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Museum-Reserve Mikhailovskoye The legendary noble estate of the greatest Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - "Mikhailovskoye", which was granted to the poet's great-grandfather - Abram Gannibal in 1742 by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. The estate received its current name under Pushkin's grandfather, Osip Abramovich, who renamed the village "Mouth" into "Mikhailovskoye". 1824-1826 Alexander Sergeevich was serving a link here, which, according to Pushkinists, favorably affected the poet in terms of creativity. It was here that the best works of the "Sun of Russian Poetry" were created. In 1836, after the death of his mother, the estate became the property of A. S. Pushkin, and in 1922 it was declared a museum-reserve.
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The village of Bolshoe Boldino (as well as the district itself) is inextricably linked with the name of the Pushkins, in particular with the name of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the great Russian writer and poet. Of course, the main attraction is the State Literary-Memorial and Natural Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin
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The estate is located in the Belinsky district of the Penza region, the village of Lermontovo (Tarkhany).
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The village of Konstantinovo, Rybnovsky district of the Ryazan region, is located on the picturesque high right bank of the Oka, 43 kilometers northwest of Ryazan. Here, on October 3, 1895, the great Russian poet Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin was born. The poet spent his childhood and youth in Konstantinov. In the central part of the village is the State Museum-Reserve of S. A. Yesenin.
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The estate of A.P. Chekhov - Melikhovo is located near the M2 highway, in the vicinity of the city of Chekhov, Moscow Region. Here from 1892 to 1899. A.P. Chekhov lived with his parents and close relatives - one of the main Chekhov museums in Russia.
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Estate of Leo Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. The estate is located in the Shchekino district of the Tula region (14 km southwest of Tula), founded in the 17th century and belonged first to the Kartsev family, then to the Volkonsky and Tolstoy.
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If you continue moving towards the Oryol region, then after 130 km, before reaching Mtsensk, there is another estate Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. This is the state memorial and natural museum-reserve of I.S. Turgenev.
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"Karabikha" is the State Literary and Memorial Museum-Reserve of N.A. Nekrasov, created in 1946. In the 17th century, the village of Bogoroditskoye was located near Yaroslavl, at the beginning of the 18th century, Prince Nikolai Golitsyn became the owner of the village and its environs, and by his order, the Karabikha estate was built on Karabitova Gora not far from the village. The son of Nikolai Golitsyn, Mikhail, being the governor of Yaroslavl, makes "Karabikha" his front residence and reconstructs the family estate. His son Valerian took part in the Decembrist uprising, was exiled to Siberia and then to the Caucasus. "Karabikha" was sold. In 1861, the poet Nikolai Nekrasov bought it for a summer vacation.
10th place
Our rating opens with the estate of the famous Russian playwright Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky - "Shchelykovo", bought by him together with his brother in 1867 from his stepmother for several thousand rubles. It was here that the world-famous plays "Thunderstorm" and "Dowry" were written.
9th place
At the beginning of the 19th century, Ostafyevo was one of the symbols of the cultural life of Russia, where many famous literary figures, in particular Zhukovsky, Griboyedov, Gogol, Pushkin, were frequent guests. Here, for several years, the great historian N. M. Karamzin worked on the "History of the Russian State".
During the 20th century, the estate changed its status more than once, being either a children's camp or a rest home.
In 1988, Ostafyevo was reorganized into a literary and historical museum, which it remains to this day.
8th place
Unfortunately, many buildings of the estate were irretrievably lost, and only an old park on the river bank has survived to this day.
7th place
The seventh position in our TOP is occupied by the estate of Count Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy - "Red Horn". During the reign of Catherine II, the estate was the "hunting castle" of the all-powerful hetman Kirill Razumovsky.
Over time, the estate went to Tolstoy's mother's brother, who, after his death, bequeathed it to his sister, and she to her son.
6th place
In fifth place is the estate of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov - "Karabikha", which owes its strange name to Karabitova Gora, on which it was built in the 1740s by order of the Golitsyn princely family.
It passed into the possession of the famous Russian poet in 1861 for a small amount due to the dilapidation of the building.
In the period 1861-1875. Here Nekrasov wrote his best poems: “Frost, Red Nose”, “Russian Women”, and also partially “Who Lives Well in Russia”.
After the Great Patriotic War, a museum was opened on the estate for the 125th anniversary of the poet.
5th place
Next in our ranking is the estate of Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky - "Muranovo". Since 1816, after the village of Muranovo was acquired by the poet's mother-in-law, the estate, in different years, belonged to several related families of Engelhardt, Boratynsky, Putyat and Tyutchev.
In the 20th century, thanks to the efforts of the descendants of F.I. Tyutchev, a literary and memorial museum was created on the basis of the estate.
4th place
Leo Tolstoy's estate Yasnaya Polyana, which was founded (or rather recreated) in the 17th century by the writer's grandfather N. S. Volkonsky, stopped a step away from the prize-winning trio.
Here, in 1828, one of the most prominent representatives of Russian literature of the 19th-20th centuries, Leo Tolstoy, was born and lived most of his life.
In 1921, thanks to the efforts of the writer's daughter Alexandra, by the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a museum was founded on the site of the estate.
3rd place
The bronze medalist of our rating is the estate of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev - "Ovstug", located on the banks of the Ovstuzhenka River. The estate became the "family nest of the Tyutchevs" in the 70s of the 18th century, after the poet's grandfather received it as a dowry from his wife.
During the life of Fyodor Ivanovich, the estate was actively equipped and developed, but after the death of the poet, it began to slowly fade away and already at the beginning of the 20th century fell into complete decline.
After the revolution, almost all the buildings of Tyutchev's time were dismantled by workers and peasants for building materials.
The estate gained a second wind at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, after it received the status of a museum, which in turn allowed the estate to become an ornament not only of the Bryansk region, but of the whole of Russia.
2nd place
The second line of our TOP is occupied by the family estate of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov - "Tarkhany", where during the lifetime of the poet, his grandmother from his mother's side, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva, was the mistress of the estate.
Lermontov’s entire childhood passed in Tarkhany, the grandmother, who did not look for a soul in her grandson, entertained the future genius in every possible way, including arranging amusing battles on the territory of the estate in the manner of the battles of Peter I.
In 1842, the ashes of the poet were brought here, buried in the chapel-tomb next to the graves of his mother and grandfather.
After the death of Arsenyeva and before the beginning of the revolution, the estate was maintained in relative order by various managers, thanks to whom the buildings had a decent appearance.
In September 1918, the Bolsheviks, declaring Tarkhany the property of the Soviet state, took them under special protection, and in 1934 the estate received the status of a museum-reserve.
1 place
Well, the winner of our rating is the legendary noble estate of the greatest Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - "Mikhailovskoye", which was granted to the poet's great-grandfather - Abram Gannibal in 1742 by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.
The estate received its current name under Pushkin's grandfather, Osip Abramovich, who renamed the village "Mouth" into "Mikhailovskoye".
1824-1826 Alexander Sergeevich was serving a link here, which, according to Pushkinists, favorably affected the poet in terms of creativity. It was here that the best works of the "Sun of Russian Poetry" were created.
In 1836, after the death of his mother, the estate became the property of A. S. Pushkin, and in 1922 it was declared a museum-reserve.
On a separate line:
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The theme of Russian nature is found in the works of Pushkin and Lermontov, Tyutchev and Aksakov. Even the city writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky describes the beauty of forests and fields, as if he saw it all with his own eyes. And so it is: famous poets and writers loved to come from the capital Petersburg to the Moscow region, to quiet and cozy family estates. Today we can see with our own eyes what once so worried the recognized classics of literature - ponds and rivers, alleys and gardens. What are the most beautiful writers' estates in the Moscow region that have survived to this day?
To show on the mapThe village of Zakharovo is the only place available today associated with the childhood of A.S. Pushkin. From 1804 to 1811, the estate belonged to the poet's grandmother, he came to her for a vacation for several years in a row. Village life, Russian nature, communication with his grandmother and nanny had a strong influence on his work - Zakharovo is called Pushkin's poetic homeland. In the poems of the lyceum cycle ("Message to Yudin"), as well as in later works: "Memories of Tsarskoe Selo", "History of the village of Goryukhin", "Dubrovsky" the poet describes the places of his childhood. It is known that Pushkin came to his small homeland before the wedding. Today Zakharovo, together with the village of Bolshie Vyazemy, is part of the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin. Such a connection is fully justified - the village of Zakharovo did not have its own church, so the young poet went to the service in Bolshie Vyazemy - the Church of the Transfiguration has existed there since the 17th century.
Since the reign of Peter I, the village of Bolshiye Vyazyomy belonged to the Golitsyn family. Since 1813, the Russian writer S.P. Shevyrev. Here he was engaged in a description of the rich library of the Moscow Governor-General D.V. Golitsyn. Shevyrev was a Slavophile - he substantiated the identity of Russia, it was he who owns the popular ideological cliché about the "decaying West." Shevyrev was a good friend of N.V. Gogol, helped him proofread manuscripts, prepared works for publication. Nikolai Vasilievich himself also visited Vyazemy and spoke well of the hospitable host. Thanks to the care of Shevyryov, after the death of the writer, a collection of his works was published.
The Russian symbolist poet Alexander Blok did not like traveling, so for 36 years in a row, starting from birth, he spent the warm season on the estate of his grandfather, Academician A.N. Beketova. The marvelous nature of the Moscow region, simple village life set Blok in a romantic mood: "And the door of the ringing balcony / Opened into lindens and lilacs, / And into the blue dome of the sky, / And into the laziness of the surrounding villages." Shakhmatovo became Blok's spiritual homeland, more than 300 poems were written there, and the most important lyrical works, including the cycle "Poems about the Beautiful Lady". The poet's muse itself, which inspired him to create, lived nearby in Boblovo, the estate of the scientist D.I. Mendeleev. His daughter Lyuba became the girlfriend, bride and wife of the poet, his very Beautiful Lady.
Since 1826, the Serednikovo estate belonged to the grandmother M.Yu. Lermontova, E.A. Arsenyeva. The young poet came to her for the summer from 1829 to 1832. The atmosphere of the estate near Moscow influenced the formation of the poet, he wrote here more than a hundred poems, the poems "Mtsyri" and "Demon". The most striking impression was the acquaintance with E.A. Sushkova. The young girl often came to Serednikovo from neighboring Bolshakov. Catherine struck the sixteen-year-old Lermontov in the heart. Before leaving for Moscow in 1830, he dedicated to Miss Black-Eyes, as her relatives called her, the poem "To Su": "Close to you until now / I have not heard fire in my chest ...".
“If I am a doctor, then I need patients and a hospital; if I am a writer, then I need to live among the people,” Chekhov wrote in one of his letters. In 1892, Anton Pavlovich acquired the Melikhovo estate, where he was able to fully experience the life of the common people. The writer dug a garden with his own hands, planted trees and put the old estate in order. Here he worked in his main specialty - he received patients. A.P. Chekhov loved people very much, so he not only treated the peasants, but also tried to improve their life in general. At his own expense, the writer opened three schools, equipped libraries, and took exams himself. Literary historians call this period "Melikhov's" - close contact with people enriched Chekhov's work. Almost 40 works have been written in Melikhovo: "Ward No. 6", "A House with a Mezzanine", "The Man in a Case", stories and novels about the Russian village: "Guys", "On the Cart", "New Dacha" and others.
It is believed that the Muranovo estate is associated with the work of the poet Fyodor Tyutchev. This is true, but only in part. F.I. Tyutchev has never been here, but his son Ivan Fedorovich collected and preserved the legacy of his father and other relatives: the poet E.A. Boratynsky, writer N.V. Putyaty, publicist I.S. Aksakov. The estate belonged to the Boratynsky family, in 1869 Ivan Fedorovich Tyutchev married the granddaughter of E.A. Boratynsky and moved to Muranovo. The family museum includes things, photographs, books and autographs, transported from St. Petersburg, Moscow, the Tyutchev family estate Ovstug. The Muranovo estate became the first literary museum in Soviet Russia - its creation was approved by V.I. Lenin. Thanks to the care of the Tyutchev family and heirs, Muranovo is a unique example of a well-preserved noble nest that keeps not only the memory of poets and writers, but also original interior items of the 19th century.
In 1837 S.T. Aksakov received an inheritance and retired from public service. After a long search, in 1843 he acquired the Abramtsevo estate. Here Aksakov got everything he wanted: marvelous nature; a river full of fish; forests and fields teeming with game. Resettlement to his estate was a new stage in life for Sergei Timofeevich. Here his best works were created: "Notes on the fishing of fish", "Notes of a gun hunter of the Orenburg province", the story "Family Chronicle", "Childhood of Bagrov-grandson", the fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower". Essays about hunting have not lost their relevance even today, and all children know the fairy tale about the beauty and the beast. Until his resignation, Aksakov served as a censor, and also wrote critical notes on theater and literary works. So he met the writers N.V. Gogol and I.S. Turgenev; historian M.P. Pogodin and actor M.S. Shchepkin. All these famous people visited the writer in Abramtsevo near Moscow - they walked in the park, hunted, drank tea on the veranda of the house.
The Ostafyevo estate was acquired by Prince A.I. Vyazemsky at the end of the 18th century. The owner built a large house in the classical style to host receptions and balls. The unofficial name "Russian Parnassus" was given to the estate by A.S. Pushkin - so many creative people have been to Vyazemsky's evenings. Among them: the poet V.A. Zhukovsky, fabulist I.I. Dmitriev, historian A.I. Turgenev, diplomat and playwright A.S. Griboyedov. Writer and historian N.M. Karamzin was married to the eldest daughter of A.I. Vyazemsky, and for 12 years he lived in Ostafyevo, where he worked on the History of the Russian State. The next owner of Ostafyevo was the prince's son Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky, a poet and critic. Childhood memories of the estate, of meetings with famous people were reflected in his poems: "Village", "Parent's house," Rural Church", "No, I can’t see my Ostafyevsky house ... ". The third owner of the estate, Pavel Petrovich Vyazemsky, was engaged in studying ancient Russian literature, published "Remarks on" The Lay of Igor's Campaign ". The poet's son significantly expanded the manor's collection of paintings, drawings and art, created memorial cabinets for Karamzin, Pushkin and his father.
Since 1822, the village of Pokrovskoye-Rubtsovo belonged to the historian and writer Dmitry Pavlovich Golokhvastov, he inherited the land from his father. According to A.I. Herzen, who was Golokhvastov's cousin, then Dmitry Pavlovich was an ideal person: educated, rich, had no bad habits, regularly attended church. And he had only one passion - for horses. The authorities liked such employees, so Golokhvastov succeeded in his service - he worked as chairman of the censorship committee and trustee of Moscow University. It was he who demanded from N.V. Gogol to change the title of the poem "Dead Souls". Golokhvastov was also interested in Russian history and published several articles in the Slavophile magazine Moskvityanin. After the death of the Golokhvastovs, the Morozovs bought the estate. At the beginning of the 20th century, the family of the manufacturer invited playwright A.P. Chekhov, artists Serov, Polenov and Levitan.
Tarkhany
Museum-Reserve of Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov
12 years lived in Tarkhany Mikhail Lermontov | 4000 rubles annually spent Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva on raising her grandson | 140 ha area of Lermontov Museum-Reserve | 28,000 units are museum funds.
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Story
At first the estate was called Yakovlevsky. It was already christened Tarkhan under the Arsenyevs, Mikhail Vasilyevich and Elizaveta Alekseevna, the poet's grandfather and grandmother, who bought it in 1794. In the spring of 1815, their daughter and son-in-law came here with their one-year-old Mishenka. The child's mother died before she was 22, and Elizaveta Alekseevna vowed to devote herself to her grandson. Lermontov grew up in Tarkhany as a rich barchuk, his grandmother did everything so that he would develop spiritually and physically. Alas, Misha's health went to his mother, from her, according to his grandmother, he "took over nervousness and impressionability."
E. A. Arsenyeva (1773-1845), nee Stolypina - the poet's grandmother on her mother's side,
who raised him and became the closest person to him
Lermontov lived in Tarkhany until 1827 - almost half of his life. Here his first poem "Circassians" was born. Here, the 16-year-old genius wrote: "... There is a place where I will rest when my ashes, mixed with the ground, leave their former appearance forever." The last time he visited Tarkhany was in the winter of 1836. The estate was building a church in the name of Michael the Archangel. She was consecrated four years later; as an eyewitness recalled, “on the day of consecration, three babies were baptized, three weddings were married, and three dead people were buried.” And a year later, Mikhail Yurievich himself was buried in it. Elizaveta Alekseevna, who survived her only daughter and only grandson, planted three oak trees near the temple. Only one has grown.
Portrait of a six-year-old Lermontov, painted by a serf artist
Heritage
After Arsenieva Tarkhany fell into disrepair, the park was almost completely cut down. The master's house burned down several times, for the first time in 1908. After the revolution, the estate was declared the property of the Soviet Republic. At the same time, Lermontov himself more and more fell into disfavor: his pessimistic muse did not correspond to the spirit of the new time. In the wake of collectivization, the Lermontovsky state farm, together with the estate, was transferred to the Lermontovsky trotter stud farm. Then a school of mechanics, a granary, a poultry farm were located here ... “People's greed destroyed your home,” someone noted in the memorial book of the Church of Michael the Archangel in 1923. “The ignorance and stupidity of your fellow citizens covered the tombstone with a web of desolation…”
Living room in the manor house
In 1939, a museum was opened in Tarkhany. Thirty years later, he received state status. Thirty more passed - and by decree of the Russian president, "Tarkhany" was included in the list of especially valuable objects of the country's cultural heritage.
Once, wandering alone along the manor alleys, Lermontov bequeathed: “Put a stone; and let nothing be written on it, if my name alone is not enough to give him immortality.
The dark oak bows over his name. The stone is worth it. Everything happened as he foresaw.
A photo: Irina Opachevsky, Andrey Malyshkin/Photobank Lori; wikipedia.org
Alexey Shlykov
"Russian reporter"
It's been a wonderful spring!
They were sitting on the beach
The river was quiet, clear
The sun was rising, the birds were singing;
Stretched for the river dol,
Quietly, luxuriantly green;
Near the wild rose scarlet blossomed,
There was an alley of dark lindens.
N. Ogarev (1842)
Estates in Russia began to appear in the 15th century, when land was granted for faithful service. In 1714, Peter the Great signed a decree "On Single Inheritance" in order to attract new people to serve in the army and put an end to the fragmentation of noble estates. Ownership of land was associated with the obligation to carry out public service, so the nobles rarely visited their estates. In the second half of the 18th century, Emperor Peter III signed a decree of February 18 (March 1), 1762 "On granting liberty and freedom to all Russian nobility." According to this document, the nobles were exempted from the mandatory 25-year civil and military service in peacetime, they could serve or not serve, freely travel abroad or live on their estate. After the issuance of this decree, many landowners moved to their family estates and with renewed vigor began to ennoble, put in order, rebuild, break up amazing landscape ensembles, by analogy with European landscape schools, but in the Russian manner and taking into account the climate of central Russia.
Life in the estate was simple and calm, different from life in the city. For the location of the main house in the estate, a place was chosen on a hill, from where the most beautiful views of the surrounding nature opened. The entrance to the estate passed along the road through the main alley of the estate and, further, along the large circle of the front zone - parterre with flower beds and a lawn. Behind the manor house, as a rule, there was a regular French park. Sometimes a regular park ended with a greenhouse with outlandish plants. A separate part of the estates was assigned to fruit orchards and a vegetable garden, since the estates lived on subsistence farming. Some landowners were adherents of the English landscape park, which continued the regular French one and smoothly flowed into the groves and forests that bordered the estates. Cascading ponds and bridges, smooth winding paths, alleys of spruce, linden, birch, apple and cherry orchards, wild rose and lilac thickets, garden pavilions and gazebos - all this created the unique spirit of the landscape of the Russian estate.
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Russian writers and poets before the revolution, for the most part, were representatives of the nobility and had their family nest, their estate. The theme of the noble estate with its gardens, parks, groves and alleys ran like a red thread in Goncharov's Oblomov, in Turgenev's The Noble Nest and Fathers and Sons, in Gogol's Dead Souls and in many other works of the classics of Russian literature.
One example of such a "small motherland" is the Turgenev family nest, now the State Memorial and Natural Museum-Reserve of I.S. Turgenev "Spasskoe-Lutovinovo" in the Oryol region, where the house and buildings are surrounded by an old park, laid out by the founder of the Spasskaya estate I.I. Lutovinov at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. In Turgenev’s novel Nov, the estate is described as follows: “Right in front of the house, about two hundred paces, there was a flower garden, with straight sandy paths, groups of acacias and lilacs and round “flower beds”; to the left, bypassing the horse yard, an orchard stretched to the threshing floor, densely planted with apple trees, pears, plums, currants and raspberries; right in front of the house rose a large continuous quadrangle of linden crossed alleys. To the right, the view was blocked by a road obscured by a double row of silver poplars; from behind a bunch of weeping birches one could see the steep roof of the greenhouse. The alley was planted by the writer during his exile. Turgenev's novel "Rudin" describes an arbor formed by a ring of lindens. Lilacs, honeysuckle, lindens, ash-trees, oaks, firs, poplars... Many plants of central Russia adorned Turgenev's estate. More than two thousand specimens of trees have been preserved on the estate to this day.
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The father's house of the writer Ivan Goncharov, located in Simbirsk on the Volga, had a chic garden and a large spacious yard. In his main works "Oblomov" and "Cliff" Goncharov returned his thoughts to the Volga region. Landscapes of Russian estates, pictures of native nature, gardens, natural forests and groves, the high bank of the Volga played almost a leading role in Goncharov's works. Goncharov's Russian landscapes are not as “combed” as regular French ones, and less theatrical than English landscapes, but very harmonious, like gardens near the Volga.
Another well-known garden and park ensemble, the memorial and natural reserve "Museum-estate of L.N. Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana", is located in the Tula region. The great writer lived and worked here for more than fifty years. The writer's grandfather, S.N. Volkonsky, the prototype of the old prince Bolkonsky from the novel "War and Peace", rebuilt and laid down the main appearance of the estate. Gardens, parks, ponds, a greenhouse, an entrance birch alley ("preshpekt") - all these elements of the landscape of the Yasnaya Polyana estate are repeatedly described on the pages of the novel "War and Peace "as the estate of Father Andrei Bolkonsky" Bald Mountains ":
"... The prince walked through the greenhouses, through the household and buildings, frowning and silent.
Can you ride in a sleigh? - he asked the venerable man, who was accompanying him to the house, similar in face and manners to the owner, the manager.
Deep snow, Your Excellency. I already ordered it to be scattered according to the prescript ... "
In Yasnaya Polyana, by decree of S.N. Volkonsky, an "English garden" was laid out - a small landscape park in the English style, with spindle trees blazing crimson-pink in autumn.
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The description of estates, their destinies, prosperity and decline by the classics of Russian literature is extremely interesting for historians and writers. But it is no less entertaining to look at the descriptions of Russian estates in the works of Russian writers through the eyes of a landscape architect.
In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Dubrovsky" figure of Prince Vereisky, fifty years old, is a type of nobleman who spent most of his time abroad, indulging in "excesses" through large incomes from his Arbatovo estate. The estate of Prince Vereisky was located on the banks of the Volga: "The Volga flowed in front of the windows, loaded barges sailed along it under stretched sails and fishing boats flashed by, so expressively called gas chambers. Across the river - hills and fields stretched, several villages enlivened the surroundings." Due to his love for the "scattered lifestyle", Vereisky was impressed by the landscape English style. The estate of Arbatovo amazed people with "clean and cheerful huts". The master's house was built of stone, in the style of English castles, "in front of the house there was a densely green meadow, on which Swiss cows grazed, ringing their bells. A spacious park surrounded the house on all sides." Vereisky did not like the luxury of the estate of his neighbor, a wayward Russian master, a retired general-in-chief, the landowner Troekurov. He, the owner of an English park, was alien to the ancient garden of the Troekurovsky estate Pokrovskoye "with its sheared lindens, a quadrangular pond and regular alleys." A.S. Pushkin, who wrote his novel in the early 19th century, in the 1830s, showed that Prince Vereisky favored English examples of green architecture as fashionable, vain and ambitious. And no wonder. After all, the regular French geometric style of parks, which came into fashion in the 18th century, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, was replaced by the English landscape style everywhere in Europe. At the same time, another hero of the novel "Dubrovsky", wealthy Troyekurov, was conservative, had a kennel, an old garden in the Russian-French manner, and built a belvedere (tower above the roof) in a huge stone house to view his possessions. By the way, the Italian word belvedere, or French bellevue, means "beautiful view" in Russian.
In the 19th century, the volume of manor construction fell sharply. After the reform of 1861, many estates changed owners to manufacturers, industrialists, and merchants. Estates no longer brought quitrent to their owners, but demanded that they apply commercial management and management, as they represented large economic mechanisms, with buildings, parks and gardens that needed constant care. During the First World War, some estates were used as infirmaries. And after the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, on the basis of the Decree on Land, all the lands of the landlords were nationalized, and the estates were either destroyed or transferred to state institutions - schools, sanatoriums, institutes. Parks were overgrown with overgrowth, orchards were dying and falling into disrepair.
The estate heritage of Russia today, unfortunately, has not been fully preserved. "Family nests" of Russian writers and poets as historical and cultural monuments of federal significance, literary museums and landscape gardening ensembles, described in Russian classical literature, are of great historical value. Museum-reserve of A.P. Chekhov "Melikhovo", "Yasnaya Polyana" L.N. Tolstoy, the former estate of grandmother M.Yu. Lermontov "Tarkhany" (now the village of Lermontovo), memorial museum-reserve of A.S. Pushkin "Mikhailovskoye", museum-reserve I.S. Turgenev "Spasskoe-Lutovinovo", Nekrasov's estate in Karabikha, Ostrovsky's Museum-Reserve in Shchelykovo, Darovoe and Dostoevsky's estate, Museum-Estate "Muranovo" named after F.I. Tyutchev - this is just an incomplete list of estates surrounded by ancient parks, the description of which formed the basis of the golden fund of Russian literature.
Borisyuk Marina Alexandrovna,
engineer-physicist (specialty "Radiation safety of man and the environment"),
landscape designer,
Head of the program "Garden Avantage"
