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1 Research work of schoolchildren Guidelines. Shesterninov Evgeny Evgenievich Executive Director of the Mendeleev Heritage Charitable Foundation Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Honored Teacher of Russia them. D.I. Mendeleev

2 What questions do we consider? How to prepare a research paper? How to conduct scientific research? How to define and clarify the topic? How to study literature? How to define a hypothesis? How to formulate the purpose and objectives of the study? How to define research methods? How to apply for a job? What are the requirements for protecting research results?

3 To explore means to see what everyone has seen, and to think in a way that no one thought" A. Szent-Györgyi "The arguments that a person thought of himself are more convincing than those that came to the mind of others" Louis Pascal , it must be found.V. Frankl

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4 How to prepare a scientific study? Definition of the object area, object and subject of research Selection and formulation of the topic, problems and justification of their relevance Study of scientific literature, primary sources, collection of information (information) and clarification of the topic Formulation of the hypothesis Formulation of the purpose and objectives of the study

5 Scientific research - the process of developing new scientific knowledge in ITS BASIS ACTIVITY ... intellectual research - It includes the actual intellectual operations and the actual research activities. These include, for example, such mental actions as comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization, or more complex ones: systematization, modeling, hypotheses, setting research goals and objectives. Here is the design of scientific research,

6 Scientific research - the process of developing new scientific knowledge is information-receptive - includes actions with information that needs to be perceived (received) and processed in an appropriate manner for specific research tasks. The general goal when working with information in preparation for any research is the ability to extract what is necessary to clarify, clarify the tasks and options for their solutions. Reception and interpretation of information is carried out through the use of various reading strategies productive - it makes up actions for conducting scientific work, fixing and processing its results and fixing them in a scientific text Reflection of individual chapters, sections ...

7 Let's deal with the concepts The object area of ​​research is the area of ​​science and practice in which the object of study is located. The object of research is a certain process or phenomenon of reality that generates a problem situation. The object is a kind of carrier of the problem, what the research activity is aimed at. The subject of research is a specific part of the object within which the search is conducted. The subject of research should be characterized by a certain independence, which will allow critical evaluation of the hypothesis correlated with it. In each object, several subjects of study can be distinguished.

8 Research topic - the object of study, in a certain aspect, characteristic of this work. C. It "indicates the subject of study, and the keyword or phrase in the topic indicates its object." The theme reflects the problem in its characteristic features. A successful, semantically accurate formulation of the topic clarifies the problem, outlines the scope of the study. The theme specifies the main idea, thus creating the preconditions for the success of the work as a whole.

9 A number of practical steps-techniques to help you choose a topic yourself: An analytical review of the achievements of a particular scientific field under the authorship of competent specialists. Guiding the principle of repetition. This principle implies following the topic, the logic of already conducted research, but using improved research methods that would clarify and expand existing knowledge about the object and subject, as well as test them.

10 Search method. It provides for the acquaintance of the researcher with primary sources: special literature, the latest works in a particular scientific field, as well as related branches of science, and the formation of a topic based on an analysis of the current problems of these related branches or disciplines. Theoretical generalization of existing research, theories, practical results of research, critical-analytical and descriptive materials. The starting point for choosing and formulating a topic can be hypotheses previously put forward in science that need clarification, verification and proof. The search for a topic can be carried out in the "natural" conditions of scientific and creative communication between a novice researcher and competent specialists in a chosen or field of research.

11 Searching for information Search for the information you need. 2. Drawing up a preliminary list of publications. 3. Direct work with Internet sources. Having determined the topic and problem of his work, the researcher should master the conceptual apparatus that is correlated with the chosen subject area: 1. It is possible to describe the basic concepts and logical connections between them, thus building a conceptual system for future research. 2. Give an analysis, compare, compare different interpretations of the same concept, denoting the boundaries of its possible meanings and applications. 3. Classify concepts according to some parameters, defining the scope of their use in the study.

12 Determining the relevance of research A mandatory requirement for any research work. Relevance may consist, for example, in the need to obtain new data; the need to test new methods, etc. The relevance of the topic is always justified taking into account the practical need to resolve the issues raised.

13 Hypotheses are scaffolds that are erected in front of a building and demolished when the building is ready, they are necessary for the worker, but he should not take scaffolding for a building "I. Goethe Hypothesis ... Defined as a scientifically based assumption about a directly observed phenomenon. This statement of the form: "if A, then B", which describes how we intend to solve the problem. The main properties of the hypothesis: 1. Uncertainty of the true value; 2. Focus on the disclosure of this phenomenon; 3. Putting forward an assumption about the results of solving the problem; 4. Ability to put forward " project" problem solving.

14 Requirements for a hypothesis ... It includes concepts and categories that are ambiguous It should not include too many provisions: as a rule, one main one, rarely more The hypothesis should correspond to facts, be testable and correspond to a wide range of phenomena, ) Plausibility, i.e. compliance with existing knowledge on the problem Verifiability

15 Attitude of D. I. Mendeleev to the hypothesis: “They (hypotheses) are necessary for science and especially its study. They give harmony and simplicity, which without their admission is difficult to achieve. The entire history of science shows this. Therefore, we can safely say: it is better to stick to such a hypothesis, which may turn out to be wrong in time, than none. Hypotheses make it easier and correct scientific work to find the truth, just as a farmer's plow makes it easier to grow useful plants. The above judgment reflects the general structure of Mendeleev's scientific method.

16 "Science usually develops by putting forward two extreme hypotheses, the struggle between which invariably leads it to a new step" . 4. Mendeleev D. I. Sobr. op. T. XX. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950.

17 Basic requirements for the formation of a hypothesis: The basis of its formation should be facts related to the subject area chosen for study. The formulation of the hypothesis itself should be constructed in such a way that the structure of generalizations and statements in which it is given allows the development of reasoning without a step-by-step appeal to facts. A fruitful use of a hypothesis is feasible only if the researcher is able to work with it as a theory already accepted in the system of science. It is unacceptable for a researcher to proceed from any conceivable hypothesis. It should be based on individual properties, relationships, dependencies, interactions, conditions that can be explained with the help of the laws derived from this hypothesis.

18 The goal of the research is the final expected result that the researcher would like to achieve at the end of his work. The goal is formulated briefly and extremely precisely, expressing the main thing that the researcher intends to do, it is concretized and developed in tasks. The goal corresponds to the research topic. Can be set as a goal: identify establish substantiate clarify develop

19 З The task of the study is the choice of ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward, as well as actions to achieve intermediate results aimed at achieving the goal. the first task, as a rule, is associated with the identification, clarification, deepening of the nature, structure of the object under study. (More often it is connected with the analysis of the views of D.I. Mendeleev on the subject of research) The second task is with the analysis of the real, current state of the subject of research, the dynamics of internal contradictions of development. T is the third task with methods of transformation, modeling, experimental verification. H fourth task with practical aspects of work, with the problem of managing the object under study.

20 A scientist also needs a scientific method, as a pianist or violinist A.A. Abramson Designing an experiment to test a hypothesis: A hypothesis is useless if there is no way to confirm it. Not every thought is a hypothesis, but only one that gives light for further searches. In addition, the hypothesis is based on some already existing facts, i.e. it has a certain basis

21 How to define research methods? Method is a way to achieve the goal of the study; “the path of comprehending, knowing the truth, the essence of objects and phenomena. Theoretical methods are characterized by generalization and abstractness. They are determined by the main mental operations, which are: analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction and concretization, generalization, formalization, analogy, modeling Empirical methods. The subject of empirical knowledge is the practitioner and the results of her activities. The results of research work at the level of empiricism are expressed in the generalization of the experience gained, the formation of norms and rules, obtaining facts (information) about the object, their analysis and systematization

22 General scientific methods: Observation, Analysis, Induction, Modeling, etc. Experiment, Synthesis, Deduction methods must be scientific, you can not rely only on "common sense" The more complex the object of study, the more difficult the method. Biology is more simple in terms of objects than physics, so the trial and error method is applicable there, and in physics rigorous mathematical methods. In chemistry, the method of putting forward hypotheses is the most realistic.

23 Mathematical methods Statistical methods Methods and models of graph theory and network modeling Methods and models of dynamic programming Methods and models of queuing Method of data visualization (functions, graphs)

24 How to issue a research paper? the work has a certain structure: - Title page - Table of contents (work plan) - Introduction (literature analysis, problems, hypothesis, goals, tasks) - Main (content) part by sections, chapters (in accordance with the tasks) - Conclusions for each chapter - Conclusion - Bibliographic list, list of Internet resources - Appendix (graphs, diagrams, Illustrations, Tables)

25 Basic requirements for a speech... - It must strictly correspond to the stated topic. - Answer the question "Why did you choose this topic?" - Reveal its relevance and significance for yourself and for ... Justify this. - Present a hypothesis (if any). - Present the goals and objectives of the work. - Name what research methods you used and how it was carried out. - Tell us what was the most important and interesting thing that your work brought to you. - Clearly formulate conclusions. They must necessarily be related to the goals and objectives of the work

26 Wishes to the speaker.. - Speak with conviction, clearly and loudly. - When reporting the most important information, say: I emphasize ... I would like to note that ... I emphasize that - Your research is a joint work with a supervisor, so say more often: Our research ... We have come to a conclusion. .. We have done... - Don't go off topic. - Greet the audience and the jury at the beginning and thank for their attention at the end of the speech. - It is interesting when the speaker talks about the thoughts that arose after the completion of the work. Sounds aftereffect.

27 Typical mistakes in the works of the participants of the competition The topic is taken very broadly, it does not reflect the problem. Excessive enthusiasm for biographical data and, as a result, digression from the topic. All sections of the research should work on the disclosure of the stated topic. It is not recommended to use the “directions of research” proposed by the Organizing Committee as a topic. They need to be as specific as possible.

28 Typical mistakes in the works of the participants of the competition The purpose of the work is formulated inaccurately and does not express the main thing that the researcher intends to do. Not always the goals set and the tasks arising from them correspond to the topic and the conclusions drawn. Reread your work and try to harmonize these two sections of the work.

29 Common Mistakes in Contest Entries Problems should specify a goal, not a plan of action. Often the author's first task is to read literature, which does not reflect the goal at all. It is assumed that the topic of the work was born (specified) after studying some literature.

30 Typical mistakes in the works of the participants of the competition An important step in the research work is the development of a hypothesis. Hypothesis: This is a "if A then B" statement that describes how the author intends to solve the problem. It reflects a scientific approach and should not be subjective. It does not make sense, for example, the hypothesis "If I find, then." If the author did not find it, this does not mean that the proposal put forward is not true, he just looked in the wrong place. Not every study requires a hypothesis, especially if it involves a hermeneutic analysis of primary sources. If the hypothesis is defined, then you cannot skip the next stage of developing an experiment to test the hypothesis. Unfortunately, in many works, in the presence of a hypothesis, there is no stage of developing an experiment. Any hypothesis is useless if there is no way to confirm it.

31 Typical mistakes in the works of the contestants Often the authors do not identify problems in their work. The work wins if the author identifies emerging contradictions. Problems arise when questions are raised and formulated that guide the course of research. Data collection and analysis most often take place according to literary sources, and then already, in the course of a real experiment. Analysis is important after each section (block) of work. It also helps to link the research with the work of D.I. Mendeleev and modernity. Working with the literature, many do not make references in the text even to the analyzed works of D.I. Mendeleev, and sometimes, in the list of references there is not a single work of a scientist, the analysis of which is carried out in the text, i.e. the author did not work with primary sources, expresses the opinion of critics and biographers, but does not refer to

32 Typical mistakes in the works of the participants of the competition The most common mistake is the lack of conclusions in the conclusion, or their inconsistency with the tasks. It is desirable to have conclusions for each chapter. Our advice: after writing the work, read the introduction separately, and then immediately the conclusion with conclusions, and you yourself will see possible inconsistencies and inconsistencies. This will allow you to remove this problem. It is necessary to clearly understand the difference between the abstract, research, workshop and laboratory work. Sometimes, without any explanation, the course of laboratory work or experiments are described that are not supported by the necessary scientific apparatus, are not argued and have no theoretical foundations.

33 Typical mistakes in the works of the contest participants Often the authors do not name the research methods in the works, or do not know them. Valuable in the work is if it is planned and presented reasonable, used research methods. Works showing the relevance of the research topic win significantly. Works that analyze previous studies on this topic.

34 Typical mistakes in the works of the participants of the competition It is noticeable that at various stages of the work the author and his supervisor do not correlate the accumulated knowledge with the declared topic. They do not want to abandon the superfluous inappropriate to the topic. Reflection of each accumulated section, each chapter is a prerequisite for successful work. One must be able to look at the work as if "from above" in order not to go beyond the outlined goals and objectives. Constant coordination of the work done with the goals and objectives set, the research hypothesis and the topic is the most difficult work. It often leads to the rejection of some materials.

35 If the brain is not sown with grain, then it will overgrow with thistles. D.J. Herbert is a 17th century poet.

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