1. According to the communicative orientation (the purpose of the statement) - narrative, interrogative, incentive

2. By the presence of emotional coloring (intonation) - exclamatory and non-exclamatory

3. By the nature of the relationship to reality - affirmative and negative

4. By the presence of members of the sentence - syntactically segmented and syntactically indivisible

5. By the number of predicative units - simple and complex

6. By the presence of the main members of the proposal - one-part and two-part

7. By the presence of secondary members - common and non-common

8. According to the presence of one. members, introductory words, appeals, isolated members - complicated and uncomplicated

9. By the presence of all members required for a given structural type - complete and incomplete.

MEMBERS OF THE OFFER,.

Allocate the main and secondary members of the proposal. The main members of the sentence form its predicative core (basis). On the basis of attributive, object and circumstantial relations, the secondary members of the sentence that are present in the common sentence are distinguished.

The main members of the sentence - subject and predicate -

Subject- this is the main grammatically independent member of the sentence, denoting

an object, the sign of which is usually revealed by the predicate.

lying is

In addition to the traditional way of expressing a noun or a pronoun, the subject can be expressed:

1) infinitive ( Understand- this means grasping the main thing and guessing the missed).

2) quantitative numeral ( sixteen divided by two)

3) any word in the nominative case, if it is used in the meaning

noun (To the glorious feat each ready! Here is distributed ay far away).

simple

The verbal predicate is expressed by a verb or a verb phraseological unit.

Verb simple uncomplicated the predicate is expressed by simple and complex forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive mood, as well as by the infinitive, truncated verb forms and phraseological units.

Verbal simple compound predicate - can be expressed:

1) two identical verb forms (Alexander stood-stood, did not wait and left).

2) a combination of two conjugated verb forms, of which one is a verb of movement, and the second has the meaning of purpose ( I'll go look on him).

3) a combination of the form of verbs take lost the form of the meaning of the action, with a conjugated verb (he took it and ran away).

4) a combination of a conjugated verb with a prepositive particle know or know yourself (know yourself does).

5) an infinitive and a conjugated verb form with the same root in postposition (A see something nothing and did not see).

Verbal compound predicate - the real value of the sign of the object, called the subject, in such a predicate is expressed by the infinitive, and the value of modality and time is expressed by the auxiliary part.

The auxiliary part can be expressed:

1. auxiliary verbs

1) phase - indicating the beginning, continuation or end of the action: start, begin, take up, take on, stop.

Sometimes a steamboat started humming.

2) modal - denoting an opportunity, desire, aspiration, diligence, skill, intention, determination, etc. to be able, to dare, to wish, to dream, to dare.

Dog can't borrow but preserves a holy sense of duty.

3) emotional - denoting inclination, predisposition, fear, fear, etc. love prefer, fear, be ashamed.

I was afraid to look into yourself.

In a compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary component can be two- or three-element (Mischievous I wanted to keep messing around.

2. adjectives with a modal meaning - glad, ready, agree, must, obliged, compelled.

(He was ready to jump into the car)

Nominal predicate - is expressed by all nominal parts of speech, as well as by participles and syntactically or phraseologically indecomposable combinations of words of nominal type. The grammatical meaning of time and mood in such a predicate is expressed by a bunch, therefore the nominal predicate is always compound.

Wait became more and more difficult; In this spring time, a person disposed to be cheerful.

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition - a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions what? whose? which the?

They are consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed are expressed: full adjectives, participles, pronouns-adjectives, ordinal numbers.

In each the cat is sitting failed a lion.

First her word was...

Inconsistent definitions are most often expressed by nouns without prepositions and with prepositions.

Pain wounds and strong excitement souls stripped him of his power.

Here comes the old man no hat.

Addition - a minor member of a sentence denoting an object that usually acts as an object and answers only questions of indirect cases. Expressed as a noun or pronoun.

Merit color person.

to me it was annoying.

Complement is direct and indirect. In the direct object, the object meaning is most clearly expressed. Refers to a transitive verb and has the form of an accusative case without a preposition or a genitive case (with a negative verb)

Cold dew gray roofs;

Here you will not meet for a long time housing.

In the indirect object, the object meaning is not so clear and is expressed in the accusative case with a preposition or another indirect case.

Mother man given once.

Russian language is rich proverbs.

He looks on the grown up son.

Circumstance - a minor member of the sentence, which has a characterizing adverbial or adverbial meaning.

Characterizing circumstantial significance are: the circumstances of the mode of action, measure and degree. Answer questions how? how? how? ( brightly the morning dawn lit up), how much? how much? how long? (each such piece weighs hundreds of pounds) by how much? in what degree? (you are gray at all).

Circumstances of place, time, reasons, goals, conditions, concessions have proper circumstantial significance.

Circumstances of the place answer questions where? where? where? and designate: the actual place, the path of movement, the direction of movement, the final or starting point.

In the air it was still cold.

We have returned home.

Expressed: adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions, syntactically indecomposable combinations of words.

Circumstances of time answer questions when? since when? How long? and designate: time itself (without specifying a limit), time as the initial or final moment.

The secret thread of the human share is not unraveled by me still.

Or maybe he just feels good on the river early morning.

Expressed: nouns, adverbs, participles and participles.

telling, Gorky looked after the listeners very jealously.

Cause circumstances - answer questions why? from what? because of which? for what reason? and designate: the cause of the action, the cause of the appearance of a particular sign, the cause of the state.

Uncut meadows are so fragrant that out of habit foggy and heavy head.

He felt ashamed of his doubt.

Purpose Circumstances- answer the questions why? for what? for what purpose? for what purpose? And they indicate the purpose of the action or the purpose of the object.

Emelyanov mowed only for the sake of conspiracy.

Circumstances conditions - answer the questions under what condition? in which case? And they indicate the condition under which an action can take place.

Without sowing, do not wait for the harvest.

Circumstances of assignment - answer questions no matter what? contrary to what? And they denote a cause or condition that does not correspond to the consequence named in the main part of the sentence. This effect is caused by some other cause or follows from another condition.

With all your success, Michelson saw the need to stop his persecution for a while.

ONE-PIECE OFFERS

These are sentences in which there is only a subject or only a predicate.

Types of one-part sentences:

1) nominative (nominative) - there is one main member of the sentence - the subject (Spring. Bird trills.).

In addition to the subject in such a sentence, there can only be definitions. If there are circumstances and additions, then such a proposal should be classified as two-part incomplete.

2) Definitely personal - one main member - the predicate. As a subject, you can substitute the pronoun of 1 or 2 persons ( I love a thunderstorm in early May; tomorrow we'll come to visit you).

3) Indefinitely personal - one main member - the predicate. As a subject, you can substitute the pronoun "they" (in the dining room sell pies; in the corridor make noise).

4) Generalized-personal - one main member - the predicate. But instead of the subject, you cannot substitute a personal pronoun. The action denoted by the predicate applies to everyone and always (chickens in the fall consider).

5) Impersonal - one main member - the predicate. There is no subject and cannot be. The predicate can be expressed by an impersonal verb, an infinitive, or a word of the state category:

It was getting dark outside.

We have come to learn.

Here it is warm, pleasant, light.

Simple sentences are considered complete if they contain all grammatically necessary members. Sentences that lack a necessary grammatical member are called incomplete. There are situationally incomplete and contextually incomplete sentences.

In contextually incomplete sentences, the released member of the sentence is easily restored from the context: the fields are covered with fog, and the oak forests are blue-gray.

In situationally incomplete sentences, the missing member of the sentence is suggested by the situation, the situation of the speech: Have you already read it?

Incomplete sentences represent variants of their corresponding complete ones, therefore fragments of phrases and unfinished constructions that are devoid of predicativity cannot be considered incomplete sentences.

Among the incomplete ones, the so-called. elliptical sentences in which only the incompleteness of the structure is observed, but in meaning they are complete and do not need to restore the missing predicate: I have a bad day today; Motherland is our work.

Structural types of sentences:

A simple sentence can be complicated by homogeneous members, isolated members, introductory words, appeals, interjections, direct speech.

Difficult sentence consists of two or more predicative parts, forming a semantic, structural and intonational unity.

There are those types: compound, compound and non-union. All types are characterized by such means of communication as intonation, repetition of words, pronouns, the ratio of aspect-temporal forms of verbs. Parts compound sentences are usually connected by coordinating conjunctions (I came to my friend, but she was not at home; we looked at the tree, the tree was in the snow). The action can take place simultaneously (birds will fly in in the spring and the snow will melt), sequentially (first the snow will melt, and then the grass will start to break through), or alternate (it snows, then the sun shines). The predicative parts of such a sentence are semantically equivalent; instead of a union, you can put a full stop and get two completely independent sentences.

AT complex sentences predicative parts are unequal - one part is syntactically dependent on the other. The dependent part is called the subordinate part, and the subordinating part is called the main part. The main and subordinate parts are in close semantic and structural unity, they are connected by subordinating unions or allied words. The main types of subordinating relations determine the type of subordinate relation and can be explanatory, determinative, measures and degrees, time, reasons, goals, conditions, concessions, comparisons.

Clause explanatory attached to a verb or noun. Names speech or mental actions, answers case questions (most often, to the question what? And also to, as if, as if in the meaning of “what”: she dreamed that she was walking in a clearing).

We were told that the exam would be tomorrow.

Attributive clause refers to a noun or pronoun, answers the question "which one?". It joins with allied words, most often with the word “which” (and also which? whose? who? what? in the meaning of “which” (she stopped at the window that looked into the garden). Only that music can touch that is in tune with your soul.

Adventitious measures and degrees joins an adjective or adverb and answers the question to what extent? how much? Joins the main part with the union "what".

There was so much snow that it was difficult for traffic to pass.

Definitive clauses, explanatory clauses, measures and degrees refer to individual words of the main part. All other types of subordinate clauses - to everything.

Time clause answers the question when? or until when ?, is joined by the union "bye" or the allied word.

When spring comes, birds will come from the south.

adnexal place answers questions where? where? where?

Where once there was a wasteland, new houses have grown today.

Clause of reason answer the question why? joins with the help of unions since, because, for, since.

We didn't prepare as we had very little time.

adjective purpose answers questions for what purpose? why? Joins the union "to".

I came to get my textbook.

Subordinate condition answers the question under what condition? joins union if or when in meaning if.

If the snowfall does not stop, transport in the city will stop.

Adventitious assignment answer the question no matter what? contrary to what? It joins with a union though, allied words or unions with a particle neither (no matter how, no matter who, no matter what).

Despite the blizzard, he set off.

Comparative clause answers the question what does it look like?

Yellow leaves are falling from the tree, as if birds are flying.

Associative compound sentences

This is a sentence, the parts of which are connected into one semantic and structural whole only with the help of intonation. The syntactic relations between the parts of such sentences are in most cases similar to the relations between the parts of compound or complex sentences.

If the non-union sentence resembles a compound one, then the action occurs simultaneously or sequentially. A quick change of actions or a contradiction between actions in such sentences is displayed on the letter with a dash.

I knock - he is silent. The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with it.

If the non-union sentence resembles a complex one, both a dash and a colon can be placed between the parts. If the first part is similar to a subordinate tense or condition, a dash is put. Morning will come and we'll be on our way.

If the second part = clause of cause or explanatory, a colon is put. I looked out the window and saw that it was snowing.

A comma or a semicolon can also be placed at the junction of parts of an allied sentence. Too bad I didn't keep diaries at the front.

Complex syntactic constructions- these are polynomial complex sentences with a different type of connection between the predicative parts: coordinating, subordinating, non-union. In such constructions, at least two levels of division are distinguished. At the first level, the components associated with the coordinative or non-union connection will be highlighted, at the lowest level - all the rest.

It was evident: the dog rushed, but the belt tied around its neck threw it back into the boat.

When analyzing complex syntactic constructions, one can use linear or level schemes.

Scheme for parsing a simple sentence:

1.

2. Sentence type by intonation

3. Simple/Complex

4. Two-piece/single-piece, one-piece type

5. Common / non-common

6. Complete/incomplete, type of incomplete

7. Complicated / not complicated than complicated.

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence:

1. Sentence type according to the purpose of the utterance

2. Sentence type by intonation

3. Simple / complex, type of complex (complex / complex)

4. For a complex subordinate: type of subordinate clause.

5. Each predicative part is parsed separately as a simple sentence.

[You are many years late], but [still I glad) (A. Akhmatova).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, compound, consists of two simple sentences connected by a composing adversative union “but”, a relationship of opposition (with a touch of concession); simple sentences in the composition of a compound in writing are separated by a comma.

That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).

That , that .

The sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, compound, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating divisive union “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences in the composition of a compound in writing are separated by a comma.

1) [In storm time turned out with the root of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).

, (from what).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to everything main and joins it with an allied word from what.

2) (To to be contemporary clear), [all wide open open the poet] (A. Akhmatova).(to), .

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The adjective answers the question for what purpose? depends on the entire main clause and joins it with a union so that.

3) [I I love everything], (to which in this world there is no consonance, no echo No) (I. Annensky).[local], (what).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a pronoun-defining clause. The adjective answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun all in the main, joins with an allied word what, which is an indirect complement.

A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. It is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. A simple sentence should have only one grammatical stem (predicative center).

• Father is washing the car.
• Children play on the lawn.
• Twilight.
• Grandma is resting.

A simple sentence is the main structural type of sentences in Russian, which serves to build complex sentences.

• Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

Distinguish between main and secondary members of a simple sentence. The main ones - the subject (answers the questions "who? what?") and the predicate (answers the questions "what is he doing? what did he do? what will he do?") - call the object that is the subject of the action (subject) and the action itself performed by the subject (predicate). The subject and predicate are interconnected and form the predicative center.

Secondary - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and / or subject or other secondary members and syntactically depend on them.

• The old tram slowly drove along the red-hot rails.

In this sentence, the subject is "tram", the predicate is "driving". The definition of "old" depends on the subject "tram". The predicate "traveled", which is related to the subject "tram", leads the object "on rails" and has the dependent circumstance "slowly". The addition, in turn, also has a minor dependent member of the sentence - the definition of "hot". The whole sentence is divided into a subject group ("an old tram") and a predicate group ("slowly drove along hot rails"). The information below will help you sentence parsing simple and fast.

What are the types of simple sentences?

There are the following types of simple sentences:

• non-exclamatory and exclamatory (regarding intonation);
• narrative, interrogative, incentive (regarding the purpose of the statement);
• two-part and one-part (relative to the composition of the grammatical basis);
• complete and incomplete (regarding the presence / absence of the necessary members of the proposal);
• widespread and non-common (regarding the presence / absence of secondary members of the proposal);
• complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamatory and non-exclamatory

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence / absence of an exclamation mark.

• Spring came. Spring came!

Declarative, interrogative, motivating

The second type indicates the purpose for which this maxim is pronounced: to tell about something (the Danube flows into the Black Sea), to ask about something (When will you finally get married?) or to induce something (Buy a loaf for dinner).

One piece and two piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those in which the predicative (grammatical) stem consists only of the subject or only of the predicate.

• Thaw.
• Beautiful girl.
• It's getting light.

If of the main members in the sentence there is only a subject, then such grammatical units are called nominative, or nominative.

• The beauty is incredible!
• Evening Kyiv with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such single-component sentences:

• definitely personal (the action is performed by a certain object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural of the present or future tense);
• indefinitely personal (the predicate is expressed by the verb in the 3rd person plural);
• generalized personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and the 3rd person of the plural, but attention is focused on the action itself);
• impersonal (the character is not grammatically expressed).

A sentence whose predicative center consists of two members is called a two-part sentence.

• It's raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A sentence is considered complete if it contains all the main and secondary members necessary for the construction and completeness of the value expression.

• I look at the moon.
• The train passes the bridge.

In incomplete, the main or minor member of the sentence is omitted, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

• She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word "greeted" is missing here, but it is clear to the listener based on the context.

Common and non-common

A simple sentence can be common (there are secondary members that serve to explain the main ones) and non-common (consists only of a predicative center, there are no secondary members). Examples of common offers:

• The July sun shines brightly.
• Finally cleared up.
• Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon offers:

• The sun is shining.
• It cleared up.
• Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

• the homogeneity of the different members of the sentence (He loved quivering sunrises, and colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
• separate definitions. who stand after the word that they explain (The road leading to the waterfall began to wag rapidly);
• applications (Near the forest there was a hut - the dwelling of the forester);
• separate additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
• isolated circumstances(Having prepared dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
• appeals and introductory structures(O youth, how quickly you pass! Spring seems to be late);
• specifying sentences by members (the accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence is easy to confuse with a complex one. Therefore, one must be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

Making sentence parsing simple. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.

The central concept of syntax, its central unit, is the sentence.

A sentence is the minimum communicative unit of language and speech, which is the main means of forming, expressing and communicating thoughts.

A sentence differs from a word and a phrase primarily functionally: a sentence has a communicative function, but a word and a phrase do not: a word and a phrase are not capable of independent, i.e., outside the sentence, use in acts of speech. The main function of the word is nominative, it is also characteristic of the sentence, but the sentence names not a separate object or phenomenon, but an event, a situation.

The proposal is a very complex unit in its structure. It should be considered in at least 3 aspects: 1) structural, or constructive, 2) semantic, 3) pragmatic, or communicative, i.e. in terms of form, meaning and use. These three aspects can also be the basis for the classification of proposals.

The grammatical content of the sentence is predicativity - a syntactic category that relates information to reality, opposing the sentence to all other units (word and phrase). Wed: "Rain!" with a special intonation, in contrast to the word “rain”, is characterized by the fact that it is based on an abstract sample, a model capable of relating information to the plan of the present and future time: “Rain!” – “It was raining.” - "It will be raining".

The main means of forming predicativity is the category of mood, with the help of which the reported appears as actually being realized in time (present, past or future), i.e. is characterized by temporal certainty, or is thought in terms of unreality - as possible, desired, due or required, i.e. characterized by temporal uncertainty. The differentiation of these signs is based on the opposition of the forms of the indicative mood to the forms of the irreal moods (subjunctive, conditional, incentive, etc.).

Classification:

1) - one-component (single-component). One-component schemes include only one main member, which in specific sentences can take the form of either the subject (for example, “Winter.” “Fire!”) Or the predicate (“Dawn”), but is neither one nor the other. It is necessary to distinguish elliptical sentences from single-component sentences, with a omission in the speech of any member, including the main ones: Where are you going? - To the cinema. Who gave it to you? - Vitya. The missing members of the sentence are easily recovered from the context.

Two-component (two-part). Two-component block diagrams contain a subject and a predicate, for example: An elk drank water from a stream. The sun rose. If the sentence includes only the main members, it is non-common, if the secondary members are common: "Lies revolt." and "I resent lies."

2) - simple - monopredicatively, i.e. the predicative relation between the subject and the predicate is presented once.

Complex - polypredicatively, i.e. it has several predicative centers, several predicative constructions (subject + predicate), representing a structural-semantic unity. Complex sentences are divided into compound sentences (predicative constructions are connected by a coordinating connection): “Evening is coming, it’s getting cool”, and complex sentences (predicative constructions are connected by a subordinating connection): “I know that he is not to blame.”

Complicated are sentences that include homogeneous and isolated members (participial and adverbial phrases, appeals, isolated definitions, etc.)

3) - common

Uncommon

Classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

1) According to the content of the statement, the sentences are divided primarily into:

• positive (affirmative)
• negative.

2) According to the purpose of the statement, the proposals are divided into:

• narrative,
• interrogative (rhetorical, interrogative-incentive (“Do you want to wash the dishes?”) and self-questioning
• incentive

Sentence- this is the main syntactic unit containing a message about something, a question or an inducement. Unlike phrases the sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) or one of them .

Sentence performs communicative function and characterized by intonation and semantic completeness . In a sentence, in addition to subordinating connections (agreement, control, adjacency), there can be a coordinating connection (between homogeneous members) and predicative (between subject and predicate).

By the number of grammatical bases suggestionsdivided into simple and complex . A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex one consists of two or more simple sentences (predicative parts).

Simple sentence is a word or a combination of words characterized by semantic and intonational completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out for various reasons.

Depending on the purpose of the statement suggestions are divided into narrative , interrogative and incentive .

Declarative sentences contain a message about some asserted or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them.

For example: And boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity(Lermontov). I will come at five o'clock.

Interrogative sentences include a question. Among them are:

a) actually interrogative : What did you write here? What it is?(Ilf and Petrov);
b) rhetorical questions (i.e., not requiring a response): What are you, my old woman, silent at the window? (Pushkin).

Incentive Offers express various shades of will (incitement to action): an order, a request, an appeal, a plea, advice, a warning, a protest, a threat, consent, permission, etc.

For example :Well, sleep! This is adult talk, none of your business(Tendryakov); Quicker! Well!(Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise! Thunder, the general voice of enthusiasm! ..(Pushkin).

narrative, interrogative and incentive offer they differ both in form (they use different forms of the mood of the verb, there are special words - interrogative pronouns, motivating particles), and in intonation.

Compare:
He will come.
He will come? Will he come? When will he arrive?
Let him come.

Emotionally simple proposals are divided on the exclamatory and non-exclamatory .

exclamation mark called sentence emotionally colored, pronounced with a special intonation.

For example: No, look what a moon!.. Oh, what a charm!(L. Tolstoy).
All functional types of sentences (narrative, interrogative, incentive) can be exclamatory.

By the nature of the grammatical basis, articulating offers are divided on the two-part when the grammatical basis includes both the subject and the predicate,

for example: A lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea!(Lermontov), ​​and one-component when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member,

for example: I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon(Pushkin).

By the presence or absence of secondary members, simple suggestions can be widespread and uncommon .

Common is called a sentence that has, along with the main secondary members of the sentence. For example: How sweet is my sorrow in spring!(Bunin).

Uncommon a proposal consisting only of the main members is considered. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless!(Block).

Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure suggestions can be full and incomplete . AT complete sentences all the members of the sentence necessary for this structure are verbally presented: Labor awakens creative forces in a person(L. Tolstoy), and in incomplete there are no certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter(proverb); Tea? - Half a cup for me.

Simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. These elements include isolated members of the sentence, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals. By the presence/absence of complicating syntactic elements simple sentences are divided into complicated and uncomplicated .