1. How do you think, will the ratio of electricity produced at stations of different types change in the future?
The production of electricity at stations of various types in Russia is similar to the world average. In the world as a whole, 64% are produced by thermal power plants, 18% by hydroelectric power plants and 18% by nuclear power plants. In Russia, over the past twenty years, there has been a trend towards a decrease in the share of thermal power plants (from 76 to 67%) and an increase in the role of hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants. In the future, more and more importance will be given to alternative sources (environmentally friendly and inexhaustible) - solar, wind, tidal, use of the internal heat of the Earth.
2. Explain the meaning of the new terms: "power industry", "United energy system".
The electric power industry is the leading part of the fuel and energy complex, which ensures the electrification of the country's economy.
In economically developed countries, the technical means of the electric power industry are combined into automated and centrally controlled electric power systems.
The Unified Energy System (UES) is a set of several electric power systems connected by high voltage power lines and providing energy supply to vast areas within one, and sometimes several countries.
The UES of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Kazakhstan includes 9 integrated energy systems: North-West, Center, Middle Volga, South, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Urals, Kazakhstan and Siberia. Since 1992, this system has united over 900 power plants with a total capacity of about 280 GW; works together with the power systems of the countries of Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania.
3. Analyze the positive and negative features of power plants of different types. What are the social consequences of the negative impact of power plants on the environment?
The main negative properties of thermal power plants are the use of non-renewable energy sources (fuels) and the adverse impact on the environment (emission of huge amounts of ash and harmful gases into the atmosphere, absorption of oxygen). Annually, thermal power plants emit 3.4 million tons of pollutants into the atmosphere, more than 20% of all industrial emissions. Only enterprises of the fuel industry (5.2 million tons) pollute the atmosphere more. Large cities supplied with electricity from thermal power plants are among the most polluted settlements in Russia. In them, the number of diseases among the population (especially the respiratory system) is increasing, social tension is growing.
The advantage of using hydroelectric power plants is that their construction is cheaper than the construction of other power plants.
During the construction of hydroelectric power stations, river valleys (the most valuable lands) are flooded. Hydroelectric power plants take longer to build and are more expensive than all other types of power plants.
A positive factor in obtaining energy with the help of hydroelectric power plants is that they use completely free energy from falling water, the maintenance staff is small. All this significantly reduces the cost of electricity.
Using the data in the table, mark independently all the "pluses" and "minuses" of nuclear power plants.
4. What is the geographic location of your place of residence (village, city) in relation to the Fuel Extraction Areas and the nearest power plants? How do you get fuel and electricity? Is your locality gasified? How much does your family spend on fuel and electricity per year?
In order to assess whether the geographical location of your place of residence is advantageous in relation to the fuel and energy complex enterprises, use the corresponding maps of the atlas. The answer to the rest of the question depends on the specific conditions in your area.
5. How can significant energy savings be achieved in the country? What steps, in your opinion, should be taken by the state, and which steps should be taken by each of us?
All over the world, a lot of work is now being done to save electricity, both at the state level and by individual citizens and public organizations. Standards for the production of energy-saving products have been adopted; modern household appliances consume several times less energy than a few years ago. For a more rational use of daylight hours, the transition to summer time is carried out. Each of us can make a significant contribution to saving energy by simply turning off the lights in those rooms where it is not currently needed.
6. Speaking about the main sources of energy, one should not forget about alternative ones - wind, tidal, solar, internal heat of the Earth, etc. Based on your knowledge of the nature of the country, tell me in which regions of Russia it is possible to use them.
Although the share of non-traditional or alternative energy producers in Russia is less than 1%, these power plants have a great future. The Pauzhetskaya and Mutnovskaya geothermal power plants are already operating in Kamchatka, and the tidal (Kislogubskaya) one on the Kola Peninsula.
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1. Explain the meaning of the new terms: "power industry", "Unified energy system".
The electric power industry is another component of the fuel and energy complex, the task of which is to generate electricity at power plants and transfer it to consumers through power transmission lines (TL).
Unified energy system - power plants connected together by power lines.
2. Using Figure 30, analyze the positive and negative features of different types of power plants. What are the social consequences of the negative impact of power plants on the environment?
Thermal power plants are built quickly, everywhere, but require a large amount of fuel, emit a lot of harmful substances into the atmosphere.
HPPs are long and expensive to build, but they consume the free energy of falling water, the cost of energy is small, there are few maintenance personnel, but a large amount of fertile land is flooded.
Nuclear power plants are long and expensive to build, the cost of electricity is less than at thermal power plants, they have an insignificant impact on the environment, but they require highly qualified personnel, equipment reliability, and there is a problem of waste disposal. The negative impact of power plants on the environment is manifested by the deterioration of environmental conditions: air pollution, water pollution, microclimate change. Significant territories are being alienated for power plants, which is a loss for the economy.
3. Speaking about the main sources of energy, one should not forget about alternative ones - wind, tidal, solar, internal heat of the Earth, etc. Based on your knowledge of the nature of the country, tell me in which regions of Russia their use is possible.
The Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Magadan Region and Yakutia have the greatest potential for solar energy. According to statistics, about 10 million people live in Russia today without a centralized power supply, which makes us think about the need to develop the industry. There are already certain developments in this direction: enterprises have appeared in Russia that own the technology for the production of photovoltaic power plants and their installation in order to generate electricity. One of the positive examples of the use of solar energy is a solar power plant located in the Belgorod region (Yakovlevsky district, Krapivenskie Dvory farm) with a nominal capacity of 0.1 MW.
Geothermal energy in Russia began its development in 1966: it was then that the first such power plant was built. Today, about 300 MW of electricity can be generated using Kamchatka sources, but only 25% is actually used. The geothermal waters of the Kuril Islands have a potential of 200 MW, which is enough to fully provide electricity to the entire region. But not only the Far East is attractive for the development of geothermal energy: the Stavropol Territory, the Caucasus, and the Krasnodar Region have great potential. The groundwater temperature here reaches 125 °C. Recently, a geothermal deposit was discovered in the Kaliningrad region, which can also be used.
Experts believe that it makes sense to build tidal power plants where the difference in sea levels during high and low tide is at least 4 meters. It is also important to consider the area and volume of the tidal basin. The performance of a tidal power plant also depends on the number of hydro turbines in the dam. The practical use of tidal energy in Russia can be seen on the example of the Kislogubskaya TPP: this is an absolutely environmentally friendly system. It allows you to save hydrocarbon reserves, regardless of the water content of the year. The development of this direction can provide up to 5% of the total volume of electricity produced in Russia.
The development of wind energy in Russia lags significantly behind the level of developed countries, which provide up to a third of their electricity needs in this way. The level of investment for the construction of "windmills" is relatively low: this should attract investors and interest small businesses. In Russia, wind turbines of old construction are currently in operation. The largest is the Kulikovo wind farm located near Kaliningrad. Its power is 5 MW. In the near future, it is planned to increase its capacity by four times. In addition, wind power is used by wind farms Tyupkildy (Bashkortostan), Marposadskaya (in Chuvashia) and Kalmyk wind farms. They operate autonomously: Anadyrskaya, Zapolyarnaya, Nikolskaya and Markinskaya wind farms. Small wind turbines are now being installed to provide cottage settlements and small industrial enterprises.
4. How can significant energy savings be achieved in the country? What steps, in your opinion, should be taken by the state, and which steps should each of us take?
introduction of schemes for automatic switching on and off of electrical equipment, lighting of entrances and stairwells, entrances, elevator lobbies and shafts, waste bins, technical undergrounds, attics and other premises, as well as license plates, adjacent territory, digging places and other dangerous or prohibited for passage or passage places (for example, using a semiconductor adjustable two-program switch PRO-68, manufactured by EZKO AKH);
replacement of lamps with incandescent lamps for fluorescent lamps in service and technical premises and in stairwells;
control over the use of lamps of installed power in lamps illuminating corridors, stairwells and entrances;
compliance with the work schedules of electrical equipment (pumps, etc.);
transfer of electrical networks of residential buildings to a voltage of 380/220 V;
installation in pumping units of electric motors of the required power and speed in accordance with a reasonable calculation;
elimination of unproductive water losses leading to additional operation of pumps and the corresponding additional consumption of electrical energy (including due to malfunctions in shutoff valves);
cleaning of dust and dirt from windows, ceiling lights and lamps in stairwells.
Reducing intra-apartment electricity consumption should also be carried out by explaining to the population the need for careful attitude to electricity.
1. How do you think, will the ratio of electricity produced at stations of different types change in the future?
The production of electricity at stations of various types in Russia is similar to the world average. In the world as a whole, 64% are produced by thermal power plants, 18% by hydroelectric power plants and 18% by nuclear power plants. In Russia, over the past twenty years, there has been a trend towards a decrease in the share of thermal power plants (from 76 to 67%) and an increase in the role of hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants. In the future, more and more importance will be given to alternative sources (environmentally friendly and inexhaustible) - solar, wind, tidal, use of the internal heat of the Earth.
2. Explain the meaning of the new terms: "power industry", "Unified energy system".
The electric power industry is the leading part of the fuel and energy complex, which ensures the electrification of the country's economy.
In economically developed countries, the technical means of the electric power industry are combined into automated and centrally controlled electric power systems.
The Unified Energy System (UES) is a set of several electric power systems connected by high voltage power lines and providing energy supply to vast areas within one, and sometimes several countries.
The UES of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Kazakhstan includes 9 integrated energy systems: North-West, Center, Middle Volga, South, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Urals, Kazakhstan and Siberia. Since 1992, this system has united over 900 power plants with a total capacity of about 280 GW; works together with the power systems of the countries of Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania.
3. Using Figure 31, analyze the positive and negative features of different types of power plants. What are the social consequences of the negative impact of power plants on the environment?
The main negative properties of thermal power plants are the use of non-renewable energy sources (fuels) and the adverse impact on the environment (emission of huge amounts of ash and harmful gases into the atmosphere, absorption of oxygen). Annually, thermal power plants emit 3.4 million tons of pollutants into the atmosphere, more than 20% of all industrial emissions. Only enterprises of the fuel industry (5.2 million tons) pollute the atmosphere more. Large cities supplied with electricity from thermal power plants are among the most polluted settlements in Russia. In them, the number of diseases among the population (especially the respiratory system) is increasing, social tension is growing.
The advantage of using hydroelectric power plants is that their construction is cheaper than the construction of other power plants.
During the construction of hydroelectric power stations, river valleys (the most valuable lands) are flooded. Hydroelectric power plants take longer to build and are more expensive than all other types of power plants.
A positive factor in obtaining energy with the help of hydroelectric power plants is that they use completely free energy from falling water, the maintenance staff is small. All this significantly reduces the cost of electricity.
Using the data in the table, mark independently all the "pluses" and "minuses" of nuclear power plants.
4. What is the geographic location of your place of residence (village, city) in relation to the Fuel Extraction Areas and the nearest power plants? How do you get fuel and electricity? Is your locality gasified? How much does your family spend on fuel and electricity per year?
In order to assess whether the geographical location of your place of residence is advantageous in relation to the fuel and energy complex enterprises, use the corresponding maps of the atlas. The answer to the rest of the question depends on the specific conditions in your area.
5. How can significant energy savings be achieved in the country? What steps, in your opinion, should be taken by the state, and which steps should be taken by each of us?
All over the world, a lot of work is now being done to save electricity, both at the state level and by individual citizens and public organizations. Standards for the production of energy-saving products have been adopted; modern household appliances consume several times less energy than a few years ago. For a more rational use of daylight hours, the transition to summer time is carried out. Each of us can make a significant contribution to saving energy by simply turning off the lights in those rooms where it is not currently needed.
6. Speaking about the main sources of energy, one should not forget about alternative ones - wind, tide, solar, internal heat of the Earth, etc. Based on your knowledge of the nature of the country, tell me in which regions of Russia it is possible to use them.
The Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Magadan Region and Yakutia have the greatest potential for solar energy. According to statistics, about 10 million people live in Russia today without a centralized power supply, which makes us think about the need to develop the industry. There are already certain developments in this direction: enterprises have appeared in Russia that own the technology for the production of photovoltaic power plants and their installation in order to generate electricity. One of the positive examples of the use of solar energy is a solar power plant located in the Belgorod region (Yakovlevsky district, Krapivenskie Dvory farm) with a nominal capacity of 0.1 MW.
Geothermal energy in Russia began its development in 1966: it was then that the first such power plant was built. Today, about 300 MW of electricity can be generated using Kamchatka sources, but only 25% is actually used. The geothermal waters of the Kuril Islands have a potential of 200 MW, which is enough to fully provide electricity to the entire region. But not only the Far East is attractive for the development of geothermal energy: the Stavropol Territory, the Caucasus, and the Krasnodar Region have great potential. The groundwater temperature here reaches 125 °C. Recently, a geothermal deposit was discovered in the Kaliningrad region, which can also be used.
Experts believe that it makes sense to build tidal power plants where the difference in sea levels during high and low tide is at least 4 meters. It is also important to consider the area and volume of the tidal basin. The performance of a tidal power plant also depends on the number of hydro turbines in the dam. The practical use of tidal energy in Russia can be seen on the example of the Kislogubskaya TPP: this is an absolutely environmentally friendly system. It allows you to save hydrocarbon reserves, regardless of the water content of the year. The development of this direction can provide up to 5% of the total volume of electricity produced in Russia.
The development of wind energy in Russia lags significantly behind the level of developed countries, which provide up to a third of their electricity needs in this way. The level of investment for the construction of "windmills" is relatively low: this should attract investors and interest small businesses. In Russia, wind turbines of old construction are currently in operation. The largest is the Kulikovo wind farm located near Kaliningrad. Its power is 5 MW. In the near future, it is planned to increase its capacity by four times. In addition, wind power is used by wind farms Tyupkildy (Bashkortostan), Marposadskaya (in Chuvashia) and Kalmyk wind farms. They operate autonomously: Anadyrskaya, Zapolyarnaya, Nikolskaya and Markinskaya wind farms. Small wind turbines are now being installed to provide cottage settlements and small industrial enterprises.
The Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Magadan Region and Yakutia have the greatest potential for solar energy. According to statistics, about 10 million people live in Russia today without a centralized power supply, which makes us think about the need to develop the industry. There are already certain developments in this direction: enterprises have appeared in Russia that own the technology for the production of photovoltaic power plants and their installation in order to generate electricity. One of the positive examples of the use of solar energy is a solar power plant located in the Belgorod region (Yakovlevsky district, Krapivenskie Dvory farm) with a nominal capacity of 0.1 MW.
Geothermal energy in Russia began its development in 1966: it was then that the first such power plant was built. Today, about 300 MW of electricity can be generated using Kamchatka sources, but only 25% is actually used. The geothermal waters of the Kuril Islands have a potential of 200 MW, which is enough to fully provide electricity to the entire region. But not only the Far East is attractive for the development of geothermal energy: the Stavropol Territory, the Caucasus, and the Krasnodar Region have great potential. The groundwater temperature here reaches 125 °C. Recently, a geothermal deposit was discovered in the Kaliningrad region, which can also be used.
Experts believe that it makes sense to build tidal power plants where the difference in sea levels during high and low tide is at least 4 meters. It is also important to consider the area and volume of the tidal basin. The performance of a tidal power plant also depends on the number of hydro turbines in the dam. The practical use of tidal energy in Russia can be seen on the example of the Kislogubskaya TPP: this is an absolutely environmentally friendly system. It allows you to save hydrocarbon reserves, regardless of the water content of the year. The development of this direction can provide up to 5% of the total volume of electricity produced in Russia.
The development of wind energy in Russia lags significantly behind the level of developed countries, which provide up to a third of their electricity needs in this way. The level of investment for the construction of "windmills" is relatively low: this should attract investors and interest small businesses. In Russia, wind turbines of old construction are currently in operation. The largest is the Kulikovo wind farm located near Kaliningrad. Its power is 5 MW. In the near future, it is planned to increase its capacity by four times. In addition, wind power is used by wind farms Tyupkildy (Bashkortostan), Marposadskaya (in Chuvashia) and Kalmyk wind farms. They operate autonomously: Anadyrskaya, Zapolyarnaya, Nikolskaya and Markinskaya wind farms. Small wind turbines are now being installed to provide cottage settlements and small industrial enterprises.
