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Phonetic transcription of Russian words

Development phonetics of the Russian language can be a difficult task even for people for whom Russian is their native language, not to mention foreigners. Let's start with what's in the dictionaries phonetic transcription of Russian words not specified. In addition, the Russian language has rather complex reading rules with a large number of exceptions.

The pronunciation of Russian letters varies depending on the accent whether the given letter is located or not (in the case of vowels), as well as on which consonants surround this letter. The letter "a", for example, can have 5 pronunciations!

With this online translator you can get phonetic transcription Russian text written either Cyrillic letters, or symbols international phonetic alphabet (IPA).

Phonetic parsing of a word online

The translator can be used for phonetic word parsing online. To produce phonetic analysis of the word, you need:

1. write down the word.
2. put stress in a word (the translator knows how to do this).
3. divide the word into syllables.
4. write down the phonetic transcription of the word (here you will also need a translator).
5. write all the letters of the word in a column.
6. write the sound to the right of each letter that this letter stands for.
7. describe the sound: for vowels - stressed or unstressed, for consonants - hard or soft (paired / unpaired), deaf or voiced (paired / unpaired).
8. count letters and sounds in a word.

Let's make, for example, phonetic analysis of the word "sun":

sun [sun e]

6 letters, 5 sounds.

Pay attention to the last sound of the word - in school practice it would be written as "e". Professional linguists designate it as "s e", because. this unstressed vowel is pronounced as a cross between the sounds "y" and "e".

Phonetic transcription will help foreigners learn the pronunciation of Russian words

Remember everything quickly Russian reading rules It's quite difficult for foreigners. The translator will help people who are starting to study the "great and mighty", while they have not yet mastered Russian pronunciation rules.

When used regularly along with educational audio and video materials, phonetic transcription will allow them to improve pronunciation and listening skills in Russian.

Additional information about the translator

In Russian, there are words that are spelled the same, but read differently depending on where the stress falls in the word (compare: zamok - zamok). These words are called "homographs". The transcription of such words is highlighted in green, for example:

If you hover your mouse over such a word or touch it on your mobile device, you will see all possible pronunciations.

The translator works on the basis of a dictionary containing information about stress in Russian words. If the stress position for a given word was not found in the dictionary, then instead of the transcription, the word itself will be shown, surrounded by slashes: /extvagant/ . You can improve the translator by specifying the stress positions in similar words. To do this, go to error correction mode .

When creating a translator, I used online resources from the list below, as well as Bulanin's book "Phonetics of the modern Russian language".

Cyrillic transcription - September 2016 updates

As a result of the discussion, the following changes were made to the Cyrillic transcription:

If you think additional changes are required, join the discussion !

Color highlighting of frequently occurring Russian words

A special option allows you highlight the most frequently occurring words of the Russian language with different colors. Depending on the frequency rating, the words will be highlighted in the following colors:

1-1000

1001-2000

2001-3000

3001-4000

4001-5000

If you want to perform a detailed analysis of your text and see detailed statistics, you can use online tool for frequency analysis of text in Russian .

Maximum text length (number of characters):

• unregistered users - 50,
• language pack "frequent user" - 10,000,
• language pack "polyglot" - 10,000.

Do you want to improve this tool? Go to error correction mode !

You might be interested Russian subtitle phonetic converter. With it, you can get the following result:

Transcription of Russian words - online resources

Updates to this word to transcription translator

• Added audio and video recordings of words to French and Russian translators

  Update in French and Russian translators. After you submit the text to the site, you will see audio and video icons next to some of the words. Click on the audio icon to hear...

Do you know why Russian is so hard for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages ​​are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that you can’t say anything about our language, that words can be written as they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written through 3 letters O: “MILKO”.

This is the simplest and most obvious example. And no one, as a rule, thinks about how the transcription (that is, the graphic recording of sounds) of the most familiar words for us looks like. To learn how to figure out what sounds words consist of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.

It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in the classroom and when preparing homework.

Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at disassembling a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it contains and how many sounds. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.

Vowels

There are 10 vowels in the alphabet of the Russian language: "a", "o", "y", "e", "s", "ya", "e", "yu", "e", "i".

But there are only 6 vowels: [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [and]. The vowels "e", "ё", "yu", "ya" consist of two sounds: vowel + th. They are written as follows: "e" = [y'+e], "e" = [y'+o], "yu" = [y'+y], "i" = [y'+a]. And they are called iotized.

Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “I” do not always decompose into two sounds. But only in the following cases:

1. when they stand at the beginning of the word: food [y'eda], ruff [y'orsh], skirt [y'upka], pit [y'ama];
2. when they stand after other vowels: my [my'em], my [may'o], wash [my'ut], warrior [way'aka];
3. when they stand after “b” and “b”: pedestal [p’y’ed’estal], drink [p’y’ot], drink [p’y’ut], nightingale [salav’y’a].

If "e", "e", "yu", "i" are in the word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.

Not under the stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “I” give a sound [and]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter "I" without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr'es'ina].

Another interesting thing about the relationship between “b” and vowels: if after the soft sign in the word there is the letter “and”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].

But after the consonants "zh", "sh" and "c", the letter "i" gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].

The vowels "a", "o", "u", "e", "s" denote the hardness of consonants. The vowels "e", "ё", "yu", "ya", "and" denote the softness of consonant sounds.

By the way, in many words with the vowel "ё" it is always stressed. But this rule does not work for loanwords (amebiasis) and compound words (such as trinuclear).

Consonants

There are 21 consonants in Russian. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.

So, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the sonority of deafness:

1. [b] - [p]: [b] a [b] eyelet - [p] a [n] a;
2. [c] - [f]: [c] oda - [f] anera;
3. [g] - [k]: [g] olos - [k] orova;
4. [d] - [t]: [d ’] yatel - [t] teaching;
5. [w] - [w]: [w ’] life - [w] suba;
6. [h] - [s]: [h ’] ima - o [s ’] en.

This is interesting because paired sounds are denoted by different letters. Such pairs are not found in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired voiceless and voiced sounds are indicated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound, depending on the position in the word.

And there are 15 pairs of hardness-softness:

1. [b] - [b ’]: [b] a [b] point - [b ’] tree;
2. [in] - [in ']: [in] ata - [in '] fork;
3. [g] - [g ’]: [g] amak - [g ’] idrant;
4. [d] - [d ']: [d] wait [d '];
5. [h] - [h ’]: [h] gold - [h ’] to eat;
6. [k] - [k ']: [k] mouth - [k '] true;
7. [l] - [l ']: [l] dot - [l '] istik;
8. [m] - [m ’]: [m] a [m] a - [m ’] claim;
9. [n] - [n ']: [n] os - [n '] yuh;
10. [n] - [n ']: [n] archa - [n '] and [n '] mark;
11. [r] - [r ’]: [r] ys - [r ’] is;
12. [s] - [s ']: [s] both - [s '] herring;
13. [t] - [t ’]: [t] apok - [t ’] hen;
14. [f] - [f ']: [f] camera - [f '] hunting;
15. [x] - [x ']: [x] okkey - [x '] ek.

As you can see, the softness of sounds is provided by the letter “b” and soft consonants after the consonants.

There are unpaired consonant sounds in Russian that are never deaf:

• [th '] - [th '] od;
• [l] - [l]ama;
• [l '] - [l '] lake;
• [m] - [m] orkovka;
• [m '] - [m '] yusli;
• [n] - [n] rhino;
• [n '] - [n '] bat;
• [r] - [r] daisy;
• [p '] - [p '] child.

To make it easier to remember all voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: "We didn't forget each other".

As well as unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples aloud and see for yourself:

• [x] - [x] orek;
• [x ‘] - [x ‘] irrg;
• [c] - [c] drop;
• [h '] - [h '] man;
• [u’] - [u’] etina.

To remember exactly which sounds remain deaf in any situation, two phrases will help: "Stepka, do you want a cabbage?" - "Fi!" and “Foka, do you want to eat a cabbage soup?”.

If you carefully read the examples above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in Russian are never soft:

• [f] - [f]uk and even [f] acorn;
• [w] - [w] uba and [w] ilo are read equally firmly;
• [c] - [c] scratch and [c] irk - the same thing, the sound is pronounced firmly.

Remember that in some borrowed words and names, “w” is still soft [w ’]: jury [w ’] yuri, Julien [w ’] julienne.

Similarly, there are consonants in Russian that are never pronounced firmly:

• [th '] - [th '] cucumber;
• [h '] - [h '] yell and [h '] asy - the sound is equally soft;
• [u’] - [u’] eka and [u’] dropped - similarly: no matter what vowel comes after this consonant, it is still pronounced softly.

Sometimes, in some textbooks, the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in Russian. And “u” is often referred to as [w ’:].

Remember also that the consonants "zh", "sh", "h", "u" are called hissing.

Phonetic parsing plan

1. First you need to spell the word correctly in terms of spelling.
2. Then divide the word into syllables (remember that there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it), mark the stressed syllable.
3. The next item is the phonetic transcription of the word. Do not immediately transcribe the word - first try to pronounce it out loud. If necessary, speak several times - until you can say with certainty which sounds to record.
4. Describe in order all vowel sounds: designate stressed and unstressed.
5. Describe in order all consonant sounds: designate paired and unpaired ones according to sonority / deafness and hardness / softness.
6. Count and write down how many letters and how many sounds are in the word.
7. Note those cases in which the number of sounds does not correspond to the number of letters, and explain them.

In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and under it write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.

Special transcription marks

Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:

• ["] - this is how the stressed vowel is designated in the main stressed syllable (O "canopy);
• [ `] - this is how a side (secondary) substressed vowel sound is indicated: usually such a substressed syllable is located at the beginning of a word, occurs in compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, super-, super-, ex -, vice and others (`near "many);
• ['] - a sign of softening a consonant sound;
• [Λ] - transcription sign for "o" and "a" in the following cases: position at the beginning of a word, the first pre-stressed syllable in a position after a solid consonant (arch [Λrka], king [kΛrol']);
• - a more “advanced” transcription sign for recording iotized sounds, you can also use [th ’].
• [and e] - something between [and] and [e], used to denote the vowels "a", "e", "e" in the first pre-stressed syllable in a position after a soft consonant (baubles [bl "and e sleep]) ;
• [s e] - something between [s] and [e] or [s] and [a], is used to denote the vowels “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in position after a solid consonant (whisper [shy e ptat '];
• [b] - a transcription sign for the vowels "o", "a", "e" in positions after a solid consonant in the pre-stressed and stressed syllable (milk [milk]);
• [b] - a transcription sign for the vowels "o", "a", "ya", "e" in the position after a soft consonant in an unstressed syllable (mitten [var'shka]);
• [–] - a sign indicating the absence of sound in place of "ъ" and "ь";
• [ ‾ ] / [ : ] - transcription signs (you can use one or the other of your choice - this will not be a mistake) to indicate the longitude of consonants (be afraid of [bΛy’atz: b]).

As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more accurate transcription signs are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, instead of “and with an overtone e” and other complex designations, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [i] and [th ’] in phonetic analysis.

Transcription rules

Do not forget also about the following rules for transcription of consonants:

• voicing of deaf consonants in a position before voiced ones (bend [zg'ibat '], mowing [kΛz'ba]);
• stunning voiced consonants in position at the end of a word (ark [kΛfch'ek]);
• stunning a voiced consonant in a position before a deaf one, for example, a voiced “g”, which can turn into deaf sounds [k] and [x] (nails [noct’i], light [l’ohk’iy’]);
• softening of the consonants "n", "s", "z", "t", "d" in a position in front of soft consonants (kantik [kan't'ik]);
• mitigation of “s” and “z” in prefixes with-, from-, times- in the position before “b” (remove [from’y’at’]);
• unreadable consonants "t", "d", "v", "l" in combinations of several consonant letters in a row: in this case, the combination "stn" is pronounced as [sn], and "zdn" - as [zn] (district [uy 'ezny']);
• combinations of the letters "sch", "zch", "zsch" are read as [u'] (accounts [sh'oty]);
• combinations of "ch", "th" are pronounced [w] (what [what], of course [kΛn'eshn]);
• infinitive suffixes -tsya / -tsya are transcribed [c] (bite [bite: b]);
• the endings of the -th / -it are pronounced through the sound [in] (your [tvy’evo]);
• in words with double consonants, two transcription options are possible: 1) double consonants are located after the stressed syllable and form a double sound (kassa [kas: b]); 2) double consonants are located before the stressed syllable and give the usual consonant sound (million [m'il'ion]).

And now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words with examples. For recording, we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonants.

Examples of phonetic transcription of words

1. departure
2. ot-e "zd (2 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
3. [aty'e "st]
4. o - [a] - vowel, unstressed
   t- [t] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
   ъ – [–]
   e - [y ’] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (unpaired) and [e] - vowel, stressed
   s - [s] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
   d - [t] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
5. 6 letters, 6 sounds
6. The letter "e" after the dividing "b" gives two sounds: [th "] and [e]; the letter "d" at the end of the word is stunned into the sound [t]; the letter "z" is stunned to the sound [c] in the position before the deaf sound.

One more example:

1. grammar
2. gram-ma "-ti-ka (4 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
3. [gram: at "ika]
4. g - [g] - consonant, voiced (paired), solid (solid)
   p - [r] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
   mm - [m:] - double sound, consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
   a - [a] - vowel, stressed
   t - [t '] - consonant, deaf (pair), soft (pair)
   k - [k] - consonant, deaf (paired), solid (paired)
   a - [a] - vowel, unstressed
5. 10 letters, 9 sounds
6. Double consonants "mm" give a double sound [m:]

And last:

1. became
2. sta-no-vi "-lis (4 syllables, stress falls on the 3rd syllable)
3. [standav'i "l'is']
4. s - [s] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
   t - [t] - concordant, deaf (paired), solid (paired)
   a - [a] - vowel, unstressed
   n - [n] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
   o - [a] - vowel, unstressed
   in - [in '] - consonant, voiced (paired), soft (paired)
   and - [and] - vowel, stressed
   l - [l '] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (paired)
   and - [and] - vowel, unstressed
   s - [s '] - consonant, deaf (paired), soft (paired)
   b - [-]
5. 11 letters, 10 sounds
6. The letter "o" in an unstressed position gives the sound [a]; the letter "b" does not denote a sound and serves to soften the consonant preceding it.

Instead of an afterword

Well, did this article help you deal with the phonetic parsing of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up the word - there are many pitfalls along the way. But we tried to make it easier for you and explain all the slippery moments in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.

Use this article when preparing for lessons and passing the GIA and the Unified State Examination. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic word parsing are given to you at school.

blog.site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

Transcription when writing shows the sounding speech and conveys the norms of pronunciation. One letter can be pronounced in several ways, so phonetic spelling has significant differences from spelling. For correct pronunciation, adults and children need to learn several transcription rules.

Fundamental rules

1. Put the correct word or sentence in square brackets. If you need to transcribe a whole sentence, then use one pipe to indicate a short pause, and use two pipes to indicate the end of a phrase or a long pause. Place the stress on words that have more than one syllable.
2. If you come across vowels, then use the letters [a], [o], [y], [i], [e], [s]. Sometimes they ask what to do if a word with an unstressed sound [o] is encountered. To do this, simply transcribe the letter “o” with the sound [a], for example, a beard - [barad`a].
3. If at the beginning of a word, after a soft or hard sign, you come across such letters as e, e, u, i in transcription, they are denoted as , , , . Let's take an anchor as an example. Remember that consonants are softened before these vowels. The same thing happens with consonants preceded by the sound [and]. The sound [j] in this case disappears. For example, let's take the word "gloss" and transcribe it like this: [gl'`an'ets]. The softness of consonants is indicated by an apostrophe. It is written to the right of the soft letter.
4. It should be noted that consonants can become voiced or deaf. To do this, pay attention to the sound that comes after the consonant, for example, the tub is [katka], but the tub is [kad`ushka]. Always remember that voiced consonants become voiceless at the end of words. For example, take the words mushroom and tooth. The last sound in them will be [n].
5. If you come across a long consonant sound in a word, then use a horizontal bar or a colon above the letter to indicate longitude ([k`a], [k`as: a]). The letter u is also indicated as follows: [w ‘:]
6. Transcribe phonetic words as a whole if the preposition, conjunction or particle is pronounced together, for example: downhill [padg'oru], from school [isshk'ola]
7. You need understanding and the ability to transcribe for competent speech, as well as when reading dictionaries and encyclopedias.

Related articles:

• 
• How to put the stress in the word...

A special recording of speech, which is used to record in writing all the features of sound, begins to be studied already in high school. The first thing a student learns about transcription is the square brackets. If the text is placed in [...], then this is definitely a phonetic transcription.

In addition, you need to know that the word itself comes from the Latin (transcription - rewriting), denoting a special letter that captures sounding speech. Russian phonetic transcription, of course, will be based on the Russian alphabet, from which the letters "e", "e", "y", "yu", "u", "ya" were removed, the letters "b" and "b" were instructed to denote special unstressed vowels, and when Russian letters were not enough as a result of these actions, they called the Latin "j" (iot) and the Greek "Y" (gamma).

What is phonetic transcription for?

1. It is necessary to hear native speech and know the norms of literary pronunciation.

2. When studying foreign languages, where spelling almost always differs from pronunciation.

3. To record a language that does not have a written language, dialectal speech, hieroglyphs.

Living sound processes are rarely reflected in orthographic writing, while phonetic writing differs sharply from it. Among the letters reigns the strictest tradition. And the phonetic transcription of the text fully conveys the entire flow of speech with all the changes in the sound system of the language.

letter and sound

The Russian writing system was built so perfectly that it took into account all the phonetic features of the Slavic language. In the ninth century, Constantine the philosopher, and in monasticism - Cyril, our Saint and Equal to the Apostles, compiled the Slavic alphabet, which was named after the creator - Cyrillic.

The phonetic transcription of the Russian language is not as simple as that of the Bulgarian brothers, for example. This is because a letter often conveys two sounds with us, or vice versa: one sound is obtained when reading two letters. Recordings are sometimes so funny that with the development of the Internet, young people, being mischievous, came up with a way to communicate in chats in the "Albanian language", where, for example, the word "hedgehog" consisted of four letters, among which there was not a single correct one. Guessing the word in these letters is not so easy, because "yosh" does not fit in the head. It's almost a transcription. There are not enough square brackets, and also the knowledge that the letter "y" in transcription is most often denoted by "j", and a soft sign cannot be present here, because there is nothing to soften. Correct phonetic transcription of the word: [yosh].

Soft consonants

In a letter, after consonants designed to become soft, you need to write not the letters "a", "y", "o", "e", but softening - "I", "yu", "e", "e". In endings, a soft sign is added to the consonant (in the pre-revolutionary alphabet it was called "er"). Phonetic transcription requires an apostrophe to denote the softness of a consonant. There is only one exception - "y", that is, [j], it is quite good without an apostrophe. The rest are designated as follows: [m "].

Spelling rules, that is, spelling, quite often do not convey exactly the sound that is pronounced in the word. Transcription marks are required to fix the pronunciation as accurately as possible. For example, we write the word "side", and say: [bʌkav`oy].

accents

Did you notice that some strange apostophe is attached to the letter "v"? And this is not an apostrophe at all, but an accent. In writing, unstressed vowels are not indicated in any way. Try to say the word "pencil". Isn't it true that all vowels written the same way sound different? Unstressed ones are shorter and slightly weaker than the same stressed vowel. Phonetic transcription must also emphasize this difference: [karʌndʌash].

There is also a reduction here: do you hear the almost complete disappearance of the first vowel? The sounds we briefly uttered are most often indicated by the same signs as percussion, but without stress, but the “swallowed”, that is, those that have undergone radical changes in pronunciation, have special signs: the old “er” [b] and “er” [b] . They do not denote any sounds, but during transcription, as in this case, they have a very important function.

Only special editions (dictionaries, textbooks for foreigners, literature for young children) leave an accent mark in words, but transcription must mark it where the word has more than one syllable.

Stress in Russian is very mobile, it freely walks through the syllables of the word, is not bound by constancy: city - city, window - window. It is so dynamically strong that the stressed syllable becomes much stronger than the unstressed one. This weakening is called reduction. There are its first and second degrees, depending on the position of the vowel: the first - on the first pre-stressed, the second - on more than the first pre-stressed, as well as stressed position.

Long consonants

Some consonants are only long and soft. These are "u" - the sound [w":] and "zh" - the sound [zh":]. If the spelling dictates two identical consonants - "cash", for example, then the phonetic transcription will differ significantly from this construction, since the pronunciation requires one but long sound: [k`as: a].

However, the notation in textbooks varies. You can also meet [k'assa]. Sometimes they write one letter "c", but underline it on top.

phonetic word

What is a word? In writing and transcription, this is not at all the same thing. In writing, we distinguish parts of speech into service or independent, and write everything separately. Suggestions, for example. The phonetic transcription of Russian words suggests a different attitude. This is a sequence of syllables in a single whole, a phonetic word has a single organizing center, a single stress.

This means that all prepositions, conjunctions, particles that are pronounced together with their main words are also written in the same way. Of course, all changes that have occurred with the sounds that make up the word are also recorded. For example, "with him" -, "beyond the river" - [zar "ik`oy], even more interesting: "asked b" - [spʌs"` ilp].

The details with which the phonetic transcription is recorded depend on the characteristics of the sound, where both individual and situational (emotional, for example) speech productions are included. Here the phonetic transcription of the pronunciation as such dictates.

Now back to basics

The Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters, the so-called graphemes, which we divide into vowels and consonants. The sound form of each grapheme is a phoneme that has variants, that is, allophones.

Consonants are divided into voiceless and voiced. It's pretty simple. A jet of air vibrates the vocal cords and thus causes a sound - a tone, which is then modified by natural barriers in the mouth and nose cavities, converting the tone into noise. According to the nature of this noise, it is easy to divide consonants into voiced ones (in which the tone has not completely "died") and deaf ones, in which there is nothing left but noise.

It is necessary to divide them into soft and hard. There are thirty-three letters in the alphabet, and thirty-six phonemes of only consonants. Of these, fifteen are paired (hard-soft), always hard three consonants ("sh", "g", "c") and three are always soft ("h", "u", "d").

The voice apparatus does not put any barriers to vowel sounds when the air jet exits, leaving them the purest tone. So we have six vowel phonemes: "a", "y", "e", "i", "o", "s". Allophones are also present here and depend on the stress in the word.

Phonetic transcription rules for schoolchildren

1. Transcription is always placed in square brackets.

2. Capital letters and punctuation marks are not used. Pauses, most often coinciding with punctuation marks, are fixed with a double line - a long, significant pause, or a single line - a short pause.

3. Words consisting of two or more syllables must be stressed.

4. Two words, united by one stress, are written together: to the garden - [fsat].

5. Soft consonants necessarily with an apostrophe: sat down -.

6. Among consonants, phonetic transcription never uses "u" and "y".

7. Long consonants are indicated either by a superscript line or a colon: bath - [van: a]. The letter "u" is not used, but its phoneme is [w"] or [w":].

8. The sounds u, y, h are only soft, however, the apostrophe for "h" and "y" is not allowed, although it sometimes occurs. "F", "w", "c" are always only solid. Exceptions for French words: parachute, jury, julienne, Jules (Verne) and so on, in which the letter "zh" is written [zh"].

Vowel sounds

Stressed vowels have six characters: [i], [s], [y], [e], [o], [a]. For example, feast - [p'ir], ardor - [ardor], ray - [beam], forest - [l'es], house - [house], garden - [garden].

For the letters "e", "yo", "yu", "ya" one sound is not enough, therefore "e" is [ye], "yo" - [yo], "I" - [ya], "yu" - [yu]. If after the letter "and" the spelling dictates a soft sign, then the phonetic transcription will also write doubly: sparrows - [varʌb`yi]. Just do not forget that the letter "y" is replaced by the Latin "j".

What is transcription used for?

III. Principles of Russian transcription. Transcription rules for vowels and consonants. Transliteration.

When studying the sound side of a language, in order to convey the sound of words, one has to resort to a special phonetic writing , based on the fact that the same sound is transmitted by a certain icon. Such writing is called phonetic transcription.

Transcription(from lat. transcription- rewriting) - a special type of writing, with the help of which sounding speech is fixed on paper.

AT transcription is based on the alphabet of the language in which it is spoken, with the addition or change of certain letters . So, the basis of the transcription system that we will use is the Russian alphabet, but the letters e, e, d, u, u, i, and b, b denote special unstressed vowels. Separate letters of other alphabets are also used: j (yot) from Latin, Υ (gamma) from Greek.

1. To learn to hear native speech and show the norms of literary pronunciation.

2. When teaching a foreign language, especially if the spelling does not make it possible to judge pronunciation. For example, in English.

3. Transcription is also needed where the writing system is complex and little known to the student, especially where graphics are not intended to convey sound. For example, in hieroglyphic writing.

4. Transcription is used to record an unwritten language or dialect speech.

Phonetic writing does not match spelling, because spelling does not reflect living sound processes occurring in the flow of speech, does not reflect changes in the sound system of the language, but rests on tradition. Phonetic transcription reflects the change in sounds that occur depending on the position and environment .

1. A sound, word, part of a word or a segment of speech is enclosed in square brackets -.

2. The text is written as it is pronounced.

3. Capital letters are not used.

4. Punctuation rules do not apply, punctuation marks are replaced by pauses: a small pause is indicated by one vertical line - /; phrases are separated from each other by two lines - //, denoting a long pause.

5. Each sign is used to denote one sound.

6. Apply diacritics signs (gr. diakritikos- distinctive), which are placed above the letters, below them or near them. So,

a) the emphasis is mandatory: the main one is the sign ak at t ́, side sign gr a vis `;

b) a straight line above the letter indicates the longitude of the consonant - [ˉ];

c) the softness of the consonant is indicated apostrophe - [m"];

d) service words pronounced together with the significant are connected by a chamber - - [in l "esʹ];

e) the bow under the sign indicates the non-syllabic nature of the sound - [į].

7. In the field of consonants, the letter u is not used, but is indicated as [w̅ "]; in the field of vowels there are no letters e, e, u, i.

8. To designate the sound [th], two signs are given: [j] - yot and [į] - and non-syllable (a kind of iota): [j] - only before the stressed vowel, in other cases - [į]: [moį], [moįk].

9. To designate voiced and deaf consonants, the letters corresponding to them are used: [ball], [juice].

10. Vowel sounds, depending on the position in the word, experience great changes in sound:

a) vowels [i], [s], [y] in an unstressed position do not qualitatively change, they only sound shorter than under stress, and such changes are not indicated in transcription:

[needle / needle / was / was / bow / meadow];

b) unstressed vowels [a], [o], [e] change both quantitatively and qualitatively:

Unstressed vowels [a], [o] at the absolute beginning of the word and in the first pre-stressed syllable after solid consonants are indicated by the sign [Λ] - a short sound [a]: [Λrbusʹc], [Λr "ehʹ],
[nΛra], [zhΛra];

Unstressed vowels [a], [o], [e] in the second pre-stressed and stressed syllables after solid consonants are indicated by the sign [b] - the sound is ultra-short [s]: [milΛko], [parΛhot], [kolkul], [zhlt" out ];

The unstressed vowel [e] in the first pre-stressed syllable after solid consonants is indicated by the sign [s e] - the sound is average between [s] and [e]: [zhy e l "ezo], [shy e lka];

Unstressed vowels [e], [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants are indicated by the sign [ and e] - the sound is the middle one between [i] and [e]: [s "and e lo], [c "and e sleep], [h "and e sy], [m" and e sn "ik];

Unstressed vowels [e], [a] in the 2nd pre-stressed and stressed syllables after soft consonants are indicated by the sign [b] - the sound is ultra-short [and]: [b "b" iega], [g "b" ieral], [h "sΛfsh̅" ik], [d "at" bl], [d "ad" b];

To denote the sound [g], pronounced “without an explosion” in some words, and when voicing the sound [x], [γ] is used - “g fricative”: [bóγъ / bΛγа́тыį (in dialect)].

It should also be borne in mind that in transcription, in some cases, variants are allowed that reflect the variant pronunciation that actually exists in the literary language. So, depending on the style of pronunciation, different vowels can sound at the absolute end of the word: in full style, with a distinct pronunciation, - [Λ], [and e], [s e], and in colloquial, with fluent pronunciation, - reduced [ b], [b]. Compare: loud - [loud Λ] and [loud]; field - [floor "and e] and [floor" b]; more - [bol "shy e] and [bol" shb].

IV. Classification of speech sounds.

All sounds are traditionally divided into two main categories: vowels and consonants.

The division into vowels and consonants is directly related to the peculiarities of pronunciation, and the assignment of a sound to a particular group depends on which pronunciation organs and how they are involved in its formation.

Vowels and consonants differ in a number of ways:

1) acoustics: vowels are formed only by the voice; consonants - either by a combination of voice and noise; or just noise

2) articulation: in the formation of vowels, the organs of speech do not create barriers, so the air passes freely into the oral cavity; in the formation of consonants by the organs of speech, a barrier is created;

3) from the semantic side consonants have more distinctive features than vowels; for example, if in the word sleeve, when pronouncing, we first omit the consonants (p, k, c), and then the vowels (y, a), then it is obvious that you can guess the word from the consonants, but not from the vowels.

V.A. Bogoroditsky called vowels "mouth-openers", and consonants - "mouth-closers".

V. Classification of vowel sounds. Row and rise. Additional articulation (labialization). Longitude and brevity of sounds. Monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs.

Vowel sounds- these are speech sounds, during the formation of which the outgoing air stream does not encounter obstacles in the oral cavity, and therefore, acoustically, they are characterized by the predominance of a musical tone, or voice.

There are 6 vowels in Russian: [a], [o], [e], [i], [s], [y]. They are heard most clearly under stress .

When pronouncing vowels, the shape and volume of the oral cavity may change. These changes depend on the participation or non-participation of the lips and the movement of the tongue vertically (the degree of elevation of the back of the tongue) and horizontally (the place of the rise of the back of the tongue).

By the participation of the lips All vowel sounds are divided into two groups: vowels rounded or labialized (from lat. labium- lip), - [o], [y] and vowels undead, or unlabialized , - [and], [e], [s], [a].

When the sounds [o], [y] are formed, the lips are rounded and stretched forward. In the formation of sounds [a], [e], [i], [s], lips do not take an active part. The sound [o] differs from [y] in a lesser degree of elongation and rounding of the lips. This can be easily seen by muscle sensations, pronouncing in a row, for example, the sounds [a] - [o] - [y].

By degree of ascent top, middle and bottom lift.

At education high vowels, which include the sounds [and], [s], [y], the language is raised to the greatest extent.

Vowel formation bottom lift, which is the sound [a] in Russian, is characterized by a minimal rise in the language.

Vowels medium lift, which include the sounds [e], [o], according to the degree of elevation of the tongue, occupy an intermediate position between the vowels of the upper and lower rise.

It is easy to replace different degrees of tongue elevation by pronouncing, for example, the sounds [y] - [o] - [a] in a row.

Classification of vowels (together with reduced ones) according to articulation (Shcherba's triangle)

row (point of back of tongue rise) rise (degree of back of tongue rise)	front	anterior middle	average	mid-posterior	rear
upper	and		s		at
upper middle		and e
average	uh		b		about
mid-lower		b		Λ
lower			a

By place of ascent back of the tongue distinguish vowels front, middle and back row .

At education front vowels, which include the sounds [i], [e], the front part of the back of the tongue moves towards the hard palate.

Vowel formation back row- these are the sounds [y], [o] - occurs when the back of the back of the tongue moves towards the soft palate.

Vowels middle row[s], [a] at the place of the rise of the tongue occupy an intermediate position between the front and back vowels.

To make sure that when forming front, middle and back vowels, the language articulates in different parts, you can pronounce in a row, for example, the sounds [and] - [s] - [y].

So, depending on the articulation in the Russian language, six different sounds are clearly perceived by ear: [i], [s], [u], [e], [o], [a].

Longitude. In a number of languages ​​(English, German, Latin, Ancient Greek, Czech, Hungarian, Finnish), with the same or close articulation, vowels form pairs, the members of which are opposed by the duration of pronunciation, i.e. for example, short vowels are distinguished: [a], [i], [u] and long vowels: [a:], [i:], .

Diphthongization. In many languages, vowels are divided into monophthongs and diphthongs.

Monophthong is an articulatory and acoustically homogeneous vowel.

Diphthong- a complex vowel sound consisting of two sounds pronounced in one syllable. This is a special sound of speech, in which the articulation begins differently than it ends. One element of a diphthong is always stronger than another element. There are two types of diphthongs - descending and ascending.

At descending diphthong the first element is strong and the second is weaker. Such diphthongs are typical for Eng. and German. lang.: time, Zeit.

At ascending diphthong The first element is weaker than the second. Such diphthongs are typical of French, Spanish and Italian: pied, bueno, chiaro. For example, in such proper names as Pierre, Puerto Rico, Bianca.

There are no diphthongs in Russian. The combination “vowel + th” in the words “paradise”, “tram” cannot be considered diphthongs, since when declining this quasi-diphthong breaks into two syllables, which is impossible for a diphthong: “tram-em, ra-yu”. But in Russian there are diphthongoids.

Diphthongoid- this is a stressed heterogeneous vowel, having at the beginning or end an overtone of another vowel, articulatory-close to the main, stressed. There are diphthongoids in Russian: the house is pronounced "DuoOoM".

triphthongs- this is a combination of three vowels (weak + strong + weak), pronounced as one syllable, for example, in Spanish: cambiáis - change.

VI. Classification of consonants. The method of formation of consonant sounds (noisy: explosive, fricative, affricates; sonorous). Place of education (labial, lingual: anterior lingual, middle lingual, posterior lingual; lingual). Additional articulation of consonants (palatalization, nasalization).

Consonants- these are speech sounds, consisting only of noise, or of voice and noise, which are formed in the oral cavity, where the air stream exhaled from the lungs meets various obstacles, are called

There are 37 sound units in the consonant sounds of the Russian language, each of which in a certain position is capable of performing a meaningful function:

1) [b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [h], [h "], [n] , [p "], [f], [f "], [k], [k"], [t], [t"], [s], [s"];

2) [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n "], [p], [p"];

3) [x], [x "], [g], [w], [c];

4) [h "], [j];

5) [w̅"], [g̅"].

The classification of consonants is based on the opposition of some signs to others. In modern Russian, consonants are divided according to several classification criteria (acoustic and articulatory):

2) at the place of education;

3) according to the method of education;

4) by the presence or absence of palatalization ("mitigation", from lat. palatum- sky).

According to acoustic consonants differ according to the degree of participation of voice and noise . All consonants of the Russian language are divided into sonorous(from Latin sonorus- sonorous) and noisy.

Sonorant are characterized by the fact that in the composition of these sounds the voice prevails over the noise. In modern Russian, these include: [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [r], [r"], [j].

Noisy consonants are characterized by the fact that their acoustic basis is noise, however, there are noisy consonants, which are formed not only with the help of noise, but with some participation of the voice. Among the noisy differ deaf and voiced .

W smelly formed by noise accompanied by voice. In modern Russian, these include: [b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [h], [h "], [zh], [zh̅"].

Deaf formed with the help of noise, without the participation of voice. When pronouncing their vocal cords are not tense and do not fluctuate. In modern Russian, these include: [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x], [c], [h "], [w], [sh̅"].

Most of the noisy consonants of the Russian language are opposed by deafness - sonority: [b] - [p], [b "] - [p"], [c] - [f], [c "] - [f "], [d] - [t], [d "] - [t "], [s] - [s], [s "] - [s"], [g] - [w], [g] - [k], [g "] - [k"]; do not have pairs voiced voiceless consonants [w̅"], [c], [x], [x"], [h"].

Sounds [w], [w], [h], [u] - hissing , [h], [s], [c] - whistling .