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- ("Aleksandrino"), a manor (Prospect Stachek, 162), an architectural monument of classicism. Built in the mid 1770s. (perhaps, the architect J. B. Vallin Delamotte, according to another version, I. E. Starov) for Count I. G. Chernyshev. The manor house was designed according to… St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

- (1785/86 1857), member of the Fatherland. war of 1812, member of the investigations. commission on the case of the Decembrists, from 1826 count, from 1841 the most serene prince, military. minister (1827-52). They signed the main military-related documents. service L .: officer patent (1834), papers ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

At the end of the XIX century. House of Moscow General Governors (, 13). At the core, built in 1778 82 in the style of a mature palace, which held the post of Moscow commander in chief (). After his death, it was acquired by the treasury and used as the residence of Moscow ... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

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The main house of the Chernyshevs' estate "Yaropolets"

Location: Moscow region, Volokolamsky district, Yaropolets village.
Foundation date: 1760s

The main house as part of the manor complex was built in the 1760s. The building is located in the depths of the front courtyard and is a two-story brick stucco volume with a mezzanine in the style of early classicism. During the Great Patriotic War, the building was badly damaged, the interiors and floor structures burned out, only the walls remained.

In 1970, the restoration of the estate began. The lost parts of the walls were restored, the floor structures were mounted and the roof was made. Further work has been suspended due to funding cuts.

Over the years, the building began to collapse again. Leaks appeared in the roof, due to the lack of a blind area, the white stone plinth is being destroyed, and partially preserved fragments of decor are falling off. In general, it can be noted that approximately 40% of the monument has retained its original external historical appearance. Restoration work on the monument began in the 70s and was interrupted due to lack of funding in the late 80s of the twentieth century.

The building is currently not in use. In 1970-1988. The association "Rosrestavratsiya" developed a restoration project (GAP Berkut V.P., Savva E.E.). However, by now, the project documentation is outdated and it needs to be adjusted to modern conditions and prices.

The presented restoration project was developed on the basis of the State. contract No. 3147-01-41 / 10-13 dated 18.09.2013 by order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and in accordance with the regulatory and methodological documentation for restoration. (SRP-2007.16.01.2011, RNiP 4.05.93).

The composition and volume of the set of documentation is made in accordance with the terms of reference for the design.

On the basis of the planned (restoration) task, survey work was directed to the study of the preserved parts and elements of the monument in order to restore the historical appearance.

On the basis of historical and archival research, a historical note was compiled; schematic measurements of the building and architectural and archaeological measurements of the surviving details, engineering studies, studies of building and finishing materials were carried out, and at the stage of preliminary work, an analysis was made of previously issued documentation developed by the Mosoblstroyrestarvation trust and the GIPRVUZ institute. It should be noted that by now the skeleton of the main house and the facades as a whole have been restored, but during the restoration process (in 1970), many remaining traces of the old forms were lost.

Brief historical background with an analysis of the chronology of the object of restoration. (the main stages in the formation of the main house of the estate)

The first information about the village of Yaropolets dates back to the 14th century. In various sources, the village is called Eropolch, Eropolcha. The modern name of the village of Yaropolets at the end of the 19th century referred to the estate of the Goncharovs, and the estate of the Chernyshev-Kruglikovs was called Yaropolch.

Until 1684, Yeropolch was a royal palace village, a place of reserved royal hunting. Since 1684, the village was granted to Petr Dorofeevich Doroshenko. There is no information about the development that was carried out in the village.

Many researchers attribute the foundation of the palace and park ensemble to Count Grigory Petrovich Chernyshev, who in 1717 bought land for estate development from the heirs of Hetman Doroshenko.

After the death of Grigory Petrovich Chernyshev, the estate was inherited by his son, Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev, known as a brilliant commander who led the storming of Berlin in 1760 during the war with Frederick II, a favorite of Catherine II. The Empress highly appreciated the administrative abilities of Zakhar Grigoryevich and appointed him to leadership positions. It was Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev who became the founder of one of the most famous Russian estates.

In the late 1770s, Chernyshev decided to turn his Yaropolets estate into a "Russian Versailles". The house-palace became the decoration of the park complex. The building was considered one of the most beautiful not only in the Moscow region, but also in Russia. The main courtyard of the palace was decorated with elegant outbuildings. The carriages entered through the openwork gates. The jagged towers of the gate reminded of the victories in the Russian-Turkish war.

Not only the house, but also the estate as a whole was planned in a peculiar way. As already mentioned, Versailles with rays-alleys became its prototype. It is known that the direct rays of the alleys of Versailles intersected exactly in the bedroom of the royal palace.

However, Field Marshal Chernyshev understood the solar symbolism of Versailles in a very original way - direct rays connected the villages that entered the estate.

Estate plan

Original gates in the form of two fortress towers led to the front courtyard from the square, making the estate look like a feudal castle. The standards of the Chernyshevs fluttered on the towers, the family coat of arms was placed above the passage. In the "Economic Notes" to the general land surveying of the Volokolamsk district, dated the same year 1766, a description is given of the fully formed ensemble of the estate. It says about the palace: "The manor's house is three floors, stone, of good architecture." The building of the palace, erected in the 1760s in the style of French neoclassicism, unusual for a manor near Moscow, is a work of high artistic level. When creating the image of the palace, a flat decoration was used from shoulder blades, panels and window casings with garlands. Cornices and moldings enlivened the appearance of the facade, evenly dissected by blades. Stucco locks and garlands decorated the main floor with large arched windows. The central part of the building was highlighted by an attic floor with oval windows. The surface of the façade walls is finely decorated with stucco garlands, a casing with a castle cartouche made of white stone, a window sill and window sill details also made of white stone, an elegant cornice and stucco molding under the windows. The facade of the main house overlooking the park looks the same in general. The semi-circular passages, dating back to the 19th century, differ somewhat in architecture from the main house, but they assist it quite subtly along with two gates on both sides of the Red Court, overlooking the courtyards of the square.

On the whole, it is necessary to note the uniqueness of both the composition of the house with two squares, and the scale of the planning system with a park, ponds and roads that unite all the possessions of the Chernyshevs in Yaropolets.

One of the authors of the project, in all likelihood, was the leading master of neoclassicism of that time, Jean-Baptiste Vallin-Delamot, known as the author of buildings in St. Petersburg such as the Academy of Arts and Gostiny Dvor. This assumption is supported, for example, by the fact that at about the same time, according to his project, a palace was being built for Ivan Grigorievich Chernyshev, the brother of the owner of the estate.

The construction scheme corresponded to the then idea of ​​​​an ideal residence city and brought Yaropolets closer to the French Versailles, which was the reason that contemporaries called the estate “Russian Versailles”.

The palace was built of brick in the transitional style from baroque to classicism.

A.V. Chekmarev writes: “The probable authorship of Wallen-Delamote forces us to reconsider the place and significance of the Yaropolets Palace in the architectural heritage of the Moscow region. It should be emphasized once again that one of the rarest monuments of French neoclassicism of the first half of the 1760s, which is almost not represented in the estate architecture, has survived to this day in Yaropolets.” As a customer, Z.G. Chernyshev could determine the style and appearance of his palace, as he visited almost all European countries during military operations. In addition, at this time, there was a spread of frenzy with French and Italian architecture.

Chernyshev, of course, had these ugliness. He was also well acquainted with the architect Vallin-Delamote. But the leader of the work and the co-author of the building, apparently, was Z.G. Chernyshev himself. Students of architects helped him in this. The construction of his palace ZG Chernyshev began with the construction of his brick factory in Yaropolets, which produced not only bricks, but also roofing tiles. This tile is partially preserved on the towers of the horse yard. He failed to complete the construction of the estate, but already contemporaries put Yaropolets on a par with "the best pleasure houses in Europe." Later, a tradition arose to call the estate "Russian Versailles". Although many other ceremonial estates of the Russian nobility, distinguished by their special splendor, were compared with Versailles, but in the case of Yaropolets this is most justified. “The composition of the estate, the style of buildings and park design here evoke a lot of associations with the French prototype, of course, taking into account the incomparable scale, differences in artistic level and other local specifics. Nevertheless, in Yaropolets, more clearly and more consistently than in many other Russian ensembles, the type of a representative country estate of the Versailles model was realized, focused on the regular French residence cities of the 17th century.

Z.G. Chernyshev died in 1784, and in 1787, a terrible fire broke out in the estate, the interiors of the palace were almost completely destroyed. Restoration work took several decades. In all likelihood, the original roof burned down as well.

In the 19th century, Ivan Gavrilovich Chernyshev-Kruglikov was engaged in the arrangement of the estate. During this period, in the 40s of the 19th century, the main house with outbuildings was rebuilt, the utility yards were connected to the main house by semicircular passages. A description of the outbuildings has been preserved: “The manor’s house is three stories high, made of stone, of the best architecture, on the sides of this service the equestrian and barnyards are built with quadrangular castles, all stone, tiled with eighteen quadrangular towers, are interconnected by stone walls that make up the manor’s yard, at the entrance to this two round towers....

After 1917, the estate was nationalized and it houses a district hospital, then a sanatorium named after. Pavlik Morozov, during the Great Patriotic War - a hospital. During the war years, both neighboring Yaropolets estates were occupied by the Germans; they set up headquarters in the palace building from October 30, 1941 to January 17, 1942. The Chernyshev estate was repeatedly bombed, the house-palace was burnt down in November, only the walls remained. The service buildings adjoining the front yard were occupied by fascist military units.

Despite the significance and uniqueness of the monument, as well as for a long time the object was studied by specialists, due to the prevailing circumstances, the research was carried out fragmentarily and inconsistently. For a long time, work was completely stopped due to the termination of funding. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Society of Russian Estate Researchers was created. They published articles and materials on the Chernyshev estate. S. A. Toropov and N. Ya. Tikhomirov published articles on the estate at different times, but their materials were mostly descriptive. The monument was investigated by A.P. Sedov after the war and its destruction in 1941-1942, A.S. Fufaev, who left a description and measurements of a schematic nature. (Fig. 17.). In 1946-1948 architects N.Ya. Tikhomirov and A.S. Fufaev compiled passports for the monuments of the Yaropolets estate of the Chernyshevs. The total amount of destruction of the palace building was estimated by them at 70% of its previous state.

Uvrazhi from French albums of the 18th century.

Description of the existing appearance of the building

The palace of the Chernyshevs' estate in Yaropolets is a unique monument of the transitional period from the architecture of the 60-80s of the 18th century with peculiar baroque features to the architecture of early Russian classicism.

When examining the existing state of the main house of the estate, a large percentage of the loss of the original structural elements is currently observed. Lost more than 70% of the original appearance. According to the graphic and archival materials that have come down to us, the main house was three different-storey volumes interconnected, with external dimensions of 68x20m. The existing parts are:

• Building facades.
• A two-story central building with an attic, connected to two-story flanking buildings.
• The old brickwork of the buildings is made of bricks measuring 27x13x7 cm with lime mortar, the thickness of the seam is up to 2 cm. As noted earlier, the palace was burned down in November 1942, only the walls remained. The original masonry on the hulls has been preserved to varying degrees. Destruction also occurred in the post-war period. During the restoration work carried out in 1970-80, the destroyed parts of the walls were restored. In the building that has come down to the present day, the new masonry of the walls and small fragments of the original masonry are mainly visible.
• Basically, the facades of the building were restored in the 80s of the 20th century. The white-stone details of the architraves and stucco garlands remained unrestored.

The main provisions of the restoration project

Restoration project "Mosoblstroyrestarvation". 1960.

Kuznetsov's measurement plan

Adaptation plan 1952

Archival documents contain a record of painting the balusters of the main staircase, but when considering the restoration project of the association "Rosrestavratsiya" in 1980, there is no main staircase. In the projects of French architects, namely, Chernyshev was guided by them during the construction of his palace, a large room was allocated to the front stairs at the entrance to the building.

Considering the measured drawings of Fufaev and Kuzenetsov (Fig. 19.21), it can be noted that the layout of the building was not as symmetrical as on the adaptation plans made in 1970-80 and even made in kind. An earlier adaptation project (1952) is qualitatively different from all the others, consistent with the measured drawings and planning principles of French projects of similar buildings.

Examples of house church interiors

Gatchina Palace. Home church.

Church of the Vmts. BARBARS at the palace c. S. D. Sheremetyeva

Church of the Alexander Palace

Pavlovsk. House church 1780s

Based on the reviewed materials, you come to the conclusion that in the earlier restoration projects there are no solutions for the roof, the main staircase and the house church.

The presented project is an attempt to answer these questions and justify the decisions made.

The surviving white stone details of the architraves should be cleared, and the lost details should be recreated using the remaining ones as a model. Part of the building was plastered during restoration work. Continue plastering with cement-lime mortar according to the recommendations of the technologist. The stucco decorative elements of the facades are being restored. When restoring stucco, it is necessary to be guided by the drawings of the restoration project. To strengthen the surviving stucco details on the facade, to supplement the lost fragments. When recreating completely lost elements, you can use the preserved stucco parts as a model, making a mold for casting from them. In new castings, provide clamps for fastening to the wall. Impregnate castings with hydrophobic compounds. For the missing decorative elements (the coat of arms of the Chernyshevs on the park facade), develop detailed working drawings. The drawing of windows in the project is presented for the period of the 18th century. Working drawings for the windows were developed according to the version approved by the artistic council. Cornices and profiles should be made according to the model restored during the restoration in 1970-80s. On the walls of the building, it is necessary to repair the brickwork, in places of its destruction, to finish the plaster on all facades. The steps of the external stairs must be made of sandstone blocks. On the courtyard facade, the porches have two steps; on the park facade, the porches consist of 10 steps. In accordance with the level of the first steps, plan the level of the ground. The color scheme of the facades is proposed based on the study of the architectural style in the spirit of which the palace building was built, analogues of that time.

The project also provides for:

• Completion of plaster work on facades and interiors
• Reconstruction of lost moldings.
• Painting of the building according to the agreed project.
• Restoration of front porches on facades.
• Installation of window and door joinery.
• Floor device.
• Interior decoration
• Construction of stairs to the basement with sandstone slabs.

Foundations and plinth

When examining the foundations, pits were dug. The survey showed that the foundations are in a satisfactory condition, but they still need to be strengthened. So, according to the park facade, it was found that the depth of the foundations is about 70 cm, which does not meet modern requirements. In this regard, it is necessary to take a number of measures to bring the foundations of the building up to modern standards for the depth of freezing. There is no pavement around the building. Restoration of the blind area to develop in the engineering section. The project should provide for a device for sand and gravel preparation (with waterproofing and slopes), made of sandstone stone slabs 30x40 cm in size. Lay slabs with 5-10mm joints. The level of the blind area should not overlap the remaining vents in the basement of the building.

The basement of the palace is made of brick and lined with white stone blocks 20x50-60cm. The condition of the blocks is satisfactory, but due to dampness, due to the lack of a blind area, they are covered with green mold, which must be removed. In addition to work on the plinth, it is necessary to clear and complete the individual losses on the white stone plinth.

Cellars are located in the basement of the outbuildings. The degree of their preservation is satisfactory and there are suggestions that they were built during the time of G.P. Chernyshev.

In the basements, it is necessary to clear the floor from debris and restore the doors using the preserved bases and the steps of the descent.

Interiors

The layout of the palace was preserved only within the main walls. The interiors of the palace are completely lost. There are no blueprints, no fixation of what was originally built. Available archival photographs show the appearance of the interiors at the beginning of the 20th century. But before that, there were fires in 1787 and rebuilding by new owners, and the description is reduced only to objects that decorated the interiors.

In this regard, during the reconstruction of the layout, design solutions for similar buildings of the 18-19th century were used. The surviving archival photographs and measured drawings of 1946-80 are analyzed.

The preliminary design proposed for consideration is based on these analogues. At the entrance from the main courtyard to the palace building, a platform with two steps is being restored. A thermal vestibule is arranged inside. To the right of the entrance hall is a dressing room. On the left is the staircase to the second floor and the entrance to the premises of the first floor. The rooms of the first and second floors are enfilade type with doorways located along the same axis. The central hall overlooking the park had a fireplace and above it a high relief of the coat of arms of the Chernyshev family.

There were sculptures to the right and left of the fireplace. As follows from historical data, these sculptures were intended to be installed in the temple near the tomb of Z. Chernyshev, but for some reason they were never installed there (Fig. 16). The halls of the first floor were decorated with stucco garlands, paired columns of the Ionic order with flutes. The walls of the halls were decorated with medallions with emblems and portraits of ancestors. A cornice with brackets was stretched along the ceiling (Fig. 17). Floors from a set parquet.

The layout of the second floor, in general, repeated the layout of the first floor, but unlike the first, the height of the rooms of which was 4.5 meters, here the height of the rooms is 3 meters. The mansard superstructure in the central part of the building was clearly intended to increase the height of the second floor room and create a "second light" in it. Archival documents contain a record of the request of the manager of the estate to remove the iconostasis while the premises are being repaired. In this regard, it is assumed that the house church was built in the central part of the palace in the hall on the second floor overlooking the park. A service staircase led to the very top to the attic floor, and a front staircase led to the second floor.

ARF. F. 1713. Op. 2. D. 45. Sheets of expenses of various materials for the repair of the manor house in the village of Yaropolets. 1841-1844 L.1 Statement of how much purchased and economic materials were used for the final decoration of the master's house in the village of Yaropolche, how much was paid to free masters for parquet floors and painting work, Oil varnish for the main staircase ...

The location of the main staircase was determined on the basis of the 1946 plan drawn up by A. Fufaev and measurements of Serov's entrance hall. The appearance of the staircase is unknown, therefore, analogues from buildings of the 18th-19th centuries were used for its reconstruction.

Measurement plan by A. Fufaev, 1946

Examples of stairs to the 2nd floor

Staircase in the palace.France

Examples of staircase solutions

Staircase in the Menshikov Palace

Menshekov Palace plan section

Measurements by A. Sedov

Project proposal for the restoration of the main staircase

Palace layout. Below on the central axis: from the courtyard at the entrance - the "front hallway", and on either side of it - a staircase (to the left of the entrance?), a dining room with a pantry (to the right); overlooking the garden are two small living rooms for playing cards and chess. The canonical two-bedroom state suite (for the Count and Countess) was on the 2nd floor. With them, in the ladies' half - a boudoir, a dressing room: in the men's half - an office, maybe. library: and in the center of the apartments, on the main axis - a "salon" hall with a dome and one common living room (? Isn't it called the "round dining room" in later sources). It was in these upper apartments that Ekaterina stayed, privately staying in them for 3 days with her favorite

Four round towers added in the 19th century, designed to accommodate water closets, and restored during restoration in 1980, are proposed to be preserved. The semicircular wings connecting the palace with horse and cattle yards were also erected in the 19th century and their architecture has been preserved. According to them, it is necessary to restore the brickwork of the existing walls and plaster.

The proposed reconstruction project provides for the maximum possible recreation of the original appearance of the palace in the middle of the 18th century.

Roof and facades

The original roof has not been preserved, and what it was like before the fire of 1787 is not known for certain. The existing roof obviously does not correspond to its original appearance and is subject to alteration in accordance with the restoration project based on analogues and historical information with a roof covering with tiles. Structurally, it is made according to the type of mansard roofs of the 18th century.

Analogues. Examples of facades of buildings of the XVIII century.

Sheremetyev Palace in St. Petersburg

Rundale Palace. It was first built in 1736. The interior decoration was completed only by 1768. Belonged to Biron.

The Menshikov Palace in Petersburg after restoration.

Menshikov Palace (engraving)

Castle Ludwigsburg.1733

Castle of Villandry. 18th century

Merchant's house in Tula. 1744

Mansion in Prague. 18th century

Castle of Vaux-le-Vicomte

This project also provides for the restoration of the chimneys and stoves that existed in the building, as well as the flagpole above the central volume of the building. Analogues of buildings with similar roofs are presented above (Fig. 28-36.).

According to archival information, it can be assumed that all the buildings of the estate were covered with a shard roof. Bricks and tiles were made in Yaropolets. The third floor was of the mansard type, typical for the architecture of this period. In all likelihood, the original roof was destroyed in the fire. Restoration work took several decades. By this time, architectural styles and techniques for constructing roofs had changed. High mansard roofs went out of fashion, and Z.G. Chernyshev - "Versailles" with its high roofs was forgotten by the new owners. The burnt roof of the palace was not restored to its original form. The reconstruction of the palace, carried out in 1949 by A. Sedov and the restoration project "Mosoblstroyrestvartsiya" in 1980, did not affect the reconstruction of the original roofs on the palace. The building of the palace on these projects is not at all similar to the style of French architecture of the 18th century, and this is exactly what Z. G. Chernyshev wanted to embody in his palace.

Constructive decisions

The technical condition of the building is assessed as limited serviceable.

The project provides:

• Reinforcement of foundations by injection and installation of new reinforced concrete foundations.
• Replacing the truss system under the tiling.
• Development of designs for the main staircase and staircases at the entrances to the building.

findings

On the basis of field studies, the value of the preserved original elements should be noted.

A sufficient amount of material from two significant periods has been preserved:

• The original 1760
• The second - reconstruction under Chernyshev - Kruglikov in the 19th century.
• Further, after 1919, the building was adapted for a colony of homeless children, then for housing of employees at the hospital. After 1945, the dilapidated building housed a garage and workshops for a military unit.

The preliminary design of the restoration in 1985, carried out by the GIPROVUZ Institute, provided for the restoration of the lost parts. Restoration work was started, but not completed by a sudden cessation of work, which in some cases led to a deterioration in the condition of genuine parts. It is necessary to revise the design of the adaptation in accordance with the newly identified project proposals focused on the restoration of the palace for the initial period of construction with partial restoration of the interiors and preservation with the restoration of the 19th century annexes.

List of normative and reference documents

• Federal Law No. 73-F3 of June 25, 2002 “On Cultural Heritage Objects (Monuments of History and Culture) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”.
• SNiP 2.01.01-82 Reference manual for SNiP. Building climatology
• SNiP 2.02.01-83*. Foundations of buildings and structures.

The estate is in a very deplorable state and there is no smell of restoration there yet. The current owner only fenced the estate with a fence, the estate is under protection, but you can enter the territory through holes in the fence, you can also enter the territory of the temple.
In 1717, the first Count Chernyshev and his famous wife Avdotya acquired the north-eastern part of the Yaropolets volost from the heirs of Hetman P. Doroshenko. The neighboring estate passed from Doroshenki to the Zagryazhskys, who built their own palace on these lands. The park with ponds is the same for both estates.

« » on Yandex.Photos

In the 1760s The first Moscow governor-general Zakhar Chernyshev set about arranging his country residence in Yaropolets. His niece Natalya Petrovna gave birth to her son Dmitry here, the future mayor of Moscow.

The Chernyshev family nest was considered one of the richest in the Moscow region, with a luxurious palace, stucco interior and exterior decoration, and sculptural decoration. The sculptors F. I. Shubin, I. P. Martos, D. Resht, A. Trippel worked on orders from the Chernyshevs. The manor park in Yaropolets served as a model for many other estates.
After the conclusion of peace with the Turks, Catherine II visited the estate. In the “Atlas of the Russian Empire” of the late 18th century, one can read about the Chernyshev estate: “Beauty and splendor with the best pleasure houses in Europe can equal”, and according to the newspaper “Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti”, the Empress spoke in the spirit that if Yaropolets were closer to Moscow , she would have chosen it as her country residence.
After his death, the majorate established by the childless field marshal passed to his younger brother Ivan, and then to his son Grigory. After his death in 1830, the estate was declared escheated, since the son of the last owner, Zakhar, was deprived of the right to inherit due to participation in the Decembrist uprising.
By decree of 1832, the Yaropolets estate and the title of Count Chernyshev were transferred to the son-in-law of Grigory Chernyshev, I. G. Kruglikov (1787-1847). From the Kruglikovs, the Bezobrazovs inherited the lordship. The daughter of the last owner of the estate, Ksenia Chernysheva-Bezobrazova, was married to Rudolf, the youngest son of the last Austrian emperor. Until the revolution, furniture, sculpture and books of the end of the 18th century were kept intact in the estate - the memory of the brilliant Chernyshev brothers.
After the October Revolution, the estate was nationalized, and the owners of the estate emigrated. All art objects were distributed between the central museums and the regional museum of local lore, which was formed on the basis of the New Jerusalem Monastery. It was there that "a large collection of geographical maps, drawings, engravings, porcelain, bronze and about a thousand books" were taken out in 1924.
In the 1920s the buildings of the estate were used to accommodate a rural hospital and a children's sanatorium. During the Great Patriotic War, the halls of the palace burned out, the roof collapsed, the park suffered from shelling, the park buildings were destroyed, after which the ensemble was abandoned. Maps and plans from the Chernyshev-Kruglikov collection are currently kept in the storerooms of the Historical Museum; the rest of the exhibits perished during the German occupation of New Jerusalem.

Temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God

In 1772 (after the first division of the Commonwealth, from part of the newly annexed lands), the 2nd Belorussian province was created, it included 2 provinces of the Novgorod province, Pskov and Velikolutskaya, and new ones - Dvina (Polish Livonia) and Polotsk - from the lands former Vitebsk Voivodeship. The city of Opochka became the center of the province, "which needs to be arranged for this" (from the order of Catherine II of May 28, 1772).

Major General Mikhail Nikitich Krechetnikov (1729-1793) was appointed governor. He and the governor of the Mogilev province (formed from the other half of the annexed lands) Mikhail Vasilyevich Kakhovsky (1734 - 1800) were given a secret order to collect at hand the information that they should have needed at their new posts.

M. N. Krechetnikov and M. V. Kakhovsky

On May 28, 1772, both of them were given a special order to govern the provinces entrusted to them. The Empress instructed them, first of all, to restore complete security for all residents, to stop robberies, to eliminate all injustices in solving cases and, together, “in investigating cases of vile torture”; The empress ordered to strictly observe complete religious tolerance, conduct private affairs according to the old laws and in the previously accepted language; The special attention of the governors was entrusted with the arrangement of the peasant population in the former royal estates that were owned by the state, as well as in those estates that were temporarily in the use of certain persons by their position, and subsequently had to return to the treasury; it was instructed to have vigilant supervision over the monasteries and the clergy, especially the Jesuits, but in general - to govern the country in such a way that the inhabitants really saw the advantage and benefits of Russian citizenship over the former Polish domination. Soon the Senate received from Kakhovsky and Krechetnikov their remarks on the delimitation of their provinces and districts proposed in St. Petersburg and agreed with the changes they proposed; at the same time, both governors arranged customs along the new border between Russia and Poland, and within their provinces of mail.

The Empress subordinated the governors to the jurisdiction of Count Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev (1722-1784), who became Governor-General of Belarus in 1772.

Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev

On January 16, 1773, Z.G. Chernyshev sends an order to Krechetnikov “... to send plans for all the provincial and provincial cities, as they are now and as you think they should be, also projects for those fortresses in your province for which you have been given garrisons<…>, to the plans thereof, to add evenly searchlights to regimental and battalion yards and headquarters and General apartments.

A year and a half later, on November 19, 1774, Chernyshev thanks Krechetnikov for "plans for the city of Opochka and taverns along the high road."

In 1774, fulfilling the order of the Empress on the organization of Opochka as a provincial city, Chernyshev instructed the architect Ivan Yegorovich Starov to complete the plan for the organization of the city. Starov developed a regular layout with the division of the city into 69 quarters and the main administrative square at the end of Novorzhevskaya Street, where the buildings of the Offices and the city building for the institutions of the provincial department were to be erected, as well as in the city quarters the houses of the governors Chernyshev and Krechetnikov. The houses were not marked on the plan, apparently, it was supposed to choose a place at the discretion of the governors themselves (the design drawing of Opochka is stored in the RGADA).

Ivan Egorovich Starov. Portrait by S. S. Schukin

The construction of the provincial city began from scratch. Opochka was a provincial town: cramped huts, crooked lanes, in 1774 there was a big fire in the city, as a result of which the fortress and other buildings on Val burned down. This allowed the architect Ivan Starov to act freely when designing the administrative center of the city. New streets were outlined: wide, straight, parallel to each other, oriented to the cardinal points. And now the city center fits into the planned construction plan. The project was partially implemented.

In December, Chernyshev draws up a report asking for permission to build stone houses "for the provincial office and houses of governors and other employees in the province", as well as a stone cathedral church, since the former one, and with it 4 more that were on the rampart, burned down (in a fire 1774). In continuation of the report, the Governor-General emphasizes that "for the construction of the tamo provincial / office /, also the governor's and serving those ranks of houses and various government buildings ..., the amount is separated, from which various materials are already being prepared that are required for the work of stone buildings in this city" . On the report, by the hand of Catherine II, it was deduced: "Be according to this."

Large-scale construction began in April 1775 with the arrival in Opochka of the Pskov Construction Commission appointed Architect's Assistant Bobrov, who was charged with "diligent looking, accuracy in work and similarity with tested plans and facades." The contractor was a merchant from Opochetsk, Ignaty Porozov, who supplied materials for construction work.

The house-residence of the Governor-General Chernyshev was built at the corner of Velikolutskaya and Novorzhevskaya streets, its calm volume reinforces their intersection. A façade similar to the main façade of Chernyshev's house was published in 1809 in the "Collection of Facades... Tested for Private Buildings in the Cities of the Russian Empire. Second Album".

The main volume of the monument is a two-storey brick house, under a hip roof. The facades of the building have retained the strict original decor. The high plinth serves as the basis for the windows of the lower floor. All facades of the building are surrounded by interfloor and window sills of the upper floor, completed with a multi-fragment crowning cornice of a classical profile with a projection of approx. 40 cm. The main facade of the building has 7 axes. A wide false risalit in 3 axes is completed with a pediment. The central axis of the facade is highlighted: on the lower floor - by a Roman semicircular window with two imposts, on the upper floor - by a triple Palladium window in a flat square niche and in the pediment - by a wide semicircular opening. Above the windows of the risalit, on the sides of the triple window, there are flat panels.

The three-part risalit of the courtyard facade is completed with a trapezoidal pediment with three narrow dormer windows. The semi-rotunda has its own cornice, lowered in relation to the main one, completed with a conical roof. The main entrance to the house retained an oak hinged door with overhead details in the form of wide fluted pilasters, rounded in plan in the form of a risalit. The interior of the building is in good condition. In the lower floors in all rooms there are closed and cylindrical arched vaults with arched formworks.

From August 1777, the center of the 2nd Belorussian province moved to Polotsk, and Opochka was appointed as a county town. Governors Chernyshev and Krechetnikov leave Opochka.

In Polotsk, the Jesuit order was very influential. And although in 1773 Pope Clement XIV, under pressure from European monarchs, decided to abolish the order, the publication of a papal bull was prohibited on Russian territory. Empress Catherine invited the persecuted Jesuits to the Belarusian provinces, and soon the quiet, previously little-known Polotsk became the world capital of the Society of Jesus. Krechetnikov settled in the governor's residence, located on the territory of the Jesuit collegium, at the disposal of Mikhail Nikitich was the library of the collegium, where 23 thousand volumes were stored.

As the governor of the Polotsk and Mogilev provinces, Chernyshev paid much attention to the improvement of the region.

On the initiative of 3. G. Chernyshev, a post office was established on the Pskov-Magilev line. His project provided for the construction of 134 "post houses". In January 1973, for the first time in Russia, newspapers, including foreign ones, began to be distributed by subscription. The most advanced postal line in Russia, thanks to its trustee, had a lot of new things: seals, letters were delivered to homes at all postal stations, newspapers were sent to all cities by subscription, the rules for sending bills and cash were legalized. This has not yet happened even in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The governor-general did a lot for the benefit of Russia, linking Byelorussia and Russia with strong ties through the Pskov land, and raised the industry and trade of these regions. Merchants from Opochka grew rich on construction contracts and duty-free trade at Polotsk fairs, where they felt confident. In turn, Baltic ports were opened for Belarusian goods.

At the direction of the governor-general, surveyors immediately marked out the direction and width of the new paths and set up striped poles every verst, bridges and gati lay across the rivers and swamps. The roads were lined with birches in two rows. Apparently, this was done according to the model of western roads, because. it was in East Prussia, which for three years until 1762 was a Russian province.
Traveling around the western provinces in 1780, Catherine II said with admiration to Z. G. Chernyshev, who met her 18 versts from Opochka: "And your roads are like gardens."

Highway A-117 is part of the highway built under Chernyshev through Pskov, Ostrov, Opochka and Polotsk to Mogilev. Birches are partially preserved. Although, maybe they were later replanted.

Chernyshev was considered one of the most intelligent and educated people of his time. According to the reviews of the commander and diplomat N.V. Repnin: "He enjoyed excellent respect and was a reasonable administrator for the military and civilian parts."

From February 1782, Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev was appointed commander in chief (governor) of Moscow.
Chernyshev died on August 29, 1784. He was buried in the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in Yaropolets, his majorate possession.

The empty house was probably leased to the old merchant family of the Porozovs, who also owned real estate in Pskov (the burgomaster of the Pskov city magistrate, Ignatiy Yakovlevich Porozov, on June 9, 1792, purchased from the tradesman Yefim Parshenkov the fourth chambers of the Menshikovs of the XVII building, (Sovetskaya d. .50-b);

The Porozovs were engaged in trade in building materials in Opochka. The Opochets merchant Kudryavtsev, for example, "reformed himself with all the materials with the help of Stepan Porozov" to build a tannery (the tannery, unfortunately, burned down on Ivan's Day 1822, it's good that at least "some raw skins were saved" - recalls Ivan Lapin).

At the beginning of the 19th century, the house belonged to Mina Danilovich Porozov. In July 1817, Princess Elena Ivanovna Barclay de Tolly (nee Elena-Augusta-Eleonora von Smitten, cousin and wife of Field Marshal Mikhail Bogdanovich "Barkhladitoli" - writes Lapin) was passing through Opochka, stopped for the night at Mina Porozov. She met the Porozov family, probably in the spring of 1817, when General Field Marshal M.B. himself was in Opochka and Ostrov. Barclay de Tolly.

Apparently, the Porozov couple was in old age, because Anna Ustinovna died on November 28 of the same year, and Mina survived her by 3 months and died on February 28, 1818.

The house passed to their sons Yakov Minovich and Alexei Minovich Porozov.

On December 21, 1818, at 8 o’clock, Emperor Alexander I passed through Opochka. “As soon as he arrived, they began to ring, until he left for Voiskaya Mountain, everyone rang. From there he asked: is there a church nearby? And he was offered that on the Troitskaya road, where he went straight from the station, and there his father Semyon Molochkovsky was accepted and released. In the church, Matvey Ivanovich and I stood one step away from the sovereign. From the church, he went straight on his way, although Porozov’s house was illuminated with bowls and 40 wax candles in the rooms, our cathedral was also all illuminated, i.e. all that were the best candles were lit in the church, and they were waiting here His Imperial Majesty the archimandrite with a speech prepared for the meeting, and almost half of the people remained here; but, however, everyone was deceived. (I.I. Lapin)

Alexander Pavlovich visited Opochka for the second time on August 7, 1822. “For the first time I was in the city and drove through Novorzhev along our street, where it was strewn with yellow sand. I was at the apartment of Yakov Minich Porozov, dined here and was received from the mayor Ivan Silich Selyugin and several citizens with bread and salt. Arrived at 12 o'clock ., and left in the 4th. There were a lot of people. Everyone saw off, running after the stroller to the very bridge of the Velikaya River. " (For Ivan Lapin, that day was also remembered by the fact that "starting from 10 o'clock until 5 o'clock in the morning, (he) played billiards with the wine bailiff and won 55 rubles in half with the marker Ivan. (He) played for the first time , without departing from billiards, 73 parties of the night.")

Pictured is a wooden bridge across the river. Great 1861 (built by the contractor K. Ladygin and master Snegirev). Under Alexander the First, the bridge was called Central. But the landscape of Zavelichie is unlikely to have changed significantly. In the background is a line of trees on Val.

Yakov Minovich Porozov had two sons - Ivan and Yakov.

Lapin writes about Ivan on June 15, 1823: “Ivan Yakovl. Porozov (son of Yakov Minych) and Anton Ivanovich Samuylov knocked out ten glasses in the Snovid House, a shawl, and (started) to run along Zavelichye, but they were caught, and they gave the headman 25 rubles for then, and some say 50 rubles.

Yakov Yakovlevich Porozov was a colonel in the Corps of Communications Engineers. In 1858 (the year of the opening of passenger traffic through the Pskov station), he was the head of the Pskov 4th department of the 10th district of the Ways of Communication.

Alexei Minovich Porozov had two sons - Ivan and Stepan.

Stepan Alekseevich Porozov lived about Opochka, apparently in the same house, and arranged merry Christmas masquerades. December 28, 1819 "... so many were miraculously masked by Stepan Alekseevich Porozov. That evening, here one soldier presented the wonderful mask of the abbot in all form and sang various comic irmos, also presented two dolls, which, jumping out of the likeness from the coffin ", danced. And this joke is the most amazing of all, and here we had a very fun evening, dancing quadrille and ecosessions, as well as waltzes. We parted at 2 o'clock."
January 1, 1823 Lapin "was at a party at Stepan Alek. Porozov, where there were a lot of masked people, and had a very fun evening."

Stepan Alekseevich Porozov was listed in the lists of the mayors of Opochka under 1826.

According to the book by V. I. Saitov "Burials of the Mitrofanievsk Orthodox Cemetery" (in St. Petersburg), it follows that Porozov Ivan Stepanovich, an honorary citizen, was buried on June 28, 1859, died at the age of 43.

Since 1861, the house again went to the city. On the 2nd floor of the building, a small women's school was located, opened on the initiative of the district marshal of the nobility, Yakov Karlovich Sievers. By 1869, the number of trained girls reached 40. Russian, history, arithmetic, geography, drawing, calligraphy, music, and the Law of God were taught.

In 1874, the city public bank was opened on the first floor of the house.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the school was transformed into a women's progymnasium named after. A.S. Pushkin, which later in 1910 from a 4-class pro-gymnasium was transformed into a gymnasium. There were 11 teachers in the gymnasium, 10 women and one man - a priest, 227 gymnasium students.

In the same quarter as the governor-general's house, on Velikolutskaya Street (Lenin Street), there was the St. Nicholas Church (built in 1807).

On May 16, 2005, the building was completely destroyed by fire. The version of arson seems to be extremely probable.

Among other old buildings on Tsarskaya-Sovetskaya-Kirovskaya Street, a rare example of wooden civil architecture has always stood out, standing at the crossroads with Sverdlov (formerly Sergievskaya) Street for 120 years - a magnificent two-story log house (now No. 45) - the former city estate of Vasily Ivanovich Chernyshev - Honorary citizen of Pavlovsky Posad, manager of the factories of the famous "porcelain king" in Dulevo M.S. Kuznetsov.

Educated, intelligent and active, Chernyshev was one of the most respected citizens in the township. By the way, it was he who provided the lining of the memorial chapel in memory of the 100th anniversary of the feat of the Vokhon militia in the Patriotic War of 1812 with Dulevo tile tiles. The chapel, as you know, was destroyed in 1932 by the red atheists, but samples of similar Kuznetsov tiles are still preserved in the lining of the first floor and on.

The Chernyshev estate was so functionally convenient and durable that throughout the Soviet era it housed various government, administrative and public organizations, not to mention the stay here of the trust of canteens and other later voluntary societies, and offices. Here, in the first years of Soviet power, the Pavlovsky "Raisovprof" developed its activities, the editorial office of the famous popular local newspaper "Drummer", and then "Lenin's spark" was here. This house should be entirely lined with memorial plaques.

It is no secret that at one time (since 1887) the house church of Chernyshev (hence the cruciform shape of the second floor) operated in this building for many years, which later, in 1908, was transferred to the new St. Uritsky) street. (This strongest temple building was hardly destroyed and demolished in the year of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Russia (1988). Thus, the local list of “merits” of the era of atheism was replenished ...).

Thus, the repeatedly consecrated building of the Chernyshevs successfully served the entire 20th century, bringing considerable benefits to the townspeople, until representatives of the godless detachment of new Russian predators “laid their eyes” on this supposedly commercially profitable place. By their order, the historical landmark of the town was already set on fire twice only in 2004, from which it was badly damaged. The poor zombies of wild capitalism do not even imagine the scale of the coming misfortunes that they bring upon themselves by their sacrilege. They don't know what they are doing...

I have seen more than once how the old-timers passing by the mutilated handsome house groan, gasp and resent. Some notice that the forces of higher justice protect the house and do not allow it to burn down completely. It means that over this consecrated place, as it should be, there is a guardian angel. But someone is sure that the bandits will burn the settlements ...

About how this house burned down, and about the events that followed