The organism is a biological system of the biosphere

Every living being is organism, which differs from inanimate nature by a set of certain properties inherent only in living matter - cellular organization and metabolism.

From the modern standpoint, the organism is a self-organizing energy-information system that overcomes entropy (see Section 9.2) by maintaining a state of unstable equilibrium.

The study of the relationship and interaction in the "organism-environment" system led to the understanding that the living organisms that inhabit our planet do not exist by themselves. They are completely dependent on the environment and constantly experience its effects. Each organism successfully survives and reproduces in a specific habitat characterized by a relatively narrow range of temperatures, rainfall, soil conditions, and so on.

Consequently, the part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect effect on them is their habitat. From it, organisms receive everything necessary for life and excrete metabolic products into it. The habitat of each organism is composed of many elements of inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by man and his production activities. At the same time, some elements may be partially or completely indifferent to the body, others are necessary, and still others have a negative effect.

living conditions, or conditions of existence, is a set of elements of the environment necessary for the organism, with which it is in inseparable unity and without which it cannot exist.

Homeostasis - self-renewal and maintenance of the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

Living organisms are characterized by movement, reactivity, growth, development, reproduction and heredity, as well as adaptation. in metabolism, or metabolism, a number of chemical reactions take place in the body (for example, during respiration or photosynthesis).

Organisms such as bacteria are able to create organic compounds at the expense of inorganic components - compounds of nitrogen or sulfur. Such a process is called chemosynthesis.

Metabolism in the body occurs only with the participation of special macromolecular protein substances - enzymes acting as catalysts. In regulating the process of metabolism in the body, enzymes help vitamins and hormones. Together they carry out the overall chemical coordination of the metabolic process. Metabolic processes proceed along the entire path of the individual development of the organism - ontogenesis.

Ontogeny - a set of successive morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations undergone by the body over the entire period of life.

Habitat of an organism- a set of constantly changing conditions of his life. The terrestrial biota has mastered three main habitats: and soil, together with rocks of the near-surface part of the lithosphere.

Content:

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………29

Introduction.

Health is the natural state of the body, which allows a person to fully realize his abilities, to carry out labor activity without restriction, while maintaining the duration of an active life to the maximum. A healthy person has a harmonious physical and mental development, quickly and adequately adapts to a constantly changing natural and social environment, he does not have any painful changes in the body, he has a high working capacity. Subjectively, health is manifested by a sense of general well-being, the joy of life. It is in this broad sense that experts from the World Health Organization (WHO) have briefly defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of physical defects or disease.

To find out how the environment affects human health, it is necessary to start by defining the concepts of "nature" and "environment". In a broad sense, nature is the entire material, energy and information world of the Universe. Nature is a set of natural conditions for the existence of human society, which is directly or indirectly affected by humanity, with which it is connected in economic activity. The interaction of man with nature is an eternal and at the same time modern problem: humanity is connected by its origin with the natural environment, existence and future. Man, as an element of nature, is part of a complex system "nature - society". Due to nature, mankind satisfies many of its needs.

All elements of nature are the environment. The concept of "environment" does not include man-made objects (buildings, cars, etc.), since they surround individuals, and not society as a whole.

Human health should be considered as a whole, as the health of a single organism, which depends on the health of all its parts.

Vitality is a complex biological process that occurs in the human body, allowing you to maintain health and performance. A necessary and obligatory condition for the course of this biological process is activity. The concept of "activity" forms the whole set of types of human activity. The forms of activity are varied. They cover the practical, intellectual and spiritual processes taking place in everyday life, social, cultural, scientific, industrial and other spheres of life.

The "man - environment" system is two-purpose. One goal is to achieve a certain effect, the second is to exclude phenomena, influences and other processes that cause undesirable consequences (hazards).
In all variants of the "man - environment" system, a person is a constant component, and the environment is determined by his choice. Thus, a person lives in a constantly changing environment. All manifestations of life are due to the conflict between the forces of the body, its constitution and the influence of the environment. Changes in the environment require adaptations from biosystems that are adequate to the impact. Without this condition, the body is not able to survive, reproduce full-fledged offspring, preserve and develop the health of this and future generations of people.
The purpose of this work is to study the relationship of the human body with the environment in order to have a clear idea of ​​the mechanisms that ensure the harmonious unity of the human body with the environment, as well as their possible violations under the influence of the production environment.

The main functional systems of a person; connection of the vital activity of the human body with the environment; the influence of the environment on human performance.

Functional systems of the body- dynamic, self-regulating central-peripheral organizations that provide results that are useful for the body's metabolism and its adaptation to the environment.

Functional systems of the behavioral and especially mental level, as a rule, are formed as the subjects develop special needs and are formed to a large extent in the learning process.

Any functional system has a fundamentally the same type of organization and includes common (universal for different functional systems), peripheral and central nodal mechanisms.

One of the most important functional systems of the human nervous system(NS) - connects various systems and parts of the body.

The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which make up nervous fibers and nodes lying outside the CNS.

The NS functions on the principle of reflex. Reflex called any response of the body to irritation from the environment or internal environment, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system. In cases of extreme impact on the body, NS forms protective and adaptive reactions, determines the ratio of the influencing and protective effects.

The human body has an immune defense system. Immunity - This is a property of the body that ensures its resistance to the action of foreign proteins, pathogenic microbes and their toxic products. There are natural and acquired immunity.

Natural or innate immunity this is a species trait that is inherited (for example, people do not get plague from cattle).

acquired immunity occurs as a result of the body's struggle with foreign proteins in the blood. A significant role in immunity belongs to specific protective factors of blood serum - antibodies that accumulate in it after an illness, as well as after artificial immunization (vaccination).

The category "environment" includes a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The latter are factors generated by a person and his economic activity and have a predominantly negative impact on a person. Changes in the state of health of the population, caused by the influence of environmental factors, are methodologically difficult to study, since this requires the use of multivariate analysis.

The influence of the atmosphere on the human body.

The atmosphere serves as a source of oxygen respiration, perceives gaseous metabolic products, affects heat transfer and other functions of living organisms. Oxygen and nitrogen are of primary importance for the life of the organism, the content of which in the air is 21% and 78%, respectively.

Oxygen is essential for the respiration of most living things (except for a small number of anaerobic microorganisms). Nitrogen is included in the composition of proteins and nitrogenous compounds, the origin of life on earth is associated with it. Carbon dioxide is a source of organic carbon, the second most important component of these compounds.

During the day, a person inhales about 12-15 m3 of oxygen, and emits approximately 580 liters of carbon dioxide. Therefore, atmospheric air is one of the main vital elements of the environment around us.

To date, a lot of scientific evidence has accumulated that air pollution, especially in large cities, has reached levels dangerous to human health. Many cases of illness and even death of residents of cities of industrial centers are known as a result of emissions of toxic substances by industrial enterprises and transport under certain meteorological conditions. In this regard, the literature often mentions catastrophic cases of poisoning of people in the Meuse Valley (Belgium), in the city of Donore (USA), in London, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh and a number of other large cities not only in Western Europe, but also in Japan, China , Canada, Russia, etc.

Atmospheric pollution has a particularly detrimental effect on a person in cases where meteorological conditions contribute to stagnation of air over the city.

Harmful substances contained in the atmosphere affect the human body upon contact with the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. Along with the respiratory organs, pollutants affect the organs of vision and smell, and acting on the mucous membrane of the larynx, they can cause spasms of the vocal cords. Inhaled solid and liquid particles with a size of 0.6-1.0 microns reach the alveoli and are absorbed in the blood, some accumulate in the lymph nodes.

Signs and consequences of the action of air pollutants on the human body are manifested mostly in the deterioration of the general state of health: headaches, nausea, a feeling of weakness, reduced or lost ability to work. Individual pollutants cause specific symptoms of poisoning. For example, chronic phosphorus poisoning is initially manifested by pain in the gastrointestinal tract and yellowing of the skin. These symptoms are accompanied by loss of appetite and slow metabolism. In the future, phosphorus poisoning leads to deformation of the bones, which become more and more fragile. The resistance of the organism as a whole decreases.

The impact of water resources on human life.

The waters located on the surface of the planet (continental and oceanic) form a geological shell called the hydrosphere. The hydrosphere is in close connection with other spheres of the Earth: the lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Water spaces - water areas - occupy a much larger part of the surface of the globe compared to land.

Water is vital. It is needed everywhere - in everyday life, agriculture and industry. Water is needed by the body to a greater extent than anything else, with the exception of oxygen. A well-fed person can live without food for 3-4 weeks, and without water - only a few days.

Water helps to regulate body temperature and serves as a lubricant that facilitates joint movement. It plays an important role in building and repairing body tissues.

With a sharp reduction in water consumption, a person becomes ill or his body begins to function worse. But water is needed, of course, not only for drinking: it also helps a person to keep his body, dwelling and habitat in good hygienic condition.

Without water, personal hygiene is impossible, that is, a set of practical actions and skills that protect the body from diseases and maintain human health at a high level. Washing, a warm bath and swimming bring a feeling of cheerfulness and calmness.

The water we consume must be clean. Water-borne diseases cause ill health, disability and death in large numbers of people, especially children, predominantly in less developed countries where poor personal and communal hygiene is common. Diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, hookworm are transmitted primarily to humans as a result of contamination of water sources with excrement excreted from the body of patients.

Without any exaggeration, we can say that high-quality water that meets sanitary, hygienic and epidemiological requirements is one of the indispensable conditions for maintaining people's health. But in order for it to be useful, it must be purified from all harmful impurities and delivered clean to a person.

In recent years, the view of water has changed. Not only hygienists, but also biologists, engineers, builders, economists, and politicians began to talk about it more and more often. And it's understandable - the rapid development of social production and urban planning, the growth of material well-being, the cultural level of the population constantly increase the need for water, make it more rational to use it.

Soil and man.

Soil is the main component of any terrestrial ecosystems, various physical, chemical and biological processes take place in it, it is inhabited by many living organisms. The content of mineral and organic substances, as well as microorganisms, is influenced by the climatic conditions of a particular area, the presence of industrial and agricultural facilities, the season and the amount of precipitation.

The physico-chemical composition and sanitary condition of the soil can affect the living conditions and health of the population.

Soil pollution, as well as atmospheric air pollution, is associated with human production activities.

The sources of soil pollution are agricultural and industrial enterprises, as well as residential buildings. At the same time, chemical (including very harmful to health: lead, mercury, arsenic and their compounds), as well as organic compounds, enter the soil from industrial and agricultural facilities.

From the soil, harmful substances (of inorganic and organic origin) and pathogenic bacteria can enter surface water bodies and aquifers with rainwater, polluting the water used for drinking. Some of the chemical compounds, including carcinogenic carbohydrates, can be absorbed from the soil by plants, and then enter the human body through milk and meat, causing changes in the state of health.

Man and radiation.

Radiation, by its very nature, is harmful to life. Small doses of radiation can “start” a not yet fully established chain of events leading to cancer or genetic damage. At high doses, radiation can destroy cells, damage organ tissues and cause the death of an organism.

Damage caused by high doses of radiation usually shows up within hours or days. Cancers, however, do not appear until many years after irradiation—usually not earlier than one to two decades. And congenital malformations and other hereditary diseases caused by damage to the genetic apparatus appear only in the next or subsequent generations: these are children, grandchildren and more distant descendants of an individual who has been exposed to radiation.

Of course, if the radiation dose is high enough, the exposed person will die. In any case, very high radiation doses of the order of 100 Gy cause such severe damage to the central nervous system that death, as a rule, occurs within a few hours or days. At radiation doses of 10 to 50 Gy for whole-body exposure, CNS damage may not be so severe as to be fatal, but the exposed person is likely to die anyway in one to two weeks from hemorrhages in the gastrointestinal tract. Even lower doses may not cause serious damage to the gastrointestinal tract, or the body can cope with them, and yet death can occur after one to two months from the time of exposure, mainly due to the destruction of red bone marrow cells, the main component of the body's hematopoietic system. : from a dose of 3-5 Gy during whole-body irradiation, about half of all exposed people die.

Effect of sounds on the human body.

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical vibrations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Vibrations of a higher frequency are called ultrasound, a smaller one is called infrasound. Noise - loud sounds that have merged into a discordant sound.

In nature, loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short. The combination of sound stimuli gives animals and humans time to assess their nature and form a response. Sounds and noises of high power affect the hearing aid, nerve centers, can cause pain and shock. This is how noise pollution works.

Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, state of health, environmental conditions.

Constant exposure to strong noise can not only adversely affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue. Very noisy modern music also dulls the hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Noise is insidious, its harmful effect on the body is invisibly, imperceptibly. Disturbances in the human body due to noise become noticeable only over time.

Weather and human well-being

The central place among all rhythmic processes is occupied by circadian rhythms, which are of the greatest importance for the organism. The reaction of the body to any impact depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm, that is, on the time of day. This knowledge caused the development of new directions in medicine - chronodiagnostics, chronotherapy, chronopharmacology. They are based on the position that the same remedy at different hours of the day has a different, sometimes directly opposite, effect on the body. Therefore, in order to obtain a greater effect, it is important to indicate not only the dose, but also the exact time of taking the medication.

The climate also has a serious impact on the well-being of a person, affecting him through weather factors. Weather conditions include a complex of physical conditions: atmospheric pressure, humidity, air movement, oxygen concentration, the degree of disturbance of the Earth's magnetic field, the level of atmospheric pollution.

With a sharp change in the weather, physical and mental performance decreases, diseases become aggravated, the number of errors, accidents and even deaths increases.

Weather changes do not equally affect the well-being of different people. In a healthy person, when the weather changes, the physiological processes in the body are timely adjusted to the changed environmental conditions. As a result, the protective reaction is enhanced and healthy people practically do not feel the negative effects of the weather.

Landscape as a health factor.

A person always strives to the forest, to the mountains, to the seashore, river or lake.
Here he feels a surge of strength, vivacity. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the bosom of nature. Sanatoriums and rest houses are built in the most beautiful corners. This is not an accident. It turns out that the surrounding landscape can have a different effect on the psycho-emotional state. Contemplation of the beauties of nature stimulates vitality and calms the nervous system. Plant biocenoses, especially forests, have a strong healing effect.

Polluted air in the city, poisoning the blood with carbon monoxide, causes the same harm to a non-smoker as a smoker smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. A serious negative factor in modern cities is the so-called noise pollution.

Given the ability of green spaces to favorably influence the state of the environment, they must be as close as possible to the place of life, work, study and recreation of people.

Man, like other types of living organisms, is able to adapt, that is, adapt to environmental conditions. Human adaptation to new natural and industrial conditions can be characterized as a set of socio-biological properties and characteristics necessary for the sustainable existence of an organism in a particular ecological environment.

The life of each person can be seen as a constant adaptation, but our ability to do this has certain limits. Also, the ability to restore their physical and mental strength for a person is not infinite.

2. The main parameters that determine the working environment (working conditions) in enclosed spaces, and their impact on the human body.

Work environment- the space in which human activity takes place. The main elements of the working environment are labor and the natural environment. The labor process is carried out in certain conditions of the production environment, which are characterized by a combination of elements and factors of the material and production environment that affect the ability to work and the state of human health in the process of work. The working environment and the factors of the labor process together make up the working conditions.

Dangerous and harmful factors have a great influence on human health, its viability and vital activity.

Hazardous factors can, under certain conditions, cause acute health problems. Harmful factors adversely affect performance and cause occupational diseases (physical, physiological neuropsychic overload). The main signs of dangerous and harmful factors include: the possibility of a direct negative effect on the human body; complication of the normal functioning of human organs; the possibility of disruption of the normal state of the elements of the production process, which may result in accidents, explosions, fires, injuries.

Hazardous factors are divided into:

chemical, arising from toxic substances that can cause adverse effects on the body;

physical, the cause of which may be noise, vibration and other types of oscillatory effects, non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, climatic parameters (temperature, humidity and air mobility), atmospheric pressure, light level, as well as fibrogenic dust;

biological, caused by pathogenic microorganisms, microbial preparations, biological pesticides, saprophytic spore-forming microflora (in livestock buildings), microorganisms that are producers of microbiological preparations.

Harmful (or unfavorable) factors also include:

physical (static and dynamic) overloads - lifting and carrying weights, uncomfortable body position, prolonged pressure on the skin, joints, muscles and bones;

physiological - insufficient motor activity (hypokinesia);

neuropsychic overload - mental overstrain, emotional overload, overstrain of analyzers.

Work zone- a space with a height of 2 m above the level of the floor or platform on which the workplace is located.

For each zone of danger (harmfulness) there is a production risk; At the same time, permissible working conditions in the workplace can only take place if the following requirements are met:

values ​​(levels) of HMF and OPF in potentially hazardous areas do not exceed the standard values;

in potentially hazardous areas there is an anthropometric, biophysical and psychophysiological compatibility of the worker with the material elements of the production environment.

In cases where these requirements are not met, the working conditions at workplaces must be recognized as a result of their certification as harmful or dangerous.

Certification of workplaces according to working conditions is a system for analyzing and evaluating workplaces for conducting recreational activities, familiarizing workers with working conditions, certifying production facilities, confirming or canceling the right to provide compensation and benefits to workers engaged in hard work and work with harmful and dangerous working conditions.

Ventilation and air conditioning.

Ventilation and air conditioning in factories create an air environment that complies with occupational health standards. By means of ventilation it is possible to regulate temperature, humidity and purity of air in rooms. Air conditioning creates an optimal artificial climate.

The need for air ventilation in administrative, domestic and other premises is caused by:

technological processes (use of machinery and equipment that emit harmful gases during operation; unpacking, packaging, packaging - dust emission);

the number of employees and visitors (a significant number of visitors in various trade enterprises requires more intensive air exchange);

sanitary and hygienic requirements (pharmaceutical production requires special purity, including air).

Inadequate air exchange in the premises of enterprises weakens the attention and ability to work of workers, causes nervous irritability, and as a result, reduces productivity and quality of work.

Lighting of premises and workplaces

Visible light is electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 380–770 nm (nanometer = 10–9 meters). From a physical point of view, any light source is a cluster of many excited or continuously excited atoms. Each individual atom of a substance is a generator of a light wave.

3. Influence of the working environment on the intensity of labor and the use of working time

Any type of labor activity is a complex set of physiological processes that involve all organs and systems of the human body. A huge role in this work is played by the central nervous system (CNS), which ensures the coordination of functional changes that develop in the body during the performance of work.

Labor is divided into mental and physical. Physical labor is characterized by a load on the musculoskeletal system and the functional system of the body. Mental work is associated with the reception and processing of information, which requires the primary tension of attention, as well as the activation of thinking.

Muscular work of varying intensity can cause shifts in different parts of the central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex. Severe physical activity often causes a decrease in cortical excitability, a violation of conditioned reflex activity, as well as an increase in the sensitivity threshold of visual, auditory and tactile analyzers.

On the contrary, moderate work improves conditioned reflex activity and lowers the threshold of perception for these analyzers.

Some features of physiological changes in the body take place during the performance of mental work with the predominant participation of higher nervous activity. It has been noted that during intense mental activity (unlike physical work), gas exchange either does not change at all, or changes slightly.

Intense mental work causes deviations from the normal tone of the smooth muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, especially the vessels of the brain and heart. On the other hand, a huge number of impulses coming from the periphery and internal organs, from several types of receptors (exteroreceptors, interoreceptors and proprioreceptors) affect the course of mental work.

Intense work, both physical and mental, can lead to fatigue and overwork.

In the physiology of labor, the most important are the concepts of working capacity and fatigue. Under working capacity understand the potential ability of a person to perform work of a certain volume and quality for a given time and with sufficient efficiency. The working capacity of a person during a work shift is characterized by phase development. The main phases are:

The phase of development, or increasing efficiency. During this period, there is a restructuring of physiological functions from the previous type of human activity to production. Depending on the nature of work and individual characteristics, this phase lasts from several minutes to 1.5 hours.

The phase of sustained high performance. It is typical for it that relative stability or even a slight decrease in the intensity of physiological functions is established in the human body. This state is combined with high labor indicators (increased output, reduced scrap, reduced working time spent on operations, reduced equipment downtime, erroneous actions). Depending on the severity of labor, the phase of stable performance can be maintained for 2-2.5 or more hours.

The phase of development of fatigue and the associated drop in performance lasts from several minutes to 1-1.5 hours and is characterized by a deterioration in the functional state of the body and the technical and economic indicators of its labor activity.

Fatigue is understood as a special physiological state of the body that occurs after the work done and is expressed in a temporary decrease in performance.

One of the objective signs is a decrease in labor productivity, but subjectively, it is usually expressed in a feeling of fatigue, i.e. unwillingness or even impossibility to continue working further. Fatigue can occur with any activity.

With prolonged exposure to the body of harmful factors of the production environment, overwork can develop, sometimes called chronic, when the working capacity that has decreased during the day is not fully restored by night rest. Symptoms of overwork are various disorders from the neuropsychic sphere, for example, weakening of attention and memory. Along with this, overworked people experience headaches, sleep disorders (insomnia), loss of appetite and increased irritability.

In addition, chronic overwork usually causes a weakening of the body, a decrease in its resistance to external influences, which is expressed in an increase in morbidity and injuries. Quite often this condition predisposes to the development of neurasthenia and hysteria.

Joint work requires unity in the distribution of labor in time - by hours of the day, days of the week and longer periods of time.

The mode of work and rest is the order of alternation of periods of work and rest and their duration established for each type of work. A rational mode is such a ratio and content of periods of work and rest, in which high labor productivity is combined with high and stable human performance without signs of excessive fatigue for a long time. Such an alternation of periods of work and rest is observed at various periods of time: during a work shift, day, week, year in accordance with the operating mode of the enterprise.

The development of a work and rest regime is based on solving the following questions: when and how many breaks should be scheduled; how long should each be; what is the content of the rest.

For the dynamics of human performance throughout the day, the week is characterized by the same pattern as for performance during the shift. At different times of the day, the human body reacts differently to physical and neuropsychic stress. In accordance with the daily cycle of working capacity, its highest level is noted in the morning and afternoon hours: from 8 to 12 in the first half of the day, and from 14 to 17 in the afternoon. In the evening hours, performance decreases, reaching its minimum at night.

In the daytime, the lowest performance is usually observed between 12 and 14 hours, and at night - from 3 to 4 hours.

It is necessary to develop new modes of work and rest and improve the existing one based on the characteristics of changes in working capacity. If the work time coincides with periods of peak performance, then the worker will be able to perform maximum work with minimal energy consumption and minimal fatigue.

4.Suggestion to improve the working environment

In companies and other organizations, the need to improve the work environment and the expectations of the results of such improvement are largely related to the economic value of a particular case or work environment problem. Because of this, economic factors influence the role of the administration in each situation, as well as the appropriateness and effectiveness of the method of control. In the program for the development of the economics of the working environment, the following division is given:

1) Improvement of the working environment, economically beneficial for the enterprise: implementation is beneficial to all, implementation is a matter of awareness and skill.

2) Production environment improvements, beneficial from the point of view of the national economy, but not beneficial for the enterprise: official authorities exert influence by setting standards and exercising control; new economic management methods should be developed.
3) Economically disadvantageous improving the working environment: official authorities exert influence by setting standards and exercising control; they should be carried out as economically as possible, it may be necessary to develop new economic methods of management.

Improving the working environment does not always happen, nor should it always be economically beneficial for the enterprise. The capital investment required to ensure occupational safety is part of the production costs. Poor planning or poor implementation of labor protection measures, however, leads to useless costs. From the point of view of productivity, the most important place among the issues of labor protection belongs to the state of mind of the employee, the content, versatility and organization of work. These factors should be taken into account and combined with other control objects.

Conclusion.

No society has been able to completely eliminate the dangers to human health arising from age-old and new environmental conditions. The most advanced modern societies have already markedly reduced the damage from traditional deadly diseases, but they have also created a lifestyle and technology that poses new threats to health.

All forms of life arose as a result of natural evolution, and their maintenance is determined by biological, geological and chemical cycles. However Homo sapiens is the first species able and willing to significantly change natural life support systems and aspires to become the preeminent evolutionary force acting in its own interests. By mining, producing and burning natural substances, we disrupt the flow of elements through soils, oceans, flora, fauna and atmosphere; we are changing the biological and geological face of the Earth; we are changing the climate more and more, faster and faster we are depriving plant and animal species of their familiar environment. Humanity is now creating new elements and compounds; new discoveries in genetics and technology make it possible to bring to life new dangerous agents.

Many changes in the environment have made it possible to create favorable conditions conducive to an increase in life expectancy. But mankind has not conquered the forces of nature and has not come to their full understanding: many inventions and interventions in nature occur without considering the possible consequences. Some of them have already caused disastrous returns.

The surest way to avoid insidious environmental changes is to reduce ecosystem changes and human intervention in nature, taking into account the state of his knowledge of the world around him.

Caring for human health involves the improvement of the surrounding nature - living and inanimate. And only we can decide in what environment our children and grandchildren will live.

List of used literature.

Agadzhanyan N. Ecology, health and survival prospects// Green world. - 2004. - No. 13-14. – pp. 10-14

Hygiene and human ecology: A textbook for students. Avg. Prof. Proc. Institutions / N.A. Matveeva, A.V. Leonov, M.P. Gracheva and others; Ed. N.A. Matveeva. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2005. - 304 p.

Kukin P.P. Life safety: Proc. Benefit. - M .: Vuzovsky textbook, 2003 - 208 p.

Mikhailov L.A. Life Safety: Textbook. - 3rd ed. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001. - 672 p.

Stepanovskikh A.S. Applied Ecology: Environmental Protection: Textbook for High Schools. – M.: UNITI-DANA, 2003. – 751 p.

Shlender P.E., Maslova V.M., Podgaetsky S.I. Life safety: Proc. Allowance / Ed. prof. P.E. Shlender. - M .: Vuzovsky textbook, 2003 - 208 p.

Protasov V.F. Ecology, health and environmental protection in Russia: Educational and reference guide. - 3rd ed. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001. - 672 p.

Living organic matter on Earth, being an extremely active focus of specific energy, is distinguished at the same time by an exceptional variety of forms of its manifestation.

The diversity of these forms is the result of the long development of the organic world and its adaptation to a geographic environment that is variable in time and space.

The organism is inextricably linked with the environment and is inconceivable outside this environment, if only because one of the main manifestations of life (however, not exhaustive of the qualitative specifics of life processes) is metabolism. Other signs of living things: sensitivity, mobility, growth, development, reproduction, heredity, variability. The existence of any organism is composed of the acceptance and accumulation of matter (assimilation) and the excretion and expenditure of matter (dissimilation). The environment is the only source of substances from which the body builds its body. Outside of metabolism, no substance can be formed in the body. The interaction of living bodies with the environment is an indispensable condition for their preservation and existence, in contrast to inanimate bodies, for which interaction with the environment is a condition for their destruction.

Assimilation is the ability of the living to perceive, modify and liken itself to the substances of the external environment. Animals assimilate mainly substances of an organic nature, plants - inorganic. But in both cases, in the process of assimilation, the inanimate turns into the living, the external into the internal. The body is constantly building itself from the substances of the external environment in its own way.

Dissimilation (decay) represents the other side of a single contradictory process of metabolism. It serves as a source of energy, due to which biochemical reactions of synthesis (assimilation) and all other manifestations of vital activity (movement, etc.) take place, and two types of energy sources predominate: biological oxidation reactions that underlie respiration, and non-oxidizing decomposition of mainly carbohydrates , i.e. fermentation-type reactions. An important feature of living matter is that all biochemical reactions in the metabolism do not proceed in a random, but in a strictly defined sequence, that is, they are ordered in time, linked into an integral system. This ensures, in the presence of a ceasing decay, the constancy of the composition and structure of the organism.

Metabolism is the basis of all life processes. The connection of the organism with the environment presupposes the correspondence of the organism to the conditions of its existence, the adaptation (adaptation) of the organism to the environment. This is observed everywhere in nature, and adaptation covers all the properties and characteristics of organisms - their shape, color, physiological functions, behavior, etc. - and helps the body make the best use of the environment, get rid of danger, facilitate an attack on the victim, ensure only life, but also reproduction.

As a result of what and how did the adaptations of organisms to the environment develop? What is the driving cause of the formation and improvement of forms of animals and plants, i.e., the cause of the development of the organic world, the transition of simple forms into more complex ones?

Everyday observation and experience show that during reproduction, organisms reproduce from generation to generation only their own kind. This biological inertia, the property of offspring to retain the characteristics of their parents, is called heredity. Another property of an organism - its biological plasticity, the ability to change in comparison with its parents - is called variability.

Variability is the result of the influence of the external environment, as well as the result of the correlation between the organs and functions of the body, due to which a change in some entails a change in others. Heredity is defined as the property of a living body to require certain conditions for its life, its development, and to definitely respond to certain conditions. If an organism finds in its environment and assimilates something that fully meets its requirements, it retains its resemblance to its parents. Insignificant changes in the environment, contained within some relatively narrow limits, do not change the heredity of the organism, since they do not disturb the general nature of metabolism. However, any serious change in the conditions of life, caused by the vital activity of the organism itself or a change in the environment, inevitably entails a change in the type of metabolism. At the same time, since there is no life outside of metabolism, the organism must either die or adapt to new conditions, that is, change in accordance with these conditions, change its heredity.

By resorting to the alteration of organisms, man has long used both variability and heredity. The accumulation and creation by a person of certain traits chosen by him in some animal or plant by using variability and heredity is called artificial selection, selection, or selection. In selection, a very important role is played by a person's change in the living conditions of the organism, a change in the type of metabolism.

In the natural environment, of course, the same laws of variability and heredity operate, but here selection is no longer controlled by man, but by the struggle for existence, understood in a broad sense as the survival of the fittest. Unlike artificial selection in nature, called natural selection, works for the benefit of the organism itself (and not the person).

The inevitability of natural selection follows from the fact that more individuals of a given species are born in nature than the conditions available for their life allow. True, a huge number of embryos and individuals die regardless of the degree of their adaptation to the environment (eating of caviar by predatory fish, the death of seeds of terrestrial plants that have fallen into the water, floods, fires and other natural disasters). At the same time, a huge number of individuals who survived spontaneous death remain subject to many adverse conditions of inanimate nature, epidemics, attacks by enemies, are forced to fight for food, light, space, water (in particular, with representatives of their own species, which make similar demands on the environment). ), etc. Under these conditions, only those are destined to survive: organisms that have signs that give the organism in the created situation some advantage for its existence and further reproduction. As a result of variability, heredity and natural selection, varieties arise within a species. In the course of time, the characters of the extreme varieties diverge so much that new species are formed from these varieties, and the intermediate varieties, being less adapted, die out as a result of natural selection.

Thus, the development of the organic world has an adaptive character. The variety of forms of living beings is a variety of forms of adaptation, but adaptation is relative, temporary, having significance only in a certain life situation. The situation is changing - the former adaptability loses its meaning.

The organism in itself has no particular desire for expedient change. Expediency in the structure, functions and behavior of the organism is the historical result of long-term natural selection, and not at all the original property of living matter.

The adaptation of the organism to the environment is most clearly expressed within the area in which it usually lives. Transferred to another environment, the organism can adapt to it, but the degree and nature of this adaptation largely depend on the biological plasticity of the organism. Some organisms die in a new environment, others live and reproduce, others live but do not reproduce, which practically means that the species to which this individual belongs is condemned to death in a new environment, since the individual leaves no offspring. Some organisms live by keeping old habits, others change these habits. For example, the Australian black swan nests in its homeland in November-December, and in the zoos of southern Ukraine in March-April, that is, in both cases in the spring, but in different months of the year, in accordance with the course of climatic processes in the northern and southern hemispheres.

The doctrine of natural selection can only be applied in biology. It is not a universal methodology of science, it cannot be transferred to human society and the laws of development of this society.

INTERACTION OF A LIVING ORGANISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT

On Earth, organisms are very diverse. Among the plants you can also find microscopic algae, whose life is very short, small annual flowering plants, larger perennial flowering plants, giant ancient sequoias. The smallest crustaceans inhabiting the water column, jellyfish, starfish, molluscs, beetles, lizards, frogs, sparrows, hawks, wolves, deer, buffaloes, whales - this is not a complete list of various representatives of the animal world. Plants and animals are very closely interconnected and determine the optimal existence of each other. However, the living organisms that inhabit our planet are closely connected with their environment. The study of the system of these interrelations and dependencies is also the prerogative of bioecology.

Habitat An organism is a set of abiotic and biotic conditions of its life. The properties of the environment are very diverse and constantly changing. Therefore, living organisms are forced to adapt to these changing conditions in order to ensure their optimal existence. The process of adaptation of living organisms to environmental conditions is called adaptation.

There are four main habitats for living organisms:

• - water;
• - ground-air environment;
• - the soil;
• - the environment formed by the living organisms themselves.

Water -- the first habitat inhabited by living organisms. Many living organisms live in it, receiving all the substances necessary for life: food, water, oxygen. All living organisms inhabiting the aquatic environment are called "hydrobionts". No matter how highly organized these living organisms are, they are all forced to adapt to the characteristics of life in the aquatic environment. These features are determined by the physical and chemical properties of water.

IT IS INTERESTING! In the water column there is constantly a large number of the smallest representatives of plants and animals leading life in suspension. Their ability to soar is provided not only by the physical properties of water, which has a buoyant force, but also by special adaptations of the organisms themselves. For example, numerous outgrowths and appendages that significantly increase the surface of the body relative to its mass and, consequently, increase friction against the surrounding fluid. Another example is jellyfish. Their ability to stay in the water column is determined not only by the characteristic shape of the body, reminiscent of a parachute. The body of a jellyfish is 98% water, so the density of the body of a jellyfish is very close to the density of water.

Animals have adapted to moving in water in different ways. Active swimmers (fish, dolphins, etc.) have a characteristic streamlined body shape and fin-like limbs. Their fast swimming is also facilitated by the features of the outer cover of their body and the presence of a special lubricant - mucus, which reduces the friction of the body against water.

In some water beetles, the exhaust air released from the spiracles is retained between the body and the elytra due to the presence of hairs that are not wetted by water. With the help of such a device, an aquatic insect quickly rises to the surface of the water, where it releases air into the atmosphere.

Water has the property of accumulating and retaining heat (heat capacity). For this reason, there are no sharp temperature fluctuations in water, which are typical for land.

One of the most important properties of water is the ability to dissolve other substances that can be used by aquatic organisms for respiration and nutrition. First of all, aquatic organisms need oxygen.

IT IS INTERESTING! Respiration of aquatic organisms can be carried out both by the entire surface of the body, and by special organs - gills. For proper breathing, it is necessary that near the body of the animal there is a constant renewal of water, which is achieved by various movements of the animal itself. The suspended state of small particles and their transport by moving water determine the feeding habits of many animals, whose eating organs are arranged according to the principle of a sieve. In order to filter out a sufficient amount of food particles, a very large amount of water has to be passed through this sieve. For many aquatic organisms, a constant supply of a new portion of water is necessary, from which they will receive the next portion of food. This can be provided by the movement of the animal itself or by special devices, such as oscillating cilia or tentacles, which produce a whirlpool near the animal's mouth, driving food particles into it.

Salt composition of water is very important for life. Of particular importance for many organisms is the presence of calcium ions in the water, which is required by crustaceans and molluscs to build a shell.

ground-air environment, mastered in the course of evolution later than water, is more complex and diverse in terms of habitat conditions, which leads to a higher level of morphophysiological organization of living organisms inhabiting it.

The most important factor in the life of organisms living here is the properties and composition of the surrounding air masses. The density of air is much lower than the density of water, therefore, in terrestrial organisms, supporting tissues are highly developed - the internal and external skeleton.

Air masses are also characterized by a huge volume and are constantly in motion, the air temperature can change very quickly and over large spaces. Therefore, organisms living on land have numerous adaptations to withstand sharp temperature fluctuations or avoid them altogether. A remarkable adaptation is the development of warm-bloodedness.

IT IS INTERESTING! In general, the ground-air environment is more diverse than the water; living conditions here vary greatly in time and space. These changes are noticeable even at a distance of several tens of meters, for example: at the border of a forest and a field, at different heights in the mountains, even on different slopes of small hills. At the same time, pressure drops are less pronounced here, but often there is a lack of moisture. Therefore, terrestrial inhabitants have developed adaptations associated with providing the body with water, especially in arid conditions. In plants, this is a powerful root system, a waterproof layer on the surface of leaves and stems, and the ability to regulate the evaporation of water through stomata. In animals, in addition to the structural features of the external integument, these are behavioral features that contribute to maintaining the water balance, for example, migration to watering places.

Of great importance for the life of terrestrial organisms is the composition of the air (79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide), which provides the chemical basis of life. Carbon dioxide is the most important raw material source for photosynthesis. Air nitrogen is necessary for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

The soil as a habitat - the upper layer of land, formed by mineral particles processed as a result of the vigorous activity of living organisms that live in the soil. Soil is an important and very complex component of the biosphere, closely related to its other parts. The soil as a habitat is unusually adapted for the life of many living organisms. This is due to the specific features that it possesses. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out in the soil, it is rich in nutrients. Between soil particles there are numerous cavities that can be filled with water or air. Therefore, the soil is inhabited by both aquatic and air-breathing organisms. Another feature of the soil is that even at a shallow depth it is completely dark. In addition, as it sinks into the soil, its oxygen content decreases, and carbon dioxide increases. Therefore, only anaerobic bacteria can live at a considerable depth, while in the upper layers of the soil, in addition to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms, arthropods, and even large animals that make passages and build shelters and dwellings in the soil are found in abundance.

The impact of the environment is perceived by organisms through environmental factors, which are called environmental.

Environmental factors -- These are certain conditions and elements of the environment that have a specific effect on living organisms. Conventionally, all environmental factors are usually divided into three large groups: abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic.

Biotic factors- these are all kinds of forms of influence of living organisms on each other (for example, pollination by insects of plants, eating by some living organisms of others, and much more). Biotic relationships are extremely complex and idiosyncratic and can also be direct or indirect.

In modern conditions, the effect of environmental factors is often determined not by the natural environment, but by the changes that have been made to it by man. Therefore, it is customary to single out another type of factors - anthropogenic.

Anthropogenic factors -- these are those forms of human activity that affect the environment, change the living conditions of living organisms, or directly affect individual species of plants and animals. Human activities can have both direct and indirect effects on nature. The direct impact includes the extermination, reproduction and settlement by humans of both individual species of animals and plants, and entire communities. Indirect impact occurs as a result of changes in the habitat of organisms: climate, river flow regime, plowing of the surface layer of land, etc.

One of the most important anthropogenic factors is environmental pollution. At present, the influence of man on nature has largely lost its local character and has a global distribution. Increasingly, this influence negatively affects the development of flora and fauna, the purity of atmospheric air and the quality of natural waters, etc.

IT IS INTERESTING! Living organisms are not only influenced by their environment, but also actively influence their environment. As a result of their vital activity, the physical and chemical properties of the environment (the gas composition of air and water, the structure and properties of the soil, even the climate of the area) can change markedly.

The simplest influence of life on the environment is mechanical action. Building holes, laying passages, animals greatly change the properties of the soil. The soil changes, and under the influence of the roots of plants, it becomes stronger, becoming less susceptible to destruction by water currents or wind. The well-known construction activity of beavers causes serious changes in the water regime of the rivers on which they build their dams. As a result, this leads to a change in the flora and fauna of those basins where they live. At the same time, the ability of herbivorous fish (such as silver carp or grass carp) to clear watercourses from thickets of aquatic vegetation, which they actively feed on, is used by man in the fight against overgrowth of various water structures.

Small crustaceans living in the water column, insect larvae, molluscs, many fish have a peculiar type of food called filtration. Constantly passing water through the mouth apparatus, these animals continuously strain out food particles contained in solid suspensions from it. Such activity significantly affects the quality of natural masses: animals carry out their constant cleaning, like giant filters. environment organism biotic plant

The physicochemical impact of living organisms on the environment is also of great importance. The most important here are green plants, thanks to which the chemical composition of the atmosphere is formed as a result of the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the main supplier of oxygen to the atmosphere, thus providing life for a huge number of earthly inhabitants, including man himself.

By absorbing and evaporating water, plants also affect the water regime of their habitat. The presence of vegetation contributes to the constant humidification of the air. In addition, the vegetation cover softens daily temperature fluctuations near the earth's surface, as well as fluctuations in humidity and wind, and has a beneficial effect on the structure and chemical composition of soils. All this creates a certain microclimate that promotes the development of other organisms.

The formation of gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia largely depends on the activities of the inhabitants of our planet. Living matter also changes the physical properties of the environment: its thermal, electrical and mechanical properties.

Assessment of the needs of various segments of the population of the Russian Federation in sanatorium and resort rehabilitation

Characteristics of the state of health of the adult and children's population of the Russian Federation.

Biosocial aspects of health and disease.

The interaction of the organism with the environment.

Topic 3 Fundamentals of the organization of health improvement of the population in the conditions of the resort.

Questions:

In the process of life, each person is constantly in contact with the environment. During work, there is contact with the production environment, and the level of exposure to its factors depends on the type of labor activity and the type of work performed. According to the type of activity, physical and mental labor is distinguished.

Man is a unity of morpho-physical (organism), psycho-emotional (individuality) and social (personality) structure.

In anthropogenesis, the structure of its habitat also acquired a three-story structure: nature itself, the artificial environment (technosphere), social relations (society). The following environmental factors act on a person:

1) Physical factors (noise, air, ionized radiation, etc.)

2) Chemical

3) Biological

4) Socio-economic

As a result of exposure to environmental factors, a double effect develops:

-Positive impact(improvement, increase of protective forces, strengthening of an organism)

-Negative impact(negative, diseases)

In the process of labor activity, a person is influenced by professional factors, with their excessive impact, occupational diseases develop. There are professional factors (harmfulness):

Physical(noise, vibration - nervous system, ultrasonic vibrations - vision, ionizing radiation - sexual function)

Chemical(gaseous, liquid - enter the body)

Impact on the central nervous system- when performing work for an excessively long time without rest.

Any work can lead to various physiological reactions (in the form of a response) of the human body.

1. Fatigue or work stress- characterized by a decrease in attention, accuracy in performing certain actions and, as a result, a decrease in the productivity (productivity) of work.

2. Fatigue arises as the next phase in case of continuation of work. It is characterized by a violation of biorhythms and desynchronosis of the main functions of a person may occur. The main cause of fatigue is the consumption of energy resources and excessive summation of excitation, which causes the development of the so-called protective braking. The temporary predominance of inhibition over excitation is a protective reaction of the body and causes a decrease in efficiency, which manifests itself in a feeling of fatigue and is a signal to stop activity and activity. Such a pattern in reactions is not pathological for humans. Rational regulation of work and rest contributes to the restoration of the functioning of the first and other body systems, prevents the transition of physiological fatigue into overwork.

3. Overwork- develops in case of continuation of work, as a prepathological reaction. It is the final stage of the irrational distribution of work, insufficient rest or hard work, develops with prolonged fatigue that does not pass. The functioning of all body systems and, first of all, the central nervous system, respiratory organs, and blood circulation deteriorate. These changes are expressed in a violation of their regulatory and functional activity, the body's resistance to the effects of harmful environmental and production environments decreases (the cause of many diseases, susceptibility increases to infectious diseases).

Currently, long-term overwork is singled out as a separate group of diseases - chronic fatigue syndrome. Conducted comprehensive studies have shown that up to 90% of men and women at resorts indicate the characteristic manifestations of CFS and they are one of the reasons for their arrival at the resort for recovery and recreation. Mostly they were managers. Working in business regardless of gender.

Options for the development of CFS among vacationers from various regions of the Russian Federation

Urbanization;

Ecological;

Industrial;

interpersonal;

Socio-economic;

Domestic;

Climato-geographical;

Migratory;

Infectious and immunological;

Pharmaco-allergic