Anton Chekhov:"The people here inspire a kind of horror"
When I was in Yekaterinburg: In 1890, during his famous trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov also stopped by Yekaterinburg. Here he wanted to meet with the writer Mamin-Sibiryak. But the meeting did not work out: Mamin-Sibiryak at that time traveled around the Urals himself. As a result, Anton Pavlovich stayed in Yekaterinburg for three days and hastened to go further to Tyumen. We didn't like him very much.
Impression: Here are the notes Chekhov left about Yekaterinburg: “I arrived in Yekaterinburg - it’s raining, snowing and grits. Cab drivers are something unimaginable in their wretchedness. Dirty, wet, without springs; The front legs of the horse are spaced, the hooves are huge, the back is skinny ... The local droshky is a lurid parody of our chaises. A torn top is attached to the chaise, that's all. They do not ride on the pavement, which is shaky, but near the ditches, where it is dirty and, therefore, soft. The bells ring splendidly, velvety. I stayed at the American Hotel (very good). (Now in this building - an architectural monument at Malysheva, 68, - the art school named after Shadra. - Ed.) The local people inspire something like horror to the visitor: Cheeky, foreheady, broad-shouldered, with small eyes, with huge fists. They will be born at local iron foundries, and at their birth, not an obstetrician, but a mechanic is present..
Boris PASTERNAK:"This is such inhuman grief"
When I was in Yekaterinburg: In 1932, a whole literary brigade was about to land from Moscow to the Urals. The most famous writers of that time: Boris Pasternak, Alexei Tolstoy, Yuri Olesha, Demyan Bedny and Mikhail Zoshchenko. They were supposed to raise the level of our provincial literature. But in the end, only Pasternak came to us. They first settled him in the Ural Hotel. He could not live long in the center of the industrial city, and therefore he was soon relocated to the obkom dacha settlement on the banks of the Shartash. The conditions there were chic: clean air, beautiful nature, a four-room house, as well as hot cakes and black caviar every day in the dining room. But even here Pasternak did not like it. Walking through the neighboring villages, he saw the poverty of dispossessed families. To help the unfortunate, Pasternak, together with his family, even at night secretly took out bread from the regional committee dining room. But in the end, Boris Leonidovich earned a nervous breakdown and, unable to stand it, returned to Moscow.
Impression: About a month of life in Sverdlovsk, Pasternak wrote in a letter to his first wife Evgenia Vladimirovna: “There is a disgusting continental climate with sharp transitions from extreme cold to terrible heat and the wild Homeric dust of a Central Asian city, constantly being moved and mangled by numerous construction projects. During this month, I definitely did not see anything specifically factory or such, why it would be worth going to the Urals. And here is what he wrote about the village on Shartash: “This is such an inhuman, unimaginable grief, such a terrible disaster that it became, as it were, abstract, did not fit into the boundaries of consciousness. I got sick".
Vladimir Vysotsky:"Here the body becomes decrepit"
When I was in Yekaterinburg: The bard first came to Sverdlovsk in 1962. He then worked at the Moscow Theater of Miniatures, which toured the Urals and Siberia with the play Journey Around Laughter. Vysotsky did not like the city so much that almost every day the actor was in a bad mood. In March, when the tour ended, he was fired with the wording "for a complete lack of a sense of humor."
Impression: About how bad he felt in Sverdlovsk, Vysotsky told in several letters to his future wife Lyudmila Abramova: “Already at the entrance I felt the influence of strontium-90, because it smelled of burning, and my mood deteriorated sharply, in the city itself, as they say, radiation bloomed like a double color, and people were dying like flies. Outside the window - nasty small rubbish falls from the sky, and all the "miniature" artists run around the shops and look for anti-radiation clothes. They settled in the Bolshoy Ural Hotel in a small room with meager amenities ... ", “In general, it’s disgusting. And the city, and the people, and everything. During all this time I never laughed, nothing happened, I don’t even sing or write songs. The city is so dull, the time is two hours faster. The body is decrepit. And according to the theory of relativity, I will age by 19 years..
Alexander RADISHCHEV:"Worthy of his position"
When I was in Yekaterinburg: Radishchev visited us for the first time in 1790. After his "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" the writer was exiled from St. Petersburg to Siberia. He arrived in Yekaterinburg under escort as a state criminal and lived here for a week. During this time, Radishchev, despite his position, even managed to inspect the city a little.
Impression: On the way to Ilimsky Ostrog in Siberia, Radishchev wrote travel notes. There are several lines about Yekaterinburg: “December 8th. To Yekaterinburg 23 miles. The mountains become less by the hour. At 1 1/2 versts or less is the Verkh-Iset iron works. A pond, it is 20 versts long and 10 versts wide, there are islands on it. In summer the view is beautiful. The village is big. If the dam of this factory breaks, as that danger insisted four years ago, then most of the city will be flooded and the yards will be demolished. We arrived in Yekaterinburg on December 7 in the evening. The city was built on both sides of the Iset River, which flows in solid stone soil. Notes worthy in the discussion of his position, the mint, the mines of stones, grinding, cutting art and marble business. Copper and iron handicrafts of the road. All copper at all factories in excellent years is smelted from 170 to 180 thousand pounds..
Fedor Dostoevsky:“Finally led the Lord to see the promised land”
When I was in Yekaterinburg: Dostoevsky was in our city twice. The first time was in 1850, when he was sent to hard labor. The second time was in 1859, when he returned from exile with his son Pavel and his wife Maria Dmitrievna, whom he met and married in the settlement.
Impression: You can read about a second visit to Yekaterinburg in one of the letters that Dostoevsky sent to his friend Artemy Geibovich: “In Yekaterinburg, we stood for a day, and we were tempted: we bought different products for 40 rubles - rosaries and 38 different rocks, cufflinks, buttons, and so on. Bought for gifts and, there is nothing to sin, paid terribly cheap. One fine evening, wandering in the spurs of the Urals, among the forest, we finally came across the border of Europe and Asia. An excellent pillar with inscriptions was set up, and with it a disabled person in the hut. We got out of the tarantass, and I crossed myself, which at last led the Lord to see the promised land. Then your wicker flask filled with bitter orange (Streeter's plant) came out, and we drank with the disabled person in farewell to Asia, the driver also drank (and how he was driving later) ”.
Vasily ZHUKOVSKY:"Views are beautiful"
When I was in Yekaterinburg: The poet Zhukovsky was in our city in 1837, when he accompanied the 19-year-old heir to the throne Alexander II during his travels around the country. On May 27, together with the royal retinue, the poet arrived in Yekaterinburg and immediately went to see the local sights. The city then lived in a special position. Yekaterinburg had its own army, laws and court. In addition, gold was mined in the city literally without going beyond its borders.
Impression: During the trip, Zhukovsky kept a diary in which he very dryly and strictly described everything that he managed to see. Unfortunately, he did not leave any comments in it. One of the pages is dedicated to the arrival in Yekaterinburg: "26 of May. Transfer from Bisersk to Yekaterinburg. Dinner. Inspection of the plant, gold washing, cutting factory, mint. Menshenin. In the evening drive around the city. Illuminations. Kharitonov's apartment. Thursday. Stay in Yekaterinburg and move to Nizhnetagilsk. Inspection of the Verkhneisetsky plant. Hospital. House of Kitaev. Amazing device. Cast iron production. Prison castle. The thief of emeralds in a jail with murderers... Court Shemyakin. Hospital. Mass. Missionary conversation. A trip to Tagil on tarantasses. I am with Menshenin. About Zotov. About Kharitonov. The case of the Gornoblagodatsky police chief who killed the non-commissioned officer. The case of the doctor who stole the gold. The road is at first non-scenic and wild. Then the views are beautiful; views of the Urals and groves are frequent. Nevyanovsky plant. The old house of Demidov. Belfry near the ancient church and courtyard. Drinking tea here.
The editors of the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda Yekaterinburg" would like to thank the staff of the United Museum of Ural Writers for their help in preparing the publication.
... On November 26, 1916, a cavalier holiday of the Order of St. George the Victorious. That is, in honor of those who became the Cavalier of St. George in the battles at the theater of the Great European War - that is what the newspapers of those years called the first imperialist massacre. "Getting George" meant to show genuine, personal courage, it was the highest award.
For many, Rasputin is an odious figure, but for all that, an extraordinary one. As numerous witnesses show, Rasputin used hypnosis and had a prophetic gift. And he treated the Tsarevich, a patient with hemophilia. For this purpose, Rasputin came to Perm in 1914, to the local inventor of miraculous electrolyte water. And he gained his first spiritual experience here, in the monasteries of the Perm province.
“Boris Stepanovich Ryabinin is a lover of life, a mischievous storyteller, a journalist,” this is how his friends remember him. And he's also a kungur. He spent the creative, active part of his adult life in the capital of the Urals, but still proudly called himself "Kungur Cucumber".
Vasily Tatishchev deservedly took an honorable place among the great minds of Russia. To call him ordinary simply does not turn the tongue. He founded the cities of Tolyatti, Yekaterinburg and Perm, led the development of the Urals. Wrote several significant works.
The era of Peter the Great is a time of major victories and accomplishments. And let Peter I be the most significant figure of that time, his success would not have been possible without smart and energetic people whom he noticed and appointed to the appropriate positions. One of them was Georg Wilhelm de Gennin. An engineer from God, who devoted 53 years to the service of Russia.
Somehow, unexpectedly, in the fall of 2012, news came of the death of the Vishera hermit Vladimir Alexandrovich Kodolov (aka grandfather Volodya, aka grandfather Au). One of those who are commonly called the symbol of the place, its living embodiment, has passed away.
James Aldridge (1918-2015) English writer and public figure. Maintained good relations with the USSR. His works were translated into Russian and were popular among the inhabitants of our country. In 1971 he visited the Middle Urals.
The reason for the search was an unexpected message sent to me via the Internet by a resident of Yekaterinburg E.E. Yakovleva. Elena Erikovna is a descendant of three ancient field dynasties connected by family ties - the Khmelinins, the Vakurovs and the Kalugins.
Ermak became famous for being the first person who began to explore Siberia for Russia. Since his deeds took place in ancient times, and the first part of his life he was little known, there is little reliable data about him. For each page of his life, historians offer several versions. And it is impossible to understand which of them corresponds to the truth.
Almost all encyclopedias and biographical materials state that Ivan Andreevich Krylov was born in Moscow. This version is not confirmed by a single fact! They say that on the eve of the next anniversary of the great fabulist, Stalin "advised" not to argue about the place of his birth: "We will assume that Krylov was born in Moscow." And the main Soviet fabulist Mikhalkov reminded of this "fact" at every opportunity ...
Many years ago, I literally fell in love with a Russian oligarch. True, he was no longer alive, he died back in the 19th century, but the Polish nobleman and Russian subject Alfons Fomich Poklevsky-Cosell simply fascinated me. In dilapidated post-perestroika Yekaterinburg, the story of a millionaire, the owner of fifty-six houses and nineteen estates, generously investing in the construction of churches, hospitals, schools sounded like a fairy tale ... However, the details of this forgotten biography had to be restored bit by bit. It seemed incredible that such great merits could be so easily and quickly forgotten.
For many years, together with my students, I was engaged in research activities on the history of Cherdyn secondary school No. 2. We were especially interested in the fate of teachers who worked at the school in the middle of the last century: the difficult, sometimes tragic life of Cherdyn teachers did not break them, did not harden them, did not reduce their love for children and their profession. The fate of each of them, like in a mirror, reflected the history of our state.
Alexander Petrovich Karpinsky is an outstanding Russian geologist, academician, the first president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, an active member of many scientific communities, the discoverer of the Artinskian, the author of many geological maps and some inventions.
Not many people know that the first Marshal of the Soviet Union Klim Voroshilov was in exile in the village of Nyrob in the Perm Territory. However, unlike another prisoner of Nyrob - Mikhail Romanov - he did not rot in a damp and cold pit, but lived in the best two-story house in the village.
“Durovsky decade” - this is how you can characterize the years when captain V.A. Durov, the younger brother of the famous cavalry girl Nadezhda Durova, who participated in the battles of the Patriotic War of 1812.
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Stroganov Grigory Dmitrievich (1656-1715) close associate of Peter the Great, bore the title of "eminent person". Being the owner of the Great Perm estate, he concentrated in his hands not only the fields of Usolye and Lenva, but also became the sole owner of the salt works of Solvychegodsk, Veliky Ustyug, Nizhny Novgorod, as well as Siberian Usolii. Representative of the dynasty of miners Stroganovs
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Alenin (Ermak) Vasily Timofeevich Cossack ataman, who worked closely with the Ural salt miners - the Stroganovs, who were interested in the development of Siberia. Leader of the expedition to Siberia. Conqueror of the Siberian Khanate. He died from his own greed, collecting extra tribute from the population of the Eastern Urals and Western Siberia in 1585.
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Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich (1686-1750) Scientist. Russian statesman whose name is associated with the history of the Urals and Yekaterinburg in the 18th century. One of the founders of Yekaterinburg. Mountain chief. Envoy of Peter I
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Shuvalovs Alexander Ivanovich (1710-1771) and Petr Ivanovich (1710-1762) Ural mining workers, statesmen during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
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Cherepanovs Efim Alekseevich (1774-1842) and Miron Efimovich (1803-1849) Fortress mechanics of the Nizhny Tagil factories. Nuggets of technical creativity. The inventors of the steam locomotive in 1834. Nizhny Tagil
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Dashkov Dmitry Vasilyevich (1788-1839) Founder of the dynasty of Ural mining workers since 1835. Well-known statesman. His work was continued in the Urals by the children Dmitry and Andrey.
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Demidovs It was solely thanks to the adventurism, energy, intelligence and penetrating ability of the youngest representative of the famous dynasty of Ural entrepreneurs - Nikita Nikitich Demidov (? -1758) that such Ural factories as Pervouralsky (formerly Shaitansky, or Vasilyevo-Shaitansky), Verkhne- and Nizhne- Serginsky, Upper and Lower Kyshtym coats of arms of the nobles Demidovs
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With the beginning of the 18th century, Russia rapidly rushed east to develop the richest region of the empire. From now on, it was not just about Russia's participation in international trade, but about turning it into a powerful European power. For which it was necessary, at a minimum, to have a strong army and navy, which, in turn, could only appear under the condition of the development of metallurgical and mining production. Large capitals were required for the construction of factories. The state, as always busy with a host of other problems, did not have enough money for new concerns. Tsar Peter Alekseevich tried to build state-owned factories. One of them arose in 1701 on the Neiva River. But, alas, they worked very badly. Therefore, when the Tula factory owner Nikita Demidov's son (nicknamed Antufiev) announced that he was ready to increase the production of pig iron and iron, and agreed to sell it to the treasury at prices half that of foreign ones, the Nevyansk plant was immediately transferred into his hands.
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Senior - Akinfiy was immediately sent to raise the Nevyansk plant. It is thanks to his direct efforts that several factories will be built in the Urals. Two younger sons - Grigory and Nikita, together with the whole family, will make up their father a company for resettlement to the Urals only in the spring of 1704. Nikita Demidov Jr.
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Nikita Demidov Sr. did not learn to read and write until the end of his life. But Nikita Demidov, Jr. was known as a literate. Both had a strong character, and in conflicts between them often, as they say, "a scythe found a stone." Both will show remarkable talent in the organization of metallurgical production. Nikita Sr. will have time to see 7 metallurgical plants built with his own hands, Nikita Jr. will be able to bequeath to his children 11 enterprises in the Urals and in the Moscow region.
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The Polish nobleman and Russian citizen Alfons Fomich Poklevsky-Kozell, who arrived in Siberia in the 1830s as a simple official, thanks to his intelligence and talent, managed to become the owner of a huge fortune, he owned steamships, vodka and breweries, gold mines, copper and asbestos mines, one of the first chemical factories in the Urals, nine iron works, glass factories, stud farms, numerous real estate, including two houses in St. Petersburg, huge mansions in Talitsa and Yekaterinburg
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Poklevsky invested a lot of money in the sphere that we now call social. He arranged hospitals and educational institutions in his possessions, helped in the construction and reconstruction of temples. Being himself a Catholic, he helped the Orthodox population of his factories. Participated in the construction of five Catholic churches in Siberia and the Urals, two of them were completely erected at his expense. On the railway line Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) - Tyumen there was even a station "Poklevskaya", located five miles from the Talitsky (main) residence of the Poklevskys. It was renamed in 1963 (Troitsky village)
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Bazhov Pavel Petrovich (January 27, 1879 - December 3, 1950) - the famous Russian Soviet writer, the famous Ural storyteller, prose writer, a talented processor of folk tales, legends, Ural tales.
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Pavel Petrovich Bazhov was born on January 27, 1879 in the Urals near Yekaterinburg in the family of the hereditary mining foreman of the Sysert plant, Pyotr Vasilyevich and Augusta Stefanovna Bazhev (this is how this surname was written then). The surname Bazhov comes from the local word "bazhit" - that is, to tell fortunes, to foretell. Bazhov also had a boyish street nickname - Koldunkov. And later, when Bazhov began to print his works, he signed one of his pseudonyms - Koldunkov. Petr Vasilievich Bazhev was a foreman of the puddling and welding shop of the Sysert Metallurgical Plant near Yekaterinburg. The writer's mother, Augusta Stefanovna, was a skilled lacemaker. This was a great help for the family, especially during the forced unemployment of her husband. The future writer lived and was formed among the Ural miners. Childhood impressions turned out to be the most important and vivid for Bazhov.
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Dmitry Narkisovich Mamin (Mamin-Sibiryak) November 6, 1852 in the factory village of Visimo-Shaitan (now Visim), Perm province. Father really wanted Dmitry to follow in his footsteps and devote his life to serving God. Dmitry's family was very enlightened, so he received his first education at home. After that, the boy went to the Visim school for the children of workers.
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Important facts of the biography November 6, 1852 - birth in Visimo-Shaitan. 1866 - the beginning of education at the Yekaterinburg Theological School. 1868 - the beginning of education at the Perm Theological Seminary. 1872 - admission to the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. 1876 - transfer to the Faculty of Law. 1877 - return to the Urals. Moving to Yekaterinburg. Publication of the first fiction work - "Secrets of the Green Forest". Journey through the Urals.
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1884 - the publication of the novel "Mountain Nest" in the "Notes of the Fatherland" 1891 - the final move to St. Petersburg. Death of wife and prolonged depression. The beginning of a particularly fruitful work on children's works. 1892 - the publication of the novel "Gold" and the story "Ohony's eyebrows". 1894 - the release of the first works from the cycle of children's stories "Alyonushka's Tales". 1895 - the publication of the two-volume Ural Stories and the novel Bread. November 15, 1912 - death in St. Petersburg.
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Achievements, interesting facts Children's works of Mamin-Sibiryak are truly unique: every line of the writer's prose is permeated with love and tenderness for little people. He initially conceived not ordinary fairy tales, but works that could educate the feelings of the child, his mind. No less valuable are works that describe nature. In 2002, the D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak Prize was established. Awarded to authors for works about the Urals. Mamin-Sibiryak collected surnames.
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Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov - Soviet intelligence officer, partisan ("Ober-Lieutenant Siebert") July 27, 1911 in a peasant family. In 1926 he graduated from a seven-year school, where he became interested in the Esperanto language. In 1927 he began to independently study the German language, having discovered outstanding linguistic abilities.
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In the spring of 1938, Nikolai Kuznetsov moved to Moscow and joined the NKVD. In September 1941, he wrote: "With a short exception, I spent the last three years abroad, traveled all over Europe, studied Germany especially hard." In the spring of 1942, Kuznetsov, under the name of the German officer Paul Siebert (code name "Pukh"), conducted intelligence activities in the German-occupied city of Rovno, passing information to the partisan detachment. He managed to find out about the Nazis preparing an offensive on the Kursk Bulge. He killed the imperial adviser, General Gel, kidnapped the commander of the punitive forces in Ukraine, General von Ilgen, committed sabotage. Killed in battle. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
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Uralians - Nobel Prize winners Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in 1930 in the Vitebsk region of the Byelorussian SSR. When the Great Patriotic War began, he and his parents were evacuated to the city of Turinsk, Sverdlovsk Region.
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Here he lived for 4 years. The Ural region made a significant contribution to the education of the future great scientist. By the end of 2011, his list of awards filled a page, and chief among them was the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded "for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics." The results of these studies are used by millions of people around the world. Optical fiber communication lines and new types of lasers - that's what the laureate's research has given the world. Alferov is known not only as a physicist, but also as a public and political figure.
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Uralians - Nobel Prize winners Konstantin Novoselov was born in 1974 in the city of Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Region. Studied at lyceum №39.
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Interest in the exact sciences Konstantin showed from the school bench: he was a regular participant in the All-Union Olympiads in mathematics and physics. In 1991, Novoselov was admitted to the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) at the Faculty of Physical and Quantum Electronics. Curiously, shortly before that, he received a "troika" in the entrance exam in mathematics at the Nizhny Tagil Polytechnic Institute.
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This is how carbon atoms are located in graphene. Shortly after receiving a diploma of higher education, Novoselov moved to the Netherlands, where he began working at the University of Nijmegen under the guidance of another Russian emigrant Andrei Geim. The result of their joint work was the production of graphene (in 2004). Graphene is an allotropic modification of carbon, similar to graphite, but only one layer of atoms thick.
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Golitsyn Mikhail Mikhailovich In the 18th century he founded a dynasty of Ural mining workers, having entered into family relations with the Stroganovs. Since 1806, his children Alexander and Sergey became the owners.
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Diaghilev Sergei Pavlovich (1872-1929) Artist and theatrical figure. Associated with the noble family of the Diaghilevs, who owned factories in the Urals in the Perm and Ufa provinces
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Popov Alexander Stepanovich (1859-1905) Inventor of radio. Born in the village of Turinskie mines (now the city of Krasnoturinsk, Sverdlovsk region). He studied at the Perm Theological Seminary. Russian physicist and electrical engineer. One of the pioneers in the application of electromagnetic waves for practical purposes, including radio communications. At the beginning of 1895, he created a version of the radio receiver that was perfect for that time. In 1897 he began work on wireless telegraphy. In 1901 he reached a radio communication range of about 150 km. Krasnoturinsk, Sverdlovsk region
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Yeltsin Boris Nikolayevich (1931-2007) State and political figure of the late twentieth century, the first president of the new Russia from 1991 to 1999 inclusive. One of the initiators and ideologists of reforming Russia. Yekaterinburg
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Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich (1896-1974) Hero of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. Outstanding statesman and military figure. Marshal of the Soviet Union. Four times Hero of the Soviet Union. Commander-in-Chief of the Ural Military District in 1947-1953. A native of the Kaluga region.
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Kalashnikov Mikhail Timofeevich (1919-2013) Author of the famous machine gun (1947). Gun designer. Member of the Great Patriotic War. Worked in JSC "Izhmash".
It is customary to say about “people from the Urals” that they are distinguished by some special severity. We decided to see if this is so, and also to understand what is the specificity of the regional self-consciousness of the Ural residents.
"Wild Happiness"
The idea of the severity of the inhabitants of the Urals did not appear today. Even Chekhov, having visited Yekaterinburg, wrote in 1890:
“The local people inspire a kind of horror in the traveler. Big cheekbones, big foreheads, with huge fists. They are born in local iron foundries, and at birth they are not obstetricians, but mechanics. He enters the room with a samovar or a decanter and looks like he will kill him. I shy away."
It is also interesting to write about the Ural mentality Mamin-Sibiryak. He called the special path of "people from the Urals" "wild happiness." In the understanding of the writer, this term meant a situation in which a person is ready to apply inhuman, titanic conditions in order to achieve his goal, but at the moment when luck is on his side, and you can either relax or “build up capital”, he commits some truly fantastic freaks.
The thought of Mamin-Sibiryak convincingly confirms one case. When, in the middle of the 19th century, two Yekaterinburg gold miners married their children. The wedding went on ... for a whole year.
Business people
Due to historical and geographical features in the Urals, since the 18th century, a completely specific attitude towards labor and capital began to take shape. By the time of the reign of Peter I, the Urals remained the frontier of "old" Russia, the border separating "civilization" from the "wild East", where "the tsar is far away, God is high."
In 1702, Peter I transferred the rights to own the Ural state-owned factories to the Tula gunsmith Nikita Antyufeev (future Demidov), a supplier of weapons for the Russian army during the war with the Swedes.
The Demidovs quickly realized what the beauty of the Urals was. Here they could not reckon either with the management of state-owned factories, or with the local administration, or with private traders. Having received the factories for use practically free of charge, the Demidovs quickly set up production, reached super profits and became one of the richest people not only in the Urals, but also in Russia.
In order to establish state control over the factories, in 1720 Vasily Tatishchev (future historiographer) was sent there, who founded the Mining Chancellery here. She had to put things in order in production. Needless to say, the Demidovs were not very happy about the arrival of an inspector from the center to their land? Between Tatishchev and "local capital" a real raider war began, accompanied by numerous letters "upstairs". Tatishchev accused the Demidovs of dumping prices, of arbitrariness at the factories, the Demidovs accused Tatishchev of deliberately delaying the delivery of grain to the factories so that the workers could not work due to hunger.
The well-known mining engineer Wilhelm de Genin was entrusted with dealing with this problem, who, after long litigation, nevertheless sided with Vasily Tatishchev. In a letter to Peter I, he wrote: “Demidov is not very nice that Your Majesty’s factories will bloom here, so that he could sell more of his iron, and set the price as he wanted, and the workers all went to his factories, but did not on yours."
A special kind of labor society, the so-called mining civilization, was formed at the Ural factories. The civil authorities here had practically no weight, since the entire Urals would be militarized and governed according to the Mining Regulations.
Even the laws that were in force on all the territories of Russia had no weight here. A fugitive peasant, caught in any part of the country, was to be returned to the owner, but in the Urals it was not at all like that. Factories in need of working hands opened their doors to everyone - both runaway convicts, deserter recruits, and persecuted schismatics. The living and working conditions at the factories, of course, left much to be desired, but any complaints were nipped in the bud. Yes, and how to complain to the invisible people who themselves fled from the right hand of the state? Therefore, they endured and worked.
human cauldron
The Urals became the "border of the Russian world" earlier than Siberia and the Far East, convicts were exiled here, runaway people fled here. There was always work here and there were conditions different from the rest of Russia, in which the latter, if they could not become the first, then certainly did not sit idle.
In the 20th century, the repressed and special settlers continued to be exiled to the Urals, evacuees from the south and the center of the country during the war years came here, then followed by shock construction of five-year plans, with the collapse of the USSR, refugees from the national outskirts began to flock to the Urals.
It was the Urals, where large-scale socialist construction projects on a global scale were going on back in the 30s of the 20th century (the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, the Turkestan-Siberian Railway, etc.) that became the leader in the process of creating a new urban civilization. Powerful processes of urbanization made the Urals an “all-Union laboratory”, where new forms of hostel life and collective responsibility were mastered.
The Ural "secret cities" have also become an interesting phenomenon, some of which remain closed to this day. Their appearance was facilitated by some inherent in the inhabitants of the Urals, alertness and secrecy. The Urals became the “atomic shield” of the country, justifying its poetic definition of “the stronghold of the state”.
Psychotype of "people from the Urals"
Sociological research. held both in Soviet times and today can give an understanding of the “Ural character”. Based on their results, it can be said that Urals residents are characterized by a sense of belonging to a common cause, dedication and a tendency to risky actions, a psychological attitude to solve problems at any cost, and a sense of pride in the trust placed in them.
In Soviet times, sociologists also noted the presence of such traits as defensive consciousness and militaristic moods in the Urals. Accustomed to strict discipline, regime, "severe Ural men" are always ready for labor exploits. Also, the features characteristic of the Urals can be considered “a sense of elbow” and collectivism, endurance, a special commitment to traditions and antiquity, love of freedom, sharpness and determination, patriotism and restraint, which is so often mistaken for severity.
Studies by Yekaterinburg sociologists in 1995 showed that the so-called "regional self-awareness" is being formed in the Urals. Most of the inhabitants of the Urals feel a bond with their land, feel themselves in the context of their "small Motherland" and do not rush to the center, believing that the revival of Russia can begin here - in the Urals.
The most famous Ural writers are Sergei Aksakov, Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak and Pavel Bazhov.
In this topic, I want to introduce you to the Ural writers, my compatriots, countrymen. Someone was born in the Urals, someone came, but for every writer the Urals became an inspiration for stories, novels, tales. Here they are, Ural gems.
Dmitry Narkisovich Mamin-Sibiryak - real name - Mamin. Born on October 25 (November 6), 1852 in the Visimo-Shaitansky plant of the Perm province in the family of a factory priest. He was educated at home, then studied at the Visim school for the children of workers. In 1866 he was admitted to the Yekaterinburg Theological School, where he studied until 1868, then continued his education at the Perm Theological Seminary (until 1872). During these years, he participated in the circle of advanced seminarians, was influenced by the ideas of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen.
The first fruit of this study was a series of travel essays "From the Urals to Moscow" later, many Russian writers would draw inspiration from here (1881-1882), published in the Moscow newspaper "Russian Vedomosti"; then in the magazine "Delo" his essays "In the Stones", stories ("At the turn of Asia", "In thin souls", etc.) were published. Many were signed with the pseudonym D. Sibiryak.
The first major work of the writer was the novel "Privalovsky millions" (1883), which was published in the magazine "Delo" for a year and was a great success. In 1884, the novel The Mountain Nest appeared in the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, establishing Mamin-Sibiryak's reputation as an outstanding realist writer. Two long trips to the capital (1881-1882, 1885-1886) strengthened the literary ties of the writer: he met Korolenko, Zlatovratsky, Goltsev. During these years he writes and publishes many short stories and essays. The complex processes in the Urals after the Peasant Reform of 1861 are the subject of the novel Three Ends. The Ural Chronicle (1890); the gold-mining season is described in harsh naturalistic detail in the novel Gold (1892), the famine in the Ural village of 1891-1892 in the novel Bread (1895), which also conveys the author’s reverently loving attitude to the disappearing details of the ancient way of life (which is also characteristic of the cycle of stories "Near the Masters" (1900) The gloomy drama, the abundance of suicides and catastrophes in the works of Mamin-Sibiryak, the "Russian Zola", recognized as one of the creators of the Russian sociological novel, revealed one of the important facets of the public mindset of Russia at the end of the century: the feeling of a person's complete dependence on socio-economic circumstances that perform in modern conditions the function of unpredictable and inexorable ancient rock.
The rise of the social movement in the early 1890s contributed to the emergence of such works as the novels "Gold" (1892), the story "Ohony's eyebrows" (1892). The works of Mamin-Sibiryak for children gained wide popularity: Alyonushka's Tales (1894-1896), Gray Neck (1893), Lightning Lightning (1897), Across the Urals (1899) and others. The last major works of the writer are novels "Features from the Life of Pepko" (1894), "Shooting Stars" (1899) and the story "Mumma" (1907).
Bazhov Pavel Petrovich (January 27, 1879 - August 31, 1967) - the famous Russian Soviet writer, the famous Ural storyteller, prose writer, a talented processor of folk tales, legends, Ural tales.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov was born on January 27, 1879 in the Urals near Yekaterinburg in the family of the hereditary mining foreman of the Sysert plant, Pyotr Vasilyevich and Augusta Stefanovna Bazhev (this is how this surname was written then).
The surname Bazhov comes from the local word "bazhit" - that is, to tell fortunes, to foretell. Bazhov also had a boyish street nickname - Koldunkov. And later, when Bazhov began to print his works, he signed one of his pseudonyms - Koldunkov.
He liked to listen to other old experienced people, connoisseurs of the past. The Sysert old men Aleksey Efimovich Klyukva and Ivan Petrovich Korob were good storytellers. But the best of all whom Bazhov happened to know was the old field miner Vasily Alekseevich Khmelinin. He worked as a caretaker of wood warehouses at the plant, and children gathered at his gatehouse on Dumnaya Gora to listen to interesting stories.
The childhood and adolescence of Pavel Petrovich Bazhov were spent in the town of Sysert and at the Polevsk plant, which was part of the Sysert mining district.
In 1939, Bazhov's most famous work, the collection of fairy tales The Malachite Box, was published, for which the writer received the State Prize. In the future, Bazhov replenished this book with new tales.
Bazhov's writing path began relatively late: the first book of essays, "The Urals were," was published in 1924. Only in 1939 were his most significant works published - a collection of tales "The Malachite Box", which received the USSR State Prize in 1943, and an autobiographical story about childhood "Green filly". In the future, Bazhov replenishes the "Malachite Box" with new tales: "The Key-Stone" (1942), "Tales about the Germans" (1943), "Tales about gunsmiths" and others. His later works can be defined as "tales" not only because of their formal genre characteristics (the presence of a fictional narrator with an individual speech characteristic), but also because they go back to the Ural "secret tales" - the oral legends of miners and miners, distinguished by a combination of real -household and fabulous elements.
Bazhov's works, which go back to the Ural "secret tales" - the oral legends of miners and prospectors, combine real-life and fantastic elements. The tales, which absorbed plot motifs, the colorful language of folk legends and folk wisdom, embodied the philosophical and ethical ideas of our time.
He worked on the collection of tales "The Malachite Box" from 1936 until the last days of his life. It was first published as a separate edition in 1939. Then, from year to year, the "Malachite Box" was replenished with new tales.
The tales of the Malachite Box are a kind of historical prose, in which the events and facts of the history of the Middle Urals of the 18th-19th centuries are recreated through the personality of the Ural workers. Fairy tales live as an aesthetic phenomenon thanks to a complete system of realistic, fantastic and semi-fantastic images and the richest moral and humanistic problems (themes of work, creative search, love, fidelity, freedom from the power of gold, etc.).
Bazhov sought to develop his own literary style, looking for original forms of embodiment of his writing talent. He succeeded in this in the mid-1930s, when he began to publish his first stories. In 1939, Bazhov combined them into the book The Malachite Box, which he later supplemented with new works. Malachite gave the name to the book because, according to Bazhov, "the joy of the earth is collected" in this stone.
Directly artistic and literary activity began late, at the age of 57 years. According to him, “there was simply no time for this kind of literary work.
The creation of tales became the main business of Bazhov's life. In addition, he edited books and almanacs, including those on Ural local history.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov died on December 3, 1950 in Moscow, and was buried in his homeland in Yekaterinburg.
Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich (1791-1859) - Russian writer, government official and public figure, literary and theater critic, memoirist, author of books on fishing and hunting, lepidopterologist. Father of Russian writers and public figures of the Slavophiles:
Konstantin, Ivan and Vera Aksakov. Corresponding Member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Describing the famous natives of Ufa in particular and the entire Southern Urals as a whole, of course, one cannot but ignore the great Russian writer Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov as one of the most striking figures in Russian culture of the first half of the 19th century. A man who sang the nature dear to his heart, and to ours with you, the Orenburg province. What we now call the Southern Urals. There are few well-known people from Ufa who would be so closely associated with this city.
At the entrance to the former park named after Krupskaya, and now named after Salavat Yulaev, at the intersection of Salavat and Rasulev streets, there is a wooden house at the corner, known as Aksakov's house. In this house on October 1, 1791, the future great writer was born. They say that in the house, which now houses the Aksakov Museum, the ghost of the old owner, Nikolai Zubov, still appears in the former office. Aksakov's childhood years also passed here, in this house. What the writer Aksakov wrote about later was "Childhood of Bagrov's grandson" - a biographical book.
Aksakov did not live in Ufa for a long time and at the age of 8 he was taken to Kazan, where he entered the gymnasium. From Kazan, after years of study, he left for Moscow. It was there that he became everything we know him and for which fame came to him. Including for the fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower". But the childhood years spent in Ufa and the estate in the Orenburg province, most likely, remained with Aksakov for life. And they were immortalized in a family trilogy. In "Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province" and about fishing. It was thanks to Aksakov that many in the world learned about the existence of Bashkiria, koumiss and the South Ural steppes. And despite the fact that Aksakov's style was heavy in many respects, he wrote about nature with undisguised love. And it is felt in everything. Aksakov's work, Aksakov's stories are, first of all, a story about the beautiful nature of the Southern Urals. Probably, you need to be endlessly in love with these lands in order to write about them the way Aksakov did. Although most of his contemporaries know first of all Aksakov's fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower".
