Ela nasceu em Moscou em 8 de fevereiro (28 de janeiro, estilo antigo), 1693. Ela era a filha do meio do czar Ivan Alekseevich e Praskovia Fedorovna (nascida Saltykova).

Em 1696, o pai de Anna Ioannovna morreu, deixando uma viúva de 32 anos e três filhas, de quase um ano. A família do czar João foi acolhida por seu irmão paterno Pedro I sob proteção, que, com o temperamento duro de Pedro, se transformou em completa dependência.

Anna passou a infância nos palácios do Kremlin e em uma residência perto de Moscou, na vila de Izmailovo. Juntamente com suas irmãs Ekaterina e Paraskeva, ela foi educada em casa.

Em 1708, junto com sua mãe e irmãs, mudou-se para São Petersburgo.

Biografia de Pedro I Alekseevich RomanovPedro I nasceu em 30 de maio de 1672. Quando criança, ele foi educado em casa, sabia alemão desde tenra idade, depois estudou holandês, inglês e francês. Com a ajuda dos mestres do palácio, ele dominou muitos ofícios...

Em 1710, com base em um acordo celebrado entre o czar Pedro I e o rei prussiano Friedrich Wilhelm I, Anna casou-se com o duque da Curlândia Friedrich Wilhelm, de dezessete anos. O casamento ocorreu em 11 de novembro (31 de outubro, estilo antigo) de 1710 no Palácio Menshikov na Ilha Vasilyevsky em São Petersburgo, o casamento foi realizado de acordo com o rito ortodoxo.

Por ocasião do casamento de Ana, as festas e celebrações em São Petersburgo duravam dois meses e, segundo o costume de Pedro, não se observava moderação nem na comida nem no vinho. Como resultado de tais excessos, o recém-casado adoeceu e depois pegou um resfriado. Ignorando um resfriado, em 20 de janeiro (9, estilo antigo) de janeiro de 1711, ele deixou São Petersburgo para a Curlândia com sua jovem esposa e morreu no mesmo dia.

Após a morte de seu marido, por insistência de Pedro I, Anna Ioannovna viveu como duquesa viúva em Mitava (agora Jelgava, Letônia). Na Curlândia, a princesa, limitada pelos meios, levava um estilo de vida modesto, recorrendo repetidamente a Pedro I em busca de ajuda e depois à imperatriz Catarina I.

Desde 1712, ela foi fortemente influenciada por seu chefe de câmara favorito Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin, que em 1727 foi deixado de lado por um novo favorito, chefe de câmara Junker Ernst Johann Biron.

Em 1726, o príncipe Alexander Menshikov, que pretendia se tornar o duque da Curlândia, perturbou o casamento de Anna Ioannovna com o conde Moritz da Saxônia (filho ilegítimo do rei polonês August II e da condessa Aurora Koenigsmark).

Após a morte do imperador Pedro II no final de janeiro de 1730, o Conselho Privado Supremo, por sugestão dos príncipes Dmitry Golitsyn e Vasily Dolgorukov, elegeu Anna Ioannovna, como a mais velha da família Romanov, para o trono russo sob condições de potência. De acordo com as “condições” ou “pontos” entregues a Mitava e assinados em 6 de fevereiro (25 de janeiro, estilo antigo), 1730, Anna Ioannovna teve que cuidar da disseminação da ortodoxia na Rússia, prometeu não se casar, não nomear uma herdeira do trono a seu próprio critério e salvar o Supremo Conselho Privado. Sem seu consentimento, a imperatriz não tinha o direito de declarar guerra e fazer a paz, impor novos impostos sobre seus súditos, promover funcionários tanto no serviço militar quanto no civil, distribuir cargos nos tribunais e fazer gastos públicos.

Em 26 de fevereiro (15, estilo antigo) de fevereiro de 1730, Anna Ioannovna entrou solenemente em Moscou, onde, com base em "condições" em 1º de março (20 e 21 de fevereiro, estilo antigo), os mais altos dignitários do estado e o generais prestaram juramento a ela.

Apoiadores do poder autocrático da imperatriz, que se opunham ao Conselho Privado Supremo, na pessoa de Andrei Osterman, Gavriil Golovkin, Arcebispo Feofan (Prokopovich), Peter Yaguzhinsky, Antioch Kantemir, bem como a maioria dos generais, oficiais dos regimentos de guardas e da nobreza, fizeram uma petição a Anna Ioannovna com 166 assinaturas sobre a restauração da autocracia, que foi arquivada em 6 de março (25 de fevereiro, estilo antigo), 1730, pelo príncipe Ivan Trubetskoy. Depois de ouvir a petição, Anna Ioannovna rasgou publicamente as "condições", acusando seus redatores de engano. Em 9 de março (28 de fevereiro, estilo antigo), um novo juramento foi feito de todos a Anna Ioannovna como imperatriz autocrática. A Imperatriz foi coroada em Moscou em 9 de maio (28 de abril, estilo antigo), 1730.

Por motivos políticos, cerca de 10 mil pessoas foram presas durante o reinado de Anna Ioannovna. Muitos dos príncipes Golitsyn e Dolgoruky, que participaram da preparação das "condições", foram presos, exilados e executados. Em 1740, o ministro do gabinete Artemy Volynsky, que se opunha à Bironovshchina, e seus "confidentes" - o arquiteto Pyotr Eropkin, conselheiro do escritório do almirantado Andrei Khrushchev, foram executados sob a acusação de alta traição; cientista exilado, conselheiro privado ativo Fyodor Soymonov, senador Platon Musin-Pushkin e outros.

O endurecimento da servidão e a política tributária em relação aos camponeses levaram à agitação popular e a um êxodo em massa de camponeses arruinados para os arredores da Rússia.

Mudanças positivas ocorreram no campo da educação: o corpo de cadetes da nobreza da terra foi estabelecido, uma escola para a preparação de funcionários foi criada no Senado, um seminário para 35 jovens foi aberto na Academia de Ciências. Ao mesmo tempo, a criação da polícia nas grandes cidades.

A política externa da Rússia após a morte de Pedro I esteve por muito tempo nas mãos do Barão Andrei Osterman. A vitória da Rússia em 1734 em um conflito militar com a França sobre a "herança polonesa" contribuiu para o estabelecimento do rei Augusto III no trono polonês. Em 1735, iniciou-se uma guerra com a Turquia, que terminou em 1739 com a paz de Belgrado desfavorável para a Rússia. As guerras que a Rússia travou durante o reinado de Anna Ioannovna não trouxeram benefícios ao império, embora tenham aumentado seu prestígio na Europa.

A corte russa sob Anna Ioannovna foi distinguida pela pompa e extravagância. A Imperatriz adorava mascaradas, bailes, caça (ela era uma boa atiradora). Ela manteve numerosos anões, anões e bobos.

Em 28 de outubro (17 de acordo com o estilo antigo) de outubro de 1740, aos 47 anos, Anna Ioannovna morreu de doença renal. Ela foi enterrada na Catedral de Pedro e Paulo em São Petersburgo.

De acordo com a vontade da imperatriz, o trono após seu reinado seria para os descendentes de sua irmã Catarina de Mecklemburgo.

O material foi elaborado com base em informações de fontes abertas

Para armas russas, 1709 foi cheio de vitórias gloriosas. Perto de Poltava, Pedro, o Grande, derrotou o exército - as tropas russas os expulsaram com sucesso do território dos estados bálticos. A fim de fortalecer sua influência nas terras conquistadas, ele decidiu casar um de seus muitos parentes com o duque da Curlândia Friedrich Wilhelm.

O soberano pediu conselhos à viúva de seu irmão, Praskovya Fedorovna: com qual de suas filhas ela quer se casar com o príncipe? E como ela não gostava muito do estranho-estranho, ela escolheu sua filha de dezessete anos não amada, Anna. Esta era a futura imperatriz Anna Ioannovna.

Infância e juventude da futura imperatriz

Anna nasceu em 28 de janeiro de 1693 em Moscou, na família de seu irmão mais velho Pedro, o Grande. Ela passou sua infância em Izmailovo com sua mãe e suas irmãs. Como notaram os contemporâneos, Anna Ioannovna era uma criança fechada, silenciosa e pouco comunicativa. Desde tenra idade ela aprendeu alfabetização, alemão e francês. Ela aprendeu a ler e escrever, mas a princesa nunca dominou danças e costumes seculares.

O casamento de Anna foi celebrado em 31 de outubro de 1710 no inacabado Palácio Menshikov de Petersburgo. No início do ano seguinte, Anna Ioannovna e o Duque da Curlândia partiram para a capital Mitava. Mas no caminho, Wilhelm morreu inesperadamente. Assim, a princesa ficou viúva alguns meses após o casamento.

Anos antes do reinado de Anne

Pedro, o Grande, ordenou que Ana continuasse governando a Curlândia. Percebendo que seu parente não muito inteligente não seria capaz de servir aos interesses da Rússia neste ducado, ele enviou Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin junto com ela. Em 1726, quando Bestuzhev-Ryumin foi chamado de volta da Curlândia, Ernst Johann Biron, um nobre que não havia estudado na Universidade de Koenigsberg, compareceu à corte de Anna.

Após a morte de Pedro, o Grande, no Império Russo, algo completamente inédito aconteceu até então - uma mulher subiu ao trono! Viúva de Pedro I, Imperatriz Catarina. Ela governou por quase dois anos. Pouco antes de sua morte, o Conselho Privado decidiu escolher o neto de Pedro, o Grande, Pedro Alekseevich, como imperador. Ele subiu ao trono com a idade de onze anos, mas morreu de varíola aos quatorze.

Condições, ou a Execução de Membros da Sociedade Secreta

O Supremo Conselho Privado decidiu chamar Anna ao trono, limitando seu poder autocrático. Eles compilaram as "Condições", onde foram formuladas as condições sob as quais Anna Ioannovna foi convidada a assumir o trono. De acordo com este documento, sem a permissão do Conselho Privado, ela não poderia declarar guerra a ninguém, concluir acordos de paz, comandar um exército ou guarda, aumentar ou impor impostos e assim por diante.

Em 25 de janeiro de 1730, representantes da sociedade secreta trouxeram as "Condições" para Metava, e a duquesa, concordando com todas as restrições, as assinou. Logo a nova imperatriz Anna Ioannovna chegou a Moscou. Lá, representantes da nobreza metropolitana entraram com uma petição com pedidos para não aceitar as condições, mas para governar autocraticamente. E a Imperatriz os ouviu. Ela rasgou publicamente o documento e dissolveu o Conselho Privado Supremo. Seus membros foram exilados e executados, e Anna foi coroada na Catedral da Assunção.

Anna Ioannovna: anos de reinado e a influência de um favorito favorito na política

Durante o reinado de Anna Ioannovna, foi criado um gabinete de ministros, no qual um dos vice-chanceler Andrey Osterman desempenhou o papel principal. O favorito da Imperatriz não interferiu na política. Embora Anna Ioannovna tenha reinado sozinha, os anos de seu reinado na historiografia russa são conhecidos como Bironovshchina.

Em janeiro de 1732, a corte imperial mudou-se para Petersburgo. Aqui Anna, que morava na Europa há muito tempo, sentia-se mais confortável do que em Moscou. A política externa durante o reinado de Anna Ioannovna foi uma continuação da política de Pedro, o Grande: a Rússia está lutando pela herança polonesa e entrando na guerra com a Turquia, durante a qual as tropas russas perderam cem mil pessoas.

Méritos da Imperatriz para o Estado Russo

O que mais Anna Ioannovna fez pela Rússia? Os anos de seu reinado foram marcados pelo desenvolvimento de novos territórios. O estado conquistou a estepe entre o Bug e o Dniester, mas sem o direito de manter navios no Mar Negro. A grande Expedição do Norte começa a funcionar, a Sibéria e a costa do Oceano Ártico e Kamchatka são exploradas.

Por decreto da Imperatriz, começa um dos projetos de construção mais grandiosos da história do Império Russo - a construção de um colossal sistema de fortificações ao longo das fronteiras sul e sudeste da Rússia européia. Esta construção em grande escala, iniciada durante o reinado de Anna Ioannovna, pode ser chamada de primeiro projeto cultural e social do Império Russo na região do Volga. Nas fronteiras orientais da parte européia do império opera a expedição de Orenburg, diante da qual o governo de Anna Ioannovna estabeleceu inúmeras tarefas.

Doença e morte da Imperatriz

Enquanto canhões chacoalhavam nas fronteiras do império e soldados e nobres morriam pela glória da imperatriz, a capital vivia no luxo e no entretenimento. A fraqueza de Anna era caçar. Nos quartos do Palácio de Peterhof havia sempre canhões carregados, dos quais a Imperatriz disparava contra pássaros voadores. Ela adorava cercar-se de bobos da corte.

Mas não apenas Anna Ioannovna podia atirar e se divertir, como os anos de seu reinado estavam relacionados a assuntos de estado muito sérios. A imperatriz governou por dez anos, e todos esses anos a Rússia construiu, lutou e expandiu suas fronteiras. 05 de outubro de 1740 ao jantar, a Imperatriz perdeu a consciência e, tendo estado doente por doze dias, morreu.

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PUFBCHBMYUSH EEE DCHE DPUETY GBTS PF VTBLB U ELBFETYOPK. uFBTYBS Y® OYI, BOOB CHSCHYMB ÚBNKhTS ®B ZETGPZB lBTMB-zhTYDTYIB zPMYFEKO-zPFFPTRULPZP Y RPLYOKHMB tPUUYA, B NMBDYBS, EMYIBCHEFB PUFBCHBMBUSH U TPDYFEMPDBYK CH. рТЕФЕОДПЧБФШ ОБ ЛПТПОХ НПЗМЙ ФБЛЦЕ ДПЮЕТЙ УЧПДОПЗП ВТБФБ рЕФТБ I ГБТС йПБООБ бМЕЛУЕЕЧЙЮБ (1666–1696 ЗЗ.), еЛБФЕТЙОБ йПБООПЧОБ Й бООБ йПБООПЧОБ, УФБЧЫЙЕ ЦЕОБНЙ УППФЧЕФУФЧЕООП ЗЕТГПЗПЧ лБТМБ-мЕПРПМШДБ нЕЛМЕОВХТЗ-ыЧЕТЙОУЛПЗП Й жТЙДТЙИБ-чЙМШЗЕМШНБ лХТМСОДУЛПЗП.

REFT RTELTBUOP RPOYNBM CHUA NETH UCHPEK PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY, Y DPMZPE CHTENS OE TEYBMUS UDEMBFSH CHSHVPT. dbce bvpmech h sochbte 1725 h OPYUSH U 28 OB 29 SOCHBTS ZPUHDBTSH ULPOYUBMUS, FBL YOE RPDRYUBCH EBCHEEBOYS. ChPRTPU P OBUMEDOYLE TBULPMMM RTYVMYTSEOOSCHI REFTTB I SOBRE DCHB MBZETS. rTEDUFBCHYFEMIU UFBTYOOSHHI BTYUFPLTBFYUEULYI ZHBNYMYK, RTETSDE CHUEZP LMBOSCH zPMYGSHCHOSCHI e dPMZPTHLYI, RPDDETSYCHBMY LBOYDBFHTH CHOHLB YNRETBFPTB, USCHOB UMPUYUBUFOPZP bMPUYUBUFOPZP. pDOBLP MADY Y OPCHPK OBFY, RPDOSCHYEUS SOBRE O QUARTO CHMBUFY MYYSH VMBZPDBTS REFTTPCHULYN TEZHPTNBN, VPMEE UPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBMY CHDPCHE ZPUHDBTS ELBFETYOE. pUPVEOOP BLFYCHOP RPDDETTSYCHBMY HER ZHEMSHDNBTYBM b. NEOSHYILPCH Y CHIDOSCHK DIRMPNBF b. fPMUFPK - POY HYUBUFCHPCHBMY H TPSHULE RP DEMKH GBTECHYUB bMELUES ​​​​YOE NPZMY PTSYDBFSH PF EZP USCHOB OYYUEZP IPTPYEZP. h TEEKHMSHFBFE "RFEOGSH ZOYEDB REFTTPCHB" UNPZMY ULMPOYFSH SOBRE UCHPA UFPTPOH ZCHBTDYA Y UYMPK RTYOHDYMY "UFBTSCHI VPST" RPDRYUBFSH HLB CH RPMSH ELBFETYOSCH.

fBL LBL NBMPPVTBCHBOOBS YNRETBFTYGB RMPIP TBVYTBMBUSH CH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSHCHI DEMBI, CH RPNPESH EK VSHM UPDBO PUPVSHCHK PTZBO — CHETIPHOSHCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF. h EZP UPUFBCH CHPYMY b. d. b. FPMUFPK, w. n. brtblujo j z. º. ZPMPCHLYO, DYRMPNBF b. y, PUFETNBO, B FBLTS OBYVPMEE CHIDOSCHK RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH UFBTK OBFY d. ZPMYGSHO. zhBLFYUEULY CHUS CHMBUFSH CH UFTBOE UPUTEDPFPYUMBUSH CH THLBI b. d. FFPF STLYK E OEEBKHTSDOSHK YuEMPCHEL, FBLTSE LBL E UBNB ELBFETYOB I, CH RPMOPN UNSCHUM UMCHB RPDOSMUS "Y ZTSY CH LOSY". RP NOOYA PDOYI UPCHTENEOOILPCH, PO RTPYUIPDYM E PVEDOECHEZP DCHPTSOUFCHB, OP DTHZYE, NEOEE DPVTCEMBFEMSHOSHCHE, ZPCHPTYMY, YUFP ON VSCHM CHPCHUE "RPMPK RPTPDSCH" E OELPZDB FPTZPCHBNYOBGPZHIB. eEE H AOPUFY NEOSHYILPCH RPRBM CH HUMHTSEOIE L GBTA REFTH Y RTPYEM RHFSH PF DEOEILB DP ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB. h 1703 Z. PO UFBM RETCHSHCHN ZOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTPN REFETVKhTZB, B ChP CHTENS rPMFBCHULPK VBFBMYY LPNBODPCHBM THUULPK LPOOYGEK Y UNPZ RPMOPUFSHHA TBZTPNYFSH PDOH Y ChTBTSEULYI LPMPOO.

рТЙ ЧУЕК ИТБВТПУФЙ Й ЬОЕТЗЙЮОПУФЙ нЕОШЫЙЛПЧ ПВМБДБМ ПЮЕОШ УХЭЕУФЧЕООЩН ОЕДПУФБФЛПН: ЕЗП ФСЗБ Л ЛБЪОПЛТБДУФЧХ ЙНЕМБ УПЧЕТЫЕООП ЮХДПЧЙЭОЩЕ НБУЫФБВЩ, ДБЦЕ ОБ ЖПОЕ РТПЮЙИ РЕФТПЧУЛЙИ ЧЕМШНПЦ, ОЕ ПФМЙЮБЧЫЙИУС ПУПВЕООПК ЭЕРЕФЙМШОПУФША. l FPNKh CE ZHEMSHDNBTYBM VSHCHM RBDPL DP TPULPY (CHYDYNP ULBSCCHBMPUSH ZPMPDOPE DEFUFCHP) Y PYUEOSH FEEUMBCHEO. “PVESHCH EZP, - RYUBM P NEOSHYYLPCHE YUFPTYL d. вБОФЩЫ-лБНЕОУЛЙК, — Ч ФПТЦЕУФЧЕООЩЕ ДОЙ УПУФПСМЙ ЙЪ ДЧХИУПФ ЛХЫБОШЕЧ, РПДБЧБЕНЩИ ОБ ЪПМПФПН УЕТЧЙЪЕ, ЛПФПТЩЕ РТЙЗПФПЧМСМЙУШ МХЮЫЙНЙ ЖТБОГХЪУЛЙНЙ РПЧБТБНЙ... ч ЗПТПДЕ ЕЪДЙМ ПО У ЮТЕЪЧЩЮБКОПК РЩЫОПУФША: ЧЩИПДС ОБ ВЕТЕЗ оЕЧЩ У НОПЗПЮЙУМЕООПК УЧЙФПК, МАВЙНЕГ рЕФТБ УБДЙМУС, ПВЩЛОПЧЕООП, Ч МПДЛХ . POB RTYUBMYCHBMB L YUBBLYECHULPK RTYUFBOY, ZDE OSHCHEE UEOBF (DPN ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB OBIPDYMUS SOBRE CHBUIMSHECHULPN PUFTPCHE - b. n.). FBN PCIDBMB NOWLELPCHB LBTEFB, Udembos sobre RPDPVYYE Cheetb, sobre Oyly Lpmeubi no Kommersant Setvpn no Dochabby, VPMSHPK LOSTSELPK LPTPOPK YE FPZP OilbMB sobre o YNREBMA, Kommersanthas rPOSFOP, YuFP RPDPVOSHCHK PVTB TSYOY DPUFBCHYM NEOSHYILPCHKH NOPTSEUFCHP CHTBZPCH Y ÚBCHYUFOILPCH.

PRBUBSUSH LPOLCHTEOGIY UP UFPTPOSCH DTHZYI UBOPCHOILPC, ZMBCHB CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB TEOYFEMSHOP TBURTBCHMSMUS UP CHUENY, LPZP RPDPITECHBM CH PFUHFUFCHY MPSMSHOPUFY. h UETEDYOE BRTEMS 1727 Z. NEOSHYILPCH OBYUBM UMEDUFCHYE RTPFYCH UCHPYI VSHCHYI UPAOYLPCH CH RTYDCHPTOPK VPTSHVE, r. b. fPMUFPZP Y REFETVKhTZULPZP ZEOETBM-RPMYGNEKUFETB b. n. DECHYETB, PVCHYOYCH YI CH "OERPYUFYFEMSHOPUFY" L YNRETBFTYGE. uHFSH LPOZHMYLFB, PDOBLP, VSHMB YOPK. OBCHBOOSCHE MYGB BLFICHOP CHSHCHUFHRBMY RTPFICH UPUFBCHMEOOOPZP NEOSHYILPCHSHCHN RMBOB TSEOYFSHVSCH GBTECHYUB REFTB SOBRE UCHPEK DPUETY nBTYY. rPUME DPRTPUB Y RSHCHFPL fPMUFPK Y decheyet PFRTBCHYMYUSH CH UUSCHMLH. CHULPTE, 7 NBS 1727 Z., YNRETBFTYGB ELBFETYOB I HNETMB. h PUFBCHMEOOPN EA BCHEEBOYY DCHEOBDGBFYMEFOYK GBTECHYU REFT PYASCHMSMUS OBUMEDOYLPN, OP DP EZP UCHETIEOOOPMEFIYS UFTBOPK DPMTSEO VSCHM RTBCHYFSH CHETPHOSHCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF. h PDOPC YU UFBFEK BCCHEEBOYS UPDETTSBMPUSH FBLCE RPTEMBOYE "HYYOYFSH UHRTKHTSEUFCHP" NETSDH GBTECHYYUEN REFTPN Y LOTSOPK NEOSHYYLPCHPK.

UBN b. d. eUMMY CH 1725 Z. EM BLFICHOP RTPFYCHPDEKUFCHCHBM CUFHRMEOYA REFTTB II SOBRE RTEUFPM, FP FERETSH BLFICHOP ENH UPDEKUFCHCHBM. OP VSHCCHHYK GBTULYK DEOEYL DPRUFYM DCHE LTHROSCHE PYYVLY.

ChP-RETCHI, KHOYUFPTSBS UCHPYI UPRETOYLPCH YY YUYUMB UPTBFOILPCH REFTTB CHEMYLPZP, PO TBUYUEBM DPTPZH L CHMBUFY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN UFBTYOOOPK BTYUFPLTBFYY. ChP-CHFPTSCHI, NEOSHYLPC SCHOP OEDPGEOYM OBOBYEOOPZP L GBTECHYYUKH CHPURYFBFEMEN BODTES YCHBOPCHYUB PUFETNBOB. рП ЕЗП НОЕОЙА, пУФЕТНБО ОЕ НПЗ ВЩФШ ПРБУЕО, ФБЛ ЛБЛ, СЧМССУШ ЧЩИПДГЕН ЙЪ чЕУФЖБМЙЙ, ОЕ ЙНЕМ РТЙ ДЧПТЕ ПВЫЙТОЩИ УЧСЪЕК Й, Л ФПНХ ЦЕ, ДПМЦЕО ВЩМ ЙУРЩФЩЧБФШ ВМБЗПДБТОПУФШ ЪБ ХДБМЕОЙЕ фПМУФПЗП, УПРЕТОЙЛБ ОБ ДЙРМПНБФЙЮЕУЛПН РПРТЙЭЕ. PUFETNBO UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH CHUSYUEULY RPDDETSYCHBM LFP IBVMHTSDEOYE. de acordo com PFRTBCHMSM NEOSHYLPCHH RPDTPVOSHCHE, OP MPTSOSCHE, PFUEFSHCH P OBUFTPEOYSI REFTTB bMELUEECHYUB, B UBN FEN CHTENEOEN UVBTBFEMSHOP OBUFTBYCHBM UCHPEZP RYFPNGB RTPFYCH ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB.

vPMSHYHA TPMSh RTY DCHPTE UFBMY YZTBFSH RTEDUFBCHYFEMY UFBTYOOPZP TPDB dPMZPTHLYI. nPMPDK PZHYGET YCHBO dPMZPTHLIK UCH U REFTPN II VMYLHA DTHTSVH, B EZP PFEG UEOBFPT bMELUEK zTYZPTSHECHYU YURPMOSM PVSBOOPUFY CHFPTPZP, RPUME PUFETNBOB, OBUFBCHOYLB. UBN REFT BMELUEECHYU PYUEOSH FSZPFIMUS PRELPK NEOSHYILPCHB. rP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHH RTHUULPZP PZHYGETB l.-z. nBOYFEKOB, LBL-FP, CH NYOHFH ZOECHB, AOSCHK NPOBTI BLTYUBM OB LOSS: "com RPLBTSH FEVE, UFP S YNRETBFPT Y UFP S FTEVHA RPCHYOPCHEOYS". tbchslb OBUFKhRYMB PUEOSHA 1727 zhemshdnbtybm vshchm bteufpchbo, pukhtsdeo i pfrtbchmeo h UUSCHMLH, B CHUE EZP YNKHEEUFCHP LPOZHYULPCHBOP.

rPDBCHMSAEEE VPMSHYOUFCHP GBTEDCHPTGECH MBTPTBDUFCHPCHBMP, YVP BBOPUYUYCHSHCHK NEOSHYYLPC HUREM DPUBDYFSH VHLCHBMSHOP CHUEN. ChPTPOETSULYK CHYGE-ZHVETOBFPT eZPT rbylch RYUBM UCHPENKh DTHZH i. yuETLBUPCH: “rTPYMB Y RPZYVMB UHEFOBS UMBCHB RTESPTDPZP zPMYBZHB, LPFPTPZP vPZ UIMSHOPK DEUOYGEK UPLTHYYM; CHUE LFPNKh PYUEOSH TBDShch ... ". еНХ ЧФПТЙФ ЧЙДОЩК ДЕСФЕМШ РЕФТПЧУЛПК ЬРПИЙ ЕРЙУЛПР жЕПЖБО рТПЛПРПЧЙЮ, ЛПФПТЩК Ч РЙУШНЕ Л рЕФТХ II ОБЗТБЦДБЕФ нЕОШЫЙЛПЧБ ФБЛЙНЙ ЬРЙФЕФБНЙ, ЛБЛ: «ВЕЪДХЫОЩК ЮЕМПЧЕЛ, СЪЧБ, ОЕЗПДСК, ЛПФПТПНХ ОЕФ РПДПВОПЗП».

rPUME RBDEOYS NEOSHYLPCHB PUOPCHOPE CHMYSOIE H CHETIPCHOPN FBKOPN UPCHEFE RETEYMP CH THLY UFBTK OBFY. л 1729 З. Ч ЕЗП УПУФБЧ ЧИПДЙМЙ ЮЕФЩТЕ РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМС ТПДБ дПМЗПТХЛЙИ (бМЕЛУЕК зТЙЗПТШЕЧЙЮ, чБУЙМЙК чМБДЙНЙТПЧЙЮ, нЙИБЙМ чМБДЙНЙТПЧЙЮ Й чБУЙМЙК мХЛЙЮ), ДЧБ зПМЙГЩОБ (дНЙФТЙК нЙИБКМПЧЙЮ Й нЙИБЙМ нЙИБКМПЧЙЮ), Б ФБЛЦЕ ЗТБЖ зБЧТЙМБ йЧБОПЧЙЮ зПМПЧЛЙО Й бОДТЕК йЧБОПЧЙЮ пУФЕТНБО. OPCHSHCHE "VMYUFBFEMSHOSHCHE RETUPOSCH", CHRTPYUEN, DEKUFCHBMY FENY CE NEFPDBNY, UFP E NEOSHYILPC. cante OBNETECHBMYUSH TSOYFSH REFTTB II SOBRE PDOPC YJ LOSCEO dPMZPTTHLYI Y BLFICHOP TBDBCHBMY UCHPYN UFPTPOOILBN CHSHCHUPLYE ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHE RPUFSHCH.

dPMZPTHLIE L FPNKh TSE ÚBRSFOBMY UEVS CHÚSFPYUOYUEFCHPN Y PYUEOSH DHTOP CHMYSMY SOBRE AOPZP NPOBTIB. “REFT PFCHSHL UCHETIEOOOP PF UETSHOEOPZP OBOSFIS, - RYUBM YUFPTYL u. n. UPMPCHSHECH, - LFP IPFEM RTYVMYYFSHUS L OENH, FPF DPMTSEO VSCHM ZPCHPTYFSH P CHEEBI ENH RTYSFOSHCHI, DPUFKHROSHI: PV PIPFE, UPVBLBI Y F.R. ". FP UHTSDEOYE RPDFCHETSDBEFUS Y UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHBNY UPCTENEOOILPC. “CHUE CH tPUUYY CH UFTBYOPN TBUUFTPKUFCHE, - DPOPUIM PYO YY YOPUFTBOOSCHI DYRMPNBFPCH, - GBTSh OE ÚBOYNBEFUS DEMPN Y OE DHNBEF ÚBOYNBFSHUS; DEOEZ OILPNKh OE RMBFSF, Y VPZ OBEF DP YuEZP DPKDHF ZHYOBOUSHCH; LBCDSCHK CHPTHEF ULPMSHLP NPTSEF.

eEE CH LPOGE 1727 Z. REFT II RETEOYU UFPMYGH J REFETVKhTZB CH nPULCHH. нОПЗЙЕ УПЧТЕНЕООЙЛЙ ЧЙДЕМЙ Ч ЬФПН ЪОБЛ ПЛПОЮБФЕМШОПЗП ТБЪТЩЧБ НПМПДПЗП РТБЧЙФЕМС У МАДШНЙ ЙЪ ПЛТХЦЕОЙС рЕФТБ I. оЕ НЕОЕЕ УЙНЧПМЙЮОП ЧЩЗМСДЕМП Й ФП, ЮФП РП РХФЙ Ч нПУЛЧХ рЕФТ бМЕЛУЕЕЧЙЮ ЧУФТЕФЙМУС УП УЧПЕК ВБВЛПК еЧДПЛЙЕК мПРХИЙОПК Й РПДБТЙМ ЕК ЧПМПУФШ Ч ДЧЕ ФЩУСЮЙ ДЧПТПЧ. «дХТБ дХОШЛБ», ЛБЛ ОБЪЩЧБМ УЧПА УХРТХЗХ рЕФТ чЕМЙЛЙК, РТПВЩЧ ДПМЗЙЕ ЗПДЩ Ч НПОБУФЩТУЛПН ЪБФПЮЕОЙЙ, ЧПЧУЕ ОЕ ХФТБФЙМБ ЧЛХУБ Л ЙОФТЙЗБН Й ФЕРЕТШ, ЛПЗДБ ЧЕФЕТ РЕТЕНЕОЙМУС, РТЙОСМБ БЛФЙЧОПЕ ХЮБУФЙЕ Ч «РПРТБОЙЙ» нЕОШЫЙЛПЧБ.

PDOBLP RTY REFTE II, LBL CHUEZDB VSCCHBEF PE CHTENS TEELYI RETENEO CH CHCHUYI UZHETBI, SOBRE PDOPZP DPCHPMSHOPZP RTYIPDYMPUSH DEUSFSH PVITSEOOSCHI. uftenyfemshope chpchshchyoye dpmzptkhlyi y zpmygshshshchi OE FPMShLP RHZBMP "OPCHHA" OBFSH, OP Y TBDTTBTSBMP RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK DTHZYI UFBTYOOSHCHI ZHBNYMYK. tPDUFCHEOOIL NBFETY REFTTB I bMELUBODT mSHCHPCHYU OBTSCHYLYO, TSYCHYK CH UCHPEN RPDNPULPCHOPN YNEOYY, LPZDB HOBM, UFP REFT II PIPFIFUS OERPDBMELKH Y CEMBEF EZP CHYDEFSH, ÚBSFUSHMP, UFP? com Y RPYUYFBFSH EZP OE IPYUKH, S UBN FBLPC CE, LBL Y PO, Y DKHNBM SOBRE GBTUFCHE UIDEFSH, LBL PO. pFEG NPK (Espada LYTYMPCHYU OBTSCHYLYO - b. n.) ZPUHDBTUFCHPN RTBCHYM, DBK NOE CHSHKFY YY LFPK OKHTSDSCH - S BOBA, UFP UDEMBFSH! bB "RTEDETLYE UMPCHB" OBTSCHYLYOB PFRTBCHYMY CH "DBMSHOAA EZP DETECHOA".

oEDCHPMEO VSCHM Y PUFETNBO, PFFEUOEOOOSCHK dPMZPTTHLINY SOBRE CHFPTPK RMBO. PRSHCHFOSHCHK GBTEDCHPTEG IPTPYP CHYDEM, LBL PRSHSOEOOSCHE HDBYUK ZHBCHPTYFSCH DEMBAF PYYVLKH OB PYYVLPK, OBTSYCHBS CHUE OPCHSHI CHTBZPCH E FETSS UPAYOLPCH. h OBYUBME UEOFSVTS 1729 Z. REFT II CHCHEIBM CH UPTCHPTsDEOYY UCHYFSHCH SOBRE ZTBODYPKOHA PIPFH, DMS LPFPTPK UPVTBMY VPMEE YEUFYUPF UPVBL. rPFEI RTPDPMTSBMYUSH VPMEE DCHHI OEDEMSH, B CHULPTE RPUME CHP-CHTBEEOYS CH nPULCH UFBMP Y'CHEUFOP, UFP YNRETBFPT CHUFHRBEF H VTBL U DPUETSHA LOS'S bMELUES ​​​​zTYZPTSHECHYUB dPMZYPTHL. 30 OPSVTS RTPY'PYMP PVTKHYUEOYE, Y 17-MEFOAA LOSTSOKH UFBMY PZHYGYBMSHOP OBSHCHCHBFSH YNRETBFPTULYN CHSHCHUPYUEFCHPN. DCHPTSE UP CHUEK UFTBOSH RPFSOHMYUSH CH nPULCHH SOBRE UCHBDEVOSHCHE FPTTSEUFCHB. OP CH UBNSCHK TBZBT RTEDRTBDOYUOSCHI IMPRPF REFT II BVPMEM PURPK Y CH OPYUSH U 18 OB 19 SOCHBTS 1730 Z. ULPOYUBMUS. h RTEDUNETFOPN VTEDH ON BLCHBM L UEVE PUFETNBOB, B RPFPN RPFTEVCHBM SLAUGHTER, YUFPVSCH EIBFSH L UEUFTE obfbmshe bmelueechoe, LPFPTBS HNETMB VPMEE ZPDB FPNKh OBBD.

utbjh tse rpume lpoyuyoshch reftb II, Yumeoshch chetypchopzp fbkopzp UPCHEFB UPVTBMYUSH SOBRE UPCHEEBOYE. LOSSH BMELUEK ZTYZPTSHECHYU DPMZPTTHLYK UFBM FTEVPCHBFSH RTEUFPMB DMS UCHPEK DPUETY, OP LFP RTEDMPTSEOIE VSCHMP PFCHETZOHFP. rTPFICH OEZP CHSHCHUFKHRIM DBCE PDIO YY YUMEOPCH ZHBNYMYY ZHEMSHDNBTYBM chBUYMYK chMBDYNYTCHYU dPMZPTTHLYK. “oEUMSHIBOOPE DEMP CHSH ÚBFECHBEFE, - ZPCHPTYM ON TPDUFCHEOOILBN, - YUFPV PVTKHYUEOOOPK OECHEUFE VSHFSH TPUUYKULPZP RTEUFPMB OBUMEDOYGEK! LFP ЪBIPYUEF EK RPDDBOOSCHN VSHCHFSh? OE FPMSHLP RPUFPTPOOYE, OP YS, Y RTPUYE YUMEOSCH ZHBNYMYY - OILFP CH RPDDBOUFCHE H OEE VSHCHFSH OE BIPIYUEF. LOSTSOB LBFETYOB U ZPUHDBTENE CHEOYUBMBUSH. IDEIA CHP'CHEUFY SOBRE RTEUFPM DPYUSH REFTTB I EMYBCHEFH, FBLCE OE RTYOSMIY: CHETIPCHOYLY VPSMYUSH LPOLCHTEOHYY UP UFPTPPOSH MYG Y' HER PLTHTSEOIS.

oblpoeg losh dniftyk nyibkmpchyu zpmygshcho ybschym, UFP UP UNETFSHHA REFTTB II MYOYS, YDHEBS PF refftb CHEMYLPZP, RTEUELMBUSH, Y URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH FTEVHEF RETEKFIY L UFBTYEK MYOPOYOBOY. fBL VSHMP RTYOSFP TEYOYE RTYZMBUIFSH SOBRE RTEUFPM BOOH yPBOOPCHOKH, LPFPTBS EEE CH 1711 CHETIPCHOYLY OBDESMYUSH, UFP OE YNECHYBS RTPUOSHI UCHSKEK RTY THUULPN DCHPTE ZETGPZYOS UFBOEF RPUMHYOSCHN PTHDYEN CH YI THLBI. RTY LFPN UFPVSCH OCHETOSLB UPITBOYFSH CHMYSOIE Y, RP UMPCHBN Ph.D. ZPMYGSHCHOB, "UEVE CHPMY RTYVBCHYFSH", DPMZPTHLYE Y ZPMYGSHCHOSCH TEYMY RTEMPTSYFSH OPCHPK YNRETBFTYGE "LPODYGYY" F.E. HUMPHYS, PZTBOYUYCHBAEYE SEU CHMBUFSH. ч ЗМХВПЛПК ФБКОЕ ВЩМБ УПУФБЧМЕОБ ЗТБНПФБ, РП ЛПФПТПК бООБ йПБООПЧОБ, ВХДФП ВЩ РП УПВУФЧЕООПК ЧПМЕ, ПВЕЭБМБ ЧП ЧУЕН ТХЛПЧПДУФЧПЧБФШУС НОЕОЙЕН чЕТИПЧОПЗП ФБКОПЗП УПЧЕФБ Й ВЕЪ ЕЗП ЧПМЙ ОЕ ОБЪОБЮБФШ УЕВЕ ОБУМЕДОЙЛБ, ОЕ ЧЕУФЙ НЕЦДХОБТПДОЩИ РЕТЕЗПЧПТПЧ, ОЕ ЦБМПЧБФШ ЛТХРОЩИ ЪЕНЕМШОЩИ ЧМБДЕОЙК Й Ф.Д. PUKHEEUFCHMEOYE BLNSHUMB CHETIPCHOYLPCH RP UHFY DEMB POBYUBMP VSCH UPDBOYE CH UFTBOE OPCHPK ZHPTNSCH RTBCHMEOYS — PZTBOYUEOOPK NPOBTIIY. OP PZTBOYUEOOYE LFP DPMTSOP VSCHMP PUKHEEUFCHYFSHUS CH RPMSh PYUEOSH HLPK ZTHRRRYTPCHLY CHSHCHUYI UBOPCHOYLPCH.

yNEOOP OETSEMBOYE Y OEHNEOYE HYUIFSCCHBFSH YOFETEUSCH YITPLYI UMPEC DCHPTSOUFCHB (YMY, LBL FPZDB ZPCHPTYMY SOBRE RPMSHULYK MBD, YMSIEFUFCHB) UFBMP PUOPCHOPK PYVLPK UMEOPCH UPCHEFB. nOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE DCHPTSOE, UYAEIBCHYUSH H nPULCHKH SOBRE GBTULCHA UCHBDSHVKH, OEPTSYDBOOP PLBBMYUSH SOBRE RPIPTPPOBI GBTS Y RTY CHSHCHVPTBI OPCHPK GBTYGSCH. iPDYCHYE UTEDD YOYI UMHIY P FBKOSHCHI RTYZPFPCHMEOYSI H CHETIPCHOPN UPCHEFE RPTPTSDBMY NOPTSEUFCHP FTECHPZ Y PRBUEOIK Y, PDOCHTENEOOP, RPDFBMLYCHBMY L CHSHCHDCHYTSEOYA UPVUFCHEOOOSHI FTEVPCHBOIK. tbmyuosche ZTHRRYTPCHLY DCHPTSO RTYUFKHRYMY L UPUFBCHMEOYA UCHPYI RTPELFCH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPZP HUFTPKUFCHB. rTPFICH BCHFPTPCH LPOYGYK CHSHCHUFKHRIMY FBLIE STLYE MADY, LBL YUFPTYL h. fBFYEECH, RYUBFEMSH b. LBOFENYT, ERYULPR ZHEPZHBO RTPLPRCHYU. pDOIN Y® MYDETPCH CHTBTSDEVOPC CHETIPCHOYLBN ZTHRRRYTPCHLY UFBM CHIDOSCHK CHEMSHNPTSB LOSSH bMELUEK NYIBKMPCHYU yuETLBUULYK.

оБУФТПЕОЙЕ ВПМШЫЙОУФЧБ ДЧПТСО, ЧЙДЕЧЫЙИ Ч УБНПЧМБУФОПН ЗПУХДБТЕ ЪБЭЙФХ ПФ РТПЙЪЧПМБ ЧТЕНЕОЭЙЛПЧ Й ЖБЧПТЙФПЧ, РТЕЛТБУОП ЧЩТБЪЙМ лБЪБОУЛЙК ЗХВЕТОБФПТ бТФЕНЙК чПМЩОУЛЙК, ЛПФПТЩК РЙУБМ Ч нПУЛЧХ: «уМЩЫОП, ЮФП ЪДЕУШ ДЕМБЕФУС Х ЧБУ ЙМЙ ХЦЕ Й УДЕМБМПУШ, ЮФПВЩ ВЩФШ Х ОБУ ТЕУРХВМЙЛЕ... с ЪЕМП CH FFPN UHNOYFEMEO. вПЦЕ УПИТБОЙ, ЮФПВ ОЕ УДЕМБМПУШ ЧНЕУФП ПДОПЗП УБНПДЕТЦБЧОПЗП ЗПУХДБТС ДЕУСФЙ УБНПЧМБУФОЩИ Й УЙМШОЩИ ЖБНЙМЙК: Й ФБЛ НЩ, ЫМСИЕФУФЧП, УПЧУЕН РТПРБДБЕН Й РТЙОХЦДЕОЩ ВХДЕН ЗПТЫЕ РТЕЦОЕЗП ЙДПМПРПЛМПООЙЮБФШ Й НЙМПУФЙ Х ЧУЕИ ЙУЛБФШ».

NECDH FEN DERHFBHYS PF CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB PFRTTBCHYMBUSH CH UFPMYGH LHTMSODYY NYFBCHH (GENERAL emZBCHB, H MBFCHYY), ZDE RTEDUFBCHYMB BOOE yPBOOPCHOE LPODYGYY, LPFPYZSHCHE FB 4 ZHECHTBMS 1730 Z. VSCHM YÜDBO NBOYZHEUF PV YÜVTBOYY BOOSCH SOBRE TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, B OEDEM URKHUFS, POB RTYVSHMB CH UEMP CHUEUCHSFULPE RPD nPULCCHPK. YDEUSH, PDOBLP, VHDHEBS YNRETBFTYGB VSHCHUFTP RPOSMB, UFP "BFEKLB" CHETIPCHOYLPCH CHPCHUE OE RPMSHHEFUS EDYOPDHYOPK RPDDETSLPK DCHPTSOUFCHB. PE CHTENS BHDYEOGYY L BOOE SCHYMBUSH GEMBS FPMRB DCHPTSO, HNPMSCHYI HER "RTYOSFSH UBNPDETSBCHUFCHP". pUPVEOOP CHPPDHYECHYMP ZETGPZYOA FP, UFP UTEDY RTPFICHOYLPCH upChEFB PLBMBPUSH NOPZP ZCHBTDEKULYI PZHYGETPCH. rP UPPVEEOIA PYUECHYDGB UPVSCHFIK, YURBOULPZP RPUMBOOILB s. De Mityb, Zchbtdekkshch Dbts Pvtbfimyush olhe para o FLPK Tyosha: “NSh Chethe RPDDOBOOSKY VABYEZP CHEIYUEUUFCHB, CHITOP UMHTSIMY Chbyn RTEHEOSHENSHESH OMHTSH OMHCHCH, OMHEYKH ITSHEYENKH ZHIEYENKH ZHEYENKH VETM. rTYLBTSYFE Y NSC RPCHEZOEN LCHBYN OPZBN ZPMPCHSH FYTBOPCH". 23 ZHECHTBMS BOOB yPBOOPCHOB, CH OBTHIEOYE LPODYGYK, PYASCHYMB UEVS RPMLPCHOYLPN MEKV-ZCHBTDYY rTEPVTBTSEOULPZP RPMLB, B

rTPFEUFPCHBFSH OILFP OE TEYIMUS. LHTMSODULBS ZETGPZYOS CHUFHRYMB SOBRE TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, CHETIPHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF VSCHM TBURHEEO. rPOINBS, UFP EZP RMBOSCH THIOKHMY, Ph.D. zPMYGSCHO JMPCHEEE RTPYJOEU: “OBA, UFP S VHDH CETFCHPK OEHDBYUY FFPZP DEMB. fBL Y VSHCHFSH RPUFTBDBA b PFEYUEUFCHP; NOE HCE OENOPZP PUFBEFUS, Y FE, LPFPTSHCHE BUFBCHMSAF NEOS RMBLBFSH, VHDHF RMBLBFSH DPMEE NPEZP. LBL Y NOPZYE HER RTEDYUFCHEOOYLY, BOOB YPBOOPCHOB DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP OBYUBMB RTBCHMEOYE U OBLBBOYS UCHPYI TEBMSHOSHCHI E NOINSCHI RTPFYCHOYLPCH. URETCHB, CHRTPYUEN, POB DEKUFCHPCHBMB PYUEOSH PUFPPTTSOP. pFGH OEUPUPPSCHYEKUS GBTYGShch b. h. зПМЙГЩОХ РТЙЛБЪБМЙ ЦЙФШ ВЕЪЧЩЕЪДОП Ч ЙНЕОЙЙ, Б РТПЮЙИ ЧЙДОЩИ РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМЕК ТПДБ ТБЪПУМБМЙ ЗХВЕТОБФПТБНЙ РП ПЛТБЙОБН ЙНРЕТЙЙ: чБУЙМЙС мХЛЙЮБ — Ч уЙВЙТШ, йЧБОБ зТЙЗПТШЕЧЙЮБ — Ч чПМПЗДХ, нЙИБЙМБ чМБДЙНЙТПЧЙЮБ — Ч бУФТБИБОШ. LOSSH DNYFTYK NYIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSCHO Y EZP VTBF ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NYIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSHO UPITBOYMY SOBRE OELPFPTPPE CHTENS UCHPY CHSHCHUPLYE YUYOSCH Y CHBOYS.

PDULP HCCE OEULPMSHLP urhufs infelizes, Obmysyush osufpseye Tburtbchsh: h Utetedyo 1730 Z. Los Bmeelus Zeizpstheyub Choneuf no UNESKI POPUMBMY COMPPHEL, DTHZB RPPKOPPZP. h DElbVTE FPZP CE ZPDB ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NIIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSCHO, YÊNHUEOOOSCHK FTECHPZBNY ÚB UCHPA UHDSHVKh, ULPOYUBMUS PF UETDEYUOPZP RTYUFHRB. дТХЗПК ЖЕМШДНБТЫБМ, чБУЙМЙК чМБДЙНЙТПЧЙЮ дПМЗПТХЛЙК Ч ЛПОГЕ 1731 З. ВЩМ ЪБФПЮЕО Ч ыМЙУУЕМШВХТЗУЛХА ЛТЕРПУФШ, ОЕЧЪЙТБС ОБ ФП, ЮФП Ч УЧПЕ ЧТЕНС РТПФЕУФПЧБМ РТПФЙЧ РПРЩФЛЙ ЧПЪЧЕДЕОЙС ОБ РТЕУФПМ еЛБФЕТЙОЩ дПМЗПТХЛПК. fPMSHLP CH 1736 Z. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB YNEMB HDPCHPMSHUFCHYE DPVTBFSHUS DP BCHFPTB LPODYGYK d. ZPMYGSCHOB. eZP PVCHYOYMY CH UMPHRPFTEVMEOYSI RP UMHTSVE, CHSFPYUOYUEUFCHE Y, UBNPE ZMBCHOPE, CH "RTPYJOEUEOYY VZPNETELLYI UMCH". lBL CHSCHSUOYM UHD, ChPMSHOPDKHNOSHCHK LOSSH PDOBTSDSCH UBNEFIYM, UFP DMS RPMShSHCH DEMB UHFM VSC UMHYBFSH UPCHEFSCH UBNPZP ubfbosch. дНЙФТЙС зПМЙГЩОБ ПФРТБЧЙМЙ Ч ыМЙУУЕМШВХТЗ, ЗДЕ ПО Й ХНЕТ Ч 1737 З. еЭЕ ЮЕТЕЪ ДЧБ ЗПДБ ОБЮБМПУШ ОПЧПЕ УМЕДУФЧЙЕ РП ДЕМХ дПМЗПТХЛЙИ, Ч ТЕЪХМШФБФЕ ЛПФПТПЗП ЛОСЪШ йЧБО бМЕЛУЕЕЧЙЮ ВЩМ РПДЧЕТЗОХФ Ч оПЧЗПТПДЕ НХЮЙФЕМШОПК ЛБЪОЙ «ЮЕТЕЪ ЛПМЕУПЧБОЙЕ», Б чБУЙМЙА мХЛЙЮХ, уЕТЗЕА Й йЧБОХ зТЙЗПТШЕЧЙЮБН dPMZPTTHLYN ​​​​PFUELMY ZPMCHSHCH.

HOYUFPTSYCH CHETPCHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF, BOOB yPBOOPCHOB UPDBMB CH PLFSVTE 1731 Z. lBVYOEF NYOYUFTCH, UIPDOSHK U upChefPN RP ZHOLGYSN, OP EEE VPMEE HLYK RP UPUFBCHKh. RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP CH OEZP CHPYMY FTY UBOPCHOILB: b. º. PUFETNBO, LOSSH b. n. yuetlbuulyk y ztbzh h. º. zPMPCHLYO. h 1735 Z., RPUME UNETFY zPMCHLYOB, YUMEOPN LBVYOEFB VSCHM YÜVTBO r. º. sZKHTSYOULYK, B EEE RPITSE, CH 1738 Z. - b. R. CHPMSHCHOULYK. RPDRYUSH FTEI LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTCH RPMOPUFSHHA OBNEOSMB UPVPK RPDRYUSH YNRETBFTYGSCHCH.

vPMSHYHA TPMSh UFBM YZTBFSH FBLCE ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDNBTYBM v.-l. NYOYI, LPFPTSCHK CH 1730 Z. BOSM RPUF RTEYIDEOFB CHPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY (PTZBOB, THLCHPDYCHYEZP CHPPTKHTSOOOSCHNY UYMBNY UFTBOSHCH). oblpoeg, OEPZTBOYUEOOSCHN CHMYSOYEN SOBRE YNRETBFTYGH RPMShЪPCHBMUS HER ZHBCHPTYF y.-y. VYTPO. UFP CE RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK MADY, PRTEDEMSCHYE LHTU UFTBOSHCHP CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ.?

yNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHSHCHYE, CH 1710 Z., UPCHUEN EEE AOK UENOBDGBFYMEFOEK DECHHYLPK, VSCHMB CHSHCHDBOB BLNKhTs bB ZETGPZB lKhTMSODULPZP, OP RPYuFY UTBYEPCHEMBKH. FEN OE NOOEE, REFT I OBUFPSM SOBRE FPN, YUFPVSCH BOOB PFRTBCHYMBUSH CH LHTMSODYA Y TSYMB FBN, HRTBCHMSS ZETGPZUFCHPN U RPNPESHHA TPUYKULYI UPCHEFOILPCH. LHTMSODYS CH FP CHTENS YZTBMB PYUEOSH CHBTSOKHA TPMSH CH VPTSHVE tPUUYY BL CHSHHIPD L vBMFYKULPNH NPTA, J REFT CHEMYLYK OE NPZ PFLBBFSHUS PF CHMYSOIS SOBRE OEE. zhPTNBMSHOP ZETGPZUFCHP UYUYFBMPUSH CHBUUBMPN TEYUY rPURPMYFPK (UPAÚOPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB rPMSHYY Y MYFCHSC), OP FFP OYULPMSHLP OE NEYBMP YNRETBFPTH RTYOYNBFSH UBNSCHE TEYFEMSHOSHCHE NET. h UEOFSVTE 1712 Z., HOBCH, YUFP NOPZYE LHTMSODULYE DCHPTSE VEI CHPUFPTZB CHUFTEFYMY RTYED BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, DE CHEMEM THUULPNKH HRPMOPNPYUEOOPNKH p. n. VEUFKhTSECH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH OBRPTYUFP Y CEUFLP: “th DMS FPZP RPUSCHMBKFE SOBRE LELKHGYY OBYI DTBZHO ... Y UNPFTYFE OB ONYY, UFPV POY CONTA HLBKH UEVE MYYOEZP OE VTBMY.”

dTHZYE DETTSBCHSHCH, CH RETCHHA PYUETESH TEYUSH rPURPMYFBS Y rTKHUUYS, FBLTSE UFTENYMYUSH CHSKFSh lKhTMSODYA RPD UCHPK LPOFTPMSH. em FPK GEMSHA POY FP RPDDETSYCHBMY RTEFEOYY SOBRE LPTPOH DTHZYI TPDUFCHEOOILPC RPLPKOPZP ZETGPZB, FP RSCHFBMYUSH RTEDMPTSYFSH BOOE yPBOOPCHOE OPCHPZP TSEOYIB. пУПВЕООП БЛФЙЧЙЪЙТПЧБМЙУШ ФБЛЙЕ РПРЩФЛЙ РПУМЕ УНЕТФЙ рЕФТБ I. ч ЛПОГЕ 1725 З. тЕЮШ рПУРПМЙФБС ЧЩДЧЙОХМБ Ч ЛБЮЕУФЧЕ РТЕФЕОДЕОФБ ОБ ТХЛХ Й УЕТДГЕ бООЩ йПБООПЧОЩ РПВПЮОПЗП УЩОБ РПМШУЛПЗП ЛПТПМС бЧЗХУФБ II нПТЙГБ уБЛУПОУЛПЗП. LHTMSODULPE DCHPTSOUFCHP SOBRE UEKNE EZP LBOYDBFHTH PDPVTYMP, DB Y ZETGPZYOE TSEOYI RPOTBCHYMUS, OP H tPUUY RPDPVOSHCHE DEKUFCHYS CHCHCHBMY FTECHPZH. ч нЙФБЧХ ОЕНЕДМЕООП ЧЩЕИБМ ТХУУЛЙК ДЙРМПНБФ ЛОСЪШ ч. м. дПМЗПТХЛЙК (РПЪЦЕ ЛБЪОЕООЩК бООПК йПБООПЧОПК), ЛПФПТЩК РТЙОСМУС ХЗТПЦБФШ ЛХТМСОДУЛПНХ ДЧПТСОУФЧХ ФЕН, ЮФП Ч УМХЮБЕ ЙЪВТБОЙС нПТЙГБ ЙИ ПЦЙДБЕФ РПМОПЕ РПЗМПЭЕОЙЕ рПМШЫЕК. h LBYUEUFCHE UPVUFCHEOOOSCHI LBODYDBFCH tPUUYS RTEDMPTSYMB SOBRE CHSHVPT MYVP ZETGPZB zPMYFEKO-zPFFPTRULPZP, MYVP b. d. 'BFEN L'FYN DCHHN VSCHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH VTBFSHS lBTM Y MADCHYZ ZEUUEO-zPNVKhTZULIE, OBIPDICHYYEUS SOBRE THUULPK CHPEOOPC UMHTSVE. yuBUFSH YUMEOPCH LHTMSODULPZP DPNB PE ZMBCHE U RTEUFBTEMSHCHN ZETGPZPN zhetdyobodpn Chshchulbbmbush bb RTYOGB zeuueo-lBUUEMSHULPZP. RPUMA DPMZYYA URPTPCCH YOLSDHOBTPROSHYA YOLETIZ, CHETSES LPFPTSHY BOOBOOLOOPCHOE EDIMB LPOHMSHFBGYSNY Ch Refetvchtz, B Nyfbche Lybbm Lpyufni Chopzufchi Chopiufchi B. ZETGPZYOS BLNHTS FBL YOE CHSHYMB.

rPDVOSCHE YOGYDEOFSHCH, TBHNEEFUS, OBMPTSYMY OEYYZMBDYNSCHK PFREYUBFPL SOBRE IBTBLFET BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH. sim n. уПМПЧШЕЧ РЙУБМ РП ЬФПНХ РПЧПДХ ФБЛ: «тБООЕЕ Й ВЕЪДЕФОПЕ ЧДПЧУФЧП Ч УФТБОЕ УМБВПК, ЪБ ЧМЙСОЙЕ, ОБД ЛПФПТПК УРПТЙМЙ ФТЙ УЙМШОЩИ УПУЕДБ, УДЕМБМЙ ЙЪ бООЩ ЙЗТХЫЛХ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙИ ПФОПЫЕОЙК Й УППВТБЦЕОЙК; POB UFBMB OECHEUFPK CHUEI VEDOSHI RTYOGECH, TSEMBCHYI RPMHYUYFSH LHTMSODYA CH RTYDBOPE; Rmbshch ppuffbchmsmyush e tbdemshbmyush, UNPFTS RP Pfopyyaa Netsdh TPuuyek, RPMSHYEK YU RTHUYEK ... UBIB HOITSOIS VSHRIFB DP DOMB ZUUFLBS, ZPTDBS, UHPPMAVSHTS, UHPPMAVICHS.

tBPTCHBCH LPODYGYY, BOOB yPBOOPCHOB RTPDPMTSBMB PRBUBFSHUS ÚBZPCHPTCH Y YOFTYZ UP UFPTPOSCH TPPDCHYFPK BTYUFPLTBFYY. seu PFUADB seu Tsufpleye Zopoeois sobre Zpmygshchchi, DPMZPTHLYA, AUHKRPHCH, PFUADB Yu RPRSHFLB Pretefshus sobre o "RTYYMSHYA MADEK", Yopuftbogec Ymy TPUUISO, YENECHYAYAYAYYA RTY DEUN PVCTOSHOYA UBNPKA UBNPKA YANRETGEGE. CHUE UPCHTENEOOOYLY UIPDYMYUSH H FPN, YuFP BOOB yPBOOPCHOB VSCHMB HNOB, OP NOPZYE RTY LFPN RPTYGBMY RTBCHYFEMSHOIGH RB ZTHVPUFSH, ULMPOOPUFSH L rTY DCHPTE CHUE CHTENS OBIPDYMPUSH NOPTSEUFCHP YKhFPCH, HTPDPCH, TBOPZP TPDB UHNBUYEDYI, UNEYYCHYYI YNRETBFTYGH. pUPVEOOP MAVIMB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB TSEOEIO, LPFPTSHCHE HNEMY VSHCHUFTP Y VEPUFBOCHPYUOP ZPCHPTYFSH (“TsKhTsTsBFSH”, RP UMPCHBN UPCTENEOOILB). yOPZDB H YHFB RTECHTBEMBMUS YUEMPCEL OBFPZP RTPYUIPTsDEOYS, OBCHMELYK SOBRE UEVS ZOCH GBTYGSCH, LBL, OBRTYNET, EEE PYO RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH OEOBCHYUFOPZP EK UENEKUFCHB zPMYGSHCHOYNY BUYEMSHCHOY ChP CHTENS RTEVSCHCHBOYS b ZTBOYGEK PO TSEOIMUS SOBRE YFBMShSOLE, RETEYEM CH LBFPMYUEUFCHP (UFP FPZDB UYUYFBMPUSH RTEUFHRMEOYEN), B ChPCHTBFSUSH H tPUUYA RSHCHFBMUS FFP ULTSCHFSH, OP VEKHUREY. BOOB CH 1733 Z. RTPY'CHEMB OYUYUBUFOPZP CH "LBCHBMETSH YKhFPCHULPZP PTDEOB" Y PVSBMB RPDBCHBFSH LCHBU b PVEDPN. uIPDOBS UHDSHVB RPUFYZMB LOS S chPMLPOULPZP, RPRBCHYEZP H YHFSCH OB UCHPE BOPUYUYCHPE RPCHEDEOYE.

chPPVEE HOYTSEOYE YUEMPCELB TPPDCHYFPZP Y ZPTDPZP RPYUFY CHUEZDB DPUFBCHMSMP YNRETBFTYGE HDPCHPMSHUFCHYE. Pobed Mavimb, Obrtbchmychbfsh sobre Cheshnptz ORNOBPHISHBPHSHEL, KOBUFBCHMSMB RPCMSHYSHYSHI, RTPMEBFSHI RPMPD RPDMPN, B YEN-MIVP RTPCHIOIUS, OBLBSHSHSHMOSHIOSHIOSHIOSHEISHIS.

MADY, YURSHCHFBCHYE SOBRE UEVE ZOECH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, RP RPOSFOSHCHN RTYUYOBN, TYUPCHBMY CH NENKHTBBI LTBKOOE OERTYCHMELBFEMSHOSHCHK HER RPTFTEF.

fBL TSEOB LBEOOPZP yCHBOB dPMZPTHLPZP obfbmshs YETENEFECHB RYYEF P OEK: “rTEUFTBYOPZP VSCHMB CHPTH; PFCHTBFOPE MYGP YNEMB; FBL VSCHMB CHEMILB, LPZDB NETsDH LBCHBMETCH YDEF, CHUI ZPMCHPK CHSHCHCHYY UTECHSHCHYUBKOP FPMUFB. h FFPN PFSHCHCHE CHYDOP SCHOPE TSEMBOYE HSKCHYFSH "RPZKHVYFEMSHOYGH" Y HFCHETDYFSH UCHPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP CH FPC UZHETE, OBD LPFPTPK GBTULYE HLSCH OE CHMBUFOSHCH: CH LTBUPFE E TSEOUULPKF RTYCHMELBY.

UPCTENEOOOYLY, OE YURSHCHFBCHYYE FBLYI FSTSLYI ZPOEOIK, LBL yETENEFECHB, DETTSBMYUSH VPMEE URPLPKOSHCHI Y, BYUBUFHA, CHRPMOE VMBZPTSEMSHOSCHI PGEOPL. ZPMYFYOULYK LBNET-AOLET w.-ch. ZHPO VETIZPMSHG, OBCHYK BOOH yPBOOPCHOKH EEE ZETGPZYOKH, PFNEYUBEF, UFP POB "TSEOEYOB TSYCHBS Y RTYSFOBS, IPTPYP UMPTSEOB, OEDHTOB UPVPK Y DETSYF UEVS FBL, YUFP YUHCHUFCHHEYSHOY OE OE RY". Uhrthzb VTIFBOULPZP RPUMB Medi Dtop, PDOPN ORYEI RYUEN L RPDTHZE PFNEYUBEF: “VD (YNRENREBFTYGB - B. ч ЧЩТБЦЕОЙЙ ЕЕ МЙГБ ЕУФШ ЧЕМЙЮБЧПУФШ, РПТБЦБАЭБС У РЕТЧПЗП ЧЪЗМСДБ, ОП ЛПЗДБ ПОБ ЗПЧПТЙФ ОБ ЗХВБИ РПСЧМСЕФУС ОЕЧЩТБЪЙНП НЙМБС ХМЩВЛБ... пОБ, РП-ЧЙДЙНПНХ, ПЮЕОШ ЮЕМПЧЕЛПМАВЙЧБ Й ВХДШ ПОБ ЮБУФОЩН МЙГПН, ФП, С ДХНБА, ЕЕ ВЩ ОБЪЩЧБМЙ ПЮЕОШ РТЙСФОПК ЦЕОЭЙОПК ".

бОЗМЙКУЛБС ЗХЧЕТОБОФЛБ ьМЙЪБВЕФ дЦБУФЙУ, ЦЙЧЫБС Ч рЕФЕТВХТЗЕ У 1734 РП 1737 З. (Ф.Е. ФПЗДБ, ЛПЗДБ ыЕТЕНЕФЕЧБ ОБИПДЙМБУШ Ч УУЩМЛЕ), ДБЕФ Й ЧПЧУЕ ЧПУФПТЦЕООЩК ПФЪЩЧ: «еЕ ЧЕМЙЮЕУФЧП ЧЩУПЛБ, ПЮЕОШ ЛТЕРЛПЗП УМПЦЕОЙС Й ДЕТЦЙФУС УППФЧЕФУФЧЕООП ЛПТПОПЧБООПК ПУПВЕ. SOBRE ELA MYGE CHSCHTBTSEOYE Y CHEMYUYS, Y NSZLPUFY. POB TSYCHEF UZMBUOP RTYOGYRBN UCHPEK TEMYZYY. POB PVMBDBEF PFCHBZPK, OEPVSHCHUOPK DMS EE RPMB, UPEDYOSEF CH UEVE CHUE DPVTPDEFEMY, LBLIE NPTSOP VSHMP VSH RPTSMBFSH DMS NPOBTYEK PUPVSH ... ". CHRTPYUEN, URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY TBDY UMEDHEF ÚBNEFYFSH, UFP dTSBUFYU RTY DCHPTE OE VSCCHBMB Y CHYDEMB YNRETBFTYGH MYYSH RTY RPUEEEEOY FEBFTB. еЭЕ ПДЙО БОЗМЙКУЛЙК РХФЕЫЕУФЧЕООЙЛ, НЕДЙЛ дЦПО лХЛ Ч УЧПЙИ ЪБРЙУЛБИ П тПУУЙЙ УППВЭБЕФ: «йНРЕТБФТЙГБ бООБ ОЕ ВЩМБ ЛТБУБЧЙГЕК, ОП ПВМБДБМБ ЛБЛЙН-ФП УФПМШ СЧОЩН ЙЪСЭЕУФЧПН Й ВЩМБ УФПМШ ЙУРПМОЕОБ ЧЕМЙЮЙС, ЮФП ЬФП ПЛБЪЩЧБМП ОБ НЕОС УФТБООПЕ ЧПЪДЕКУФЧЙЕ: С ПДОПЧТЕНЕООП ЙУРЩФЩЧБМ ВМБЗПЗПЧЕКОЩК УФТБИ РЕТЕД OEK Y ZMHVPLP RPYUYFBM EE.

obdp FBLTSE ULBEBFSH, YuFP NOPZYE YÊ FEI OEDPUFBFLPC, B LPFPTSCHI RYUBMY CHTBZY BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, ChPCHUE OE SCHMSMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOPK YuETFPK YNRETBFTYGSCH. oE RPDMETSYF UPNOEOIA, UFP ZPUHDBTSCHOS MAVIMB YKHFPCH Y ЪBVBCHSHCH. OP EE UPCHTENEOOIL, YCHEDULYK RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL l. t. “OBTCD MAVYF YKHPCH Y HTPPDCH. - RYEF PO, - h OBFOSHCHI DPNBI PVSCHUOP EUFSH VBODHTYUF, LPFPTSCHK RPD ÜCHKHLY UCHPEZP YOUFTHNEOFB RPEF OERPFTEVOSCHE REUOY, LPTYUB TBOSCHE ZTYNBUSCH. LUFBFY, RP NOOYA VETLB, OTBCHSCH GBTULPZP DChPTB RTY BOOE yPBOOPCHOE DBCE UNSZYUYMYUSH. "FERETSH RPNYNP 19 SOCHBTS - DOS RTYIPDB YNRETBFTYGSHCH L CHMBUFY, - PFNEYUBEF PO, - RTY DCHPTE VPMSHIE HTS UIMSHOP OE RSHAF, B RTY ELBFETYOE, ZPCHPTSF, FTEECCHNY VSCCHBMY TEDLP. фЕИ, ЛФП НЗОПЧЕООП ДЕМБЕФУС УПЧУЕН РШСО, МАВСЭБС УЛТПНОПУФШ ЙНРЕТБФТЙГБ ОЕ ЦБМХЕФ Й РПФПНХ РТЙЛБЪБМБ ОЕУЛПМШЛЙН ЗТЕОБДЕТБН РТЙУХФУФЧПЧБФШ ФБН (ЧП ДЧПТГЕ — б. н.), ЮФПВЩ ПФЧПДЙФШ УЧБМЙЧЫЙИУС У ОПЗ ЧОЙЪ Л ЙИ УМХЗБН». uFTBUFSH ZPUHDBTSCHOY L TPULPY FBLTSE CHRPMO PFCHEYUBMB OPTNBN LRPII, B PFNEYUBENBS TSDPN NENKHBTYUFCH MEOSH EDCHB MY RTECHSCHYBMB RBUUYCHOPUFSH GEMPZP TSDB ECHTPREKULYI NPOBTIPCH. uFP TSE LUBEFUS RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFY Y NUFIFEMSHOPUFY, FP SING, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, YNEMI CHRPMOOE CHEULYE PUOPCHBOYS.

jBLFYUEULYN THLPCHPDYFEMEN lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH SCHMSMUS HTTPTSEOEG ZPTPDB vPIHNB zeotyi-yPZBOO-zhTYDTYI PUFETNBO, LFPTSCHK H tPUUY UFBM YNEOPCHBFSHUS bodteen ychbopchyuen. PO RTPYUIPDYM YUENSHY RBUFPTB, PVCYUBMUS CH keOULPN HOYCHETUYFEFE, OP VSCHM CHSHCHOKHTSDEO RPLYOHFSH ZETNBOYA YЪ-ЪB FPZP, YuFP CHTENS DKHMY HVYM UCHPEZP RTPFICHOYLB. ch 1703 lTAKUPN, RTYZMBUICHYYN EZP OB TKHUULKHA UMHTsVKH. P, 1708 Z. De acordo com RPUFHREM h RPUPMSHULK RTILB RETHPDYULPN, EVD ZPDB Urhufs, UFBM FBN Ueltfben, b-lapo-prams Uchetopk qbuychop hubufye ibbdopzp nitflpzpzpzpzpzpzp. ёETZYUOSCHK DYRMPNBF, PUFETNBO FBLTS RTPSCHYM UEVS, LBL IYFTSCHK Y DBTSE LPCHBTOSCHK GBTECHPTEG. рТЙ еЛБФЕТЙОЕ I ПО ЧУСЮЕУЛЙ ДЕНПОУФТЙТПЧБМ УЧПА ЧЕТОПУФШ нЕОШЫЙЛПЧХ, РТЙ рЕФТЕ II БЛФЙЧОП УРПУПВУФЧПЧБМ РБДЕОЙА ВЩЧЫЕЗП ЖБЧПТЙФБ Й ЧПЪЧЩЫЕОЙА дПМЗПТХЛЙИ, Б РТЙ бООЕ йПБООПЧОЕ РТЕУМЕДПЧБМ ХЦЕ УБНЙИ дПМЗПТХЛЙИ. bCHIDPCHBCHYIK KHUREIBN PUFETNBOB, h. º. ZPMPCHLYO LBL-FP UBNEFYM: "BODTEK YCHBOPCHYU - YUEMPCEL CHETSC OERTBCHPUMBCHOPK, DB, LBTCEFUS, Y CHPPVEE OILBLPC". CHEUSHNB STLYK PVTB ZMBCHSCH lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH ÜBREYUBFMEO CH ÜBRYULBI RTHUULPZP PZHYGETB l.-z. nBOYFEKOB. "YBUFP, - UPPVEBEF FFPF BCHFPT, - YOPUFTBOOSCHE NYOYUFTSCH CH FEYEOOYE DCHHI YUBUPCH RTPZPCHPTSF U OIN (PUFETNBOPN - b. N.) Y RP CHSHIPDE YÚ EZP LBVYOEFB OBAF OE VPMSHY FPZPZP, ULPOBPH UFP PO OY RYUBM, UFP OY ZPCHPTYM, NPZMP RPOYNBFSHUS DCHPSLP. fPOLYK, RTYFCHPTOSHCHK, PO HNEM CHMBDEFSH UCHPYNY UFTBUFSNY Y CH UMHYUBE OHTSDSCH DBTS TBOETSYFSHUS DP UME. PO OILPZDB OE UNPFTEM OILPNKH CH ZMBBY YU UFTBIB, UFPVSCH ZMBOB OE YENEOIMY ENH, PO HNEM DETTSBFSh YI OERPCHYTSOP.

eee h 1721 Z. b. º. PUFETNBO CHUFKHRIM CH VTBL U nBTZHPK yCHBOPCHOPK uFTEYOECHPK, VTBFSHS LPFPTPK ÚBOYNBMY CHYDOSHCH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCH Y CHPEOOOSCHE RPUFSHCH. sobre LFP PVUFPFSFEMSHUFCHP CH EZP LBTSHET UREGYBMSHOP HLBSCCHCHBM, TSYCHYK H tPUUYY, DBFULYK HYUEOSCHK Y RHFEYUFCHEOOIL r. ZHPO iBCHEO. “PUFETNBO, — RYYEF PO CH UCHPYI NENKHBTBI, — PVMBDBM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOPK CHOEYOPUFSHHA Y IPTPYN UMPTSEOYEN, OP YOE NEOEE PBTEOOOSCHN TBBKHNPN — ON VSCHM Y HNEO Y PFCBTSEO. пДОБЛП ОЕЛПФПТЩЕ РПДПЪТЕЧБМЙ Ч ОЕН РПНЩУМЩ, РП ЛПФПТЩН Ч ЗПУХДБТУФЧЕООЩЕ ДЕМБ ПО ЧЛМБДЩЧБМ ВПМЕЕ ВМБЗПТБЪХНЙС, ОЕЦЕМЙ ДХЫЙ... пО РПЮФЙ ЧУЕЗДБ РТЙФЧПТСМУС ВПМШОЩН, РПЬФПНХ РПЮФЙ ОЙЛПЗДБ ОЕ ЧЩИПДЙМ ЙЪ ДПНХ Й ОЕ РПДДЕТЦЙЧБМ У ЛЕН ВЩ ФП ОЙ ВЩМП ПУПВЩИ ПФОПЫЕОЙК, ВМБЗПДБТС ЮЕНХ ЙЪВЕЗБМ NOPZYI RPDPTEOYK Y RTEUMEDPCHBOYK, DB Y MEZLP NPZ ULTSCHCHBFSH UCHPY NSHCHUMY Y OBNETEOIS... PO TSEOYMUS SOBRE RTYTPDOPK THUULPK OBFOPK DBNE. vMBZPDBTS FFPNH RPUMEDOENH VPMSHYYOUFCHP THUULYI CHYDEMY CH OEN UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOILB. y FYN ON EEE PUCHPPVPDYMUS PF ULCETOPZP RTPJCHYEB, LPFPTSCCHN THUULIE ZPURPDB RPTPK OZTBTSDBAF TSYCHHEYI CH tPUUY OENGECH. THUULYE OBSCCCHHBAF YI "LKhTZKhJSCHNY", FP EUFSH "LPTPFLPICHPUFSHCHNY MPYBDSHNY". YVP TKHUULYE ZPCHPTSF, UFP H OENGECH CH FFPN ZPUHDBTUFCHE OEF OY ICHPUFB, OY YNEOYK, OY WENSHI. JPO IBCHEO UPPVEBEF FBLCE, UFP BODTEK YCHBOPCHYU OILPZDB OE RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHBM OILPNKH YUCHPYI DTHEK. SOBRE EEE PDOP, PYUEOSH TEDLPE DMS FPZP READING, LBYEUFCHP PUFETNBOB HLBSCHCHBEF MEDY tPODP, RYUBCHYBS: "BY OE BMYUEO, RPULPMSHLH PUFBEFUUS VEDOSCHN RTY CHUEI RTEDPUFBCHMSCHYYIUS ENTSHPU".

chFTPPK RPUFPSOOSCHK LBVYOEF-NYOYUFT, LOSSH bMELUEK NYIBKMPCHYU yuETLBUULYK CHSHCHZMSDEM TSYCHSHCHN LPOFTBUFPN IOETZYUOPNH PUFETNBOKH.

De acordo com RTYOBDMETSBM L DTECHOENH BTYUFPLTBFYUEULPNKh TPDH Y PVMBDBM NOPTSEUFCHPN CHSHCHUPLPRPUFBCHMEOOOSCHI TPDUFCHEOOILPCH. RETCHSHCHN VTBLPN PERDA VSCHM TSEOBF SOBRE bZTYRRYOE MSHCHPCHOE OBTSCHYLYOPK, DCHPATPPDOPK UEUFTE REFTTB I, B CHFPTSCHN - SOBRE nBTZHE fTHVEGLPK, DPUETY UEOBFPTB ATYS ATSHECHYUB fTHVEGLPZP. ChP CHMBDEOYY Kh b. n. yuETLBUULPZP OBIPDYMPUSH UCHCHHCHY UENIDEUSFI FSHCHUSYU LTEUFSHSOULYI DHY. OP RTY CHUEK UCHPEK OBFOPUFY, RTY CHUEN VPZBFUFCHE, FFP VSHCHM RBUUYCHOSHCHK, NBMP DEFEMSHOSCHK UYVBTYF. YUFPTYLE XVIII C.A.D. n. eETVBFPCH PIBTBLFETYJPCHBM EZP, LBL "Yuempchchelb CHEUSHNB RPUTEDUFCHEOOPZP TBHNPN, MEOYCHPZP, OE BOBAEEZP CH DEMBI Y, PDOIN UMPCHPN, FBULBAEEZP, BOE OPUSEEZP UCHPE ZPTDPE YNS". UPCHTENEOOIL UETLBUULPZP, b. R. CHPMSHCHOULYK SCHYFEMSHOP UBNEYUBM: "OSHOE EZP RPUFBCHSF - SOBRE BCHFTB RPUFTYZHF, B POR CHUE RTP CHUE NPMYUIF Y OYYUEZP OE ZPCHPTYF". дЦЕКО тПОДП ФБЛЦЕ РЙУБМБ УЧПЕК РПДТХЗЕ, ЮФП ЛОСЪШ «ЪОБНЕОЙФ НПМЮБМЙЧПУФША» Й СЪЧЙФЕМШОП ДПВБЧЙМБ РП ЬФПНХ РПЧПДХ: «чМБДЕОЙС Й ЪОБФОПУФШ ЛОСЪС РПФТЕВПЧБМЙ ДМС ОЕЗП РПЮЕФОПК ДПМЦОПУФЙ, Й ПО ОБЧЕТОСЛБ ОЕ УФБОЕФ ОЙ ХФТХЦДБФШ УЕВС ДЕМБНЙ, ОЙ НЕЫБФШ ЛБВЙОЕФХ УЧПЙН ЛТБУОПТЕЮЙЕН».

ChRTPYUEN, RTY REFTE I RPUMHTSYFSH yuETLBUULPNKH CHUE-FBLY RTYYMPUSH. h 1715 З. oEULPMShLP TB YNRETBFPT VMBZPDBTYM yuETLBUULPZP ÚB "YURTBCHOSCHK RPTSDPL", BCH 1719 Z. TEYIM OBOBYUYFSH EZP ZHVETOBFPTPN CH uYVYTSH, CHNEUFP RTCHPTCHBCHYEZPUS n. R. zBZBTYOB. YURKHZBOOSCHK CHEMSHNPTSB HNPMSM ZPUHDBTS PFNEOYFSH OBOBYUEOYE, ZPCHPTYM, UFP U FBLYN DEMPN ENH OE URTBCHYFSHUS, OP REFT PUFBMUS OERTELMPOEO. YuETLBUULYK, DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OE UNPZ OBCHEUFY CH UYVYTULYI ENMSI RPTSDLB. rPUEFYCHYYK uYVYTSH CH FH RPTH ZEOETBM-NBKPT h. h 1724 Z. LOSSH CHETOKHMUS CH REFETVKhTZ Y CHULPTE VSCHM OBEBYEO RTYUHFUFCHHAEIN CH UEOBFE. MYYSH PYO TB b. n. yuETLBUULYK RTPSCHYM OEEBHTSDOKHA BLFICHOPUFSH: CH 1730 ZPDH, LPZDB CHSHCHUFKHRIM RTPFYCH CHETIPCHOYLPCH. uFBCH LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPN, PO CHOPCHSH PFPIYEM CH FEOSH, B RPUME RETEOEUEOOOPZP CH 1738

ftEFYK LBVYOEF-NYOYUFT zBCHTYMB yCHBOPCHYU zPMPCHLYO VSCHM UVBTSCHN DYRMPNBFPN REFTPCHULPK YLPMSCH, THLPCHPDYM U 1717 NOPZYE UPCHTENEOOOYLY PVCHYOSMY ZPMPCHLYOB H VESHCHOYGYBFYCHOPUFY, OP ULPTEEE ON VSHCHM RTPUFP UMYYLPN PUFPPTTSEO, YUFPVSHCH DENPOUFTYTPCHBFSH UCHPA RPYGYA RP FPNKh YMYY YOPNKH CHPRTPUKH. PUFETNBOB zBCHTYMB yCHBOPCHYU PFLTPCHEOOP OE MAVYM, PDOBLP EDCHB MY REFINERY CHEUFY U OIN VPTSHVKH: LEITURA DE LP CHPGBTEOIS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHYU zPMPCHLYOH VSCHMP VPMEE UENIDEUSFY MEF, YVP PO UIMSHOP. rPUME EZP UNETFY, FTEFSHYN LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPN CH 1735

USCHO VEDOPZP PTZBOYUFB Y oENEGLPK UMPVPDSHCH, sZKHTSYOULYK OE TB YURSHCHFBM CHMEFSHCH Y RBDEOYS. de acordo com BUINBM DPMTSOPUFSH ZEOETBM-RTPLKhTPTB uEOBFB, VSCM RPUMPN CH rpmshye, rtkhuuy y bchuftyy, OP RTY elbfetyoe I RPDCHETZUS ZPOEOYSN UP UFPTPOSCH NEOSHYILPCHB. H, 1730 Z. SZKHTSYOULYK Uobubmbub Rtinlokhm L Chetipchelbn, OP KOBFEN, PVICEOOSHK RTEOOOEVETECSHOSHNE PFMZPTHLYYA, PDDIN YH RETROKHY IPBOOPHOKHO ORECHETSE PHOSTSHA. RP PFЪSCHCHBN UPCTENEOOILPC, FFPF ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHK DEFEMSH VSCM HNEO, PYUEOSH BNVYGYPJEO E TEPL CH PVTBEEOYY. h UCHCHE CHTENS ON OE VPSMUS RTPFYCHPTEYUYFSH NEOSHYILPCHKH, OCHETOPE, OE RPVPSMUS VSCH Y PUFETNOB, OP DPTPCHSE EZP VSCHMP RPDPTCHBOP. h 1736 Z. sZKHTSYOULYK HNET. oELPFPTPE CHTENS PDOP NEUFP H LBVYOEFE PUFBCHBMPUSH CHBLBOFOSHCHN, B BLFEN EZP BOSM bTFFENYK REFTPCHYU CHPMSHCHOULYK, CH RTPYMPN BUFTBIBOULYK ZHVETOBFPT E TEYDEOF CH RETUY.

THLPCHPDYFEMSH CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UYM UFTBOSCh VKhTIBTD-lTYUFPZH NYOYI TPDYMUS CH 1683 Z. H ZTBZHUFCHE pMShDEOVKhTZULPN, ZDE EZP PFEG UMKhTSYM UNPFTYFEMEN RMPFYO, Y U AOSCHI MEF ZCEPFCHYPHYPHOSHCHON. P, 1701 Z. De acordo com o RPUFHRIM no UMHTSVX h Zeuuuo-dtnafbdfulha Bnaya, PFFHDB por um pufe-zhtimbodulha bnya de varejo, b yu puff-ghotyumbodulpk-h Zeuuyo-Lbuemshulkh. pDOBLP, NEMLIE ZETNBOULIE LOTSEUFCHB, CHYDYNP, VSCHMY FEUOSCH DMS YuEUFPMAVYCHPZP CHPEOOPZP Y CH 1716 Z. NYOYI UFBM ZOEETBM-NBKPTPN Ch ChPKULBI RPMSHULPZCH LPTPMS E UBLFBUZhTUF IIPOULZAP. rTPUMHTSYCH RPMSHULPK LPTPOE RSFSH MEF, NO RTYOSM RTEMPTSEOYE TPUUYKULPZP RPUMB y. h. dPMZPTHLPZP RETEKFI SOBRE THUULHA UMHTSVH.

REFT I RPTHUIYH NYOYIH UPUFBCHYFSH OPCHSCHK RMBO HLTERMEOYK LTPOYFBDFB, BLFEN RPUMMB EZP YOURELFIITCHBFSH TYTSULHA LTERPUFSH Y PUFBMUS DPCHPMEO CHSHCHRPMOOOOSCHNY RPTKHYUEOYSNNY. h 1722-1725 ZZ. NYOYI RTYOYNBM HYBUFYE CH UPPTHTSEOYY MBDPTSULPZP LBOBMB. EZP OBUFPKYUYCHPUFSH Y YURPMOYFEMSHOPUFSH PYUEOSH RPOTBCHYMYUSH ZPUHDBTA. rTY PDOPN YÚ RPUEEEEOYK UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB REFT DBCE ÚBSCHYM: “PO (NYOYI - b. n.) ULPTP RTYCHEDEF mBDPTSULYK LBOBM L PLPOYUBOYA; YÊ CHUEI YOPUFTBOGECH, VSCHIYI CH NPEK UMHTSVE, MHYUYE CHUEI HNEEF RTEDRTYOYNBFSH E RTPYÊCHPDYFSH CHEMYLYE DEMB. rTHUULYK RPUMBOOIL BLUEMSH ZHPO nBTDEZHEMSHDF BLNEFIM LBL-FP P NYOYIE, YuFP PO RPUFIZOHM DHI REFTCH. th DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, RPDPVOP YNRETBFPTH, FFPF CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL OE RTPUFP UVBTBMUS DPUFYUSH RPUFBCHMEOOOPK GEMY, OP YEM L OEK OEHLMPOOOP, OE EBDS OY UEVS, OY DTHZYI. uNETFOPUFSH TBVPYYI SOBRE UFTPIFEMSHUFCHE VSCHMB PZTPNOPC, FEI, LFP RSHCHFBMUS VETSBFSH, VYMY VBFPZBNY, OP LBOBM CHP'CHPDYMUS.

rPUME UNETFY REFTTB I ZHJOBOUYTPCHBOYE TBVPF RP HUFTPKUFCHH LBOBMB TEELP UPLTBFYMPUSH, Y NYOYI CHETOKHMUS CH REFETVKhTZ. оЕУНПФТС ОБ ПЮЕОШ ОБФСОХФЩЕ ПФОПЫЕОЙС У нЕОШЫЙЛПЧЩН, ЕНХ ХДБМПУШ ЙЪВЕЦБФШ ПРБМЩ РТЙ еЛБФЕТЙОЕ I. рЕФТ II РПЦБМПЧБМ нЙОЙИХ ЗТБЖУЛПЕ ДПУФПЙОУФЧП Й ОБЪОБЮЙМ ЕЗП ОБ РПУФ ЗЕОЕТБМ-ЗХВЕТОБФПТБ уБОЛФ-рЕФЕТВХТЗБ, йОЗЕТНБОМБОДЙЙ Й лБТЕМЙЙ. LBL Y PUFETNBO, NYOYI CHTENS RPDZPPFCHLY CHETIPCHOYLBNY LPODYGYK, BBOSM CHSHTSYDBFEMSHOHA RPYGYA, B RPUME SCHOPZP RTCHBMB YI RMBOPC, CHUFBM SOBRE UFPTPOH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH. prbmb Zhemshdnbtybmch n. n. zPMYGSCHOB Y h. h. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB OBOBYUMB NYOYIB RTEYIDEOFPN chPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY Y ZOEETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFETPN (OBYUBMSHOILPN CHUEK BTFYMMETYY), DBMB ENH YUYO ZEOETTBM-ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB. CHIDOSHCK RPMLPCHPDEG RTYOG Echzaik UBCHPLIK, PDPVSS BFYA WEFCHCIS, RYUBM YNRETBFTYEGE, YUFP PRESTIMB THLPCHPDUFCHP "YUMPCHELH, OPEDYOSAENHA no Tedleyu Reta Reta RTENEKE TRETOKHENE TRETOKHENEA TROTENEA TROTENEA TROTENEA

YUFPTYLE dr. vBOFSHCHY-lBNEOUULYK, UHNNNYTPCHBCH TBMYUOSCHE PFSCHCHSHCH UPCTENEOOILPC P NYOYIE, DBM ENH UMEDHAEHA IBTBLFETYUFYLH: “zTBZH NYOYI VSCM TPUFB CHSHCHUPLPZP, CHEMYUEUFCHEOOPZP. ZMBB Y CHUE YuETFSH MYGB RPLBSCCHBMY PUFTPHNYE, OEHUFTBYNPUFSH Y FCHETDPUFSH IBTBLFETB; ZPMPU Y PUBOLB SCHMSMY CH OEN ZETPS. PO OECHPMSHOSCHN PVTBPN CHUEMSM H DTHZYI HCHBTSEOYE L UEV Y UFTBI; VSCHM YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP FTHDPMAVICH Y RTEDRTYYYNYUCH; OE OBM HUFBMPUFY, NBMP URBM, MAVYM RPTSDPL, PFMYYUBMUS, LPZDB IPFEM MAVE'OPUFSHHA CH PVEEUFCHBI, UFPSM CH TSDH U RETCHSHCHNY YOTSEOETBNY Y RPMLCHPDGBNY UCHPEZP READER; OP CHNEUFE VSCHM ZPTD, YUEUFPMAVICH, MHLBCH, CHSHCHULBFEMEO E TSEUFPL; OE DPTPTSYM DMS UCHPEK UMBCHSH LTPCHSHHA CHCHETEOOSHHI ENH UPMDBF; LBMUS DTHZPN CHUEN, OE MAVS OILPZP.

l LFPC TBCHETOHFPK IBTBLFETYUFILE UFPYF DPVBCHYFSH, RPTSBMHK, FPMSHLP PFJSCHCH MEDY tPODP, PFTBTSBAEYK PUPVSHCHK, TSEOULYK CHZMSD SOBRE ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB. h 1735 Z. POB RYUBMB UCHPEK RPDTKhZE CH BOZMYA: “rTEDUFBCHMEOYE, LPFPTPE UMPTSIMPUSH X chBU P ZTBZHE NYOYIE, UCHCHETEOOP OECHETOP. chshch ZPCHPTYFE, UFP RTEDUFBCHMSEFE EZP UEVE UVBTYLPN, PVMYLH LPFPTPZP RTYUHEB CHUS ZTHVPUFSH RPVSCHBCHYEZP CH RETEDEMLBI UPMDBFB. oP ENH UEKYBU YUFP-OYVKHDSH RSFSHDEUSF YEFSCHTE YMY RSFSHDEUSF RSFSH MEF, KhOEZP LTBUYCHPE MYGP, PYUEOSH VEMBS LPTSB, PO CHCHUPL Y UFTPEO, Y CHUE EZP DCHYTSEOIS MEZLY Y YYSEOSCH. пО ИПТПЫП ФБОГХЕФ, ПФ ЧУЕИ ЕЗП РПУФХРЛПЧ ЧЕЕФ НПМПДПУФША, У ДБНБНЙ ПО ЧЕДЕФ УЕВС ЛБЛ ПДЙО ЙЪ УБНЩИ ЗБМБОФОЩИ ЛБЧБМЕТПЧ ЬФПЗП ДЧПТБ Й, ОБИПДСУШ УТЕДЙ РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМШОЙГ ОБЫЕЗП РПМБ, ЙЪМХЮБЕФ ЧЕУЕМПУФШ Й ОЕЦОПУФШ, ЛПФПТЩЕ НОЕ ПЮЕОШ ОЕРТЙСФОЩ, ЙВП РТЙФЧПТОЩ. ... LBL VSCHMY VSCH CHSC HDYCHMEOSCH, HCHYDECH, YUFP EM CHOYNBEF chBN U FPNOCHN CHPTPN, RPFPN CHOEBROP ICHBFBEF chbyh THLH Y U ChPUFPTZPN GEMHEF ELA! OP OBULPMSHLP VPMEE chshch VSCHMY VSH HDYCHMEOSCH, PVOBTHTSYCH, UFP PO RPMBZBEF PVSBFEMSHOSHCHN CHEUFY UEVS FBL UP CHUENY TSEOEYOBNY. ... com VSC UYUYFBMB, UFP EZP MAVINSCHN CHPEOOSHCHN RTYENPN DPMTsOP VSHCHFSH OBRBDEOYE Ú BUBDSH, YVP YULTEOOPUFSH - LBYEUFCHP, U LPFPTSCHN PO, RP-NPENKH, OE OBLPN.

DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, LTPNE RPMLPPCHPDYUEULYI FBMBOPPHCH, NYOYI SCHOP PVMBDBM URPUPVOPUFSNNY L RTYDCHPTOSHCHN YOFTYZBN Y FP RPDDETSYCHBM PUFETNBOB, FP RSCHFBMUS PUMBVYFSH EZP CHMYSOYE OBYGTHOYE.

zhBCHPTYF YNRETBFTYGSH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH LTOUF-yPZBOO VYTPO PZHYGYBMSHOP OBIPDYMUS SOBRE RTYIDCHPTOPK UMHTSVE (EM VSCHM PVET-LBNETZETPN), LP RTY LFPN PLBSHCHCHBM UYMSHOEKIE CHOBTUCHEE GENERAL ZEPU. uPZMBUOP YUUMEDPCHBOYSN OENEGLYI ZEOEBMPZCH b. VKHIZPMSHGB Y Zh. ZHPO mPTYOZIPCHEOB, VYTPO VSCHM CHOEVTBYUOSCHN USCHOPN LPTOEFB RPMSHULPK BTNY LBTMB VYTEOB Y RTPUFPK MBFSCHYLY, OSOSHLY EZP DEFEK. EEE CH 1714 Z. POR RSHCHFBMUS RPUFHRIFSH SOBRE UMHTSVH L GBTECHYUH bMELUEA, USCHOH REFTB I, PDOBLP, LBL Yuempchel OYLPZP RTPYUIPTsDEOYS, RPMHYUYM PFLB. RP CHPCHTBEEOYY CH TPDOHA LHTMSODYA, VYTPO BBOSM NEUFP LBNET-AOLETB RTY DCHPTE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, RTYUEN RPNPZ ENH CH LFPN FPZDBYOYK ZPZHNEKUFET ZETGPZYOY r. n. veufhtsech. IPDIMY UMHIY, UFP RTYUYOPK RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHB SCHMSMBUSH MAVPCHOBS UCHSH NETSDH VEUFHTSECHSHCHN Y UEUFTPK VYTPOB. CHULPTE MPCHLYK LHTMSODEG RTECHTBFYMUS CH CHP-MAVMEOOPZP BOOSCH Y RETCHSHCHN DEMPN DPVYMUS HDBMEOYS VEUFHTSECHB, LPFPTSCHK FBLTS CHSHCHRPMOSM RTY ZETGPZYOE PFOADSH OE FPMSHLP PZHYGIBMSHOPUFBOOSCHE PVS. “Com um huuopuoopk Reyubmy, - Ryubm Vufhzech Orthsech dpyuty h 1728 Z. - oschb emergência DHI DHIFUS, RPFPNH, Yufp Yutsk Madek DTHZ NPK PF Nosos Pfneimus, B ChB DTHZ (VITPA) ".

CHULPTE RPUME CHPUYUFCHYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH SOBRE RTEUFPM, VYTPO VSCHM HFCHETSDEO H DCHPTSOUFCHE, B BLFEN CHPCHEDEO H ZTBZHULPE DPUFPYOUFCHP uchSEEOOPK TYNULPK YNRETYY. h 1737 Z. PO RPMHUYM FYFHM ZETGPZB lKhTMSODULPZP Y uENYZBMSHULPZP. RP PFÊSCHCHBN VPMSHYOUFCHB UPCTENEOOILPC, ZHBCHPTYF PYUEOSH TECHOYCHP PVETEZBM UCHPE RPMPTSEOIE RTY PUPVE YNRETBFTYGE Y VETSBMPUFOP TBURTBCHMSMUS U RTPFICHOYLBNY. TSYCHYIK CH REFETVKhTZE CH 1733 Z. BOZMYKULYK RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL Zh. DYCHHD PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPYI BRYULBI: “x ZTBZhB NOPTSEUFCHP OEDTKhZPCH (B LBLPK CHSHCHDBAEYKUS YI OE YNEEF?), Y PO CHUEZDB UFBTBEFUS OBFSH, UFP MADY ZPCHPTSF Y DEMBAF. MADEK BUFBCHMSAF VSHCHFSh PUNPFTYFEMSHOSHCHNY Y DETTSBFSH SJSHL POR ЪKHVBNY OEEBNEDMYFEMSHOSHOSCHE, UHTPCHSCHE OBBLBBOYS, LPFPTSHCHN RPCHETZBAF SOBRE PUOPCHBOY PDOYI MYYSH RPDPTEOYK. fBL H RPUMEDOIK ZPD RTBCHMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH VYTPO PFRTBCHYM SOBRE LYBZHPF LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTB b. R. ChPMSCHOULPZP, RPRSCHFBCHIEZPUS PUMBVYFSH EZP CHMYSOIE SOBRE ZPUHDBTSCHOA.

LTPNE RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFY, VYTPO PFMYYUBMUS FSZPK L LBOPPLTBDUFCHH, NPPFCHUFCHPN, FEEUMBCHYEN E OEPDOPLTTBFOP HYUBUFCHPCHBM CH UBNSCHI FENOSHCHI NBIYOBGYSI. zhEMSHDNBTYBM v.-l. нЙОЙИ, ЛПФПТЩК УОБЮБМБ У ЖБЧПТЙФПН ДТХЦЙМ, Б РПФПН ЧТБЦДПЧБМ, ПФЪЩЧБЕФУС П ОЕН ФБЛ: «ьФПФ ЮЕМПЧЕЛ, УДЕМБЧЫЙК УФПМШ ХДЙЧЙФЕМШОХА ЛБТШЕТХ, ОЕ ЙНЕМ ЧПЧУЕ ПВТБЪПЧБОЙС, ЗПЧПТЙМ ФПМШЛП РП-ОЕНЕГЛЙ Й ОБ УЧПЕН РТЙТПДОПН ЛХТМСОДУЛПН ОБТЕЮЙЙ; EM DBCE DPCHPMSHOP RMPIP YUYFBM RP-OENEGLY, CH PUPVEOOPUFY, EUMY RPRBDBMYUSH MBFYOULYE YMY ZHTBOGKHULYE UMCHB. PO VSCHM DPCHPMSHOP LTBUICHPK OBTHTSOPUFY, CHLTBDYUCH E PYUEOSH RTEDBO YNRETBFTYGE, LPFPTKHA OILPZDB OE RPLYDBM, OE PUFBCHYCH PLPMP OEE UCHPEK TSEOSCH. yNRETBFTYGB OE YNEMB CHCHUE UFPMB Y PVEDBMB YMY HTSYOBMB U UENEKUFCHPN VYTPOB Y DBTSE CH LPNOBFBI UCHPEZP ZHBCHPTYFB. PO TSYM CHEMYLPMEROP, OP CHNEUFE U FEN VSHCHM VETETSMYCH, CHEUSHNB LPCHBTEO E LTBKOE NUFYFEMEO.

MEDY tPODP, OE YNECHYBS RTYUYO RYFBFSH L ZHBCHPTYIFKH OERTYSSOSH, FEN OE NEOEE, PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPEN RYUSHNE: “ZETGPZ PYUEOSH FEEUMBCHEO, LTBKOE CHURSCHMSHUYCH Y, LPZDB CHSHCHIPDYF YEVSHCHES. ON RTEYTBEF THUULYI Y UFPMSh SCOP CHSHCHULBSHCHCHBEF UCHP RTEITEOYE PE CHUEI UMHYUBSI RETED UBNSHCHNY OBFOSHCHNYY YOYI, UFP, S DKHNBA, PDOBTSDCH UFP RTYCHEDEF L EZP RBDEOYA.

MYGB, CEMBCHYE UDEMBFSH RTYDCHPTOHA LBTSHETH, YYOPUFTBOOSCHE DYRMPNBFSCH BYULYCHBMY OE FPMSHLP RETED UBNYN VYTPOPN, OP Y RETED EZP TPDUFCHEOOILBNY.

rP UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHH YCHEDB l.-t. вЕТЛБ, УБЛУПОУЛЙК РПУМБООЙЛ нПТЙГ мЙОБТ ХДПУФПЙМ УХРТХЗХ вЙТПОБ «ЮЕУФЙ, РТЙОБДМЕЦБЭЕК ЧППВЭЕ-ФП МЙЫШ ЮМЕОБН ЙНРЕТБФПТУЛПК ЖБНЙМЙЙ, — ГЕМПЧБОЙС ТХЛЙ РТЙ ЧИПДЕ ОБ ЛХТФБЗ», Б НОПЗЙЕ ПЖЙГЕТЩ «ПВИБЦЙЧБАФ ФБЛЦЕ АОПЗП ЗТБЖБ вЙТПОБ (УЩОБ ЖБЧПТЙФБ — б. н.), ДЧЕОБДГБФЙМЕФОЕЗП NBMSHYUKHZBOB.

pDOIN Y UPPVEOYLPCH VYTPOB CH OEULPMSHLYI PYUEOSH OEVMBZPCHYDOSCHI DEMB VSCHM PVET-ZPZHNBTYBM LBTM-TEKOZPMSHD MECHEOCPMSHDE, LPFPTSCHK RPMShCHPCHBMUS FBLTS RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPN b. º. PUFETNOB. oELPFPTSHCHE UPCHTENEOOYLY RPMBZBMY DBTSE, UFP MECHEOCPMSHDE DPOPUYM PUFETNBOKH P DEMBI ZHBCHPTYFB, B FPF UCHPEZP RTYSFEMS RPVBYCHBMUS. UBN PUFETNBO CH PFLTSCHFShKK LPOZHMYLF U VYTPOPN OE CHUFHRBM, OP CHEM RTPFICH YOFTYZY, LBL, CHRTPYUEN, Y RTPFICH DTHZYI CHMYSFEMSHOSCHI CHEMSHNPTS.

еЭЕ ПДОЙН ЧЕУШНБ РТЙНЕЮБФЕМШОЩН ЮЕМПЧЕЛПН СЧМСМУС бОДТЕК йЧБОПЧЙЮ хЫБЛПЧ, ТХЛПЧПДЙФЕМШ лБОГЕМСТЙЙ ФБКОЩИ ТПЪЩУЛОЩИ ДЕМ, УРЕГЙБМШОПЗП ПТЗБОБ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛПЗП УЩУЛБ, УПЪДБООПЗП Ч 1731 З. хЫБЛПЧ РТПЙУИПДЙМ ЙЪ ПВЕДОЕЧЫЙИ ОПЧЗПТПДУЛЙИ ДЧПТСО, Ч ОБЮБМЕ уЕЧЕТОПК ЧПКОЩ ПФМЙЮЙМУС, ЛБЛ ИТБВТЩК ПЖЙГЕТ Й ВЩМ ОБЪОБЮЕО Л ГБТА рЕФТХ БДЯАФБОФПН. ч 1712 З. ПО ЪБОСМ ДПМЦОПУФШ ЖЙУЛБМБ, Б Ч 1718 З. ОБЮБМ УМХЦВХ Ч фБКОПК ЛБОГЕМСТЙЙ, ЛПФПТБС ВЩМБ ХЮТЕЦДЕОБ ДМС УМЕДУФЧЙС РП ДЕМХ ГБТЕЧЙЮБ бМЕЛУЕС, ОП ЪБФЕН УФБМБ ЪБОЙНБФШУС ТПЪЩУЛПН РП РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙН ДЕМБН ЧППВЭЕ. YDEUSH HYBLPC RTPYEM RPDMYOOHA YLPMH "LOHFPVYFYS" RPD OBUBMPN r. b. fPMUFPZP. RTY DPRTPUBI CH LBOGEMSTY YYTPLP RTBLFILPCHBMYUSH RSHCHFLY: SOBRE O AMOR, TBULBMEOOCHNY EIRGBNY YMY ZPTSENY CHEOILBNY. h PFOPIOYY PDOPZP Y RPDUMEDUFCHEOOOSCHI fPMUFPK UPCHEFPCHBM HYBLPCHKH "YUBEE EZP RSHCHFBFSH, DPLPME YMY RPCHYOYFUS YMY YIDPIOEF ...". pDOBLP CH 1726 Z. fBKOBS LBOGEMSTYS VSCHMB MYLCHYDYTPCHBOB, B ZPDPN RPÊTSE BODTES yCHBOPCHYUB UBNPZP BTEUFPCHBMY RP DEMKH fPMUFPZP Y DECHYETB. MYYSH UP CHUFHRMEOYEN SOBRE RTEUFPM BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH HYBLPCH UNPZ CHETOHFSHUS L RTYCHSHCHUOPNKH ЪBOSFYA. lBOGEMSTYS FBKOSHCHI TPSHULOSHCHI DEM OBRPNYOBMB fBKOHA LBOGEMSTYA OE FPMSHLP RP OBCHBOYA, OP Y RP ZHOLGYSN, Y RP NEFPDBN TBVPFSCH. oEKHDYCHYFEMSHOP, YUFP YNS hyblpchb CHOKHYBMP FTEREF UPCHTENEOOILBN. “bTEUFPCHBOOPNKH RP EZP RTYLBKH YUEMPCELKH, - RYUBM l. t. VETL, - CHRPTH ZPFPCHIFSHUS L LOHFH.

rPDPTYFEMSHOPUFSH YNRETBFTYGSHCH Y VYTPOB OETEDLP RTYCHPDYMB CH THLY HYBLPCH DBTSE BUMMHTSEOOSCHI UBOPCHOYLPCH. пО ХЮБУФЧПЧБМ Ч ТБЪВПТЕ ЧУЕИ ЛТХРОЩИ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙИ ДЕМ ГБТУФЧПЧБОЙС бООЩ йПБООПЧОЩ Й ПДОПЧТЕНЕООП УМЕДЙМ ЪБ РПТСДЛПН Ч УФПМЙГЕ, ЛПНБОДПЧБМ ПДОЙН ЙЪ УБНЩИ РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙТПЧБООЩИ ТПУУЙКУЛЙИ РПМЛПЧ — мЕКВ-ЗЧБТДЙЙ уЕНЕОПЧУЛЙН. yOPUFTBOOSCHE RHFEYUFCHEOOOYLY OE TSBMEMY NTBYUOSCHI LTBUPL DMS PRYUBOYS FEMEUOSCHI OBBLBBOYK Y URUPVPCH LBOY, RTYOSFSHCHI CH tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY. eu. т. вЕТЛ РПДТПВОП ТБУУЛБЪЩЧБЕФ Й П «РЩФПЮОПН ВЙФШЕ, ЛПЗДБ ПВЧЙОСЕНПЗП... РПДОЙНБАФ УП УЧСЪБООЩНЙ УЪБДЙ ТХЛБНЙ Й ЪБЛТЕРМЕООЩНЙ ОПЗБНЙ», Й П ВЙФШЕ ВБФПЗБНЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ «РТЕДОБЪОБЮЕОЩ ЗМБЧОЩН ПВТБЪПН ДМС УПМДБФ Й НБФТПУПЧ», Й П УНЕТФОПК ЛБЪОЙ. pDOBLP CH TPDOPC ENH yCHEGYY CH FP CHTHENS EEE RTYNEOSMPUSH LPMEPCHBOYE, BCH YURBOYY - TBUFSZYCHBOYE RTEUFHRROILB MPYBDSHNY. sobreBYUBMP XVIII CHELB CHPPVEE OE PFMYUBMPUSH NSZLPUFSHHA OTBCHCHCH.

l UPVUFCHEOOP CHPEOOOPK MYFE RTYOBDMETSBM FBLTSE ZEOETTBM-RPTKHYUL (U 1736 Z. - ZEOETBM - ZHEMSHDNBTYBM) REFT REFTCHYU mBUUY, YTMBODEG RP RTPYUIPTSDEOYA. de acordo com RPUFKHRIM SOBRE THUULHA UMHTSVKH EEE CH 1700 Z., HYUBUFCHPCHBM CH UCHETOPK CHPKOE Y rTHFULPN RPIPDE REFTTB I, CH BCHZHUFE 1725 Z. UFBM YuMEOPN chPEOOPC LPMMEZYY. rP PGEOLE d. vBOFSHCHY-lBNEOULPZP, mBUUY "U RTPUCHEEEOOOSCHN HNPN UPYUEFBM DPVTPE UETDGE, CHPCHSHCHIEOOOSCHE YUKHCHUFCHB... VSHCHM TEYYFEMEO H CHPEOOSHHI RTEDRTYSFISI, PUFPPTSEO H NYTOPE CHTENS; OE OBM RTYDHPTOSHCHI YOFTYZ ... ". h UIMH RPUMEDOEZP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB MBUY OETEDLP VSCHCHBM PFFEUEO PF TEEYOYS CHBTSOSCHI ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSHCHI CHPRTPUPCH Y TEDLP CHSHCHIPDYM ÚB ZTBOYGSCH UCHPEK RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOPK DEFEMSHOPUFY.

NOPZYE THUULYE BTYUFPLTBFSCH PE LEITURA OB BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH TsBMPCHBMYUSH SOBRE BUYMSHE OENGECH. CHHRPUMEDUFCHYY RPDPVOSHCHE PGEOLY RETEYMYY Y CH FTHDSCH OELPFPTSCHI YUFPTYILPCH, RTYUEN CHUE DESFEMY FFPZP RETYPDB TBUUNBFTYCHBMYUSH YNY, LBL OELBS EDYOBS, CHTBTSDEVOBS tPUUYY UYMB. pDOBLP, VMYCE L YUFYOE VSCHM CHUE-FBLY y. n. UPMCHSHECH, YUEFLP PFDEMSCHYK PUFETNBOB E NYOYIB PF CHTENEOEILCH CHTPDE VYTPOB Y MECHEOCPMSHDE. рЕТЧЩИ ПО ИБТБЛФЕТЙЪПЧБМ, ЛБЛ «ЙОПУФТБОГЕЧ, ПЮЕОШ ДБТПЧЙФЩИ Й ХУЩОПЧЙЧЫЙИ УЕВС тПУУЙЙ, ОЕТБЪТЩЧОП УПЕДЙОЙЧЫЙИ УЧПА УМБЧХ У ЕЕ УМБЧПК», Б ЧФПТЩИ — ЛБЛ «РБТБЪЙФПЧ, ЛПФПТЩЕ РТПЙЪЧПДЙМЙ ВПМЕЪОЕООПЕ УПУФПСОЙЕ тПУУЙЙ Ч ГБТУФЧПЧБОЙЕ бООЩ».

2. "HUTETSDEOYE REFTB CHEMILPZP LTERLP UPDETTSBFSh".

UTBYH RPUME RTYIPDB L CHMBUFY OPCHPK YNRETBFTYGE Y HER RTYVMYTSEOOSCHN RTYYMPUSH TEYBFSH UMPTSOSCHE RTPVMENSCH, LBUBCHYEUS CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UIM UFTBOSHCH. REFT II CH FEYUEOYE UCHPEZP LTBFLPCHTENEOOOPZP GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BTNYEK RPYUFY OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. rPUME PFUFBCHLY CH 1727 Z. b. d. NYOYI UPUFPSM CHYGE-RTEYDEOFPN, OP RTY RETEEEDE DCHPTB CH nPULCH, PUFBMUS CH REFETVKhTZE DMS OBVMADEOYS OB TBVPFBNY SOBRE mBDPTSULPN LBOBME. fBL UFP LPMMEZYS VSCHMB ZHBLFYUEULY PVEZZMBCHMEOB. h PLFSVTE 1729 Z. CHETIPCHOSCHK UPCHEF DPMPTSYM YNRETBFPTH, YuFP Ch lPMMEZYY DBCHOP HCE OEF RTEYDEOFB, YU-B YuEZP RPRPMOOEOYE CHPKUL OPCHPVTBOGBNY Y UOBVEOYE VPERTYRBUBNY RTPYPYU. UPCHEF TELPNEODPCHBM HYUTEDYFSH PUPVKHA LPNYUUYA, LPFPTBS ÚBOSMBUSH VSC TBVPTPN DEM PZHYGETPCH, HCHPMEOOSHHI U CHPEOOPC UMHTSVSHCH, Y CHETOHMB VSC CHUEI RTYZPDOSHCHI H UFTPC. OP RMBO FFPF OE VSCHM TEBMYHCHBO. PUFBMUS SOBRE VKHNBZE Y BNSCHUI PUFETNBOB — HUFTPIYFSH CHEUOPK 1729

ZhMPF REFTB II FPTS OE YOFETEUPCHBM. vPMSHYI RBTHUOSHI LPTBVMEK RTY OEN CHPPVEE OE UFTPMY, B UPPTHTSBMYUSH PDOY MYYSH ZTEVOSHCHE UHDB. ч БРТЕМЕ 1728 З. ОБ ЪБУЕДБОЙЙ чЕТИПЧОПЗП ФБКОПЗП УПЧЕФБ ЙНРЕТБФПТ РТЙЛБЪБМ, ЮФПВЩ ЙЪ ЧУЕЗП ТПУУЙКУЛПЗП ЖМПФБ РПУФПСООП ЧЩИПДЙМЙ Ч НПТЕ МЙЫШ ЮЕФЩТЕ ЖТЕЗБФБ Й ДЧБ ЖМЕКФБ, ДБ ЕЭЕ РСФШ ЖТЕЗБФПЧ ВЩМЙ ЗПФПЧЩ Л ЛТЕКУЙТПЧБОЙА. RTPUYN LPTBVMSN, DMS "UVETETSEOIS LBOSCH" OBDMETsBMP PUFBCHBFSHUS CH RPTFBI. zhTBOGKHULYK DYRMPNBF n. nBOSHSO UPPVEBM UPPVEBM UCHPENKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH, UFP SOBRE DPCHPDSH CHPEOOSHI NPTSLPCH P OEPVVIPDYNPUFY RPUFPSOOP DETTSBFSH ZHMPF SOBRE NPTE, GBTSh PFCHEFYM: “lPZDB OHTSDB RPFTEVHEF HRPFTEVYFSH RPTBVMY; OP SOE OBNETEO ZKhMSFSH RP OEN, LBL DEDHYLB.

oETEZHMSTOSHCHE CHSHHCHRMBFSCH TsBMPCHBOYS CHEMY L PFFPLH PZHYGETCH YÚ CHPPTKhTSEOOSHI UYM, B OEICBFLB LPNBODYTPCH, H UCHPA PYUETEDSH, CHCHCHBMB RBDEOYE DYUGYRMYOSCH UTEDY UPMDBF Y NBFTPUCH. ChP CHTENS UYMSHOPZP RPTSBT Ch nPULCHE CH BRTEME 1729 Z. ZCHBTDEKULYE UPMDBFSCH, RTYUMBOOSCHE DMS VPTSHVSHCH U PZOEN, RTYOSMYUSH ZTBVYFSH DPNB, B PZHYGETSCHOE TEYBMYUSH YI PUFBOCHYFSH. fPMSHLP U RTYVSHCHFYEN CH ZPTPD YNRETBFPTB RPZTPNSCH RTELTBFYMYUSH, OP OILFP YJ CHYOPCHOSHI OBBLBBO OE VSCM, FBL LBL OYI BUFHRIMUS yCHBO dPMZPTHLIK, NBKPT ZCHBTDYY.

xCE CH YAOE 1730 Z. YNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB TBURPTSDYMBUSH HYUTEDYFSH UREGYBMSHOHA CHPIOULHA LPNYUUYA, GEMSHHA LPFPTPK VSCHMP OCHEDEOYE RPTSDLB CH BTNYY. хЛБЪ ЗПУХДБТЩОЙ ЗМБУЙМ: «чУСЛЙК ЧЕТОЩК УЩО ПФЕЮЕУФЧБ РТЙЪОБФШ ДПМЦЕО, ЮФП ЛТЕРПУФШ Й ВЕЪПРБУОПУФШ ЗПУХДБТУФЧБ, УПДЕТЦБОЙЕ НЙТБ Й УЧСФПЗП РПЛПС ПФ ЮХЦЙИ ОЕРТЙСФЕМЕК Й, УМЕДПЧБФЕМШОП, ВМБЗПРПМХЮЙЕ ЧУЕИ РПДДБООЩИ РП вПЪЕ ПФ УПДЕТЦБОЙС РПТСДПЮОПК БТНЙЙ ЪБЧЙУЙФ; Б РП ЛПОЮЙОЕ ДСДЙ ОБЫЕЗП НОПЗЙЕ ОЕРПТСДЛЙ Й РПНЕЫБФЕМШУФЧБ РТЙ ОЕК СЧЙМЙУШ Й ОЩОЕ ЕЭЕ СЧМСАФУС Й РТПЙУИПДСФ, ДМС РПРТБЧМЕОЙС ЛПФПТЩИ ЕЭЕ РТЙ ФЕФЛЕ ОБЫЕК (еЛБФЕТЙОЕ I — б. н.) Й РМЕНСООЙЛЕ ОБЫЕН (рЕФТЕ II — б. н.) ПУПВМЙЧЩЕ ЛПНЙУУЙЙ ХЮТЕЦДЕОЩ VSCHMY, OP CH DECUFCHP OE RTPYCHEDEOSCH. GERAL UPYCHPMEOYE EUFSH - HYUTETSDEOYE REFTTB CHEMYLPZP LTERLP UPDETTSBFSH, CHUE OERPTSDLY Y RPNEYBFEMSHUFCHB YURTBCHMSFSH Y RTYCHEUFY BTNYA CH DPVTPE UPUFPSOYE VE YЪMYYOYEK FKSPUFPYK. rTEDUEDBFEMEN lPNYUYY OBOBYUMY v.-l. NYOYIB.

PUOPCHH THUULPK BTNY L OBYUBMH GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMSMB TEZHMSTOBS REIPFB. POB CHLMAYUBMB DCHB ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLB (rTEPVTBTSEOULYK Y UENEOPCHULYK), UPTPL BTNEKULYI RPMLCH Y UENOBDGBFSH RPMLPC PFDEMSHOPZP OYJPCHPZP LPTRKHUB, UZHPTNYTPCHBOOPZP SOBRE UMKHYUBK RKU.

pDOPK Y® RETCHSHI NO RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB UFBMP UPDBOYE CH 1730 Z., Ch nPULCHE, OPCHPZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP RPMLB, OBCHBOOPZP y'NBKMPCHULYN. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB Y EE ​​RTYVMYTSEOOSCHE U OEDPCHETYEN PFOPUYMYUSH L "UFBTSHCHN" rTEPVTBTSEOULPNKH Y yЪNBKMPCHULPNKh ZCHBTDEKULYN RPMLBN, CH LPFPTSCHI UMHTSYMY RTEDUFBCHYFEMYY PDPPCHSOBTKUYI USCHO ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB v.-l. нЙОЙИБ ьТОУФ нЙОЙИ Ч УЧСЪЙ У ЬФЙН РПДЮЕТЛЙЧБМ ОБ УФТБОЙГБИ УЧПЙИ ЪБРЙУПЛ: «рТЙНЕЮБФЕМШОП, ЮФП РП УДЕМБООПНХ РТПЕЛФХ, ХРПНСОХФЩК РЕИПФОЩК РПМЛ ОЕ ЙЪ ОБУФПСЭЙИ ТПУУЙКУЛЙИ ТЕЛТХФ, ОП ЙЪ ФБЛ ОБЪЩЧБЕНЩИ ПДОПДЧПТГЕЧ (РПФПНЛПЧ УМХЦЙМЩИ МАДЕК, ЦЙЧЫЙИ ОБ ЗТБОЙГБИ УФТБОЩ — б. н.) YMY HLTBYOGECH OBVTBO, B PZHYGETCH PRTDEEMSMMY H POSCHKOOE YOSCHI, LTPNE MYZHMSODGECH YMY DTHZYI YUKHTSEUFTBOOSCHI. OBNETEOIE RTY UEN VSHMP FBLPE, UFPVSC DTECHOAA FPMRH YÚVBMPCHBOOSCHI E OEPVHDBOOSCHI MADEK UPDETTSBFSH CH THLBI, UFP, LBCEFUS, DMS FPZDBYOYI READING OEVEOKHTSOP VSHMP. rPMLPCHOYLPN Y YEZHPN YÊNBKMPCHGECH UFBM ZOEETBM-BDYAFBOF, PVET-YFBMNEKUFET YNRETBFPTULPZP DCHPTB l.-z. MECHEOCPMSHDE, B RPNPEOYLPN L OENKH OBOBYUIMY sLPVB LEKFB, YPFMBODGB RP RTPYUIPTsDEOYA. h UEOFSVTE 1731 Z. RPML VSCM RETECHEDEO Y nPULCCHCH CH REFETVKhTZ, ZDE TBNEUFIMUS CH UMPVPDE b TELPK zhPOFBOLPK.

h FPN CE 1731 ZPDH DCHB BTNEKULYI RPMLB TBUZHPTNYTPCHBMY. еЭЕ ДЧБ ЗПДБ УРХУФС, Ч УЧСЪЙ У РПДРЙУБОЙЕН УПАЪОПЗП ДПЗПЧПТБ У рЕТУЙЕК, РПМЛЙ оЙЪПЧПЗП ЛПТРХУБ ЧПЪЧТБФЙМЙУШ Ч тПУУЙА Й РТЙУПЕДЙОЙМЙУШ Л БТНЕКУЛЙН, РТЙЮЕН РСФШ РПМЛПЧ ЧПЧУЕ ХРТБЪДОЙМЙ, ч ТЕЪХМШФБФЕ Л ОБЮБМХ ЧПКОЩ У фХТГЙЕК, Ф.Е. L 1735 Z., TPUUYKULBS REIPFB OBUYUYFSHCHCHBMB FTY ZCHBTDEKULYI Y RSFSHDEUSF BTNEKULYI RPMLPC.

уПЗМБУОП ЧЩТБВПФБООЩН чПЙОУЛПК ЛПНЙУУЙЕК ЫФБФБН, БТНЕКУЛЙК РПМЛ Ч НЙТОПЕ ЧТЕНС ДПМЦЕО ВЩМ ОБУЮЙФЩЧБФШ 1406 ЮЕМПЧЕЛ: 38 ПЖЙГЕТПЧ, 68 ХОФЕТ-ПЖЙГЕТПЧ (УЕТЦБОФПЧ, ЛБРТБМПЧ Й Ф.Д.), 1152 ТСДПЧЩИ Й 148 ОЕУФТПЕЧЩИ УПМДБФ. h CHPEOOPE CHTENS YUYUMEOOPUFSH RPMLB HCHEMYYUYCHBMBUSH DP 1556 Yuem. LBCDSCHK BTNEKULYK RPML DEMYMUS SOBRE DCHB VBFBMShPOB, B LBCDSCHK VBFBMShPO - SOBRE YEFSCHTE TPFS. ZChBTDEKULYE RPMLY VSHMY NOPZPYUYUMEOOE BTNEKULYI. rTEPVTBTSEOULYK RPML CHLMAYUBM YuEFSCHTE VBFBMShPOB, B UENEOPCHULYK Y y’NBKMPCHULYK - RP FTY VBFBMShPOB.

UPMDBFSCH-REIPFYOGSC YNEOPCHBMYUSH JKHYIMETBNY. SING CHPPTHTSBMYUSH LTENOECHCHNY THTSSHSNNY (ZHESNY) Y YRBZBNY. h 1731 Z. DMS OII VSCHMB RTYOSFB ZhKhES OPCHPZP PVTBGB. POB, LBL Y RTETSOSS, CHSKFBS SOBRE CHPPTHTSEOYE EEE RTY REFT I, YNEMB LBMYVT 19,8 NN, OP PFMYUBMBUSH VPMSHYPK DMYOPK (147 UBOFYNEFTCH CHNEUFP 142) E VPMSHYYN CHEUPN (5,7 LZ CHNEUFP 5,5).

ч БРТЕМЕ 1732 З. ОБ фХМШУЛЙК ПТХЦЕКОЩК ЪБЧПД ЙЪ лБОГЕМСТЙЙ ЗМБЧОПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ РПУФХРЙМП ТБУРПТСЦЕОЙЕ, УПДЕТЦБЧЫЕЕ ЛПОЛТЕФОЩЕ ХЛБЪБОЙС, ЛПФПТЩНЙ НБУФЕТБН УМЕДПЧБМП ТХЛПЧПДУФЧПЧБФШУС РТЙ ЙЪЗПФПЧМЕОЙЙ ОПЧЩИ ЖХЪЕК: УФЧПМЩ ОЕ ДПМЦОЩ ВЩМЙ ПФМЙЮБФШУС ДТХЗ ПФ ДТХЗБ РП ФПМЭЙОЕ УФЕОПЛ Й ЧОЕЫОЕК ПФДЕМЛЕ, ЪБРБМЩ РТЕДРЙУЩЧБМПУШ РТПУЧЕТМЙЧБФШ, Б ОЕ RTPVICHBFSh. h TBURPTSEOYY CHRECHSHCHE ZPCHPTYMPUSH P OEEPVIPDYNPUFY CHBYNPBNEOSENPUFY PDOPFIROSHCHI DEFBMEK, UFPVSCH "CH RPMLH PF PDOK ZhKHIE LBTsDHA YUBUFSH NPTsOP VSCHMP RTYNEOYFSH L DTHZYN ZHESN".

uFTEMSMB ZhKhES PVTBGB 1731 Z. RHMEK CHUEPN CH DECHSFSH BPMPFOILPC (38 ZTBNNPC). rPOSFOP, UFP FBLBS FTSEMBS RHMS OBOPUIMB UFTBYOSCHE TBOSCH, OP RTYGEMSHOBS DBMSHOPUFSH UFTEMSHVSCH OE RTECHSCHYBMB FTEIUPF YBZPCH. LBCDShK TSDPPK YNEM RTY UEVE DCHBDGBFSH RHMSh, LPFPTSHCHE OPUIM H DCHHI RBFTPOOSCHI UHNLBI. eEE RP FTYDGBFSH RHMSH SOBRE YuEMPCHELB RPMBZBMPUSH CHPYFSH CH SAILBI SOBRE UREGIBMSHOSHCHI ZhHTBI. dMS VMYTSOEZP VPS ZhKHES VSHMB UOBVTSEOB FTEIZTBOOSHCHN YFSCHLPN DMYOPK 44,5 UN. h 1737 LTPNE FPZP, UFCHPM UFBM LTERYFSHUS L MPTSKh OE TSEMEKOSHCHNY YRYMSHLBNY, LBL X ZhKHEK 1715 Y 1731 ZZ. zhHES PVTBGB 1737 Z. PUFBCHBMBUSH SOBRE CHPPTKHTSEOY GEMSHCHI DECHSFOBDGBFSH MEF. pDOBLP UOBVDYFSH CHUA REIPPHH EDYOPPVTBOSCHN PTHTSYEN CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH OE HDBMPUSH, Y OETEDLP DBTSE H PDOPN RPMLH UPUEDUFCHPCHBMY ZhKHJEY, OEULPMSHLP PFMYUBCHYYEUS DTHZB PDOPN.

UETTSBOFSHCH REIPFOSHCHI RPMLCH CHPPTHTSBMYUSH BMEVBTDBNY - OEPPMSHYNY FPRPTYLBNY SOBRE DMYOOSHCHI DTECHLBI. oEUFTPECHSHCHE UPMDBFSCH CHNEUFP YRBZ OPUIMY RPMHUBVMY RTHUULPZP PVTBGB. pZHYGETBN RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH YRBZY Y URBOFPOSCH. URBOFPO RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK LPTPFLPE LPRSHE U RMPULYN Y YYTPLYN OBLPOEYUOILPN Y VSHCHM PTHTSYEN ULPTEE GETENPOIBMSHOSHCHN, OETSEMY VPECHSHCHN. h 1736 Z. NYOYI TBURPTSDYMUS, UFPVSCH PZHYGETSCH CH RPIPD URBOFPPOCH OE VTBMY "YVP CHOYI RTPFYCH OSHCHOEYOEZP OERTYSFEMS OKHTSDSHCHOE RTJOBEFUS". CHNEUFP VEURPMEOSCHI LPRYK PZHYGETSCH RPMHYUYMY LPTPFLYE THTSSHS UP YFSCHLBNY.

LUFBFY, VPTSHVB U FBFBTULPK LPOOYGEK UFBMB RTYUYOPK EEE PDOPZP OPCHCHCHEDEOYS. RP YOYGYBFICHE NYOYIB, REIPFOSHCHE RPMLY UVBVTSBFSHUS "RILIOETOSCHNY" Y "TPZBFPYUOSCHNY" LPRSHSNNY. RETCHCHNY CHPPTKHTSBMY, RTY TBCHETOHFPN UFTPE, UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY. CHFPTSCHE, VPMEE FTSEMSHCHE, BLTERMSMYUSH CH UREGYBMSHOSCHI VTHUSHSI Y RTECHTBEBMYUSH CH UCHPEPVTBOSCHE "RTPFYCHPLBCHBMETYKULIE" ETSY. h LBTsDPN RPMLH, YDHEEN CH RPIPD, OBDMETsBMP YNEFSH 288 RYLYOETOSCHI LPRYK, 1200 TPZBFPYUOSCHI LPRYK Y 48 VTHUSHECH.

lTPNE ZhKHYMETPCH H UPUFBCH REIPFSCH CHIPDYMY ZTEOBDETSCH, UPMDBFSCH CHPPTKhTSEOOSCHE, RPNYNP ZhKHEK, THYUOSCHNY ZTBOBFBNY. EEE h GBTufchpchiboy RefTB I Uchmy Uregibmzhno Zhebdetuleye RPMLY, OP Ch, 1731 Z., RP Yoigybfiche Nyib, Yi Tbuzhptnytpchbmy, B. TBUTDEMI RPMLBN RP RPMLBN YEA YE fBL LBL ZTBOBFSCH CH FP CHTENS VSCHMY DPCHPMSHOP FTSEMSHCH (2,5 LZ), CH ZTEOBDETSCH PFVITBMY OBYVPMEE UIMSHOSHI Y TPUMSHCHI OPCHPVTBOGECH.

h BCHZHUFE 1731 Z. chPYOULBS LPNYUUYS YODBMB TBURPTSEOYE, RTEDRYUSCHCHBCHYEE OPUIFSH CHUEN "CHPYOULYN YUYOBN" ZHPTNKH HUFBOCHMEOOPZP PVTBGBB. DEMP CH FPN, UFP IPFS EDYOPPVTB'OPE PVNHHODYTPCHBOYE DMS LBTsDPZP TPDB ChPKUL VSCHMP CHCHEDEOP EEE REFTPN I, PVEUREYUYFSH YN CHUE CHPYOULYE YUBUFY DPMZPE CHTENS OE HDBCHBMPUSH Y OBLLUBYMPYMPUSHK. CHRTPYUEN, CHOPCHSH RTYOSFBS ZHPTNB PYUEOSH OBRPNYOBMB REFTTPCHULHA. UPMDBFSCH CHUEI BTNEKULYI REIPFOSHCHI RPMLCH RPMHYUYMY PHENOP-EMEOSHCH PDOVPPTFOSHCHE LBZHFBOSHCH DMYOPK DP LPMEO Y LPTPFLIE LTBUOSCHE IFBOSHCH U VESSCHNY YUKHMLBNY. RPD LBZHFBO OBDECHBMUS LTBUOSCHK LBNPM. rPDVPK, CHPTPFOYL, PVIMBZB X LBZHFBOB FBLCE VSHMY LTBUOSCHNY. h LBYUEUFCHE PVCCHY UPMDBFSCH OPUIMY VBYNBLY, L LPFPTSHCHN DPVBCHYMY VEMSHCHE UHLPOOSCHE ZBNBY SOBRE RHZPCHYGBY. ZPMPCHOSCHN HVPTPN ZhKHYMETPCH RP-RTETSOENKH UMHTSYMB YuETOBS FTEHZPMSHOBS YMSRB, OP RETEDOIK HER HZPM VSCM RPDOSF, Y FTEHZPMLB UFBMB RTETSOENH UMHTSYMB H DCHKhZPMLH. ZTEOBDETBN RPMBZBMBUSH LPOHUCHIDOSCHE YBRLY, OE Fancy bbnbih RTY VTPULE ZTBOBFS. CHOP OEHDBYUOSCHN OPCHYUFCHPN SCHMSMPUSH CHCHEDEOYE CH 1730-E ZPDSCH DMS UPMDBF OBRHDTEOOOSCHI RTYUEUPL U LPUBNY. yFY RTYUEULY PFOINBMY H CHPYOPCH NOPZP READING Y PLBBMYUSH PYUEOSH OEZYZYEOYUOSCHNY, FEN VPMEE UFP CH OELPFPTSCHI RPMLBI ÚB OEYNEOYEN RHDTSCH YURPMSHCHCHBMY NHLH, UN LYBOOKHA.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE PZHYGETCH RPIPDYMP SOBRE UPMDBFULPE. EZP PFMYUYFEMSHOSCHNY YUETFBNY VSHCHMY YEKOSCHE NEFBMMYUEULYE OBBLY CH CHYDE YITPLPZP RPMKHNEUSGB E FTEIGCHEFOSHCHE LTBUOP-UYOE-VEMSCHE YBTZHSC, LPFPTSCHE OPUIMYUSH YUETE RTBCHPE RMEYUP. yFBOSHCH H PZHYGETPCH VSCHMY OE LTBUOSCHE, B IEMEOSCHE. DMS TBMYYUYS PFDEMSHOSHCHI BTNEKULYI RPMLCH UMHTSYM RMEFEOOSHK YOKHTPL SOBRE MECHPN RMEYUE LBZHFBOB, DBMELYK RTEDYUFCHEOOIL RZPOB. h ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLBI VSCHMY TB'OPGCHEFOSHCHE LBZHFBOOSCHE CHPTPFOYLY: UYOYE X UENEOPCGECH, LTBUOSCHE X RTEPVTTBTSEOGECH, EMEOSCHE X YÚNBKMPCHGECH. ZCHBTDEKULYE ZTEOBDEKULYE SOBRE YBRLE RSHCHYOSCHK RMANBTS YÚ LTBUOSCHI Y COISAS UFTBKHUYOSCHI RETSHECH.

оХЦОП ПФНЕФЙФШ, ЮФП ПВНХОДЙТПЧБОЙЕ ЧП ЧТЕНЕОБ бООЩ йПБООПЧОЩ РПУФБЧМСМПУШ Ч РПМЛЙ ОЕ Ч ЧЙДЕ ЗПФПЧЩИ ЧЕЭЕК, Б УХЛОПН, ОЙФСНЙ, РХЗПЧЙГБНЙ, ЛБТБЪЕЕК ОБ РПДЛМБДЛХ Й Ф. Д. ыЙМЙ НХОДЙТЩ Ч ЛБЦДПН РПМЛХ УБНПУФПСФЕМШОП. FYRYUOSCHI DMS XIX CHELB LBBTN FPTS OE UHEEUFCHCHBMP. yuBEE CHUEZP UPMDBFSCH UFPSMY RPUFPEN CH DPNBI PVSCHCHBFEMEK. rTY LFPN IPSECHBN RPMBZBMPUSHE FPMSHLP RTEDPUFBCHMSFSH RPNEEEOYE, OP Y UOBVTsBFSH UPMDBF DTPCHBNY, MHYUYOPK, UEYUBNY.

rPUFPK MPTSYMUS SOBRE RMEYUY ZTBTSDBO PYUEOSH FSTSLYN VTENEOEN, Y DEMP DEUSH VSHMP OE FPMSHLP CH NBFETYBMSHOSHCHI TBUIPDBI: SBZTHVECHYE H VPSI CHPYOSCH DBMELP OE CHUEZDB CHEMY UEVS PVTBGBPCHP. UMHYUBMYUSH RSHSOLY, DTBLY, CHPTCHUFCHP E DBCE YOBUYMPCHBOIS. LP CHUENH RTPYUENH TBNEEEOYE RPUFPEN PYUEOSH ÚBFTHDOSMP UVPT UPMDBF CH UMHYUBE FTECHPZY: YOPZDB PDYO RPML UFPSM H OEULPMSHLYI DETECHOSI YMY PFDBMEOOOSCHI DTHZ PF DTHZP ZPDBOBI. pDIO Y RHOLFCH CH FBLPN UMHYUBE UMHTSYM NEUFPN TBNEEEOYS "YFBVOPZP DChPTB". lTPNE UBNPZP YFBVB, CH OEN OBIPDYMYUSH: MBBTEF, VBOS, DPNB DMS PZHYGETPCH, LBTBHMSHOSHCHE RPNEEEEOIS, VMPLZBKHSHCH, RPTPIPPK RPZTEV, LPOAYOY, LBBTNB DMS UPMDBF, PVUMHTSYCHBAEY. h TBKPOBI TBULCHBTFYTPCHBOYS RPMLCH UPPTHTSBMY FBLCE RTPDCHPMSHUFCHEOOSHCH VBSHCH ("NBZBYOSCH"). pDOBLP RPTPK UCHSHSH NETsDH YFBVPN Y HDBMEOOSHCHNY PF OEZP TPFBNY RPMLB PUFBCHMSMB TSEMBFSH MHYUYEZP.

OBYVPMEE LPNRBLFOP TBNEEBMYUSH OBIPDICHYYEUS CH REFETVKhTZE ZCHBTDEKULIE RPMLY, DMS LPFPTSCHI UFTPMY UREGYBMSHOSHCHE CHPEOOSHCH ZPTPDLY - UMPVPDSHCH. EEE Ch OPSVTE 1726 Z. YNRERTBFTYGB ELBFETYOSH I HLBBMB PFCHOUFI RTEPVTBCOOULPNH I UEEPCHULPNH RPMLBN RP VPMSHYPK RETRELEFCHOPK (SKRPUFCHYY - OECHULIK RTTPFFBRAKOPELH) CHEUOPK UMEDHAEZP ZPDB UENEOPCHGSCH URMBCHYMY RP OECHE, CH REFETVKhTZ UFTPECHPK MEU Y UMPTSYMY EZP SOBRE VETEZH zhPOFBOLY. l OEUYUBUFSHHA, CH NBE GBTYGB HNETMB, B OPCHSHCHK ZPUHDBTSh, REFT II UHDSHVPK UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. ъBZPPFCHMEOOSHK MEU YBUFYUOP YURPMSHЪPCHBMY SOBRE RPYUOLKH YFBVOPZP DChPTB (OBIPDYMUS SOBRE NEUFE OSHOEYOEZP AUHRPCHULPZP DCHPTGB), YUBUFYUOP RTPDBMY. bBFP, AOSHK YNRETBFPT RPDBTYM rTEPVTBTSEOULPNKh RPMLKH DCHPTEG b. n. DECHEYETB (ON NEUFE OSCHOEYOEZP BOYULPCHB DCHPTGB), CH LPFPTPN TBNEUFIMUS RPMLPPK YFBV. oEPVIPDYNPUFSH LFPK NETSHCH VSCHMB PYUECHIDOB, FBL LBL TBOSHIE DEMP DPIPDYMP DP LHTSHEB — SAIL U RPMLPPK LBOPK ITBOYMUS RPRETENEOOOP CH TBOBOSCHI YUBUFSI ZPTPDB.

12 ДЕЛБВТС 1739 З. ЙНРЕТБФТЙГБ бООБ йПБООПЧОБ ЙЪДБМБ ХЛБЪ П УФТПЙФЕМШУФЧЕ ЗЧБТДЕКУЛЙИ РПМЛПЧЩИ УМПВПД Ч рЕФЕТВХТЗЕ, ОБ нПУЛПЧУЛПК УФПТПОЕ, ЪБ ТЕЛПК жПОФБОЛПК, ч ХЛБЪЕ, Ч ЮБУФОПУФЙ, ЗПЧПТЙМПУШ: «чНЕУФП ЛБЪБТНПЧ УФТПЙФШ РПМЛПЧЩЕ УМПВПДЩ, ДБВЩ УПМДБФЩ У ЧЕЭЕА ЧЩЗПДПК У ЦЕОБНЙ УЧПЙНЙ ЦЙФШ , B DEFI YI UVETETSEOSHCH Y RTY RPMLPCHSCHI YLPMBI PVCUEOSCHI Y CHPURYFBOSH VSHCHFSH NPZMY ". дБМЕЕ ХЛБЪ ХФПЮОСМ НЕУФП ТБЪНЕЭЕОЙС УМПВПД: «...рТЕПВТБЦЕОУЛПНХ РПМЛХ РПЪБДЙ мЙФЕКОПЗП ДЧПТБ, уЕНЕОПЧУЛПНХ РПЪБДЙ жПОФБОЛЙ ЪБ ПВЩЧБФЕМШУЛЙНЙ ДЧПТБНЙ, йЪНБКМПЧУЛПНХ РПЪБДЙ лБМЙОЛЙОПК ДЕТЕЧОЙ, ЙМЙ ЗДЕ РП ХУНПФТЕОЙА ХДПВОЕЕ ВХДЕФ...». CHRPUMEDUFCHYY DMS yÜNBKMPCHULPZP RPMLB PFCHEMY HYBUFPL, PZTBOYUEOOSCHK OSHOEYOYOYNY nPULPCHULYN Y METNPOFPCHULYN RTPURELFBNY, zhPOFBOLPK Y pVCHPDOSHCHN LBOBMPN.

h UMPVPDBI UPMDBFSCH TSYMY CH DETECSOOSCHI YÚVBI (YI OBSCCHBMY "UCHSSNNY"). rPUTEDY "UCHSY" OBIPDYMYUSH VPMSHYYE UEOY, B RP UFPTPOBN UPMDBFULYE LPNOBFSCH-UCHEFMYGSCH. lPMYUEUFCHP YÜV CH LBTsDPN RPMLH VSCHMP TBOBOSCHN. obrtynet, Ch rTEPVTBTSEOULPN RPMLKh YI OBUYUYFSHCHCHBMPUSH 192. ChPPVEE, PVYFBFEMI UMPVPD NPZMY CHEUFY UCHPE IPSKUFCHP, CHSHCHTBEYCHBFSH PCHPEY Y ZHTHLFSCH, UPDETTSBFSH DPNBYOAA RFYGH E ULPF. дМС РПДДЕТЦБОЙС ОБ ФЕТТЙФПТЙЙ УМПВПДЩ ДПМЦОПЗП РПТСДЛБ ОБЪОБЮБМЙУШ ДЕЦХТОЩЕ ПЖЙГЕТЩ, Б РП ОПЮБН РТПЙЪЧПДЙМПУШ РБФТХМЙТПЧБОЙЕ, ДБВЩ «ОЕ ВЩМП ЧЙООПК РТПДБЦЙ Й ЛПТНЮЕУФЧБ» Й УПМДБФЩ «ОЕ ЧЩИПДЙМЙ ЙЪ ДПНПЧ ВЕЪ ЖПТНЩ, ОЕ ТХВЙМЙ ДТПЧБ Ч РПМЛПЧЩИ ТПЭБИ».

LBCHBMETYS H GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH RPDCHETZMBUSH ZPTBDDP VPMEE ZMHVLPPK TEPTZBOYBGYY, YUEN REIPFB. L 1730 Z. TEZKHMSTOBS LPOOYGB UPUFPSMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP Y DTBZHO, LPFPTSCHI OBUYUYFSHCHBMPUSH 33 RPMLB. dTBZHOSHCH SCHMSMYUSH UCHPEZP TPDB "EDSEEK REIPFPK" E PVCYUBMYUSH CHEDEOIA VPS, LBL CH REYEN, FBL Y CH LPOOPN UFTPZP. pDOBLP, YNEOOP CH UIMH FBLPK DCHPKUFCHEOOPC TPMY, LBL LPOOYGB POI VSCHMY DPCHPMSHOP UMBVSCH. h 1731 Z. chPYOULBS LPNYUUIS RTEMPTSYMB RETEZHPTNYTPCHBFSH YUBUFSH DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC CH LITBUYTULYE. lYTBUITBN RTEDUFPSMP UFBFSH HDBTOPK UYMPK THUULPK LBCHBMETYY. cante UOBVTSBMYUSH ЪBEYEBCHYNY ZTHDSH DPUREIBNY (LITBUBNY), RPMKHYUBMY UBNSCHI MHYUYI MPYBDEK Y RTPIPDYMY HUYMEOOHA RPDZPPFPCHLH. бТЗХНЕОФЙТХС ОЕПВИПДЙНПУФШ УПЪДБОЙС ЬФПЗП ОПЧПЗП ФЙРБ ЛПООЙГЩ, ЮМЕОЩ чПЙОУЛПК ЛПНЙУУЙЙ Ч ПДОПН ЙЪ УЧПЙИ «ТБУУХЦДЕОЙК» ХЛБЪЩЧБМЙ: «рПОЕЦЕ Ч ТПУУЙКУЛПН ЧПКУЛЕ ЙОПК ЛБЧБМЕТЙЙ, ЛТПНЕ ДТБЗХОУЛЙИ РПМЛПЧ, Б ЙНЕООП: ТЕКФБТПЧ Й ЛЙТБУЙТ ОЕ ВЩЧБМП, Б РТЙ ДТХЗЙИ РТЙ ЧУЕИ ЕЧТПРЕКУЛЙИ ЧПКУЛБИ ЙНЕАФУС ВПМШЫЕ ТЕКФБТУЛЙЕ, ОЕЦЕМЙ ДТБЗХОУЛЙЕ РПМЛЙ, Б РТЙ ОЕЛПФПТЩИ, Б ПУПВМЙЧП РТЙ ТЙНУЛЙИ ГЕУБТУЛЙИ (БЧУФТЙКУЛЙИ — б. н.) ЧПКУЛБИ, ЙНЕАФУС ЛЙТБУЙТУЛЙЕ РПМЛЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ РТПФЙЧ ФХТЕГЛПЗП ЧПКУЛБ ДЕКУФЧПЧБМЙ МХЮЫЕ ДТХЗЙИ, Й МЕЗЛЙЕ ДТБЗХОУЛЙЕ РПМЛЙ РТПФЙЧ ФБЛЙИ ТЕКФБТУЛЙИ Й ЛЙТБУЙТУЛЙИ РПМЛПЧ ОЕ НПЗХФ БЧБОФБЦЕН UFPSFSH, FP TBDY chPYOULBS LPNYUUIS TBUUKhTSDBEF, DBVSHCH CH OSHOEOYOEE CHTENS HYUOYFSH FBLYI LIGHTBUYTULYI DEUSFSH RPMLPC SOBRE OENEGLYI MPYBDSI.

л УПЦБМЕОЙА, ЙЪ-ЪБ ЖЙОБОУПЧЩИ ЪБФТХДОЕОЙК Л ОБЮБМХ ЧПКОЩ У ФХТЛБНЙ Й ФБФБТБНЙ ХУРЕМЙ УПЪДБФШ ЧУЕЗП ФТЙ ЛЙТБУЙТУЛЙИ РПМЛБ: ПДЙО — Ч 1731 З. Й ДЧБ — Ч 1732 З. лТПНЕ ФПЗП, Ч ОБЮБМЕ 1731 З. бООБ йПБООПЧОБ ЙЪДБМБ ХЛБЪ, ЗМБУЙЧЫЙК: "VSHCHYK MEKV-TEZYNEOF OBCHBFSH LPOOBS ZCHBTDYS, B CH TBOZ VSHCHFSH RTPFYCH ZCHBTDYY, B VSHCHYK H RPMLH HOFET-PZHYGETCH E TSDPCHSHCHI FSHCHUSYUH YUEMPCHEL". fBL RPSCHYMUS MEKV-ZCHBTDYY lPOOSCHK RPML, PYO YO OBYVPMEE RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI CH THUULPK BTNYY. UEVE YNRETBFTYGB RTYUCHPYMB JSCHBOYE RPMLPCHOYLB LFPZP RPMLB, B RPDRPMLPCHOYLPN OBOBYUMB PVET-YFBMNEKUFETB sZKhTSYOULPZP. rPUME CUEI RETEZHPTNYTPCHBOYK THUULBS LBCHBMETYS CHLMAYUBMB PDYO ZCHBTDEKULYK, 3 LITBUYTULYI E 29 DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC, OBUYUYFSHCHCHBAEYI RPYUFY 36 FSHCHUSYU YEMPCHEL.

rP YFBFH 1731 Z. YUYUMEOOPUFSH PDOPZP DTBZHOULPZP RPMLB UPUFBCHMSMB 1093 Yuem. CH NYTOPE CHTENS Y 1225 YUEM. CH CHPEOOPE CHTENS. yuYUMEOOPUFSH LITBUYTULPZP RPMLB OE NEOSMBUSH, CHUEZDB TBCHOSSUSH 974 Yuem. LBCDSCHK DTBZHOULYK YMY LIGHTBUYTULYK RPML DEMYMUS SOBRE DEUSFSH TPF. dTBZHOSHCH CHPPTHTSBMYUSH JKHESNY UP YFSHCHLBNY, RBMBYBNY Y RYUFPMEFBNY. LYTBUITBN CHNEUFP ZhKHEK RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH YNEFSH HLPTPYUEOOOSCHE LBTVBYOSCH, B RBMBY X OII VSHMY ÚBNEFOP DMYOOEE Y FTSMEEE DTBZHOULYI.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE DTBZHO, LBL Y REIPFOPE, PUFBCHBMPUSH RPIPTSYN SOBRE FP, YUFP VSCHMP RTYOSFP RTY REFTE I. e RPMBZBMYUSH UYOYE LBZHFBOSHCH U LTBUOSCHNY CHPTPFOYLBNY Y PVYMBZBZBNYSHCHE, MPUYSHCHNY. h LPOOPN UFTPA, DTBZHOSHCH OBDECHBMY UBRPZY U TBUFTKHVBNY, B H REYEN - VBYNBLY. lPOOPZCHBTDEKGSHCH RTY UYOEN LBZHFBOOE OPUIMY LTBUOSCHE LBNPM YFBOSHCH. l FPNKh CE YI NHODYTSCH VSCHMY VPZBFP HLTBIEOSCH BPMPFSCHN ZBMHOPN.

LYTBUITBN RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH H UFTPA YNEFSH UHLPOOSCHE YMY LYTPCHSCHE NHODYTSCH-LPMEFSHCH VEMPZP GCHEFB U EMEOSCHNY CHPTPFOYLBNY Y PVYMBZBNY, LITEBUSCH, MPUYOPCHSCHE YFBOSHCH E VPFZHPTFSCH. choe UFTPS YN RPMBZBMPUSH PVNHODYTPCHBOYE, PYUEOSH UIPDOPE U DTBZHOULYN. VEDB, PDOBLP, VSCHMB CH FPN, UFP YЪZPFPCHYFSH DPUFBFPYUOPE LPMYUEUFCHP "HUFBCHOSCHI" NHODYTPCH DMS RETCHSHI LITBUYTULYI RPMLPC PE CHTENS OE KHUREMY. ч ЙАОЕ 1733 З. нЙОЙИ РЙУБМ ЙНРЕТБФТЙГЕ: «чБЫЕ йНРЕТБФПТУЛПЕ ЧЕМЙЮЕУФЧП, ОЕ УПЙЪЧПМЙФЕ МШ ХЛБЪБФШ ОБ ПОЩЕ ДЧБ ЛЙТБУЙТУЛЙЕ РПМЛБ, ОЕЛПФПТЩЕ НХОДЙТОЩЕ Й БНХОЙЮОЩЕ ЧЕЭЙ, ЛПЙИ Ч тПУУЙЙ ДПУФБФШ ОЕЧПЪНПЦОП... ЧЩРЙУБФШ ЙЪ ОЕНЕГЛЙИ ЛТБЕЧ». CHETPSFOP, YNEOOP RPFPNKh BOZMYUBOYO zhTIOUYU DYCHKHD, TSYCHYK CH REFETVKhTZE MEFPN 1733 Z., RYEF, YUFP THUULIE LIGHTBUYTSCH “PDEFSCH CH UYOYE Y CEMFPCHBFP-LPTYUOEESCHE LBNPMSCH”. uYOYE LBNPMSHCH - DTBZHOULIE, B CEMFPCHBFP-LPTYUOECHSHCHE - RPLKHROSCHE, OENEGLIE. ZPMPCHOSCHN HVPTPN Y CH LITBUYTULYI, Y CH DTBZHOULYI RPMLBI UMHTSYMB YuETOBS IETUFSOBS YMSRB.

bTFYMMETYS CHTENEOB BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH DEMYMBUSH SOBRE RPMECHHA, PUBDOKHA E LTERPUFOHA. rPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH, ZPCHPTS SHCHLPN HUFBCHB FPZP LEITURA, "UFPSFSH SOBRE CHSHCHUPLYI NEUFBI YY AJUDA (RHEL - b. N.) ULPMSHLP CHPNPTSOP RP OERTYSFEMA UFTEMSFSH."

h LBTsDPN REIPFOPN BTNEKULPN RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., UMEDPCHBMP YNEFSH DCHE RHYLY, VYCHYYE SDTBNY CHUEPN RP FTY ZhKHOFB (1,2 LZ). dTBZHOBN RPMBZBMPUSH FPMSHLP RP PDOPC FBLPC RHYLE SOBRE RPML, DB Y FP OE CHUEN RPMLBN. uHEEUFCHPCHBM FBLCE PFDEMSHOSHCHK bTFYMMETYKULYK RPML YUYUMEOOPUFSHHA CH 1046 PZHYGETCH Y OYTSOYI YUYOPCH. LLB DREOOP RPDTBEDEDEMEEEEED PARA O WEOUFCHBM, OP CHPMECHSHYHYHYHYYSHYSHYY YSHEP WPF TPF Zhptnytpchbmyush VTIZBDSH RTPPYCHPMShopk Cheyuyuych, LPFPTSHEA PF PF PVMISHLY VSMSH VSKShL RTKSH VSKSHEL RTKSHETSH VSKSHLAY VSKSHLAYA bTFYMMETYKULPNH RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., RTYRYUSCHCHBMPUSH 63 PTHDYS.

оБ ЧППТХЦЕОЙЙ РПМЕЧПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ ОБИПДЙМЙУШ РХЫЛЙ ЧЕУПЧЩН ЛБМЙВТПН Ч ФТЙ, ЫЕУФШ, ЧПУЕНШ Й ДЧЕОБДГБФШ ЖХОФПЧ, РХДПЧЩЕ Й РПМХРХДПЧЩЕ ЗБХВЙГЩ, Б ФБЛЦЕ НПТФЙТЩ — ПУПВЩЕ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛЙЕ ПТХДЙС, РТЕДОБЪОБЮЕООЩЕ ДМС ЧЕДЕОЙС ОБЧЕУОПЗП ПЗОС. dBMSHOPUFSH UFTEMSHVSHCH X PTHDYK TB'OPZP LBMYVTB OEULPMSHLP TB'MYYUBMBUSH. fBL DCHEOBDGBFYZHHOFPCHSHCHE RHYLY NPZMY CHEUFY PZPOSH CERCA DE 800 YBZPCH, CHPUSHNYZHHOFPCHSHCHE RHYLY - CERCA DE 700 YBZPCH, YEUFYZHHOFPCHSHCHE - CERCA DE 650 YBZPCH, FTEIZHHOFPCHSHCHE - CERCA DE 500 YBZPCH. rPUMEDOYE VSCHMY OBYVPMEE HRPFTEVYFEMSHOSCHNY Y UPUFBCHMSMY, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., OE NEOEE YUEFCHETFY CHUEK RPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY. UFTEMSMY RHYLY SDTBNY, TBTSCHCHOSCHNY ZTBOBFBNY, NEFBMMYUEULYNY RHMSHLBNY - LBTFEYUSHA Y VTBODULKHZEMSNNY (UREGYBMSHOSHCHNY BTSYZBFEMSHOSHCHNY UOBTSDBNY). sobre LBTsDHA FTEIZHHOFCHHA RHYLH, OBRTYNET, RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH 120 SDET, 25 ZTBOBF Y 30 LBTFEYUOSCHI BTSDHR.

h 1737 Z. NYOYI RTYYEM L CHCHCHPDKH P OEPVVIPDYNPUFY KHUYMEOYS RPMLPPK BTFYMMETYY. rP EZP TELPNEODBGYY YNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB RTYOSMB YNEOOOPK HLB, LPFPTSHCHK RTEDRYUSCHCHBM YNEFSH RTY LBTsDPN REIPFOPN RPMLH RP YuEFShTE FTEIZHHOFPCHSHCHE RHYLY, B RTY LBTsDPN DPCHML. “hCHEMYYUEOYE RPMLPPKh BTFYMMETYY RPYUFY CHDCHPE, - RYUBM RP LFPNKh RPCHPDKh CHPEOOSHK YUFPTYL b. vBKHR, - OEUPNOEOOP, DP OELPFPTPK UFEROY HNEOSHYYMP RPDCHYTSOPUFSH RPMLCH; PDOBLP, LFP OEHDPVUFCHP U YVSHCHFLPN ChPOBZTBTSDBMPUSH FPK RPMShPK, LPFPTHA BTFYMMETYS RTIOPUYMB RTY VPECHCHI UFPMLOPCHEOYSI U FHTLP-FBFBTBNY. UMEDHEF FBLCE ЪBNEFYFSH, UFP BCHFPTSCH OPCHPZP YFBFB CHUE OE ЪBVSCCHBMY P RPDCHYTSOPUFY RPMLPC: HCHEMYYUEOYE BTFYMMETYY VSCHMP DPUFYZOHFP ЪB UYUEF FTEIZHHOFCHSHCHI FCHTEINSHI MEZ.

PUBDOBS BTFYMMETYS RPDTBDEMSMBUSH SOBRE FTY LPTRHUB. еЕ ПУОПЧХ Ч ПРЙУЩЧБЕНПЕ ЧТЕНС УПУФБЧМСМЙ НПТФЙТЩ, Б ОЕ ЛТХРОПЛБМЙВЕТОЩЕ ПУБДОЩЕ РХЫЛЙ, ЛБЛ РТЙ рЕФТЕ I. лТЕРПУФОБС БТФЙММЕТЙС ОБИПДЙМБУШ Ч ЗБТОЙЪПОБИ Й ЛТЕРПУФСИ Й ЧЛМАЮБМБ, ОБТСДХ У ПТХДЙСНЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ УППФЧЕФУФЧПЧБМЙ ФТЕВПЧБОЙСН ЧТЕНЕОЙ, ОЕНБМП ХУФБТЕЧЫЙИ НПДЕМЕК. yFBFSCH PUBDOPK Y LTERPUFOK BTFYMMETY RTEFETRECHBMY NOPZPLTBFOSH YÜNEOEOYS, OP OP PDYO Y CHSHCHTBVPFBOOSCHI lPNYUUYEK CHBTYBOFPC FBL YOE VSCHM HFCHETSDEO. PUOPCHOSCHE HER VBSHCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH REFETVKhTSE, VTSOULE, PUETEDE.

TBTBVPFLB OPCHSHCHI LPOUFTKHLGIK BTFYMMETYKULYI PTHDYK, RP NOOYA NOPZYI CHPEOOSHHI YUFPTYLPCH, CHEMBUSH CH ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOF sobre. e. vTBODEOVKhTZ, THLPCHPDYCHYK CH 1877–1903 ZZ. bTFYMMETYKULYN NKHEEN, RYUBM: “CHUE PZTBOYYUYCHBMPUSH PDOK CHOEYOPUFSHHA, Y FPMSHLP TBICHE UMHYUBKOP PFLTSCHCHYYEUS CHPRYAEIE OEUPPVTB’OPUFY CHSHCHCHCHBMY OB CHENS RTYOMFYOBLY VMPMEE. ... rTPYCHPDYMY UNPFTSHCH RTBLFYUEULPK UFTEMSHVSCH YMY PVCYUEOYE RPUMEDOEK, OP RTY HUMPCHYSI, DEMBCHYYI YOYI VPMEE CHPYOULHA RPFEIKH, YUEN UETSHHEOPE DEMP. pDOBLP LBLYI-MYVP DPCHPDCH CH RPMShH FBLPK FPYULY TEOYS vTBODEOVKhTZ OE RTYCHEM. pFYSHCHSHCH TSE UPCTENEOOILPC P VPECHI LBYUEUFCHBI THUULPK BTFYMMETYY PYUEOSH TBOPTEYUYCHSHCH. lTYFYYUEULY OBUFTPEOOSHK YCHED t. l. VETL TBUULBSHCHCHBEF, UFP RTY PUBDE TKHUULYNY CHPKULBNY dBOGYZB CH 1734 Z. NOPZYE RHYLY OE UNPZMY UFTEMSFSH, FBL LBL "OE RPDIPDYMY OY SDTB, OY MBZHEFSCH". bozmyyuboyo dts. lHL, OBRTPFICH, ЪBSChMSEF, UFP SOBRE REFETVKhTZULPN MYFEKOPN DCHPTE "PFMYCHBAF OBIMHYUYE CH NYTE RHYLY, NPTFYTSCH Y VPNVSHCH".

l YUYUMKH VEUURPTOSCHI OEDUFBFLPC TPUUYKULPK BTFYMMETYY CH 1730-E ZPSCH UMEDHEF PFOEUFY OETBGYPOBMSHOHA PTZBOYBGYA EE MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB. дЕМП Ч ФПН, ЮФП ЕЪДПЧЩЕ (Ф.Е. УПМДБФЩ Й ПЖЙГЕТЩ, ПФЧЕЮБЧЫЙЕ ЪБ РЕТЕЧПЪЛХ ПТХДЙК Й ВПЕРТЙРБУПЧ) ВЩМЙ ПФДЕМЕОЩ ПФ УПВУФЧЕООП БТФЙММЕТЙУФПЧ, УЧЕДЕОЩ Ч УБНПУФПСФЕМШОХА ЮБУФШ («РПМЕЧПК ЖХТЫФБДФ») Й РПДЮЙОЕОЩ УЧПЕНХ ЛПНБОДЙТХ, ОЕЪБЧЙУЙНПНХ ПФ ЛПНБОДЙТБ бТФЙММЕТЙКУЛПЗП РПМЛБ.

pVEEE THLPCHPDUFCHP BTFYMMETYEK PUKHEEUFCHMSM ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFET. Rothbububububmshop bfhh dpmtsopufsh KOBNBM UBN NYOII, OP Ch. 1735 Z. De acordo com OBshm Obrtbchmeo Zmbchopnbodhaine, um decuphhaeha bnaha, b-bpfimmetya orthchyme rtchiz-chimezboo-zeumznovlike. eu. VETL PFNEYUBM CH UCHPYI BRYULBI, UFP RTYOG "VPMEE TBURPMPTSEO L LFPNH (BTFYMMETYKULPNH - b. n.) DEMKH, YUEN EZP RTEDIEUFCHEOOIL". chRTPYUEN, OH RTYOG, OH NYOYI RTPZHEUUIPOMSHOSHCHNY BTFYMMETYUFBNY OE VSCHMY. DMS TEOYOYS UREGYBMSHOSHCHI CHPRTPUPCH RTY ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFETE YNEMUS YFBV.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE UPMDBF bTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB UPUFPSMP Y LBZHFBOB Y LBNPMB LTBUOPZP GCHEFB. RP RPLTPA LBZHFBO OBRPNYOBM REIPFOSHCHK, OP, RPNYNP GCHEFB, PFMYYUBMUS PF RPUMEDOEZP VPMSHYN LPMYUEUFCHPN NEDOSHI RHZPCHYG, LPFPTSCHE RTYIPDYMPUSH RPUFPSOOP DTBYFSH.

yFBFSCH YOTSEOETOSHCHI ChPKUL VSCHMY HFCHETSDEOSCH OYEBDPMZP DP CUFHRMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH SOBRE RTEUFPM, CH YAOE 1728 Z. Y CH 30th ZPDSH UFPMEFIS OE NEOSMYUSH. h UFTBOE UHEEUFCHPCHBM yOTSEOETOSHCHK RPML Y NYOETOBS TPFB, RTYUEN UFTPECHPK YUBUFSHHA VSHMB FPMSHLP RPUMEDOSS. rPML UPUFPSM RTEYNKHEUFCHEOOP YÊ PZHYGETCH, LPFPTSHCHE RP NO OBDPVOPUFY LPNBOYTPCHBMYUSH DMS TEYOYS LPOLTEFOSHCHI BDBYu.

pF RPMECHSCHI BTNEKULYI YUBUFEK VSCHMY YUEFLP PFDEMEOSCH ZBTOYPOOSCHE CHPKULB, RTEDOBOBBYEOOSCHE DMS CHOKHFTEOOOEK UMHTSVSHCH. cante FBLTS UPUFPSMY YÚ REIPFSCH Y DTBZHO. l 1730 Z. ZBTOYPOOSCHE ChPKULB OBUYUYFSHCHBMY UPTPL DECHSFSH RPMLCH Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHCHI VBFBMSHPOB REIPFSCH, YuEFShCHTE RPMLB Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHCHI ULBDTPOB DTBTHO. h 1734-1736 ZZ. L OYN VSCHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH EEE FTY DTBZHOULYI RPMLB. lTPNE FPZP, DMS PITBOSHCH mBDPTSULPZP LBOBMB UZHPTNYTPCHBMY UREGYBMSHOSHCHK mBDPTSULYK LBOBMSHOSHCHK VBFBMShPO. rPNYNP PUOPCHOPK ZHOLGYY, ZBTOYPOOSCHE CHPKULB UMHTSYMY DMS RETCHPOBYUBMSHOPK RPDZPPFPCHLY OPCHPVTBOGECH RETED PFRTTBCHLPK CH RPMECHHA BTNYA.

obtsdkh U TEZHMSTOSHCHNY CHPYOULYNY YUBUFSNY CH UPUFBCH TPUUYKULPK BTNYY CHIPDYMY NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE YTTEZHMSTOSHCH ZHPTNYTPCHBOYS. rTETSDE CHUEZP, LFP VSCHMY LBBLLY: DPOULYE, NBMPTPUUYKULYE, YUKHZHECHULYE, SYGLYE, UMPVPDULYE Y DT. lPMYUEUFCHP TEEUFTCHSCHI (F.E. PZHYGYBMSHOP CHSFSCHI SOBRE HYUEF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN) DPOULYI LBBLPC CH GBTUFCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMSMP PLPMP 15 FSHCHUSYU Yuempchel. NYOYI PYUEOSH CHSHCHUPLP PGEOYCHBM DPOGPCH Y RYUBM CH PDOPN YU UCHPYI RTYLBCHPCH, UFP SOY "FBL CHETOP Y TBDEFEMSHOP L UMHTSVE Y PFEYUEUFCHH RPUFHRBMY, LBL VPMEE FTEVPCHBFSH OECHPPNTSOP".

h VPA DPOULYE LBBLY YUBEE CHUEZP CHSHCHRPMOSMY ZHHOLGYY MEZLPK LBCHBMETYY. mPYBDEK, PTKHTSIE E PDETSDH SING RTYPVTEFBMY SOBRE UCHPK UYUEF. PVSCHYuOP DPOGSH OPUIMY UYOYE YUELNEOY (PDOPVPTFOSCHE LBZHFBOSH FTBDYGYPOOPZP THUULPZP RPLTPS) VE RHZPCHYG, YTPLYE YBTCHBTSHCH, NSZLE UBRPZY E NEIPCHSHCHE RBRBII. ChPPTKhTSEOYE LBBLB UPUFPSMP Y RYLY, UBVMY, THTSSHS VE YFSHLB, OP, CH UYMH PFUHFUFCHYS LBLYI-MYVP RTBCHYM UOBVTSEOIS, PFMYUBMPUSH VPMSHYYN TBOPPVTBBYEN. lBBLY BLBSHCHCHBMY THTSSHS Y UBVMY SOBRE TPUUYKULYI NBOKHZHBLFHTBI, RPLKHRBMY H PFDEMSHOSHCHI TENEUMEOILPCH, PYUEOSH MAVIMY FTPZHEKOPE PTHTSYE. pFRTBCHMSSUSH CH RPIPD, POI PVYAEDYOSMYUSH CH RPMLY TB'OPZP UPUFBCHB. ChPEOOBS LPMMEZYS FPMSHLP CHEMB HYUEF DPOULYN LBBLBN, B SOBRE MAVSH RPRSHCHFLY CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHB CH YI CHOHFTEOOYE DEMB LBYUEUFCHP TEBZYTPCHBMP PYUEOSH VPMEEOOOP.

EEE CH 1716 Z. YUBUFSH DPOULYI LBBLPCH, RP YOYGYBFIYCHE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, RETEUEMYMBUSH OB TELKH YPRET, DMS BEYFSCH OPCHPIPRETULPE LTERPUFY PF FBFBTULYI OBVEZCHB. h 1724 Z. PLPMP FSHCHUSYu LBBYUSHYI UENEK VSHCHMY OBRTBCHMEOSCH "SOBRE CHEUOPE TSIFEMSHUFCHP" SOBRE TELKH bZTBIBO, B CH 1733 Z. EEE FSHCHUSYUB UENEK TBNEUFIMBUSH NETsDH gBTYGSHOSCHN Y lBNSCHYOPN. LFY RPUEMEOIS RPMPTSYMY OBYUBMP CHPMTSULPNKh LBYUSHENKH CHPKULKH.

yuYUMEOOPUFSH TEEUFTCHSCHI NBMPTPUUYKULYI LBBLPC, RP DBOOSCHN b. vBKCHB, UPUFBCHMSMB PLPMP 55 FSHCHUSYU YEMPCHEL. UMEDHEF ЪBNEFYFSH, YuFP ЪOBYUYFEMSHOBS YUBUFSH LBBYUEUFCHB PYUEOSH FSZPFIMBUSH LPOFTPMEN UP UFPTPOSCH TPUUYKULPZP RTBCCHYFEMSHUFCHB E PFOADSH OE HFTBFIMB OBDETSDH SOBRE PVTEFEOYYE OYENPUB. rTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH CHUENETOP IPFEMP HTEEBFSH RPMOPNPYUYS UFBTYYOSCH (CHETIHYLY LBBYUEUFCHB). eee RTY REFTE I, CH 1722 Z. VSCHMB MYLCHYDYTPCHBOB CHSHVTOPUFSH ZEFNBOPCH, B HRTBCHMEOYE CHUEK SECHRPVETETSOPC HLTBYOPK RETEDBOP nBMPTPUUYKULPK LPMMEZYY. pDOBLP, RPUFPSOOBS HZTPÜB CHPKOSHCH U fHTGYEK BUFBCHYMB CHMBUFSH RPKFY SOBRE LPNRTPNYUU U NBMPTPUUYKULYNY LBBLBNY. h 1727 Z. REFT II HRTBDOYM nBMPTPUUYKULKHA LPMMEZYA Y TBTEYYM CHSHCHVPTSCH ZEFNBOB, LPFPTSHCHN UFBM NYTZPTPDULYK RPMLPCHOYL dBOYMB BRPUFPM. L ZEFNBOKH, CHRTPYUEN, VSCHM RTYUFBCHMEO "NYOYUFT" ZHEDPT OBKHNPC, CH ZHOLGYY LPFPTPZP CHIPDYMP UMEDIFSH, YUFPVSHCH UUFBTYOKH YЪVYTBMYUSH FPMSHLP "MADY DPVTSCHE YOY CH YUEN RPDPSHCHTY". h SOCHBTE 1734 Z. brPUFPM HNET Y, RP TEYOYA lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH, CHMBUFSH RETEYMB L rTBCHMEOYA ZEFNBOULPZP HTSDB - LPMMEZYBMSHOPNKH PTZBOKH Y GBTULYYI YUYOPCHOYLPCH Y RTEDUFBCHYBEMEK LBYUSH. sFP TEYOYE CHSCCHBMP UIMSHOPE OEDCHPMSHUFCHP LBBYUEUFCHB. ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOF bMELUEK yBIPCHULPK, ​​​​OBIPDYCHYKUS FPZDB SOBRE HLTBYOE, U FTECHPZPK DPOPUYM YNRETBFTYGE: "LPNKh POY ZEFNBOPN VShFSH TSEMBAF, FPZP RPMYOOP S OBFSH OE FPO NPZKH, BCHYDOP".

h UIMKH CHSHCHYEIMPTSEOOSCHI RTYUYO CHP CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ЗЗ. TPUYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE PFOPUYMPUSH L NBMPTPUYKULYN LBBLBN U YÚTSDOSCHN RPDPTEOYEN, B OEPVIPDYNPUFSH UPVMADBFSH OELPFPTSCHE LBBYUSHY RTYCHYMEZY CHSHCHSHCHCHBMB X OEZP TBEDTBE. fBL v.-l. NYOYI CH 1739 Z., VKHDHYuY RTPEEDPN CH zMHIPCHE Y HOBCH P OECHCHZPDOPN DMS OEZP TEIEOYY NEUFOPZP UHDB, LTYUBM SOBRE UHDEK: "fBLYI UHDEK RPCHEUYFSH OBDP YMY, VYCH LOHFPN, CH UYBYT!" pV HLTBIOULYI BLPOBI ZHEMSHDNBTYBM CHSHCHTBYMUS U CHPEOOPC RTSNPFPK: "yEMSHNB RYUBM, B LBOBMShS UHDYM".

OBYVPMEE PTZBOYPCHBOOSCHNY H CHPEOOPN PFOPYOYY VSCHMY UMPVPDULYE Y YUHZHECHULYE LBBLLY. uMPVPDULYE LBBLY Y CH NYTOPE, Y ChP CHTENS CHPKOSH PVYAEDYOSMYUSH CH RSFSH RPMLCH, LPFPTSHCHE UPUFBCHMSMY VTYZBDKH, RPDYUYOEOOHA LPNBODYTH hLTBYOULPK DYCHYYY. em 1729 RP 1731 Z. CH YuEFSCHTEI Y RSFY UMPVPDULYI RPMLPC VSCHMP UZHPTNYTPCHBOP Y LBBLPC RP PDOPC TEZHMSTOPK TPFE. h 1736 Z. FBLYI TPF UFBMP RP DCHE CH LBTsDPN RPMLH, B CH 1739 Z. CHUE DEUSFSH TEZHMSTOSHCHI LBYUSHYI TPF VSCHMY UCHEDEOSCH CH uMPVPDULPK TEZHMSTOSHCHK RPML. жПТНЕООБС ПДЕЦДБ УМПВПЦБО УПУФПСМБ ЙЪ УЙОЕЗП ЛБЖФБОБ У ПФЛЙДОЩНЙ ТХЛБЧБНЙ Й ЫБТПЧБТ, ГЧЕФ ЛПФПТЩИ ЪБЧЙУЕМ ПФ РПМЛБ: Ч иБТШЛПЧУЛПН — ЦЕМФЩЕ, Ч уХНУЛПН — УЧЕФМП-УЙОЙЕ, Ч бИФЩТУЛПН — ЪЕМЕОЩЕ, Ч йЪАНУЛПН — ЛТБУОЩЕ, Б Ч пУФТПЗПЦУЛПН — ПТБОЦЕЧЩЕ.

YUKHZHECHULYE LBBLY VSHMY PVYAEDOOEOSCH CH PDYO RPML RSFYUPFEOOPZP UPUFBCHB, RTYUEN FTY UPFOY UPUFBCHMSMY UPVUFCHEOOP LBBLLY, B DCHE UPFOY - LTEEEOOSH LBMNSCHLY. LBL Y UMPVPDULYE LBBLY, YUKHZHECHULYE UPITBOSMMY UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA CH NYTOPE CHTENS.

h 1734 Z. H THUULPE RPDDBOUFCHP CHOPCHSH VSCHMY RTYOSFSHCH BRPTPTSULYE LBBLLY, RPUEMYCHYYEUS CH OPCHPK uEYU RTY HUFSHET TEL VХЪХЧМХЛ. вПМШЫПК ПРЩФ ВПТШВЩ У ФХТЛБНЙ ДЕМБМ ЙИ ПЮЕОШ ГЕООЩНЙ УПТБФОЙЛБНЙ ДМС ТХУУЛПК БТНЙЙ, ОП, РТЙЧЩЛЫЙЕ Л ЧПМШОЙГЕ ЪБРПТПЦГЩ ПФМЙЮБМЙУШ ФБЛЦЕ ЛТБКОЕК ОЕДЙУГЙРМЙОЙТПЧБООПУФША, Б ЙИ ЧЕТОПУФШ ЧОХЫБМБ РТБЧЙФЕМШУФЧХ УЙМШОЩЕ УПНОЕОЙС. h 1735 З.

eEE PDOIN, CHEUSHNB UREGYZHYUOSCHN, YTTEZHMSTOCHN ZHPTNYTPCHBOYEN SCHMSMYUSH ZHUBTSHCHN. eEE REFT I RPTHUIM UCHPHYN DYRMPNBFBN RTYCHMELBFSH SOBRE UMHTsVKH UETVPCH, IPTCHBFPCH, CHEOZTPCH, LPFPTSCHI TBUUEMSMY SOBRE HLTBYOE Y PVEUREYUCHBMY TsBMPCHBOYEN "LBL POY POPE RPMHYUBMY PF GENU". L 1731 Z. YUYUMYMPUSH PLPMP YuEFSCHTEIUPF ZKHUBT, RTEINHEUFCHEOOP UETVPCH. P, 1737 Z., HCCE IPDE PPKOSHSH, RPMLPCHOL UFPSCH UNPZ MOLPTNETPCHBFSH UETVEK Zhubtulik RPML, BEE SPD Urhufs RPMLPCHEL RTICHTILA RTIKHTYLA, LPIFCHETHEL. oblpoeg, Ch 1739 Z. LOSSH nBNHLPCH-dBCHSHCHDPCH RPMKHYUYM TBTEYOYE PTZBOYPCHBFSH zTHYOULHA ZHUBTULHA TPPHH CH UPUFBCHE 74 YuEMPCHEL. CHUE ZHUBTSCH, OB RTETSOYI PUOPCHBOYSI, RPMHYUBS PF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB TsBMPCHBOYE Y HYBUFLY ENMY CH RTYZTBOYUOSCHI TBKPOBI, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UPDETTSBFSH UEVS UBNY. rPLTPK PVNKHODYTPCHBOYS H OII UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBM OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN FTBDYGYSN: TBUYFSE YOHTBNY LHTFLY Y YFBOSHCH, LPTPFLYE RMBEY, NEIPCHSHCHE YBRLY Y F.D.

UChPEPVTBOSCHN RTPNETSHFPYUOSCHN CHBTYBOFPN NETSDH YTTEZHMSTOCHN Y TEZHMSTOSHCHN CHPKULPN UMHTSYMB MBODNYMYGYS. CHRECHESCHE POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1713 Z. CH LPMYUEUFCHE RSFY REIPFOSHCHI RPMLPC, LPFPTSHCHE VSCHMY RTEDOBBYEOOSCH DMS BEYFSCH ATSOSHI ZTBOYG UFTBOSHCH Y ZHPTNYTPCHBMYUSH Y PDOPDCHPTGECH LYECHULPK YOYCHULPK CHULPTE RPUME ZHPTNYTPCHBOYS MBODNYMYGYA TBURHUFYMY, OP HSE CH 1722 Z. UPVTBMY CHOPCHSH. h 1729 Z. VSHMP TEKYOP DPCHEUFY YUYUMEOOPUFSH MBODNYMYGYY DP DEUSFY RPMLCH, OP TEBMYÚPCHBFSH FFPF RMBO RPMOPUFSHHA OE HDBMPUSH.

ч 1731 З., нЙОЙИ РТЕДМПЦЙМ ДМС ЪБЭЙФЩ хЛТБЙОЩ ПФ ФБФБТУЛЙИ ОБВЕЗПЧ ХУФТПЙФШ «НЕЦДХ уЕЧЕТУЛЙН дПОГПН Й вЕТЕУФПЧПК Й пТЕМЙ ТЕЛБНЙ Й РП уЕЧЕТУЛПНХ дПОГХ МЙОЙА Й, ХУНПФТС, ЗДЕ ПРБУОЩЕ НЕУФБ Л РТПИПДХ ОЕРТЙСФЕМШУЛПНХ, УДЕМБФШ ЛТЕРПУФЙ». pVPTPOB FFK MYOYY CHPMBZBMBUSH SOBRE MBODNYMYGYA, TEPTZBOYBGYA LPFPTPK RPTKHYUIMY RPMLPCHOILBN fBTBLBOPCH Y DEVTYOSHY. h YFPZE YI DESFEMSHOPUFY RPSCHIMPUSH DCHBDGBFSH MBODNYMYGEKULYI RPMLPC, J LPFPTSCHI DECHSFSH (YEFSCHTE REIPFOSHCHI Y RSFSH LPOOSCHI) RPUEMMY SOBRE MOYY, B RTPUYE UPVITBMY CHTENSHLP. LBL UPPVEBM NYOYI YNRETBFTYGE CH SOCHBTE 1736 Z., DMS LBTsDPZP RPMLB "HYYOEOP BLLHTTBFOPE TBDEMEOYE BENEMSH Y OBBYUEOSCH ... DPCHPMSHOSCHE NEUFB, LBL SOBRE RBYOA, UEOPLKH LPU, FBL Y". mBODNYMYGYPOETSC TSYMY H UCHPYI DPNBI Y YNEMY IPSKUFCHP, OP, RTY LFPN RPUFPSOOP (B OE RETYPDYUEULY, LBL VPMSHYYOUFCHP LBBLPC) OEUMY UMHTsVKh. h MEFOEE CHTENS YI UPVYTBMY SOBRE HUEOYS CH UREGIBMSHOSCHI MBZETSI. DP 1736 Z. MBODNYMYGYS OE YNEMB UCHPEZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS Y UOBVTsBMBUSH UVBTSCHNY NHODYTBNY REIPFOSHCHY Y DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC. BLFEN HER UPMDBFBN VSHCHMY RTYUCHPEOSCH VEMSHCHE LBZHFBOSHCH, LTBUOSCHE LBNPMSHCH, YFBOSHCH "LPMCHPK LPTSY" E ZTEOBDETULYE YBRLY VEMPZP GCHEFB. pZHYGETSCH RTY FBLYI CE LBZHFBOBI Y LBNPMBI OPUIMY LTBUOSCHE YFBOSHCH.

rPNYNP CHUEI RETEYUMEOOOSCHI CHPKUL, CH UPUFBCH THUULPK BTNYY CHIPDYMY PFTSSDCH LBMNSCHLCH, UPUFPSCHYE RPD OBUBMPN "UFBTYYO Y UCHPYI CHMBDEMSHGECH". cante OPUIMY OBGIPOBMSHOHA PDETSDH Y VSCHMY CHPPTHTSEOSH MHLBNY, UBVMSNY, LPRSHSNY Y RTPUYN OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHN PTHTSYEN.

лПНРМЕЛФПЧБОЙЕ ТЕЗХМСТОПК БТНЙЙ ТСДПЧЩН УПУФБЧПН ПУХЭЕУФЧМСМПУШ РПУТЕДУФЧПН ТЕЛТХФУЛЙИ ОБВПТПЧ, ХУФБОПЧМЕООЩИ рЕФТПН I. тЕЛТХФУЛБС РПЧЙООПУФШ ТБУРТПУФТБОСМБУШ, РП ДЕКУФЧПЧБЧЫЕНХ ЪБЛПОПДБФЕМШУФЧХ, ОБ ЧУЕИ, «ЛПФПТЩЕ Ч РПДХЫОЩЕ ПЛМБДЩ РПМПЦЕОЩ» Ф.Е. CH RETCHHA PYUETESH SOBRE LTEUFSHSO. пФ ОЕЕ ВЩМЙ ПУЧПВПЦДЕОЩ, РПНЙНП РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙТПЧБООЩИ УПУМПЧЙК, ПДОПДЧПТГЩ чПТПОЕЦУЛПК, лЙЕЧУЛПК, лБЪБОУЛПК Й бУФТБИБОУЛПК ЗХВЕТОЙК, ЛПФПТЩЕ РПРПМОСМЙ МБОДНЙМЙГЙА, ЛТЕУФШСОЕ УМПВПД, РТЙРЙУБООЩИ Л ЕЛБФЕТЙОВХТЗУЛЙН ЪБЧПДБН, ФХМШУЛЙЕ Й УЕУФТПТЕГЛЙЕ ПТХЦЕКОЙЛЙ, ЧУЕ ОБУЕМЕОЙЕ ПЗТПНОПК уЙВЙТЙ Й ОЕЛПФПТЩИ ДТХЗЙИ ФЕТТЙФПТЙК.

rPUME 1724 Z. OBVPT TELTHFPCH UFBM RTPYCHPDYFSHUS U PRTEDEMEOOOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB "TECHYULYI DHY", BOE RHFEN RPDCHPTOPK TBULMMBDLY, LBL TBOEE. pVEEE LPMYUEUFCHP RTYYSHCHCHOYLPCH PRTEDEMSMPUSH TEBMSHOSHCHNY RPFTEVOPUFSNY BTNYY Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, H TBOSCHE ZPDSH VSCHMP TBMYUOSCHN. fBL CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH CH PFDEMSHOSHCHE OBVPTSCH FTEVPCHBMY PDOPZP TELTHFB PF 320, 169, 102, 98 DHY. ъBVPFSSUSH P CHSHCHRPMOOYY RTYOSFSHCHI OPTN, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP OBMBZBMP DEOETSOSCHE YFTBSCHSHCH SOBRE ZHVETOBFPTPCH b LBTsDPZP OEDPVTBOOPZP TELTHFB.

ChPTBUF TELTHFB Refinaria LPMEVBFSHUS PF RSFOBDGBFY DP FTYDGBFY MEF, OP RTYYSCHOILPCH NMBDYE CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF BRTEEBMPUSH OBRTBCHMSFSH H DEKUFCHHAEKHA BTNYA. chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS UYUYFBMB TSEMBFEMSHOSHCHN, YUFPVSHCH TPUF TELTHFB VSCHM OE NEOEE DCHHI BTYOPCH Y YEFSHCHTEI CHETYLPCH (1 N 60 UN), IPFS RTYJSCHCHBMY Y NEOE CHSHUPLYI.

fBL LBL UPMDBFULBS UMHTsVB VSCHMB RPTSYOEOOOPK, B DYUGYRMYOB CH BTNYY PYUEOSH UHTPPCHPK, LTEUFSHSOE CHYDEMY CH "TELTHFYUYOE" FSEMEKIE VTENS, EDCHB MY OE OBBLBEBOYE. UREGYJYUEULPK ZHPTNPK RTPFEUFB UFBMY RPVEZY. “nOPZYE LTEUFSHSOOE, - UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHHEF l. t. VETL, - YU UFTBI VSHCHFSH CH SFSHCHNY CH UPMDBFSCH HVEZBAF PF UCHPYI ZPUURPD CH u.-refETVKhTZ, ZDE, MYVP DPVSCHCHBAF UEVE RTPRYFBOYE SOBRE ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHI TBVPFBI, MYVP CE, VTPDS RPKH UFTBOY, CHPTBOYE. eUMMY ZPURPDB PFSHCHULYCHBAF FBLYI VEZMEGPCH (PF YuEZP FE, RTBCHDB, UVBTBFEMSHOP VETEZHFUS, YUBUFP RETEVITBSUSH U NEUFB OB NEUFP), FP OBZTBDPK UFBOCHYFUS LOHF. OETEDLYNY VSCHMY Y UMHYUBY DEFETUFCHB HCE OBIPDYCHYYIUS SOBRE UMHTSVE UPMDBF. fBL CH PDOPN MYYSH 1732 ZPDH CH VEZBI YUYUMYMPUSH PLPMP DCHBDGBFY FSHCHUSYU "OYTSOYI YUYOPCH". pV PUFTPFE RTPVMENSCH UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHHEF UFTPZPUFSH OBBLOBOYK OB HLMPOEOYE PF CHPEOOPC UMHTsVSHCH. bB YUMEOPCHTEDYFEMSHUFCHP VYMY YRYGTHFEOBNY (NEFBMMYUEULYNY YPNRPMBNY), RPUME YuEZP, Ch eEE UFTPTSE OBBLBSCHCHBMY OB DEETFITUFCHP. fBL UPMDBF VEMPETULPZP REIPFOPZP RPMLB i. BUFBZHSHECH, VETSBCHYYK Y LBTBHMB, VSCHM VYF LOHFPN, B BLFEN EZP, CHSCHTEEBCH OPDTY, UPUMMBMY CH uYVYTSH. zhHTSHETB zBMYGLPZP REIPFOPZP RPMLB b. mBTYPOCHB ÚB FBLHA TSE CHYOH FPTS OBBLBBMY LOKHFPN Y PFRTBCHYMY SOBRE ZBMETSHCH.

ChRTPYUEN, LTEUFSHSOYO NPZ YJVETSBFSH RTYYSHCHCHB BLPOOSCHN RHFEN, CHCHUFBCHYCH UEVE OBNEUFYFEMS. рМПИЙН РПУМЕДУФЧЙСН ФБЛПК РТБЛФЙЛЙ РПУЧСЭЕОБ УРЕГЙБМШОБС ЪБРЙУЛБ, РПДБООБС Ч лБВЙОЕФ НЙОЙУФТПЧ ОЕЙЪЧЕУФОЩН МЙГПН (ЧПЪНПЦОП, УБНЙН нЙОЙИПН) Ч 1732 З. еЕ БЧФПТ УППВЭБЕФ, ЮФП ЛТЕУФШСОЕ, УПВТБЧ УППВЭБ ОЕПВИПДЙНЩЕ ДЕОШЗЙ, ОБОЙНБАФ ВПВЩМЕК, РШСОЙГ, «ХЧЕЮОЩИ МАДЕК», ЛПФПТЩЕ Й ПФРТБЧМСАФУС ЧНЕУФП OYI CH BTNYA. DMS "YULPTEOOEOYS MB" CH ЪBRYULE RTEDMBZBMPUSH PZTBOYYUYFSH UTPL UPMDBFULPK UMHTSVSHCH DEUSFSHHA ZPDBNY.

uVPT TELTHFPCH CH 1730-E ZPDSH RTPYCHPDYMUS PUPVSHNY OBVPTEILBNY YY YUYUMB PZHYGETPCH. h YI PVSBOOPUFY CHIPDYMP MYUOP RTYUHFUFCHPCHBFSH RTY RTYENE OPCHPPVTBOGECH Y OBLTERLP UNPFTEFSH, YUFPVSH POY UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMY CHUEN FTEVPCHBOISN. rTYOSFSHCHN TELTHFBN UTBYE YUBSOIS, RPVETSYF, RP FEN RTYNEFBN RPIOBO E RPKNBO VSHCHFSH. YOFETEUOP, UFP CH 1734 Z. RP YOYGYBFICHE NYOYIB CH RTBCHYMB UPDETSBOYS TELTHFPCH, TBTBVPFBOOSCHE EEE CH 1719 Z., VSCHMY CHOUEOSCH Y'NEOEOYS, LPFPTSHE OBYUYFEMSHOP PVMEZYUBMY YMPTSCHE. пЖЙГЕТБН РТЕДРЙУЩЧБМПУШ ЧЕУФЙ ТЕЛТХФПЧ «РПТСДПЮОП Й ОЙЛБЛПЗП ПЪМПВМЕОЙС ЙН ПФОАДШ ОЕ ЮЙОЙФШ», ДОЕЧОПК НБТЫ ОЕ НПЗ РТЕЧЩЫБФШ ФТЙДГБФЙ ЧЕТУФ, ЪБВПМЕЧЫЙИ РПМБЗБМПУШ ЧЕУФЙ ОБ РПЧПЪЛБИ, Б ФЕИ, ЛФП Ч ЮЕН-ОЙВХДШ РТПЧЙОЙМУС «ОБЛБЪЩЧБФШ, РТЙ УПВТБОЙЙ ДТХЗЙИ ЧУЕИ ВБФПЗБНЙ, ПДОБЛП Ц У TBUUNNPFTEOYEN, UFPV OILFP YIKHCHEYUEO OE VSCHM, RPOECE PAY MADY OCHSHCHE Y CHPYOULYI RTBCH EEE OE OBAF.

UPMDBF, RPFETCHYI SOBRE UMHTSVE DPTPCHSHHE YMY RPMHYUYCHYYI FTSEMSHCHE HCHEYUSHS, OBBYUBMY UFPTPTSBNY L LBEOOSCHN ULMBDBN Y NBUFETULYN, YOPZDB RETCHPDYMY H ZBTOYPOOSCHE YUBUFY. FEI, LFP OE REFINERY CHSHCHRPMOSFSH CHPPVEE OILBLYI PVSBOOPUFEK, HCHPMSHOSMY UP UMHTSVSHCH. DMS PFUFBCHOSCHI CHPYOPCH YNEMYUSH VZBDEMSHOY RTY NPOBUFSHTCSI, OP NEUF CHOYI OB CHUIEI OE ICHBFBMP, Y PYUEOSH YUBUFP UFBTSHCHE UPMDBFSCH CHMBYUYMY UBNPE TsBMLPE UHEEUFCHPCHBOYE. Ch 1736 UPZMBUOP HLBKH YNRETBFTYGSHCH, YI UMEDPCHBMP TBUUEMYFSH CH RPCPMTSSE, "VMY ZTBOYG OB RHUFSHCHI NEUFBI", CHSHDEMYCH SOBRE LBTsDHA WENSHA PF 20 DP 30 YuEFCHETFEK ENMY. LFY OBDEMSCH NPTsOP VSHMP RETEDBCHBFSH RP OBUMEDUFCHH, OP BRTEEBMPUSH RTPDBCHBFSH, BLMBDSCHCHBFSH Y PFDBCHBFSH CH RTYDBOPE ÚB DPUETSHNY. pDOBLP, RPDBCHMSAEEE VPMSHYOUFCHP PFUFBCHOYLPCH OE RPTSMBMP EIBFSH CH PFDBMEOOOSCH Y OEURPLPKOSHCHE, Yb-B UFSHYUEL U VBYLYTBNY, TBKPOSHCH UFTBOSHCH. h 1739 Z. UEOBF UPPVEYM lBVYOEFKh NYOYUFTCH, UFP PE CHUEI ZKHVETOISI OBYMPUSH FPMSHLP YEUFSH YUEMCHEL, UZMBUOSCHI RPMKHYUYFSH ENMA SOBRE CHPMZE. h PFCHEF, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP RPYMP FTBDYGYPOOSCHN DMS tPUUY RHFEN: RTYLBMBMP RETEUEMSFSH PFUFBCHOSCHI CHPYOPCH CH PVSBFEMSHOPN RPTSDLE.

ъBFP OEUPNOEOOSCHN KHUREIPN UFBMP TBUYTEOYE UEFY YLPM DMS UPMDBFULYYI DEFEK: RP YNRETBFPTULPNKH HLBKH PF 21 UEOFSVTS 1732 Z. POY HYUTETSDBMYUSH RTY CHUEI ZBTOYPOBI. h FYI YLPMBI USHCHOPCHEK UPMDBF PVCYUBMY YUFEOYA, RYUSHNH, UYUEFKh, BLPOKH VPTSSHENKH, OBYUBMBN CHPEOOPC UMHTsVSHCH, PVEUREYUCHBS RTY LFPN PVNKHODYTPCHBOYEN Y RIFBOYEN OBYEOSHK LBYEOSHK. "h LBTsDPN ZBTOY'POOPN ZPTPDE EUFSH CHPEOOBS YLPMB, - PFNEYUBEF UMHTSYCHYYK CH tPUUY BOZMYYUBOYO DC. LHL, - CHUE NBMSHUYLY RPMHYUBAF EDYOHA ZHPTNKH. lBRYFBO PVEUREYUCHBEF RPTSDPL. NBMSHUYLY FBLCE PITBOSAF YLPMH. ... rPPETSAF FEI YÊ OYI, LFP RPTSEMBEF VYFSH CH VBTVBBO YMY YZTBFSH SOBRE LBLPN-OYVHDSH CHPEOOPN NKHSHCHLBMSHOPN YOUFTHNEOFE. PDOBLP PMKHIPCH, OE CHSHCHLBSHCHCHBAEYI OILBLYI URPUPVOPUFEK, PVCYUBAF FPMSHLP TKHTSEKOSCHN RTYENBN.

pZHYGETULYK LPTRHU TPUYKULPK BTNY LPNRMELFPCHBMUS RTEINHEUFCHEOOP DCHPTSOBNY. REFT I RTEDRTYOSM GEMSCHK TSD UBNSHCHI TEYFEMSHOSHCHI NO VMI FPZP, UFPVSHCH BUFBCHYFSH "RECHPE UPUMPCHYE" UMHTSYFSH SOBRE "RPRTYEE CHPEOOPN YMY ZTBTSDBOULPN". h NBTFE 1714 Z. VSHCHM RTYOSF OBNEOYFSHCHK HLB P EDYOPOBUMEDYY, UZMBUOP LPFPTPNKH DCHPTSOBN BRTEEBMPUSH DEMYFSH YNEOYS NETSDH USHCHOPCHSHSNY. рПСУОСС УХФШ ЬФПК НЕТЩ, ГБТШ-ТЕЖПТНБФПТ ХЛБЪЩЧБМ, ЮФП РТЙ РЕТЕДБЮЕ ЪЕНЕМШ ФПМШЛП ПДОПНХ ОБУМЕДОЙЛХ, РТПЮЙЕ «ОЕ ВХДХФ РТБЪДОЩ, ЙВП РТЙОХЦДЕОЩ ВХДХФ ИМЕВБ УЧПЕЗП ЙУЛБФШ УМХЦВПА, ХЮЕОЙЕН, ФПТЗБНЙ Й РТПЮЙН». UREGIBMSHOPE DPRPMOOEOYE L HLBKH P EDYOPOBUMEDYY BRTEEBMP DCHPTSOOYOH, UPUFPSCHYENH SOBRE CHPEOOPC UMHTSVE, RPLHRBFSH OYENMY TBOEE, YUEN "RP UEDSHNY MEF UMHTsVSHCH EZP". DMS FEI TSE, LFP OE UMHTSYM CHCHUE, FFP BRTEEEOYE DEKUFCHCHBMP "DBCE DP UNETFY". bB PFLB PF UMKhTsVshch DCHPTSOBN ZTPYMB Y LPOZHJULBGYS YNEAEYIUS CHMBDEOYK, RTYYUEN YUBUFSH YI RETEDBCHBMBUSH DPOPUYYLKH, Y'CHEUFYCHYENKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP P "OEFUYLE". UMPCHPN, YNRETBFPT RPUFBCHYM DEMP FBL, UFP SOBRE BLPOOSCHI PUOPCHBOYSI DCHPTSOIO OILPIYN PVTBPN OE NPZ HLMPOYFSHUS PF UMHTsVSHCH. 'BFP CHSHCHIPDEG Y' OEDCHPTSOULPK UTEDSCH, RPMHYUYCH RETCHSHCHK PZHYGETULYK YUYO RTBRPTEYLB, RPMHYUBM PDOCHTENEOOP Y RTBCHP SOBRE DCHPTSOULPE DPUFPYOUFCHP.

CEMBS YNEFSH RPDZPPFCHMEOOOSHI H RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOPN RMBOE PZHYGETPCH, REFT I OBUFBYCHBM SOBRE FPN, YUFPVSC DCHPTSOOE OBYUYOBMY UMHTsVKh TSDPCCHNY UPMDBFBNY H ZCHBTDYY. h "chPYOULPN HUFBCHE" 1716 Z. ZPCHPTYMPUSH: "yMSIEFUFCHH TPUUYKULPNKH YOPK URPUV OE PUFBEFUS CH PZHYGETSCH RTPYUIPDYFSH, LTPNE UFP UMHTSYFSH CH ZCHBTDYY." lTPNE FPZP, DMS PVCYUEOYS VHDHEYI LPNBODYTPCH VSCHMY PFLTSCHFSCH UREGYBMSHOSHCHE YLPMSCH: OBCHYZBGLBS, YOTSEOETOBS, BTFYMMETYKULBS E DT. bB RPVEZ YYLPMSH L HUEOILH NPZMY VSHCHFSH RTYNEOEOSCH UBNSHCHE UHTPCHSCHE OBBLBEOYS, CHRMPFSH DP UNETFOPK LBY.

oEUNPFTS SOBRE CHUA UFTPZPUFSH REFTCHULPZP BLPOPDDBFEMSHUFCHB, NOPZYE DCHPTSO RTPDPMTSBMY CHUSYUEULY HLMPOSFSHUS PF UMHTsVSHCH. h 1732 Z. RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP PVYASCHYMP, UFP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP OEDPTPMEK TSYCHEF RP UCHPYN DPNBN Y "L DEMBN OILHDB OE PRTEDEMEOSCH". tBUUNBFTYCHBMPUSH DBCE DEMP P DCHPTSOYOE, LPFPTSCHK, UFPVSCH YЪVETSBFSH UMHTSVSHCH, BRYUBMUS CH LHREYUEUFCHP. CHYOPCHOPZP PFRTBCHYMY UPMDBFPN CH ZBTOYYPO, B U VKhTNYUFTCH, CHOEUYI EZP CH URYULY, CHSMY YFTBZH.

Ch 1736 PFOSHCHE PYO Y USHCHOPCHEK RPNEALB NPZ PUFBCHBFSHUS DPNB "DMS UNPFTEOIS DETECHEOSH Y LPOPNYY", B OEVPVIPDYNSCHK UTPL UMHTSVSHCH PUFBMSHOSHCHI PZTBOYUYCHBMUS (RTY REFTE UMHTsVB VSCHMBYUOPVEUUT). рТЕДРЙУЩЧБМПУШ «ЧУЕН ЫМСИФЙЮБН ПФ 7 ДП 20 МЕФ ЧПЪТБУФБ ВЩФШ Ч ОБХЛБИ, Б ПФ 20 МЕФ ХРПФТЕВМСФШ Ч ЧПЕООХА УМХЦВХ, Й ЧУСЛЙК ДПМЦЕО УМХЦЙФШ Ч ЧПЙОУЛПК УМХЦВЕ ПФ 20 МЕФ ЧПЪТБУФБ УЧПЕЗП 25 МЕФ, Б РП РТПЫЕУФЧЙЙ 25 МЕФ ЧУЕИ, ИПФС ЛФП ЕЭЕ Й Ч UMHTsVKh VSCHM ZPDEO, PF CHPYOUULPK Y UVBFULPK UMHTsVSH PFUFBCHMSFSH U RPCHSHCHIEOYEN PDOPZP TBOZB Y PFRHULBFSH H DPNSCH, B LFP YOYI DPVTCHPMSHOP VPMSHY UMHTSYFSH CHRPTSMBEF, FBLYN DBCHP.

h 1737 Z VSCHDEOB PVSBFEMSHOBS TEZYUFTBGYS CHUEI DCHPTSOULYI DEFEK (“OEDPTPUMEK”) UFBTYE UENY MEF. h 12-MEFOEN ChPTBUFE YN OBOBYUBMBUSH RTPCHETLB, PE CHTENS LPFPTPK NBMSHUYLY DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY RPLBBFSH HNEOYE YUYFBFSH Y RYUBFSH. dBMEE, EUMY TPDUFCHEOOOYLY DBCHBMY PVEEBOYE ​​​​YB YEFSCHTE RPUMEDHAEYI ZPDB OBHYUYFSH DEFEK BLPOH VPTSSHENKH, BTYZHNEFILE Y ZEPNEFTYY, YI PFRHULBMY DPNPC. FEI TSE, YUSHS WENSHS FBLPZP PVEEBOYS DBFSH OE NPZMB, OBRTBCHMSMY H TBMYUOSCHE YLPMSCH. рП ДПУФЙЦЕОЙЙ ЫЕУФОБДГБФЙ МЕФ ДЧПТСОУЛЙИ ДЕФЕК УПВЙТБМЙ Ч рЕФЕТВХТЗЕ Й нПУЛЧЕ, ЧОПЧШ РПДЧЕТЗБМЙ ЬЛЪБНЕОХ Й ЧОПЧШ ПРТБЫЙЧБМЙ ТПДУФЧЕООЙЛПЧ, УНПЗХФ МЙ ПОЙ ДБФШ АОПЫБН РПДЗПФПЧЛХ РП ЗЕПЗТБЖЙЙ, ЙУФПТЙЙ Й ЖПТФЙЖЙЛБГЙЙ. sobre FFPF TB, PDOBLP, OEDPTPUMS NPZMY OE FPMSHLP PFRTBCHYFSH CH HHYUYMYEE YMY PFRHUFYFSH DPNPK, OP Y BYUYUMYFSH SOBRE ZTBTSDBOULHA UMHTsVH. FEI TSE, LFP RP DPUFYTSEOYY YEUFOBDGBFY MEF VSCHM RP-RTETSOENKH OEZTBNPFEO, RPMBZBMPUSH PRTEDEMSFSH CH NBFTPUSH VE RTBCHB CHSHCHUMKHZY. ч ЧПЪТБУФЕ ДЧБДГБФЙ МЕФ НПМПДЩЕ ДЧПТСОЕ ДПМЦОЩ ВЩМЙ СЧЙФШУС ОБ ЮЕФЧЕТФЩК, РПУМЕДОЙК УНПФТ, РПУМЕ ЛПФПТПЗП ЙИ ОБРТБЧМСМЙ ОБ ЧПЕООХА УМХЦВХ, РТЙЮЕН РПЛБЪБЧЫЙЕ ОБЙМХЮЫЙЕ РПЪОБОЙС Ч ОБХЛБИ РПМХЮБМЙ РТБЧП ОБ ХУЛПТЕООПЕ РТПЙЪЧПДУФЧП Ч ПЖЙГЕТУЛЙК ЮЙО.

DMS HMHYUYOYS RPDZPFPCHLY PZHYGETPCH CH 1731 Z. CH REFETVKhTZE VSCHM HYUTETSDEO yMSIEFOSHCHK LPTRHU, SCHYCHYKUS CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHN BLCHEDEOYEN OPCHPZP DMS tPUUY FIRB. дЕМП Ч ФПН, ЮФП ЫЛПМЩ, УПЪДБООЩЕ Ч ГБТУФЧПЧБОЙЕ рЕФТБ I, ЧЩЪЩЧБМЙ ОЕДПЧПМШУФЧП ДЧПТСО, ЛПФПТЩИ ПФРХЗЙЧБМЙ ЛБЛ ГБТЙЧЫЙЕ Ч ОЙИ УХТПЧЩЕ РПТСДЛЙ, ФБЛ Й ФП, ЮФП Ч ЮЙУМП ХЮЕОЙЛПЧ ДПРХУЛБМЙУШ МЙГБ «ОЕВМБЗПТПДОПЗП РТПЙУИПЦДЕОЙС». pFRTBCHLB NPMPDSHCHI DCHPTSO SOBRE HYUEVH bB ZTBOYGH FBLCE OE PRTBCHDSCCHBMB UEVS. uFPYMY LFY RPEDLY PYUEOSH DPTPZP, B OECHPÚNPTSOPUFSH RPUFPSOOPZP OBDPTB RTYCHPDYMB L FPNH, UFP HYUEOYLY OETEDLP ChPCHTBEBMYUSH DPNPK VE CHUSLYI BOBOIK. dBFSh CE RPMOPGEOOPE PVTBPCHBOYE DEFSN CH WENSHSI NPZMP DBMELP OE CHUE DCHPTSOUFCHP. дПРПМОЙФЕМШОПЕ ПУМПЦОЕОЙЕ ЪБЛМАЮБМПУШ Ч ФПН, ЮФП ПФ УМХЦВЩ Ч ЗЧБТДЙЙ, СЧМСЧЫЕКУС, РП ЪБНЩУМХ рЕФТБ, ЗМБЧОПК ЛХЪОЙГЕК ЛПНБОДОЩИ ЛБДТПЧ, ОЕЛПФПТЩН ДЧПТСОБН ФБЛЦЕ ХДБЧБМПУШ ХЛМПОЙФШУС, РТЙЮЕН ЧЕУШНБ ПТЙЗЙОБМШОЩН РХФЕН. TPDYFEMY UFBMY ЪBRYUSCHCHBFSH UCHPYI PFRTSHULCH CH ZCHBTDYA EDCHB MY OE U TPTsDEOYS. TEVEOPL FPMSHLP YUYUMYMUS CH RPMLH, OP YUYOSCH ENKH YMYY, FBL YUFP L UCHETIOOPMEFYA PO VSCHM HCE PZHYGETPN. obrtynet, bmelubodtb zPMYGSHCHOB, USHCHOB ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB n. n. ZPMYGSCHOB, UTBYKH RTY TPCDEOYY, CH 1724 h 1726 Z. b. b. GERAL VSHCHM RTPYCHEDEO CH NYYUNBOSH ZHMPFB CH CHPTBUFE PDOPZP ZPDB.

ч тПУУЙЙ СЧОП ОБЪТЕМБ ОЕПВИПДЙНПУФШ Ч ФБЛПН ЧПЕООП-ХЮЕВОПН ЪБЧЕДЕОЙЙ, ЛПФПТПЕ У ПДОПК УФПТПОЩ ХДПЧМЕФЧПТЙМП ВЩ ЛПТРПТБФЙЧОЩЕ ЮБСОЙС ДЧПТСОУФЧБ, Б У ДТХЗПК — ПВЕУРЕЮЙМП ВЩ РПДЗПФПЧЛХ ЧЩУПЛПЛЧБМЙЖЙГЙТПЧБООЩИ ЛПНБОДЙТПЧ. yMSIEFOSHK LPTRHU FFYN FTEVPCHBOYSN CHRPMOE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBM. h OEZP NPZMY RPUFHRBFSH NPMPDSCHE DChPTSOE H ChP_TBUFE PF FTYOBDGBFY DP ChPUENOBDGBFY MEF. khyuevoshchk lkhtu vshchm tbuuyuyfbo o yeufsh mef y chlmayubm, lbl pveepvtbchbfemshoshche, fbl y uregybmshoshche, chpeooshche rtednefshch.

em UBNPZP OBYUBMB LPTRHU VSCHM BLTSCHFSCHN VBCHEDEOYEN. CHPURYFBOOYLY YNEOPCHBMYUSH LBDEFBNY ​​​​(PF ZHTBOGKHULPZP "cadete" - NMBDYK) Y TSYMY CH UREGIBMSHOPN YOFETOBFE RPD RPUFPSOOSCHN OBDPTPN REDBZPZPCH. CHOHFTEOOIK TBURPTSDPL LPTRHUB YNEM CHPEOOOSCHK IBTBLFET. rPNYNP OBHL LBDEFSHCH BOINBMYUSH UFTPECHSHCHNY HRTBTSOEOYSNNY, OEUMMY CH LPTRHUE LBTBHMSHOHA UMHTsVKH Y CHPPVEE DPMTSOSCH VSHMY "PE CHUEN CHEUSHNB RP-UPMDBFULY RPUFHRBFSH". h DEOSH PZHYGBMSHOPZP PFLTSCHFIS LPTRKHUB 17 ZHECHTBMS 1732 Z. CH OEN YUYUMYMPUSH CHUEZP 56 CHPURYFBOOILPCH, OP HCE Yuetey NEUSG YI VSCHMP 300 YuEMPCHEL.

NOPZYE UPCHTENEOOOYLY, YOPUFTBOGSCH E TPUUYSOOE, PFSCHCHBMYUSH P yMSIEFOPN LPTRKHUE, LBL PV PDOPN YÚ MKHYUYI HYUEVOSCHI BDCHEDEOYK UFTBOSHCH. sTLHA LBTFYOH TSOYOY LBDEF TYUHEF, OBRTYNET, CH UCHPYI ÚBRYULBI l. t. «чТЕНС ЛБЦДПЗП ЛБДЕФБ, — ПФНЕЮБЕФ ПО, — РПМОПУФША ТБУРТЕДЕМЕОП РП ЪБОСФЙСН Й ХРТБЦОЕОЙСН, ЛПФПТЩЕ РП УЛМПООПУФСН Й Ч УППФЧЕФУФЧЙЙ У ЧПЪТБУФПН ДМС ОЙИ ОБЙВПМЕЕ ЧБЦОЩ, Б ЙНЕООП: ТХУУЛЙК, ОЕНЕГЛЙК, ЖТБОГХЪУЛЙК Й МБФЙОУЛЙК СЪЩЛЙ, ЙУФПТЙС, ЗЕПЗТБЖЙС, ЗЕПНЕФТЙС, ЖПТФЙЖЙЛБГЙС, BTYZHNEFYLB, RYUSHNP E UPUFBCHMEOYE RYUEN, FBOGSCH, ZHEIFPCHBOYE, CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLB, TYUPCHBOYE E CHETIPCHBS EDDB. LBCDSCHK HUYFEMSH RP OBHLBN Y HRTBTSOEOYSN YNEEF CH UCHPEN LMBUUE URYUPL LBDEF, RTYIPDSEYI SOBRE HTPL, Y DEMBEF YN RP LFPNH URYULH RETELMYULH. uFPVSC PVCYUEOYE YMP LBL NPTsOP KHUREYOEEE, OH X LPZP SOBRE HTPLE OEF VPMSHIE 16 LBDEF. VETL MYUOP RPUEFYM LPTRKHU, LPFPTSCHK TBURPMBZBMUS PE DCHPTGE, TBOEE RTYOBDMETSBCHYEN b. NEOSHYILPCHKH, Y RTYYEM L CHCHCHPDKH, UFP "LPNOBFSCH YUYUFSHCHE Y PRTSFOSHCHE", B LPTNSF CHPURYFBOOYLPC PYUEOSH IPTPYP. ChRTPYUEN, YCHEDULYK RHFEYUFCHEOOIL PFNEFIYM FBLTS OBBLBBOYS, PTSYDBCHYE OETBDYCHSHI HUEOILPCH. рТПЧЙОЙЧЫЙИУС, РП ЕЗП УМПЧБН, ЧЩУФБЧМСМЙ Л РПЪПТОПНХ УФПМВХ, ВЙМЙ ЖХИФЕМСНЙ (Ф.Е. ЫРБЗПК РМБЫНС), УБЦБМЙ ЧЕТИПН ОБ ПУФТХА ДПУЛХ, Б УБНЩИ НБМЕОШЛЙИ МЙЫБМЙ ПВЩЮОЩИ ЛХЫБОЙК ЪБ ПВЕДПН Й ЛПТНЙМЙ ФПМШЛП ИМЕВПН У ЧПДПК.

UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBMYUSH Y CHPEOOP-HUEVOSHCHE BCCHEDEOYS, ZPFPCHYYE L UMHTSVE CH UREGYBMSHOSHCHI TPDBI CHPKUL. h 1735 Z. CH REFETVKhTSE PFLTSCHMBUSH bTFYMMETYKULBS YLPMB, UPUFPSCHYBS E DCHHI PFDEMEOYK: PDOP DMS DCHPTSOULYI Y PZHYGETULYI DEFEK, B DTHZPE DMS "RHYLBTULYI" DEFEK. h OEK PVCYUBMY RTEINHEUFCHEOOP NBFENBFYUEULYN OBHLBN Y BTFYMMETYY. CHSCHRHULOILY "DCHPTSOULPZP" PFDEMEOYS OBRTBCCHMSMYUSH HOFET-PZHYGETBNY CH BTFYMMETYKULYE YUBUFY.

obtsdkh U HTPTSEOGBNY tPUUYY SOBRE CHPEOOHA UMHTsVKh RTYOYNBMY YOPUFTBOOSCHI RPDDBOOSCHI, YUFP OETEDLP CHSHCHCHCHBMP TBDTTBTSEOYE H NOPZYI UPVUFCHEOOP TPUUYKULPZP RTPYUIPTSDEOYS. FP TBDTBTSEOYE PUPVEOOOB KHUYMYCHBMPUSH FEN PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHPN, YuFP EEE U CHTENEO REFTTB I DEKUFCHPCHBMY RTBCHYMB, RP LPFPTSCHN PZHYGET-YOPUFTBOEG RPMKHYUBM VPMSHYEE TsBMPCHBOYE, YUEN PUYGET-T. h 1732 Z., RP RTEDMPTSEOIA chPYOUULPK LPNYUUYY, chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS RTYOSMB TEYOYE P CHSHCHRMBFE CHUEN PZHYGETBN PJOBLPCHPZP TsBMPCHBOYS. RTY BYUYUMEOYY YOPUFTBOGECH SOBRE UMHTsVKH U OYNY BLMAYUBMYUSH UREGYBMSHOSHCHE DPZPCHPTSHCH ("LBRYFHMSGYY"), CH LPFPTSCHI ZHYLUYTPCHBMYUSH YI RTBCHB Y PVSBOOPUFY.

h OBYUBME RTBCHMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH CHUE BURELFSH RPMECHPK, UFTPECHPK Y ZBTOY'POOPK UMHTsVSC TEZKHMYTPCHBMYUSH RTYOSFSHCHN H 1716 Z.

пДОБЛП ХЦЕ Ч 1730 З. чПЙОУЛПК ЛПНЙУУЙЙ ВЩМП РПТХЮЕОП РЕТЕУНПФТЕФШ УХЭЕУФЧХАЭЙЕ РТБЧЙМБ РПУФТПЕОЙС Й ДЕКУФЧЙС ЧПКУЛ Ч ВПА, «ДБВЩ РТЙ ЧУЕК БТНЙЙ, ЛБЛ РТЙ ЛБЧБМЕТЙЙ, ФБЛ Й РТЙ ЙОЖБОФЕТЙЙ, ЧЧЕДЕОЩ ВЩМЙ ЬЛЪЕТГЙГЙЙ ПДОЕ Й ТБЧОЩС, РПОЕЦЕ ПФ ТБЪОПУФЙ Ч ЬЛЪЕТГЙГЙСИ РТЙ УМХЮБСИ ЧЕМЙЛЙЕ OERPTSDLY Y OMSHCHS UMEDPCHBOIS RTILMAYUIFSHUS NPZHF". h 1731 Z., SOBRE PUOPCHE UPVTBOOPZP LPNYUUYEK NBFETYBMB, v.-l. NYOYI RPDZPPFPCHYM FBL OBSCCCHHBENHA "L'ETGYGYA REYHA", FP EUFSH, ZPCHPTS SHCHLPN VPMEE RPDOEZP READING, HUFBCH REIPFOPK UMHTsVSHCH. OPCHBS "L'ETGYGYS" OE PFNEOSMB RTETSOEZP ChPYOULPZP HUFBCHB, OP UMHTSYMB RPSUOEOYEN L OENH.

PUOPCHOPK FBFYUEULPK EDYOYGEK UYUYFBMUS RPML. h CHPEOPE CHTENS Y CH REIPFE, Y CH LPOOYGE Y OEULPMSHLYI (DCHHI, FTEI Y VPMEE) RPMLPC ZHPTNYTPCHBMYUSH VTYZBDSH, LPFPTSHCHE, CH UCHPA PYUETEDSh, UPUFBCHMSMY DYCHYYY. DYCHYYY NPZMY YNEFSH Y YULMAYUYFEMSHOP REIPFOSHCHK YMY LBCHBMETYKULYK, Y UNEYBOOSCHK UPUFBCH. h NYTOPE CHTENS DYCHYYY CHSHCHUFHRBMY ULPTEE CH TPMY BDNYOYUFTBFICHOSHI EDYOYG, OETSEMY CHPYOULYI YUBUFEK.

ZMBCHOSCHN CHYDPN RPUFTPEOYS REIPFOPZP RPMLB SCHMSMUS TBCHETOKHFSHCHK UFTPK, RTY LPFPTPN CHUE EZP CHPUENSH TPF TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH PDOH MYOYA, UPUFPSCHHA YY YUEFSHCHTEI IETEEOZ. YOFETCHBMPCH NETSDH TPFBNY RP ZhTPOFKh OE VSHMP. DYUFBOGIS NETSDH YETEOZBNY UPUFBCHMSMB FTY YBZB. MADY LBTsDPK RPUMEDHAEK YETEOZY UFBOCHYMYUSH CH BLFSCHMPL CHRETEDY UFPCHYN. yuEFShCHTE, UFPSCHYE DTHZ bb DTHZPN, YuEMPCHELB PVTBBPCHSHCHCHBMY PYO TSD. pF UPMDBF CH UFTPA FTEVPCHBMPUSH DETTSBFSHUSS "RTSNP Y VPDTP YOYUEN PFOADSHOE FTPZBFSHUS".

еУМЙ ​​​​РПМЛХ ВЩМП ОХЦОП «ТБЪДБФШУС» РП ЖТПОФХ, РТЙНЕОСМПУШ ФБЛ ОБЪЩЧБЕНПЕ «УДЧБЙЧБОЙЕ ЫЕТЕОЗ», ДМС ЛПФПТПЗП УПМДБФЩ ФТЕФШЕК ЫЕТЕОЗЙ ЧИПДЙМЙ Ч ЙОФЕТЧБМЩ НЕЦДХ УПМДБФБНЙ РЕТЧПК ЫЕТЕОЗЙ, Б УПМДБФЩ ЮЕФЧЕТФПК — НЕЦДХ УПМДБФБНЙ ЧФПТПК. hZMHVMEOYE RPUFTPEOYS RTPYCHPDYMY "UDCHBYCHBOYEN TSDCH", RPUME LPFPTPZP UPMDBFSCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH CHPUENSH IETEOZ. DMS OELPFPTSCHI VPMEE UMPTSOSCHI RETEUFTPEOYK LBTsDBS TPFB DEMYMBUSH SOBRE YuEFSCHTE CHCHPDB (RMHFPOZB). fBL DMS BFBLY, OBRTYNET, UPMDBFSCH NPZMY RPUFTPIFSHUS PE CHCHPDOSHCH YMY DCHHICHCHPDOSHCH LPMPOOSCH.

RPDPVOP VPMSHYOUFCHH THLPCHPDUFCH FPZP LEITURA, "L'ETGYGYS REYBS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB UFTEMSFSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP ÚBMRBNY. LBYUEUFCHB PTHTSYS FPZP LEITURA CHUE TBCHOP OE RPCHPMSMMY CHEUFY YZHZHELFYCHOKHA RTYGEMSHOHA UFTEMSHVKH, Y PF UPMDBF FTEVPCHBMY CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSHOE NEFLPUFY, B UMYFOPUFY DEKUFCHYK. dPRHULBMBUSH UFTEMSHVB RP IETEOZBN Y RP RMHFPOZBN. h RETCHPN UMHYUBE REIPFYOGSHCH, BTSDYCH JKHJEY, RETEUFTBYCHBMYUSH YYUEFSHTEI IETEOZ CH FTY. rPUME LFPZP UPMDBFSCH RETEDOEK YETEOZY RTYNSCHLBMY L ZhKHESN YFSHCHLY Y UFBOPCHYMYUSH SOBRE LPMEOOP, FPZDB LBL OBIPDYCHYYEUS PE CHFPTPK Y FTEFSHEK YETEOZBI RTPDPMTSBMY UFPSFSH H RPMOSHCHK TPUF. RP LPNBODE "RTYLMBDSCCHBKUS" UPMDBFSCH RTYGEMYCHBMYUSH. bBFEN RPDBCHBMBUSH LPNBODB "RBMY". rETCHPK UFTEMSMB FTEFSHS YETEOZB, B BLFEN, RP PYUETEDY, CHFPTBS E RETCHBS. rty UFTEMSHVE RMHFPOZBNY PUOPCHOPE FTEVPCHBOYE UPUFPSMP CH OERTETSCHOPUFY RBMShVShch, F.E. YUFPVSCH RMHFPOZY CHEMY PZPOSH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP DTHZ RB DTHZPN, YUETE PYO (UOBYUBMB RETCHSHCHK RMHFPOZ, BLFEN FTEFYK, BLFEN CHFPTPK Y, OBLPOEG, YuEFCHETFSHKK). "L'ETGYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB FBLCE PVCYUBFSH UPMDBF UFTEMSHVE SOBRE IPDH, RTY OBUFHRMEOYY YMY PFUFHRMEOYY.

PUPVSHCHK TBODEM "L'ETGYGYY" HUFBOBCHMYCHBM RTBCHYMB VTPUBOIS ZTBOBF DMS ZTEOBDET. yNEMYUSH FBLTSE TBDEMSCH Y RHOLFSCH, TEZMBNEOFYTPCHBCHYE PVSBOOPUFY LPNBODYTB RPMLB, TPFOSHCHI LPNBODYTPCH E CHUEI RTPUYI DPMTSOPUFOSHCHI MYG. UTEDY OII PUPVPZP CHOYNBOYS BUMMHTSYCHBEF RHOLF, RPUCHSEOOOSCHK PVSBOOPUFSN OBNEOPUGB. De acordo com o ZMBUM: “Corrigir Obdmetsif Pufbchmsfsh (b. - b.) RPD UNETFOP LBEIA ..., B EZBB MBUOPK UMKHUBK TFITBDE HUYOOFUS, FPZDB PF PFPDTBFSH PPPS PPS, Yu Uevs UM U POSCHN URBUBFSH.

RETEUFTPEOYS Y BMRPCHBS UFTEMSHVB FTEVPCHBMY PF UPMDBF IPTPYEK CHSHCHYULY. POB DPUFYZBMBUSH RHFEN HFPNYFEMSHOSCHI, NOPZPYUBUPCHSHI OBOSFIK E UHTPCHSCHI OBBLBOIK DE PYYVLY. TEHMSHFBF, FEN OE NEOEE, VSCHM OBMYGP. vPMSHYOUFCHP YOPUFTBOGECH, CHYDECHYI TPUUYKULHA BTNYA Y YNECHYI ChPNPTSOPUFSH UTBCHOYFSH EE U BTNYSNNY DTHZYI UFTBO, U VPMSHYPK RPICHMPK PFSCHCHBMPUSH P RPDZPFPCHLE TPUUIKULYI CHPYOPCH Z. “YEFSCHTE ZCHBTDEKULYI, YOZETNBOMBODULYK Y OECHULYK (REIPFOSHCHE - b. n.) RPMLY, LETGYGYY LPFPTSCHI COM CHIDEM, - RYYEF YCHED l. t. oE UPNOECHBAUSH, UFP OBIPDSEYEUS CH RPME RPMLY FPTS IPTPYP PVCYUEOSCH. bozmyyuboyo zht'ouyu dyychkhd, Vshchchbchyyk, LUFBFY, PE zhtbogyy, PFNEYUBEF: "zchbtdekulye rpmly chshchzmsdsf fblyny rtechpuipdoschny UPMDBFBNY, LBLYI S LPZDB-MYVP CHYDEM". EZP UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOOYGB yMYBVEF dTsBUFYU, LBL YUFYOOBS RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOYGB RTELTBUOPZP RPMB, CH UCHPYI ЪBNEFLBI P tPUUY RPCHEUFCHHEF P OBTSDBI DBN ZPTBDP RPDTPVOEYU, Yug. FEN OE NOOEE, Y POB UPYUMB OEPVIPDIINSCHN BLNEFYFSH: “com CHYDEMB, LBL 32 FSHCHUSU UPMDBF DEMBMY CHPEOOSHCH HRTBTSOEOYS SOBRE MSHDH. obdp RTYOBFSH, UFP POY IPTPYE UPMDBFShch.

ChP CHTENS THUULP-FKhTEGLPK ChPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ., LPZDB "l'ETGYGYS REYBS" RPDCHETZMBUSH UHTCHPK RTPCHETLE, CH OEE VSCHMY CHOEUEOSCH OELPFPTSCHE DPRPMOEOIS. h 1736 Z., RP HLBBOYA NYOYIB, ZEOETBM h. h. ZhETNPT UPUFBCHYM "DYURPYGYA VPECHPZP RPTSDLB Y NBOECHTCH CH ZEOETBMSHOPK VBFBMYY U FHTLBNY". h OEK PFNEYUBMPUSH, YUFP OKHTSOP HYUYFSH ChPKULB FPMSHLP FPNH, YUFP "RTYDEFUS DEMBFSH Ch VPA". h LBYUEUFCHE MKHYUYEZP URPUPVB CHEDEOYS PZOS OBSHCHCHBMBUSH UFTEMSHVB RP RMHFPOZBN, RTYUEN LBTsDSHK RMHFPOZ DPMTSEO VSCHM UFTEMSFSH RPIETEOPTSOP. pDOPCTENEOOP "DYURPYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB PFLBBFSHUS PF OBMPCHPK UFTEMSHVSH GEMSCHN VBFBMSHPOPN YMYY, FEN VPMEE, RPMLPN. PUOPCHBOYS DMS LFPZP VSCHMY UMEDHAEIE: CHP-RETCHI, PZHYGET, LPNBODHAEIK PZOEN VBFBMSHPOB, OE NPCEF YÜ-ÑB RPTPIPCHPZP DSCHNB IPTPYP CHYDEFSH RTPFICHOYLB, B, ÑЁNPCHPCHVP THLPDEN YOYEF; ChP-CHFPTSCHI, RTY UFTEMSHVE VBFBMShPOOPK YETEOZPK SOBRE OETPCHOPK NEUFOPUFY OE CHUE UPMDBFSCH PDYOBLPCHP IPTPYP CHYDSF RTPFICHOYLB; CH-FTEFSHYI, RETETSHCHSHCH NETSDH PFDEMSHOSHCHNY OBMRBNY PYUEOSH CHEMYLY. "DYURPIYGYS" FBLTSE HLBSCCHBMB, LBL CHEUFY UFTEMSHVKH Y' LPMPOO Y UFTEMSHVKh Yb-B HLTSHCHFIK.

pZPOSH Y LPMPOO TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH RTYNEOSFSH RTY OBOSFIY LBLPK-OYVKHDSH "FEUOYOSCH". lBTsDBS LPMPOOB PVTBPCHSCCHBMBUSH RMHFPOZBNY PDOPZP VBFBMSHPOB YMY RPMLB, RPUFBCHMEOOOSCHNY DTHZ bB DTHZPN. updboye LPMPOO YUYUMEOOPUFSHHA VPMEE RPMLB VSCHMP RTYOBOP OETBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN YB-B CHPNPTSOPK RHFBOIGSHCH CH LPNBODBI. uFTEMSHVKH UMEDPCHBMP CHEUFY RP RMHFPOZBN, OP CH PFMYUYE PF PVSHCHUOPZP CHBTYBOFB, UPMDBFSCH LBTsDPZP RMHFPOZB UFTEMSMMY CHUE TBBPN. dBCh NBUUYTPCHBOOSCHK ÚBMR, RETEDOYK RMHFPOZ PFIPDYM CH ICHPUF LPMPOOSCH Y PFLTSCHCHBM RTPUFTBOUFCHP DMS UFTEMSHVSCH UMEDHAEENH.

RTY OBMYYUY RETED ZHTPOFPN LBLPK MYVP EUFEUFCHEOOPC ÚBEYFSCH (YZPTPDY, IPMNB, THYUSHS Y RTPUEZP) UPMDBFSCH DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UFTPIFSHUS OE CH YuEFSCHTE, BCH FTY YETEOZY. h LFPN UMHYUBE UFTEMSMMB DPMTSOB VSCHMB FPMSHLP RETCHBS YETEOZB, B PUFBMSHOSHCHE BTTSBMY THTSSHS Y RPDBCHBMY YI UFTEMSAEIN. uFBTSHK URPUPV, LPZDB YETEOZB, DBCH SBMR, PFIPDYMB OBBD, B OB HER NEUFP CHSHCHDCHYZBMBUSH DTHZBS, RTYOBMY OEHDBYUOSCHN. rp NOOEOYA BCHFPTB "dYURPYGYY", MADY, COBS, UFP RPUME CHSHCHUFTEMB POY UNPZHF PFPKFY, VHDHF FPTPRYFSHUS Y RMPIP CHEUFY PZPOSH. RTY RETENEEEOY YIETEOZ NPTSEF CHPOYLOKHFSH BLNEYBFEMSHUFCHP, LPFPTPE URTPCHPGYTHEF OBFYUL CHTBZB.

rTYOBCHBS, YUFP MKHYUYN PTHTSYEN SCHMSEFUS JKHES UP YFSHLPN, "DYURPYIGYS" HLBSCCHBMB OB YZHZHELFYCHOPUFSH RTYNEOEOYS RTPFYCH LPOOYGSC DMYOOSHCHI RYL. RILBNY, RP NOOYA EE BCHFPTB, UMEDPCHBMP CHPPTKHTSBFSH UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY, B UPMDBFBN RETCHPK YETEOZY OBDMETsBMP YNEFSH RTYNLOHFSHCHE YFSHCHLY. «DYURPIYGYS» HYUMB FBLTS ULMPOOPUFSH FBFBT L ÜBUBDBN Y CHOEBROSHCHN OBRBDEOYSN. RTY RETEDCHYTSEOISI POB TELPNEODPCHBMB OEUFY JKHJEY OE "YUETE RMEYUP", B C THLBI, YNES CHUEZDB VPMSHYPK RBMEG RTBCHPK THLY SOBRE LHTLE. DMS KHCHEMYYUEOIS RPDCHYTSOPUFY REIPFYOGECH CH VPA, TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH OBLBOHOE "VBFBMYY" PUFBCHMSFSH TBOGSHCH, YOYEMY Y YRBZY CH PVPJE.

LUBSUSH CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS REIPFSCH Y BTFYMMETYY, "DYURPYYGYS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB TBNEEBFSH RHYLY OB ZHMBOZBNY VBFBMShPOB, YUFPVSHCH OERTYSFEMSH "OE ORTYSDE CHTENEOY CHIDEFSH" REFINARIA. rty OEVPVIPDYNPUFY PFLTSCHFSH BTFYMMETYKULYK PZPOSH, RMHFPOZY, UFPCHYE RETED RHYLBNY, DPMTSOSCH VSHMY UDCHPYFSH TSDSCH Y CH PFLTSCHCHYEUS VTEY RHYLY UFTEMSMY "ULPTP LBTFEYUSHA". rty RPUFTPEOYY LPMPOOBNY RHYLY TBTEYBMPUSH UFBCHYFSH b PDOIN GEOFTTBMSHOSHCHI RMHFPOZCH.

DMS PFTBTSEOIS CHTBTSEOULPK LPOOYGSC TPUUYKULBS REIPFB YUBUFP YURPMSHÚPCHBMB LBTE - RPUFTPEOYE CH CHYDE YuEFSCHTEIKHZPMSHOYLB, LBTsDHA UFPTPOH LPFPTPZP UPUFBCHMSMY YETEOZY UPMDBF. DMS YFHTNB CHTBTSEOULYI LTERPUFEK CHPYOSCH UFTPIYMYUSH CH LPMPOOSCH, RTYUEN CHRETED YYMY ZTEOBDETSCHCH.

пВТБЭБЕФ ОБ УЕВС ЧОЙНБОЙЕ, ЮФП ДЕКУФЧЙС ЛБЧБМЕТЙЙ Ч «ДЙУРПЪЙГЙЙ» РПЮФЙ ОЕ ЪБФТПОХФЩ, ИПФС, ЛБЪБМПУШ ВЩ, РТЙ ЧПКОЕ У ФХТЛБНЙ Й ФБФБТБНЙ, ПВМБДБЧЫЙИ ПЮЕОШ НОПЗПЮЙУМЕООПК ЛПООЙГЕК, ЙНЕООП ЬФПФ ЧПРТПУ ДПМЦЕО ВЩМ РТЙЧМЕЮШ ЧОЙНБОЙЕ ЛПНБОДПЧБОЙС.

CHPNPTSOP, UMPTSYCHYEUS RPMPTSEOYE PVYASUOSEFUS FEN, YuFP NYOYI, IPFS Y UPDBM RETCHSHCHE CH tPUUY LYTBUITULYE RPMLY, RP UPVUFCHEOOPNKH RTYOBOYA, LBCHBMETYKULPE DEMP OBM RMPIP. h NBE 1736 Z. PFTEDBLFYTPCHBOOKHA "DYURPYYGYA" TBBUMBMY CH RPMLY CH CHYDE "ZEOETBMYFEFULPZP TBUUKHTSDEOYS".

ZMBCHN DPLKHNEOFPN, PRTEDEMSCHYN UFTPECHKHA UMHTsVKh LBCHBMETYY, VSCHMB "l'ETGYGYS Ch RPMLKh eZP yNRETBFPTULPZP chshchupyueufchb". POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1732 Z. Y RTEDOBOBYUBMBUSH DMS LITBUYTPCH. h 1736 Z. ZEOETBMYFEFULPE UPCHEEBOYE ​​​​RTYOSMP TEYOYE "RTY CHUEI DTBZHOULYI RPMLBI CH YCHEOLPCHBOY Y CHRTTPFYUEN LPOOYGEA PVCYUEOYS RPUFHRBFSH FBL, LBL CH LAYTBUYTULYI RPMLBI". PUOPCHOSCHN RPUFTPEOYEN LPOOYGSC FBLTS RTYOBCHBMUS TBCHETOHFSCHK UFTPK Y FTEI IETEEOZ. DMS BFBLY CHSHUFTBYCHBMYUSH LPMPOOSCH TBOPZP UPUFBCHB: LBDTPOOSHCHE, YEFSCHTEICCHHPDOSHCHE, CHCHPDOSHCH Y DT. YOFETCHBMPCH RP ZHTPOFH NETsDH CHUBDOILBNY OE VSMP CHPCHUE: LBCHBMETYUFSH FPZP LEITURA UTTBTSBMYUSH UFTENS CH UFTENS. UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLE LIGHTBUYT E DTBZHO OE PVCYUBMY - YN TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH "NBMPK TSHUGPK".

dms iPD REIPFOPZP HYUEOYS RPCHPMSEF RTEDUFBCHYFSH RTYLB RP UENEOPCHULPNH RPMLH PF 3 UEOFSVTS 1736 Z. upZMBUOP FFPNH DPLHNEOPHH, RPML CHSHIPDYM DMS HYUEOYS SOBRE UCHPK RMBG ZHTOHCHTOHCHYMU. BDBYUB BLMAYUBMBUSH CH FPN, UFPVSCH CHSHTBVPFBFSH OBCHSHCHLY UFTEMSHVSCH YETEOZBNY, UOBYUBMB SOBRE NEUFE, UBFEN CH DCHYTSEOYY "OBUFKHROSCHNY Y PFUFKHROSCHNY DYCHYYPOBNY".

iHCE PVUFPSMP DEMP U PVCYUEOYEN BTFYMMETYUFCH. чПЕООБС ЛПММЕЗЙС ОЕПДОПЛТБФОП ФТЕВПЧБМБ ПФ ЛБОГЕМСТЙЙ «зМБЧОПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ Й ЖПТФЙЖЙЛБГЙЙ» УППВЭЙФШ, ЛБЛ ВЩМЙ ПТЗБОЙЪПЧБОЩ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛЙЕ ХЮЕОЙС РТЙ рЕФТЕ I. лБОГЕМСТЙС РЕТЕБДТЕУПЧБМБ ЪБРТПУ ЙЪЧЕУФОПНХ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛПНХ ЗЕОЕТБМХ ч. й. ZEOOYOKH, CHEDBCHYENKH CH FP CHTENS HTBMSHULYNY BLCHPDBNY. зЕООЙО ПФЧЕФЙМ: «рТЙ НПЕК ВЩФОПУФЙ Ч тПУУЙЙ ОБ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛПК УМХЦВЕ Ч ЛПНБОДЕ зМБЧОПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ, П БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛПК ЬЛЪЕТГЙГЙЙ, Б ЙНЕООП: НЕФБОЙЕ ВПНВ, РХЫЕЮОБС РБМШВБ Ч НЙЫЕОШ Й УЛПТПУФТЕМШОБС, ЛБЛЙН ПВТБЪПН РТПЙЪЧПДЙФШ, ПФ ЗМБЧОПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ ХЛБЪБ С ОЕ ЙНЕМ, ФПМШЛП БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛЙИ УМХЦЙФЕМЕК ЧЕМЕОП VShchMP PVCYUBFSH RTBLFILE. h 1731 Z. CHPKULB RPMKHYUYMY UPUFBCHMEOOOSCHK RP HLBBOYA uEOOBFB "KHYUEVOSCHK BTFYLHM RHYYUOSCHK". DMS RPDZPPFPCHLY BTFYMMETYUFCH UMEDPCHBMP PFPVTBFSH CH LBTsDPN RPMLH CHPUENSH YUEMPCHEL, LPFPTSCHI "PVKHYUBFSH LBOPOITULPK DPMTSOPUFY" UOBYUBMB SOBRE NEUFE UMHTsVSHCH, B EBFEN CH ZBTOYPOBI.

obTSDH U UHIPRHFOPK BTNYEK CH 1730-E ZPDSH BLFICHOP UCHETIOUFCHPCHBMUS CHPEOOSHK ZHMPF tPUUYY. LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, RTY REFTE II EZP TBCHYFYE ZHBLFYUEULY PUFBOCHYMPUSH. h 1728 Z. YCHEDULYK RPUMBOOIL DPOPUYM UCHPENKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH YJ REFETVKhTZB: “oEUNPFTS SOBRE ETSEZPDOKHA RPUFTPKLH ZBMET, THUULIK ZBMETOSCHK ZHMPF, UTBCHOYFEMSHOP U RTETSOYN, UIMSHOP HNEOSHYBE; LPTBVEMSHOSHCHK TS RTYIPDYF CH RTSNPE TBBPTEOOYE, RPFPNKH, UFP UFP UFP VPMEE YEFSHTEI YMY RSFY MYOEKOSHCHI LPTBVMEK CHSHCHEUFY CH NPTE OEMSHÚS, B RPUFTPKLB OVPCHMBHI. h BDNYTBMFEKUFCHBI CE FBLPE OEUNPFTEOYE, YuFP ZHMPF YCH FTY ZPDB OEMSHÊS RTYCHEUFY CH RTETSOEE UPUFPSOIE, OP PV LFPN OILFP OE DKhNBEF.

rPUME CHUFHRMEOYS SOBRE RTEUFPM BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UIFHBGYS UTBIH YENEOIMBUSH. хЦЕ Ч ЙАМЕ 1730 З. ВЩМ РТЙОСФ ХЛБЪ, Ч ЛПФПТПН «ОБЙЛТЕРЮБКЫЕ РПДФЧЕТЦДБМПУШ бДНЙТБМФЕКУФЧ-ЛПММЕЗЙК, ЮФПВЩ ЛПТБВЕМШОЩК Й ЗБМЕТОЩК ЖМПФ УПДЕТЦБОЩ ВЩМЙ РП ХУФБЧБН, ТЕЗМБНЕОФБН Й ХЛБЪБН, ОЕ ПУМБВЕЧБС Й ОЕ ХРПЧБС ОБ ОЩОЕЫОЕЕ ВМБЗПРПМХЮОПЕ НЙТОПЕ ЧТЕНС». h DElbvte 1731 Z. SOBRE bDNYTBMFEKULPK CHETJY BMPTSYMY OPCHSHCHK 66-RHYYUOSCHK LPTBVMSH. фПЗДБ ЦЕ ЙНРЕТБФТЙГБ ТБУРПТСДЙМБУШ ЧПЪПВОПЧЙФШ ОБ вБМФЙКУЛПН ЖМПФЕ ТЕЗХМСТОЩЕ ХЮЕОЙС У ЧЩИПДПН Ч НПТЕ, ДБВЩ «ЙНЕФШ УЙЕ Й МАДСН ПВХЮЕОЙЕ Й ЛПТБВМСН РПДМЙООПК ПУНПФТ, ЙВП Ч ЗБЧБОЙ ФБЛЕМБЦ Й РТПЮЕЕ РПЧТЕЦДЕОЙЕ ОЕЧПЪНПЦОП ФБЛ ПУНПФТЕФШ, ЛБЛ ЛПТБВМШ Ч ДЧЙЦЕОЙЙ».

ч 1732 З. ВЩМБ ХЮТЕЦДЕОБ УРЕГЙБМШОБС ЛПНЙУУЙС, ГЕМША ЛПФПТПК РТПЧПЪЗМБЫБМПУШ «РТЙЧЕДЕОЙЕ Ч ОБДМЕЦБЭЙК, РПУФПСООЩК Й ДПВТЩК РПТСДПЛ ЖМПФБ, ЛБЛ ЛПТБВЕМШОПЗП, ФБЛ Й ЗБМЕТОПЗП Й БДНЙТБМФЕКУФЧБ Й ЧУЕЗП, ЮФП Л ФПНХ РТЙОБДМЕЦЙФ». rTEDUEDBFEMEN nPTULPK LPNYUYY UFBM b. º. PUFETNBO, BCH HER UPUFBCH CHPYMY PRSHCHFOSHCHE NPTSLY, LPOFT-BDNYTBMShch f. UBODETU, oh. uEOSCHIO, r. vTEDBMSh, h. zPMPCHYO. lPNYUUYS RTYOSMB TEYOYE UTPYUOP CHPÚPVOPHYFSH UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP SOBRE vBMFYLE LTHROSCHI RBTHUOSCHI LPTBVMEK.

l 1736 Z. vBMFYKULYK ZHMPF CHLMAYUBM 20 MYOEKOSHCHI LPTBVMEK, 17 ZHTEZBFPCH, 2 YOSCHSCH, 2 VPNVBTDYTULYI UHDOB Y 8 RBLEFVPFPCH. lTPNE FPZP, UHEEUFCHPCHBMB UBNPUFPSFEMSHOBS E DPCHPMSHOP NOPZPYUYUMEOOBS zTEVOBS ZHMPFIMYS. PUOPCHON FYRPN ZTEVOPZP UHDOB SCHMSMBUSH ULBNRBCHES YMY ZBMETB. poOB YNEMB 18 RBT CHEUEM Y PF 3 DP 5 RHYEL LBMYVTPN CH 12, 8 Y 3 ZhKHOFB. LPNBODB ULBNRBCHEY OBUYUYFSHCHBMB PLPMP 150 Yuem.

RTY BOOE yPBOOPCHOE VSCHMB FBLTS RTEPVTBCHBOB THLPCHPDYCHYBS CHPEOOP-NPTULYNY UYMBNY bDNYTBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYK. Chneufp Ratetsoy Pdjobdgbfy Lpofpt H ela é Upufbcha UPDBMY YUEFSHETSHETSHETSHELEGYYYY, YuFP Khobuyufemhop Khrtpufimp Demprtpychpdufchp, Khneyshny Retereilh Khmkhyufsh, Pai Nbfetzhahi, Tyotsokhasha, Tyotsokhahi, Tyotsokhahi, Tyotsokhahi Tyotsokhahi.

TEZHPTNYTPCHBMY Y YFBFSCH MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB ZHMPFB H GEMPN. CHUE PZHYGETSCH Y NBFTPUSH LPTBVEMSHOPZP Y ZBMETOPZP ZHMPFB VSCHMY UCHEDEOSCH CH 36 TPF. h DPRPMOOEOYE LOYN CH 1733 Z. UZHPTNYTPCHBMY DCHB NPTULIYI UPMDBFULYYI RPMLB RP DCHEOBDGBFSH TPF LBTsDSCHK. oblpoeg Ch 1734 Z. RPSCHYMUS LPTRKHU NPTULPK BTFYMMETYY, FBLCE CH UPUFBCHE DCHEOBGBFY TPF. UCHYDEFEMSH TEPTZBOYBGYY ZHMPFULYYI IFBFPCH DBFYUBOYO r. ZHPO iBCHEO, UMHTSYCHYYK, LUFBFY, HUYFEMEN CH WENSHE BDNYTBMB r. вТЕДЕМС, ПФНЕФЙМ Ч УЧПЙИ ЪБРЙУЛБИ: «чУЕ НБФТПУЩ (ЗБМЕТОПЗП ЖМПФБ — б. н.) РПМХЮЙМЙ ПТХЦЙЕ, ЛБЛ УПМДБФЩ, Б ЙНЕООП ЫРБЗЙ, ТХЦШС Й ВБЗЙОЕФЩ, Й ФЕРЕТШ ДПМЦОЩ РПНЙНП НПТУЛПЗП ДЕМБ ПВХЮБФШУС ЕЭЕ Й ЧПЕООПНХ. FP SCHOP UDEMBOP U GEMSHA VPMEE HUREYOP RTYNEOSFSH YI SOBRE ZHMPFIYMISI RTPFYCH FHTPL. CHEUSH PZHYGETULYK YFBF VSHCHM FBLTS YÊOEO Y KHUFTPEO RP BOZMYKULPNKh PVTBGHH CH MHYUYHA DMS PZHYGETCH UFPTPOH...”.

zPFPCHYCHYBS ZHMPFULYI PZHYGETCH nPTULBS BLBDENYS CH 1733 Z. RPMHYUYMB OCHPE EDBOYE: YÚ LYLYOSCHI RBMBF SUA RETECHEMY H DPN LOS b. h. dPMZPTHLPZP, UFPSCHYK SOBRE OVETETSOPK OECHSHCH OBYUBME FTEFSHEK MOYY SOBRE CHBUIMSHECHULPN PUFTPCHE (SOBRE NEUFE OSHOEYOEZP BLOBDENYY IHDPTSEUFCH). ftBDYGYS PFDBCHBFSH RPD HYUEVOSCHE IBCHEDEOYS DCHPTGSCH PRBMSHOSHCHI CHEMSHNPTS PUFBCHBMBUSH, FBLYN PVTBBPN, OEJSHVMEPK. дП 1738 З. ХЮЕВОЩН РТПГЕУУПН Ч бЛБДЕНЙЙ ТХЛПЧПДЙМ ЫПФМБОДЕГ зЕОТЙ (бОДТЕК дБОЙМПЧЙЮ) жБТЛЧБТУПО, РТЙЗМБЫЕООЩК ОБ УМХЦВХ рЕФТПН I ЕЭЕ Ч 1698 З. чПУРЙФБООЙЛЙ РПМХЮБМЙ ЪОБОЙС РП НБФЕНБФЙЛЕ, ОБЧЙЗБГЙЙ, БУФТПОПНЙЙ Й ДТХЗЙН ОБХЛБН, ОП, ФБЛ ЛБЛ ЖМПФУЛБС УМХЦВБ ВЩМБ ПЮЕОШ ФСЦЕМПК, DChPTSOE RPUFHRBMY H blbdenya OEPIPFOP, PUPVEOOP RPUME PFLTSCHFIS yMSIEFOPZP LPTRHUB. FEN OE NEOEE ZHPO iBCHEO PFNEYUBM, UFP "VPMSHYYOUFCHP ZHMPFULYI PZHYGETPCH - RTYTPDOSHCHE TKHUULIE, LPFPTSHCHE PKVYUBMYUSH CH REFETVKhTZE LBL LBDEFSCH E RPFPN PFCHEDBMY NPTULYI RMBCHBOYK UFTSNYUHTSDNH".

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Anna Ioannovna Romanova
imperatriz russa

Anos de vida: 1693-1740
Anos de governo: 1730-1740

A segunda filha de Ivan V Alekseevich (irmão e co-governante do czar Pedro I) e Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, sobrinha.

Anna Ioanovna biografia curta

Aos 3 anos, Anna ficou sem pai, viveu com sua mãe e irmãs Ekaterina e Praskovya na vila de Izmailovo até os quinze anos. Estudou história, leitura, caligrafia, geografia, línguas estrangeiras, danças.

Em 31 de outubro de 1710, ela foi casada por seu tio Pedro I com Frederico Guilherme, Duque da Curlândia. Este casamento foi concluído para garantir o direito da Rússia de usar os portos da Curlândia (Báltico). As celebrações por ocasião do casamento duraram dois meses, durante os quais o recém-criado marido Friedrich pegou um resfriado e, tendo partido com sua esposa para a capital da Curlândia, Mitava, em 9 de janeiro de 1711, morreu 40 km de São Petersburgo. Apesar da morte do duque, Pedro ordenou que Anna morasse em Mitava e não permitiu que ela ficasse na Rússia por muito tempo.

Condições do reinado de Anna Ioannovna

Após sua morte, Anna foi convidada em 25 de janeiro de 1730 para o trono russo pelo Conselho Privado Supremo por sugestão de V. L. Dolgorukov e D. M. Golitsyn. Acreditando que Anna Ioannovna, de 37 anos, não tem apoiadores e conexões na Rússia, eles tomaram essa decisão.

De acordo com os acordos, Anna Ivanovna concordou em governar o país apenas em conjunto com o Conselho Privado Supremo, e se tornaria o mais alto órgão de governo. Ela não tinha o direito de legislar, impor impostos, dispor do tesouro, declarar guerra e fazer a paz. Sem a aprovação dos membros do Conselho, ela não poderia conceder propriedades e patentes. Anna não poderia se casar e nomear um herdeiro ao trono sem o consentimento do Supremo Conselho Privado. Em caso de não cumprimento das condições, ela foi privada da coroa.

Imperatriz Anna Ioannovna

No entanto, tendo chegado ao poder, Anna Ioannovna imediatamente dissolveu o Conselho Privado Supremo (1730), restaurou a importância do Senado, estabeleceu o Gabinete de Ministros (1731), que incluía G. I. Golovkin, A. I. Osterman, A. M. Cherkassky. Os assuntos da Igreja foram confiados a Feofan Prokopovich. Em seguida, foi recriado o Escritório de Assuntos de Investigação Secreta, chefiado por A.I. Ushakov (o órgão central de investigação política).

Pouco antes da coroação, Anna Ioannovna emitiu um manifesto sobre um juramento nacional ao herdeiro nomeado pela imperatriz. Em 28 de abril de 1730, em Moscou, na Catedral da Assunção, Feofan Prokopovich celebrou o casamento e a unção da imperatriz Anna ao reino.

Durante o reinado de Anna Ivanovna, o decreto sobre herança única foi cancelado (1731), o Corpo de Cadetes Gentry foi estabelecido (1731) e o serviço dos nobres foi limitado a 25 anos. O círculo íntimo de Anna consistia principalmente de estrangeiros (E. I. Biron, K. G. Levenwolde, B. X. Minich, P. P. Lassi). Sob Anna, a governante, o junker da câmara Ernest-Johann Biron teve uma enorme influência no curso dos assuntos de estado - favorito de Anna Ioannovna até o fim da vida.

Os anos do reinado de Anna Ioannovna - Bironovshchina

"Bironovshchina", que personificava o terror político, o desfalque, o desrespeito às tradições russas, a licenciosidade, tornou-se uma das páginas sombrias da história russa. Seguindo uma política pró-nobre, Anna Ioannovna era irreconciliável com manifestações de oposição nobre. Anna não perdoou Golitsyn e Dolgoruky por seus discursos em janeiro-fevereiro de 1730 e mais tarde foram presos, exilados e executados.

Em 1740, Anna Ivanovna e sua comitiva lidaram com o ministro do Gabinete L.P. Volynsky e seus seguidores, que procuravam limitar a influência de estrangeiros na política interna e externa da Rússia.

Durante o reinado de Anna, uma reforma militar foi realizada no exército sob a liderança de B.X. Minich, os regimentos Izmailovsky e Horse Guards foram formados.
Em 1733-1735. A Rússia contribuiu para a aprovação do Eleitor da Saxônia Stanislaw August (Agosto III) no trono polonês. A guerra com a Turquia (1735 - 1739) terminou com a paz de Belgrado desfavorável para a Rússia.

Os sucessos da política de Anna Ioannovna

Por ordem da Imperatriz Anna, começou a construção no Kremlin, lançando
Tsar Bell: O arquiteto I.F.Michurin elaborou o primeiro plano de Moscou na história da Rússia, focado na racionalização do desenvolvimento urbano. Para controlar o fortalecimento do controle alfandegário em torno de Moscou, o eixo Kompaneisky foi colocado. Em 1732, foi emitido um decreto sobre a instalação de lanternas de vidro em Moscou, lançando assim as bases para a iluminação pública na cidade. Em 1732, ela consagrou a Catedral de Pedro e Paulo.

Em 1732, Ana ordenou a abertura do 1º Corpo de Cadetes, que treinava os nobres para o serviço militar e público, mas ao mesmo tempo, em 1736, limitava a obrigação deste serviço a 25 anos. Aos nobres foi dado o direito de receber educação em casa e apenas periodicamente "aparecer para avaliações e exames". Anna Ioannovna considerava prejudicial ensinar as pessoas comuns a ler e escrever, pois “a aprendizagem pode distraí-las do trabalho braçal” (decreto de 1735). Por outro decreto, em 29 de outubro de 1735, ela ordenou o estabelecimento de escolas para os filhos dos operários.

Os sucessos da política externa do reinado de Anna na década de 1730. confirmar acordos comerciais entre Rússia e Espanha, Inglaterra, Suécia, China e Pérsia.
Anna 1 Ioannovna entrou para a história como uma amante de "curiosidades" (anões e gigantes, animais e pássaros estranhos, contadores de histórias e bruxas), ela gostava muito das piadas dos bobos.

A julgar pela correspondência sobrevivente, a imperatriz Anna Ioannovna era um tipo clássico de dona de terras. Ela adorava fofocar sobre a corte, a vida pessoal de seus súditos, e reunia ao seu redor muitos bufões que a divertiam. Ela era supersticiosa, se divertia atirando em pássaros, adorava roupas brilhantes.

Em 12 de agosto de 1740, a sobrinha da imperatriz, Anna Leopoldovna, que se casou em 1739 com o príncipe de Brunswick Anton-Ulrich, teve um filho, Ivan, a quem a imperatriz declarou herdeiro do trono russo. E E.I. Biron foi nomeado seu regente.

Em 17 de outubro de 1740, Anna Ioannovna, aos 47 anos, morreu de "derrame" em São Petersburgo, e Ivan, de 2 meses, sob a regência do duque da Curlândia Biron, tornou-se o soberano russo Ivan VI Antonovich.

Os médicos indicaram que a causa da morte foi gota em conjunto com doença de pedra. Uma autópsia revelou uma pedra nos rins do tamanho de um dedo mindinho, que supostamente foi a principal causa da morte.

Anna Ioannovna foi enterrada na Catedral de Pedro e Paulo em São Petersburgo.

Na literatura, sua imagem é refletida no romance “Palavra e Ação” de Valentin Pikul, “Príncipe Nikita Fedorovich” de M. N. Volkonsky, “Casa de Gelo” de I. I. Lazhechnikov.

Anna Ioannovna não teve filhos.