The average population density is 115 people/km2.

The region is located on the Mediterranean peninsulas - the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan. EGP features:

1) the countries are located on the main sea routes from Europe to Asia, Africa and Australia, and Spain and Portugal - also to Central and South America, which affected the development of the region.

2) The location between Central Europe and the Arab countries of North Africa, which have multilateral ties with Europe.

All countries (except the Vatican) are members of the UN, the OECD, and the largest are members of NATO and the European Union. Malta is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations led by Great Britain.

Natural conditions and resources. The Mediterranean Sea largely determined the similarity of the natural conditions of the region.

The lack of fuel p.i. There is almost no oil here, very little natural gas and coal. Non-ferrous metals: Al (Greece belongs to the top three European leaders), mercury, Cu, polymetals (Spain, Italy), tungsten (Portugal). Huge stocks of building materials - marble, tuff, granite, cement raw materials, clay.

In the southern European countries, the river network is underdeveloped.

Large tracts of forests have survived only in the Pyrenees and the Alps. The average forest cover of the region is 32%.

Natural and recreational resources: warm seas, many kilometers of sandy beaches, lush vegetation, picturesque landscapes, numerous sea and mountain resorts, as well as areas favorable for mountaineering and skiing, etc. Population. Traditionally, Southern Europe is characterized by a high birth rate, but the natural population growth is low: from 0.1% per year in Italy to 0.4-0.5% in Greece, Portugal and 0.8% in Malta. Women account for 51% of the region's population.

Peoples: belonging to the Romance group of the Indo-European language family - the Portuguese, Spaniards, Galicians, Catalans, Italians, Sardinians, Romansh; Greeks (Greek group of the Indo-European family); Albanians (Albanian group of the Indo-European family); Maltese (Semitic group of the Semitic-Hamitic language family); Turks (Turkic group of the Altaic language family); Basques (in the rank of a separate family). The composition of the population in the countries of the region is predominantly homogeneous. High rates of mono-ethnicity are characteristic of Portugal (99.5% - Portuguese), Italy and Greece (98% of Italians and Greeks, respectively), and only in Spain a significant proportion (almost 30%) of national minorities: Catalans (18%), Galicians ( 8%), Basques (2.5%), etc.

Religion: Catholic Christians (Z and C), Orthodoxy (V).

Placement of the population. The highest density - in fertile valleys and coastal lowlands, the lowest - in the mountains (Alps, Pyrenees), in some areas up to 1 person / km2.

The level of urbanization in the region is much lower than in other parts of Europe: only in Spain and Malta, up to 90% of the population lives in cities, and, for example, in Greece and Italy - more than 60%, in Portugal - 36%.

The active population is about 51 million people. In general, 30% of the active population is employed in industry, 15% in agriculture, and 53% in the service sector.

Features of economic development and. The countries of the region still lag economically behind the highly developed states of Europe. Although Portugal, Spain, Greece and Italy are members of the EU, but all of them, except Italy, lag behind the leaders in many socio-economic indicators. Italy is the economic leader of the region, belongs to highly developed industrial and agricultural countries, with a clear trend towards the formation of a post-industrial type of economy. At the same time, contrasts in the development of many industries and production, in the social sphere, in the socio-economic conditions of the North and South, are still significant in the country. Italy lags behind many highly developed countries in terms of scientific and technological development. Ahead of some countries of Western Europe in terms of net income from tourism, it is inferior to them in terms of the scale and intensity of international trade and credit and financial transactions. Spain. It is the second country in the region in terms of socio-economic development. In the Spanish economy, a significant role is played by the public sector, which accounts for up to 30% of the country's GDP. The state carries out economic programming, controls the railways, the coal industry, a significant part of shipbuilding and ferrous metallurgy. In the second half of the 80s. XX Art. Portugal experienced a significant economic recovery. The average GDP growth during this period was one of the highest in the EU and amounted to 4.5-4.8% per year, in 2000 the GNP was 159 billion dollars. Greece has a larger GNP than Portugal (181.9 billion . in 2000). The country's industry is significantly monopolized by large local and foreign capital (mainly the United States, Germany, France and Switzerland). Up to 200 companies receive over 50% of all profits. Greece has rather high inflation rates for EU countries (3.4% per year). Government measures to reduce it (cutting state subsidies, freezing wages, etc.) predetermine social instability.

Economy.

‒ mechanical engineering (production of automobiles, household appliances, technological equipment for light and food industries)

‒ furniture industry

‒ production of building products and equipment

- light industry (fruit and vegetable canning, oilseeds - production of olive oil, winemaking, pasta, etc.)

- agriculture: farming - growing a variety of subtropical crops: citrus fruits, wood oils, grapes, vegetables, fruits, essential oil plants, etc.

‒ animal husbandry - sheep breeding and, in small volumes, beef cattle breeding

‒ merchant shipping and ship repair

If you do not take into account dependent regions and not fully recognized states, then Europe for 2017 covers 44 powers. Each of them has a capital in which not only its administration is located, but also the highest authority, that is, the government of the state.

In contact with

States of Europe

The territory of Europe stretches from east to west for more than 3 thousand kilometers, and from south to north (from the island of Crete to the island of Svalbard) for 5 thousand kilometers. The European powers are, for the most part, comparatively small. With such small sizes of territories and good transport accessibility, these states either closely border on each other or are separated by very small distances.

The European continent is divided territorially into parts:

• western;
• eastern;
• northern;
• southern.

All powers located on the European continent belong to one of these territories.

• There are 11 countries in the western region.
• In the east - 10 (including Russia).
• In the north - 8.
• In the south - 15.

Let's list all the countries of Europe and their capitals. We will divide the list of countries and capitals of Europe into four parts according to the territorial and geographical position of the powers on the world map.

Western

List of states belonging to Western Europe, with a list of main cities:

The states of Western Europe are washed mainly by the currents of the Atlantic Ocean and only in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula border on the waters of the Arctic Ocean. In general, these are highly developed and prosperous powers. But they are distinguished by an unfavorable demographic situation. This is a low birth rate and a low level of natural growth of inhabitants. In Germany, there is even a decline in population. All this led to the fact that developed Western Europe began to play the role of a subregion in the global system of population migration, it turned into the main center of labor immigration.

Eastern

List of states located in the eastern zone of the European continent and their capitals:

The states of Eastern Europe have a lower level of economic development than their Western neighbors. However, they better preserved cultural and ethnic identity. Eastern Europe is more of a cultural and historical region than a geographical one. The Russian expanses can also be attributed to the eastern territory of Europe. And the geographical center of Eastern Europe is located approximately within Ukraine.

Northern

The list of states that make up northern Europe, including capitals, looks like this:

The territories of the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland, the Baltic States, the islands of Svalbard and Iceland are included in the northern part of Europe. The population of these regions is only 4% of the entire European composition. Sweden is the largest country in the G8 and Iceland is the smallest. The population density in these lands is less in Europe - 22 people / m 2, and in Iceland - only 3 people / m 2. This is due to the harsh conditions of the climatic zone. But the economic indicators of development distinguish northern Europe as the leader of the entire world economy.

South

And finally, the most numerous list of territories located in the southern part, and the capitals of European states:

The Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas are occupied by these South European powers. Industry is developed here, especially ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The countries are rich in mineral resources. In agriculture, the main efforts focused on the cultivation of food products, such as:

• grape;
• olives;
• Garnet;
• dates.

It is known that Spain is the world's leading country in the collection of olives. It is here that 45% of all olive oil in the world is produced. Spain is also famous for its famous artists - Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro.

European Union

The idea of ​​creating a single community of European powers appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, or rather after the Second World War. The official unification of the countries of the European Union (EU) took place only in 1992, when this union was sealed by the legal consent of the parties. Over time, the number of members of the European Union has expanded, and now it includes 28 allies. And states that want to join these prosperous countries will have to prove their compliance with the European foundations and principles of the EU, such as:

• protection of the rights of citizens;
• democracy;
• freedom of trade in a developed economy.

Members of the EU

The European Union for 2017 includes the following states:

There are now applicant countries to join this foreign community. These include:

1. Albania.
2. Serbia.
3. Macedonia.
4. Montenegro.
5. Turkey.

On the map of the European Union, you can clearly see its geography, the countries of Europe and their capitals.

Regulations and prerogatives of EU partners

The EU has a customs policy under which its members can trade with each other without duties and without restrictions. And in relation to other powers, the adopted customs tariff applies. Having common laws, the EU countries created a single market and introduced a single monetary currency - the euro. Many EU member states are part of the so-called Schengen zone, which allows their citizens to move freely through the territory of all allies.

The European Union has common governing bodies for member countries, which include:

• European Court.
• European Parliament.
• European Commission.
• The audit community that controls the EU budget.

Despite unity, the European states that have joined the community have full independence and state sovereignty. Each country uses its own national language and has its own governing bodies. But for all participants there are certain criteria, and they must meet them. For example, coordination of all important political decisions with the European Parliament.

It should be noted that since its founding, only one power has left the European community. It was Danish autonomy - Greenland. In 1985, she was outraged by the low quotas introduced by the European Union for fishing. You can also recall the sensational events in 2016 referendum in the UK, when the population voted to leave the country from the European Union. This suggests that even in such an influential and seemingly stable community, serious problems are brewing.

Southern Europe is a geographic region, which usually includes countries located on the coast, regardless of their culture and history. Thus, in addition to those powers that are part of the social concept of Europe, the western part of Turkey is often equated with this region, although this issue is still controversial.

Countries in this region

The states that are located in this are well known to everyone, so now we will briefly list them, and also call their capitals:

• Albania - Tirana.
• Serbia - Belgrade.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo.
• Cyprus - Nicosia.
• Macedonia - Skopje.
• Slovenia - Ljubljana.
• San Marino - San Marino.
• Croatia - Zagreb.
• Portugal - Lisbon.
• Spain Madrid.
• Montenegro - Podgorica.
• Monaco - Monaco.
• Italy Rome.
• Andorra - Andorra la Vella.
• Greece - Athens.
• Vatican - Vatican.
• Malta - Valletta.

In addition to Turkey, there is another "disputed" country that some geographers include in this area - France. However, the majority does not accept this version, based on the fact that the climate in this state is too cold.

Geographical position

The southern part of Europe is conveniently located on the peninsulas, which, with their shores, overlook the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. For example, Spain and Portugal, as well as Andorra, are on Italy, San Marino and the Vatican are on the Apennine, and Greece is on the Balkan. Powers such as Cyprus and Malta do occupy separate islands located in the Mediterranean basin. It is due to the fact that all these countries are facing the waters of this warm sea, the climate here has developed very mild and warm. It is called so - the Mediterranean, and depending on the latitude, the name changes from subtropical to tropical. Southern Europe is a very mountainous area. In its western part, Spain separated from France by the Pyrenees, in the central Alps they pass clearly along the border of Italy, and in the east the Southern Carpathians approach the region.

Territory and population

The diversity of nature, relief, cultures and population, as well as many mysteries and secrets, keeps the historical region of Southern Europe. Its area is 1033 thousand square meters. km., and the total population is over 120 million people. However, it is impossible to say something general about the culture of the entire region. Differences can be traced even in the fact that some countries are too urbanized, while the inhabitants of others prefer to live in villages. For example, in Spain the percentage of urbanization is 91%, in Italy - 72%, and in Portugal - only 48%. Remarkably, almost all of Southern Europe is inhabited by the indigenous inhabitants of this area - Mediterranean Caucasians live here. Many countries have a minimum percentage of natural population growth. Therefore, this race is considered one of the aging on earth.

Local climate and tourism

Everyone knows that the southern cities of Europe are a real magnet for any traveler. Some go here to see the sights, but most people come to the Mediterranean resorts to enjoy the local warmth and sun. The most important thing is that in the summer months it is not stuffy and not sultry here, but simply very warm. The air temperature rises to 28-30 degrees, and the coolness that comes from the sea fills the air with moisture, which makes it much easier to endure the heat. Such well-known resort cities as Genoa, Malaga, Barcelona, ​​Lisbon, Cadiz, Athens, Naples and many others annually attract millions of tourists from all over the world.

Nature and economics

Southern Europe is a rich region. A lot of minerals are concentrated in its bowels - mercury, copper, aluminum, uranium, gas, sulfur, mica and much more. Therefore, it is well developed here. In regions remote from cities, there are numerous farms, in connection with this, most of the rural population of Europe is engaged in animal husbandry. Each of the above countries receives a considerable share of income from tourism. This region is considered one of the most visited in the world, because there are hotels and restaurants for every taste and budget. But nevertheless, agriculture is considered the most important, and most importantly, the most ancient in Southern Europe. Nature decreed that it is here that olives, grapes, citrus fruits, dates, legumes grow best, and, of course, a wide variety of vegetables and fruits.

Conclusion

The region of Southern Europe is not only an attractive and picturesque corner of the world, but also a historically important territory. A significant part of world culture was born here, which later spread to other areas of the planet. The great heritage of Greece and Rome, the barbarism of Gaul and other regions of the Iberian Peninsula - all this came together and became the basis for our current traditions.

In industry, the branches of processing of agricultural raw materials, as well as food, light, furniture, etc., are traditionally powerful. Processing industries have been actively developing in recent decades.

The energy industry is oriented towards imported fuel: oil is imported from Libya and Iran, and gas from Russia and Algeria. The total electricity production in the countries of Southern Europe is 618.3 million kW. In the electric power industry, a significant share of hydroelectric power plants in Italy, they produce up to 1/3 of electricity, in Spain - almost half, in Portugal - more than 60%. Nuclear power industry is developed only in Spain (8 nuclear reactors producing 19% of electricity). In Italy, after the referendum in 1988, 4 nuclear reactors were closed.

Metallurgy. In the region, especially in Spain, ferrous metallurgy and some non-ferrous industries are developed: aluminum, copper, lead-zinc.

Engineering. The industry is of international importance, in particular transport engineering ("FIAT" - Italy and "SEAT" - Spain, which generally produce more than 4.5 million cars annually). "FIAT" is the largest private concern in the region (29 thousand workers and employees), uniting more than 100 companies and concentrating in its hands the majority (1.3 million, more than 80%) of the production of passenger cars in the country, and also controls about 15% European automotive market. Its headquarters, as well as the main automobile plant, is located in Turin.

Precision engineering and instrumentation are developed in the region. Italy ranks first in the world in the production of certain types of household appliances - refrigerators, washing machines, gas stoves (trademarks ARISTON, INDESIT, ZANUSSI, ARDO, 3200 washing machines are produced at the factories of the Merloni company daily. The Olivetti company is known for the production of office and office equipment.Shipbuilding and ship repair are represented in Malta (the Maltese are still owned by the state and are the largest in the Mediterranean).

Chemical industry. In the structure of the industry, petrochemistry occupies a prominent place (it develops at the expense of imported raw materials), the production of acids, soda, mineral fertilizers, etc., is growing, primarily in Spain, which is rich in various chemical raw materials. The largest Italian chemical concern is Montedison. Portugal is one of the world's leading suppliers of organic chemical raw materials - agar-agar, which is obtained from seaweed and used to produce gelatin. Its main buyer is Japan.

The building materials industry specializes in the production of tiles and facing tiles, tiles, sanitary equipment, etc. This industry has gained significant development in Spain, Italy, and Portugal.

Forestry and woodworking industry. Although the region is not rich in forest resources, Italy and Spain have been famous in Europe since the Middle Ages for the production of expensive furniture. And now these countries are known for their natural wood furniture, as well as prefabricated consumer furniture. Portugal and Spain are the world's leading producers of cork (cork oak bark).

Light industry. Its largest industry is cotton, which works mainly on imported raw materials. In all countries of the region, the clothing, textile, shoe industry is developed (Italy ranks first in the export of shoes in the world) industry. Greece is known for its fur products (for a long time products have been made here from fur scraps imported from all over the world) from mink.

Food industry. The industry operates mainly on its own raw materials. The canning, wine-making, flour-grinding, pasta, and tobacco industries have international specialization. Portugal is one of the world's leading producers of canned sardines in olive oil. From time immemorial, winemaking of the countries of the region has been famous: Italy shares the first place with France, and Spain ranks third in the world in wine production. The most famous Portuguese wines are port (from the name of the city of Porto) and Madeira (from the name of the island of Madeira with its famous grape varieties). Spanish arched wines Malaga and sherry are also world famous.

South European countries pay great attention to the development of labor-intensive industries (production of household appliances, light, furniture, food, etc.), involving a significant army of the able-bodied population in production. This to some extent restrains economic emigration from the countries of the region.

Southern Europe, as a rule, includes countries on the Mediterranean coast - the countries of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain, Andorra), Monaco, the states located on the Apennine Peninsula (Italy, the Vatican, San Marino), Greece, as well as the island states of Malta and Cyprus.

Sometimes, Southern Europe also includes Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the southern regions of Ukraine such as Odessa, Kherson and Nikolaev, as well as the European part of Turkey.

The quasi-state formation of the Order of Malta also belongs to Southern Europe (today's territory is only one mansion in Rome and a residence in Malta).

List of countries and their capitals:

• Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo
• Albania - Tirana
• Cyprus - Nicosia
• Macedonia - Skopje
• San Marino - San Marino
• Serbia - Belgrade
• Slovenia - Ljubljana
• Croatia - Zagreb
• Montenegro - Podgorica
• Portugal - Lisbon
• Spain Madrid
• Andorra - Andorra la Vella
• Monaco - Monaco
• Italy Rome
• Vatican - Vatican
• Greece - Athens
• Malta - Valletta

Geographical position

It is based on the Cenozoic (Apennine, Balkan Peninsula) and Hercynian (Pyrenean Peninsula) folding. The relief of the countries is elevated, there are many minerals: aluminum, polymetallic, copper, mercury (Spain is one of the leaders in the extraction of pyrites and mercury), uranium, iron ores, sulfur, mica, gas.

Climate

Southern Europe is known for its hot climate, rich history and warm Mediterranean waters. The countries of southern Europe border on France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria. Turkey in the east with Syria, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Armenia, Iran, Georgia. In all countries of Southern Europe, a subtropical Mediterranean climate prevails, therefore, warm temperatures of about +24 ° C prevail in summer, and rather cool in winter, about + 8 ° C. Precipitation is sufficient, about 1000-1500 mm per year.

Nature

Southern Europe is almost entirely in the zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs, which has survived only on the Mediterranean coast (there was a glacier, and the mountains delayed it, and the trees moved over the mountains). Fauna: roe deer, servals, markhors, foxes, monitor lizards, wolves, badgers, raccoons. Flora : strawberry trees, holm oaks, myrtles, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, magnolia, cypresses, chestnuts, junipers.

Population

High population density, from 100 or more people per km². The predominant religion is Christianity (Catholicism).

The level of urbanization of the countries of Southern Europe: Greece - 59%, Spain - 91%, Italy - 72%, Malta - 89%, Portugal - 48%, San Marino - 48%. The natural increase in these countries is also low: Greece - 0.1 Spain - 0 Italy - (-0.1) Malta - 0.4 Portugal - 0.1 San Marino - 0.4 From which we can conclude that in these countries are also experiencing "nation aging".

Specialization in MGRT

In most countries, the mining industry, agriculture, mountain pasture animal husbandry, the production of machinery and instruments, fabrics, leather, the cultivation of grapes and citrus fruits are widespread. Tourism is very common. Spain ranks second in the world in terms of tourism (France ranks first). The main branch of specialization, in addition to international tourism, is agriculture, in particular, this area is rich in grapes, olives, quite high rates in the cultivation of cereals and legumes (Spain - 22.6 million tons, Italy - 20.8 million tons), and also vegetables and fruits (Spain - 11.5 million tons, Italy - 14.5 million tons). Despite the predominance of agriculture, there are also industrial areas, in particular, the cities of Genoa, Turin and Milan are the main industrial cities of Italy. It should be noted that they are located mainly in the north, closer to the countries of Western Europe.

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