's need for connections (belonging to a group);
need for self-affirmation (sense of importance);
the need for affection (the need for warm and reciprocal feelings);
the need for self-awareness (one's own individuality);
the need for a system of orientation and objects of worship (belonging to a culture, nation, class, religion, etc.).

But the most popular among all existing classifications was the unique system of human needs of the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (better known as the hierarchy of needs or the pyramid of needs). The representative of the humanistic direction in psychology based his classification on the principle of grouping needs by similarity in a hierarchical sequence - from lower needs to higher ones. A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is presented in the form of a table for ease of perception.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow

Main groups	Needs	Description
Additional psychological needs	in self-actualization (self-realization)	maximum realization of all the potentials of a person, his abilities and personality development
	aesthetic	the need for harmony and beauty
	cognitive	the desire to learn and know the surrounding reality
Basic psychological needs	in respect, self respect and appreciation	the need for success, approval, recognition of authority, competence, etc.
	in love and belonging	the need to be in a community, society, to be accepted and recognized
	in safety	the need for protection, stability and security
Physiological Needs	physiological or organic	needs for food, oxygen, drink, sleep, sex drive, etc.

Having proposed their classification of needs, A. Maslow clarified that a person cannot have higher needs (cognitive, aesthetic and the need for self-development), if he has not satisfied the basic (organic) needs.

Formation of human needs

The development of human needs can be analyzed in the context of the socio-historical development of mankind and from the standpoint of ontogenesis. But it should be noted that both in the first and in the second case, material needs will be the initial ones. This is due to the fact that they are the main source of activity of any individual, pushing him to maximum interaction with the environment (both natural and social)

On the basis of material needs, the spiritual needs of a person developed and transformed, for example, the need for knowledge was based on satisfying the needs for food, clothing and housing. As for aesthetic needs, they were also formed due to the development and improvement of the production process and various means of life, which were necessary to provide more comfortable conditions for human life. Thus, the formation of human needs was determined by socio-historical development, during which all human needs developed and differentiated.

As for the development of needs during a person's life path (that is, in ontogenesis), here everything also begins with the satisfaction of natural (organic) needs, which ensure the establishment of relationships between a child and adults. In the process of satisfying basic needs, children develop needs for communication and cognition, on the basis of which other social needs appear. An important influence on the development and formation of needs in childhood is provided by the process of education, through which the correction and replacement of destructive needs is carried out.

Development and formation of human needs according to A.G. Kovalev must obey the following rules:

needs arise and are strengthened through the practice and systematic consumption (that is, habit formation);
the development of needs is possible in conditions of expanded reproduction in the presence of various means and ways of satisfying it (the emergence of needs in the process of activity);
the formation of needs occurs more comfortably if the activity necessary for this does not exhaust the child (lightness, simplicity and a positive emotional mood);
the development of needs is significantly influenced by the transition from reproductive to creative activity;
the need will be strengthened if the child sees its significance, both personally and socially (assessment and encouragement).

In addressing the question of the formation of human needs, it is necessary to return to the hierarchy of needs of A. Maslow, who argued that all human needs are given to him in a hierarchical organization at certain levels. Thus, from the moment of his birth, in the process of his growing up and personality development, each person will consistently manifest seven classes (of course, this is ideal) of needs, ranging from the most primitive (physiological) needs and ending with the need for self-actualization (the desire for maximum realization the personality of all its potentialities, the most complete life), and some aspects of this need begin to manifest themselves not earlier than adolescence.

According to A. Maslow, a person's life at a higher level of needs provides him with the greatest biological efficiency and, accordingly, a longer life, better health, better sleep and appetite. In this way, purpose of satisfying needs basic - the desire for the emergence of higher needs in a person (in knowledge, in self-development and self-actualization).

The main ways and means of meeting needs

Satisfaction of human needs is an important condition not only for its comfortable existence, but also for its survival, because if organic needs are not met, a person will die in a biological sense, and if spiritual needs are not satisfied, then the individual as a social entity dies. People, satisfying different needs, learn in different ways and learn different means to achieve this goal. Therefore, depending on the environment, conditions and the individual himself, the goal of satisfying needs and the ways to achieve it will differ.

In psychology, the most popular ways and means of satisfying needs are:

in the mechanism of formation of individual ways for a person to meet their needs(in the process of learning, the formation of various connections between stimuli and subsequent analogy);
in the process of individualization of ways and means of satisfying basic needs, which act as mechanisms for the development and formation of new needs (the very ways to satisfy needs can turn into themselves, that is, new needs appear);
in concretizing the ways and means of meeting the needs(there is a consolidation of one method or several, with the help of which the satisfaction of human needs occurs);
in the process of mentalization of needs(awareness of the content or some aspects of the need);
in the socialization of ways and means of satisfying needs(they are subordinated to the values of culture and the norms of society).

So, at the heart of any activity and activity of a person there is always some need that finds its manifestation in motives, and it is the needs that are the motivating force that pushes a person to movement and development.

Social science. Full course of preparation for the Unified State Examination Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.6. Needs and Interests

Need - the need of a person for what constitutes a necessary condition for his existence. In its most general form, a need can be defined as an objectively necessary condition for the existence or development of its carrier. This is an objective condition, a prerequisite for the existence of a subject (individual, group, organization, etc.).

Conscious need- this is the representation of the subject about what he needs for existence and development. An unsatisfied physiological need is manifested in sensations that act as a stimulus for certain actions. Conscious needs are often far from objective or directly opposite to them.

Individual needs These are objectively necessary conditions for human existence. Being a natural-social being, a person has two groups of needs: some are generated by his physiology and psychology, others are designed by society.

status needs These are objectively necessary conditions for maintaining and developing a status position. The work of a person is often one of the powerful factors in the formation of status needs. Another source of status needs is the subculture of the environment to which the individual belongs. Here the status need is intertwined with the psychological need to belong to a group.

Classification of needs

1. Law of the rise of needs (Marxism): a) biological(organic, material); b) social- the need for communication with other people, in social activities, in social recognition, etc.; in) spiritual(ideal, cognitive). Biological, social and spiritual needs are interrelated. Basically biological needs in humans, unlike animals, become social. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones: the need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to occupy a worthy position in society.

2. Hierarchy of needs ( A. Maslow).

1) Primary (congenital):

– physiological needs(hunger, thirst, reproduction of the species, etc.). For human existence, these needs must be satisfied at least at a minimum level, their dissatisfaction can have devastating consequences for the body. Physiological needs also include some needs constructed by culture, human life in a certain environment, repetitive patterns of behavior: the need for food can be transformed into gluttony, gourmetism, fastidiousness, disgust, etc.

– existential needs(from Latin exsistentia - existence): in security and protection (long-term survival and stability), comfort, job security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc. This category also includes the need for stability, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, in structure, order, etc.

2) Secondary (acquired):

– social: in social ties, communication, affection, caring for another person and attention to oneself, participating in joint activities; Needs of belonging and love (attachment and acceptance). Group affiliation becomes dominant. Being unsatisfied, this need causes pangs of loneliness, severe feelings of rejection. Both nationalistic and patriotic feelings grow on this need.

– prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career growth. Self-esteem needs (meaning, competence). Self-esteem implies, firstly, the need for competence, confidence, independence and freedom. Failure to meet the needs for self-esteem leads to feelings of inferiority, weakness, dependence, passivity.

– spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression, self-realization. The need for self-actualization (realization of potential) is the desire of a person to become what he can become, and therefore, to reach the top of potential.

It should be remembered about the reasonable limitation of needs, because, firstly, not all human needs can be fully satisfied, and secondly, the needs should not contradict the moral standards of society. Reasonable Needs- these are needs that help develop in a person his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc. Needs underlie the emergence of interests and inclinations. False, imaginary needs- needs, the satisfaction of which leads to the physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, damages nature and society.

Interest - a need attitude or a motivational state that encourages cognitive activity.

The interests of people are directed to the objects of needs and those social conditions that make material and spiritual goods more or less accessible, ensuring the satisfaction of needs; determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society; are realized to varying degrees by people and are the most important incentives for various types of activity. Thus, the interests of a person express the direction of his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activity, etc.

Classification of interests: a) according to their carrier: individual; group; the whole society; b) by focus: economic; social; political; spiritual.

Objective Interest - this is an objectively optimal way to satisfy a need and a set of means, things, services that allow it to be satisfied.

Objective social interest is an objectively optimal way to satisfy the need for social space. An attribute of a status position is both a status (a set of rights, obligations, conditions) and a set of interests specific to this position.

Conscious interest is the subject's idea of how best to satisfy his need. This interest may coincide with the objective one, differ from it, or may lead in the opposite direction. It is conscious interest that is the direct cause of human actions.

Realizable interest - this is the path of the subject to satisfy the needs that the subject has gone. It can coincide with conscious interest and contradict it.

Interest must be distinguished inclination - the selective orientation of the individual to a certain activity, which encourages him to engage in it. It is based on a deep, stable need of an individual for some kind of activity, the desire to improve the skills and abilities associated with this activity. The appearance of an inclination is usually a prerequisite for the development of corresponding abilities. Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity).

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IN) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PO) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (EC) of the author TSB

From the book Organizing and doing business in the field of trade and services author Bashilov Boris Evgenievich

From the book USA: Country History author McInerney Daniel

2.1. Calculation of the need for financing... Calculation of the amount of funds required to organize a business and the search for sources of financing depend on what kind of business is actually planned, what kind of business idea you want to implement. Obviously, rendering

From the book Organizational Behavior: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

From the book Political Science: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

14. NEEDS AND MOTIVATIONS OF A PERSON A need can be defined as a person's need for something, prompting him to take action to realize this need. The need is always associated with activity and determines the activity of the individual. From the objective side

From the book Social Science: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

48. NATIONAL-STATE INTERESTS OF RUSSIA IN THE NEW GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION The issue of interethnic relations on the territory of the former USSR is not only the most complex and most acute issue, it is also in some way the only decisive issue. Three are distinguished

From the book Civil Code of the Russian Federation the author GARANT

27. RESOURCES AND NEEDS Human needs - a person's need for resources to maintain the life of the body and develop the personality. Psychologist A. Maslow singled out the spiritual and material spheres of human needs. He assigned the highest level to the needs for

From the book Human Resources author Doskova Ludmila

From the book of the Special Services of the Russian Empire [Unique Encyclopedia] author Kolpakidi Alexander Ivanovich

From the Bicyclist's Bible author Friel Joe

From the book Russian Doctrine author Kalashnikov Maxim

CHAPTER 14 Unique Needs I am forty years old and have the body of a twenty year old. Kent Bostick, who competed in the Olympics at ages 42 and 46 How great it would be if we had a one-size-fits-all, all-encompassing “training formula”! Sometimes I dream that she

From the book The buyer is not always right! Typical situations for the protection of the rights of all participants in the process of buying and selling goods and services author Gusyatnikova Daria Efimovna

7. Oil "does little" for the interests of Russia Judging by the assessments of experts, we can conclude that Russian oil has long "not worked" for the protection of national geopolitical interests. This happened after the most highly profitable enterprises were privatized.

From the book Consequence is led by eaters author Burenina Kira

3. "The court is coming", or How to competently defend your interests in

From the author's book

Unmet Needs We need three basic things to live: food to eat, water to drink, and air to breathe. We also need love and fellowship with other people. Our hearts are also hungry. When heart connections are few or short-lived, we

Human needs.

Lack of motivation is the greatest spiritual tragedy that destroys all life foundations. G. Selye.

Need It is a need, a need for something for human life.

The manifestation of needs in animals is associated with a complex of corresponding unconditioned reflexes, called instincts (food, sexual, orienting, protective).

The most striking example of human needs are cognitive. A person seeks to know the world not only in his immediate environment, but also in remote areas of time and space, to understand the causal relationships of phenomena. He seeks to explore phenomena and facts, to penetrate into the micro- and macrocosm. In the age development of a person, cognitive needs go through the following stages:

Orientation,

Curiosity

directed interest,

tendencies,

Conscious self-education,

Creative search.

Need - the state of a living being, expressing its dependence on what constitutes the conditions of its existence.

The state of need for something causes discomfort, a psychological feeling of dissatisfaction. This stress forces a person to be active, to do something to relieve stress.

Only unsatisfied needs have motivating power.

Needs Satisfaction- the process of returning the body to a state of equilibrium.

Can be distinguished three types of needs:

Natural, or physiological, or organic needs, which reflect the needs of our body.

Material, or subject-material,

Spiritual - generated by life in society, associated with the development of the individual, with the desire to express through creative activity everything that a person is capable of.

The first who developed and understood the structure of needs, identified their role and significance, was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. His teaching is called the "hierarchical theory of needs" A. Maslow arranged the needs in ascending order, from the lowest - biological, to the highest - spiritual.

This scheme is called "Pyramid of Needs" or "Maslow's Pyramid"

Physiological needs - food, breath, sleep, etc.
The need for security is the desire to protect one's life.
Social needs - friendship, love, communication.
prestige needs - respect, recognition by members of society.
Spiritual needs - self-expression, self-realization, self-actualization, self-realization.

There are various classifications of human needs. One of them was developed by the American social psychologist A. Maslow. It is a hierarchy and includes two groups of needs:

primal needs (innate) - in particular, physiological needs, the need for security, dependent needs (purchased) social, prestigious, spiritual. From Maslow's point of view, a need of a higher level can appear only if the needs that lie at lower levels of the hierarchy are satisfied. Only after satisfying his needs of the first level (the most voluminous in terms of content and significance), a person has needs of the second level.

Needs are only one motive for activity. Allocate more:

social settings.
Beliefs.
Interests.

Under interests It is customary to understand such an attitude towards an object that creates a tendency to pay attention to it.
When we say that a person has an interest in cinema, this means that he tries to watch films as often as possible, read special books and magazines, discuss the films he has watched, etc. It should be distinguished from interests inclinations. Interest expresses a focus on a certain subject, and propensity to a certain activity. Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity). For example, an interest in cinema does not necessarily entail the opportunity to work as a film director, actor, or cameraman.
The interests and inclinations of a person express orientation his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activity, etc.

Beliefs- stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds

The German scientist Max Weber notes that differences in actions depend on the wealth or poverty of personal experience, education and upbringing, and the originality of the spiritual makeup of the individual.

The driving force of human activity is the desire to satisfy needs for something.

Need- this is a need or lack of something necessary to maintain the life of an organism, a human person, a social group, society as a whole.

Needs act as a constant internal stimulus for any activity (including human activity).

The American psychologist A. Maslow, studying the needs of people, concluded that a person has a hierarchy of basic needs. Maslow distinguished between primary (innate) needs and secondary (acquired) needs. He referred to the primary needs:

a) physiological (needs for the reproduction of the species, food, breathing, clothing, housing, rest, etc.);

b) existential (needs for the security of one's existence, comfort, confidence in the future, job security, etc.).

Maslow noted that primary needs are inherent in both humans and other living beings.

Secondary needs are unique to humans and include:

a) social (needs for social connections, communication, participation in joint activities with other people);

b) prestigious (needs for self-respect, respect from others, achievement of success, career growth, etc.);

c) spiritual (needs for self-expression).

According to Maslow, the needs of each next level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

It should be noted that man is a phenomenon, a unique being. He has an important property - he can rank needs according to the degree of their importance to him personally. Thus, from the history of our country we know many examples of self-sacrifice in defense of the Fatherland, the salvation of comrades. We admire the feat of the inhabitants of besieged Leningrad, dying of hunger, cold, but preserved priceless museum exhibits for future descendants.

Psychologists also distinguish between genuine (reasonable) and imaginary (unreasonable, false) needs. Satisfaction of imaginary needs (for example, smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, buying unnecessary things) leads to physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, damages nature and society. Genuine needs encourage a person to active, socially useful activities, contribute to the physical and spiritual improvement of the individual without harming nature and other people.

Needs should be distinguished from the interests of people.

Interest- this is such a conscious need that characterizes the attitude of people to objects and phenomena of reality that have important social significance for them, attractiveness.

Interest is based on the understanding of the need for any action to achieve a perceived goal, i.e. perceived need. However, the interest of a person is directed not to the immediate object of need, but to those social conditions that make this object accessible. Interests depend on the position of a person in society, on his belonging to a particular social group. They are more or less realized by people and are powerful incentives for various activities.

Interests vary:

according to the degree of generality (individual, group, public);
by sphere of orientation (economic, political, social, spiritual);
according to the degree of awareness (acting spontaneously or on the basis of a developed program of activities);
according to the possibilities of implementation (real and imaginary).

The success of human activity depends on the presence of certain abilities in an individual.

Capabilities- individual characteristics of a person, which are subjective conditions for the successful implementation of certain types of activities.

Abilities are not limited to the knowledge, skills and abilities that an individual has. They are found in the speed, depth and strength of mastering the methods and techniques of some activity.

The degree of development of abilities depends on many factors:

from the inclinations determined by the hereditary DNA program;
from the personal qualities of a person: his industriousness, purposefulness;
on the conditions of a person’s life (the availability of support from relatives, the material opportunity to engage in the development of one’s abilities, etc.).

So, for the development of musical abilities, in addition to having an ear for music, a musical instrument, systematic musical education, constant practice, etc. are necessary.

The success of any activity does not depend on any one, but on a combination of different abilities. The deficiency of some abilities can be compensated for by the development of others. For example, visually impaired people tend to have increased attention or keen hearing, which greatly helps them adapt to life.

All human abilities can be classified into:

Natural abilities - associated with innate inclinations (increased joint flexibility, acute hearing).
General intellectual abilities (developed memory, imagination, logical thinking).
Special abilities - determine the success of a person in specific activities (mathematical, musical, sports).

Each person has certain abilities, but in order to identify the presence of one or another, you need to try your hand at various activities.

According to the level of development of abilities, people are distinguished: capable (psychologists believe that there are no absolutely incapable people), with outstanding abilities, talented and brilliant.

talent called such a set of abilities that allows you to get a product of activity that is distinguished by high perfection and social significance.

Genius.- the highest stage of talent development, which allows to carry out fundamental changes in a particular field of activity.

In ancient Roman mythology, a genius is a spirit that was born along with a person, directed his actions, inspired original ideas and patronized him in his work. Thus, it was emphasized that the inspiration and sources of creativity of a genius have an unearthly, divine origin. Currently, geniuses are considered people with extraordinary creative potential, capable of unique qualitatively new discoveries and creations.

I. Kant described genius as follows:

genius is the ability to create what is not in nature, what cannot be learned, that is, the main sign of the creation of a genius is originality;
works of genius should be exemplary, not meaningless, though original;
a genius cannot explain how he creates his works, his work is largely unconscious in nature, he does not create according to memorized rules, but by intuition, "illumination from above", the suggestion of nature itself.

Abilities determine a person's life - his type of activity, level of education, profession, social circle, lifestyle, physical and mental health. The development of abilities allows a person to improve his status, self-esteem and standard of living.

The need for any benefits that require satisfaction in the human mind is called a need. The concept is used not only for humans. Every living being, a plant, has a need. Need - a form of communication with the outside world and the environment. Human needs are necessary for the development of one specific individual, an entire social group.

The concept undergoes changes in the course of the evolution of society. What people dreamed about in ancient times is not similar to the desires of contemporaries. At the same time, at the same social level, people can dream about different things. Needs directly depend on various factors:

living conditions;
level of education;
cultural development;
prosperity;
profession.

A state in which a person experiences needs, but cannot satisfy them, causes a feeling of discomfort. Dissatisfaction leads to tensions in society, the activity of the population.

Satisfaction of the needs that have arisen returns a person to balance, a normal attitude.

Scientists' approaches

Philosophers of ancient times were engaged in the study of needs. The first who managed to decompose the concept in the form of an integral structure is the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. According to his ideology, the desires of the individual are arranged in the form of an ascending ladder or spiral:

Concept classification

Types of human needs according to Maslow are divided into groups:

Biological . They distinguish a person from an animal, but at the same time, part of the biological desires is the same for living beings: food, sleep, water.
Social . A person is trying to find his place in life, to take it. To do this, you have to acquire a profession, grow in a career position.
Spiritual . A person strives to comprehend everything that his mind is looking for. The spiritual includes the desire to be beautiful, smart, strong. Kindness, love, friendship are the aspirations of the spiritual realm.

Which human needs are primary, which secondary ones cannot be determined. But it is clear that the highest level of needs gives the personality more than the lower (animal) desires.

Value Orientation

Social science offers to understand what regulates the behavior of intelligent beings. The scientific concept necessary for studying is value orientations.

Regulators of behavior - guidelines on which a person relies. They are based on values, a person strives for them, moves towards their achievement. Values are an important guideline. What can be a guide:

material wealth;
position in society;
the result of creativity;
comprehension of spirituality.

Report Evaluation

Average rating: 4.1. Total ratings received: 281.

Portal for the student. Self-training