Relations between poets and politicians in the first years of Soviet power could be friendly and patronizing.
Lenin valued Gorky more than anyone else and even for some time forgave him for his hostile attacks against the revolution in “Untimely Thoughts.” Lunacharsky sympathized with Mayakovsky , whom Lenin did not like for his futurism. Yesenin could find patronage from Trotsky , Pasternak and Mandelstam - from Bukharin.
However, friendly disposition ended where cruel politics and real literature began.. Tsvetaev continues the above observation about the relationship between the poet and time: “The theme of the Revolution is the order of time. The theme of glorifying the Revolution is the order of the party.” Real poets, even while noting the collapse of humanism and defending the need for cooperation with the new government, responded to the order of the time. And the party gave a social order and tried to make literature "part general public trooper case"
Proletkult ideologist, old Bolshevik, scientist and visionary, author of utopian novels about an ideal socialist society, A. A. Bogdanov (real name Malinovsky, 1973–1928) asserted: “The proletariat needs collectivist art, which would educate people in the spirit of deep solidarity, comradely cooperation, close brotherhood of fighters and builders, bound by a common ideal. And such art is born. We have it in Russia in the form of young proletarian poetry” (“Proletariat and Art”, 1920).
One of the most famous, promising proletarian poets was considered Vasily Alexandrovsky ( 1897–1934).
Here is a fragment of his poem “We” (1922):
On the dark palms of the squares
We spill our souls every day;
Every day we go out to listen to the sun
On the dark palms of the squares...
We drink wine from blast furnaces,
We temper our passions at the forges,
We, dying, rise again,
To drink wine from blast furnaces...
Another proletarian poet,
S. A. Obradovic (1892–1956)
He calls on his brothers:
Full of talk about nightingales and the moon
According to the banner of Nadson and Fet,
When writhing in the fatal fire
The earthly planet is in torment...
And so they came - not in submissive mourning,
Splashing the pain of the past in the square,
Violent, in smoke and glow -
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Slide description:
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November 7, 2017 marks the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917 (the full official name is the Great October Socialist Revolution, other names: “October revolution”, “October uprising”, “Bolshevik revolution”).
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Revolution is the roar of the streets, it is the trampling of crowds, read out loud. Only during a revolution can you stand in front of bullets, shaking them off like fluff with your chest.<…>The revolution is a holiday for the idle, to those who were not busy - hello: only in the revolution there are executions for the cause, but there are no executions for idleness! Nikolai Aseev From the collection "Bomb" (Vladivostok, spring 1921)
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Our king is Mukden, our king is Tsushima, Our king is a bloody stain, The stench of gunpowder and smoke, In which the mind is dark. ... He is a coward, he feels with hesitation, But it will happen, the hour of reckoning awaits. He who began to reign as Khodynka will end by standing on the scaffold. Konstantin Dmitrievich Balmont
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When I sum up what I have lived and rummage through the days - the brightest ones are where, I remember the same thing - the twenty-fifth, the first day. Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky
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Saryn on the kitchka! Vigorous bast shoe! Scratch the head of the Persian dog. Let's start from the lower reaches, stop scratching and tear off the skin of the brocade from the merchant. Saryn on the kitchka! Thumb in the belt. My head itches. Rampant to the bottom. Whistle - keep it down, Yawn - let it out! Blind bitch - don't get caught! Vvvva! Vasily Vasilievich Kamensky
7 slide
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With all your body, with all your heart, with all your mind - listen to the Revolution! Alexander Alexandrovich Blok
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How will we live then? What will this horror bring us? What will now save my soul from hatred of people? Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov)
Slide 9
Slide description:
Now you are a riot. Now you are a burning furnace. And the fumes in the boiler room, where hell splashes the Baltic tub on the heads of the boilers before the explosion, human blood, brains and drunken naval vomit. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
10 slide
Slide description:
Vomit of war - October fun! From this fetid wine How disgusting was your hangover, O poor, oh sinful country! To what devil, to what dog, to please, By what terrible dream, the people, in a frenzy, killed their freedom, And didn’t even kill it - they caught it with a whip? Devils and dogs laugh at the slave dump. The guns laugh, mouths open... And soon you will be driven into the old stable with a stick, People who do not respect sacred things. October 29, 1917 Zinaida Nikolaevna Gippius
11 slide
Slide description:
To the battle! - and the demons will recoil, And through the darkened firmament the Archangels will look with envy at our cheerful death. Leonid Ioakimovich (Akimovich) Kannegiser
12 slide
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Slide 13
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My golden land! Autumn light temple! Rushing towards the clouds. The sky is like a bell, The month is a language, My mother is my homeland, I am a Bolshevik Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin
Slide 14
Slide description:
I have been given the opportunity to be a witness of a despicable, wild age, And in my heart it is so sepulchral, Like a frozen window. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin
15 slide
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The double-headed eagle fell without glory. - Tsar! – You were wrong. Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva
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Let us glorify, brothers, the twilight of freedom, the Great Twilight Year! A formidable forest of snares has been lowered into the boiling waters of the night. You rise in the dark years, O sun, judge, people. Osip Emilievich Mandelstam
Slide 17
Slide description:
The revolution destroys the best, the purest and the holiest, so that, squeezing them in spider snares, they can be abused and sucked out. Dragonslayer Yegoriy, You spent your whole life at your post - In the solitude of laboratories And in face-to-face battles. Maximilian Aleksandrovich Voloshin
18 slide
Slide description:
Everyone for freedom goes there. People with a swan wing carry the banner of labor. The burning eyes of freedom, Flame in comparison - cold, Let there be images on earth! New ones will be written by their hunger... Let's move together towards fiery songs, All for freedom - forward! If we die, we will rise again! Everyone will come to life later. Let's set off enchanted, listening to the echoing steps. If the gods are chained, we will give freedom to the gods too... Velimir Khlebnikov (real name Viktor Vladimirovich Khlebnikov)
21 slides
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Methodological development: “Presentation for an educational event dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Great Russian Revolution” will be of interest to teachers implementing humanities programs in primary schools.
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"Text accompaniment of the presentation"
Leafing through the pages of the October events of 1917
Slide No. 2 Leafing through the pages of the October events of 1917
Now we will leaf through a few pages of October 1917 and see how they were reflected in Russian literature.
Slide No. 3 Portrait of D. S. Likhachev, Likhachev’s statement Repeating the words of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev that “Russian literature has always been the conscience of the people,” we see that this is confirmed by the work of poets and writers. All important historical events are reflected in literature.
Slide No. 4 The Great Russian Revolution:
contradictions of the era
The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century were marked by rapid economic growth, on the one hand, and on the other, this time revealed the deepest crisis phenomena in the economy of the Russian Empire, which resulted in monstrous social inequality and the growth of revolutionary phenomena. Therefore, the February revolutionary events led to the overthrow of the autocracy and to dual power. But neither the Provisional Government nor the Petrograd Soviet satisfied the basic demands of the people. And as the First World War continued, the Bolshevik Party came to power. Thus, the Great Russian Revolution took place - one of the greatest events in the history of Russia, as a result of which dramatic changes occurred in the position of all classes of society. A revolution whose goal was to create a society of justice.
Slide No. 5 Painting by I. Vladimirov
"Taking of the Winter Palace"
The Great Russian Revolution affected all spheres of the country's social and cultural life, including literature.
Slide No. 6 Portraits of poets (A. Blok, S. Yesenin,
V. Mayakovsky)
Poets were the first to respond to the events of the 1917 revolution. They performed anthems in honor of the revolution, assessing it as a celebration of emancipation.
Slide number 7 Bloc and revolution
Alexander Blok perceived the revolution as a cleansing storm, a triumph of the elements, which was designed to destroy the old, already dead civilization and, having led history through the era of new barbarism, lead it to the birth of a new culture.
Slide number 8 Poem “Twelve” (1918)
In the poem “The Twelve,” the author asserts the greatness and rightness of the revolution, which brings retribution to the old world. Blok saw the meaning of the revolution in the renewal of the world by passing through an explosion of elements - uncontrollable, disastrous and imbued with the spirit of music. In the poem he managed to convey the intensity of social struggle and capture it in dramatic contrasting images.
And now we will listen to an excerpt from Blok’s poem “The Twelve” performed by the famous artist I. Kvasha.
Mayakovsky perceived the revolution as a triumph of the unity of people who had gained freedom. The poet brought his poetic voice and talent as a gift to this liberating force.
Slide number 10 Poem “Ode to the Revolution” (1918)
I suggest listening to an excerpt from a poem performed by theater and film actor Veniamin Smekhov. Enable recording on slide.
Slide number 11 Yesenin and the revolution
“During the years of the revolution, he was entirely on the side of October, but he accepted everything in his own way, with a peasant bias,” writes Yesenin in his autobiography. The poet dreamed of the transformation of people and earth, of the birth of a new human soul, a new faith.
Slide number 12 Poem “Transfiguration” (1917)
The revolution in the poem is represented as the beginning of all things on Earth, the beginning of abundance and splendor: “the hour of transfiguration is ripening,” the poet eagerly awaits the appearance of the holy guest.
Slide number 13 Bulgakov and the revolution
Mikhail Bulgakov did not accept the revolution, because he believed that the revolution would bring destruction, hunger, disease and drunken revelry. Many of the intelligentsia emigrated from the country, believing that soon everything would calm down and they would leave for Russia again. But there were also those who did not want to leave their homeland. Among them was Mikhail Bulgakov.
Slide number 14 The story “Heart of a Dog” (1925)
In the story “Heart of a Dog,” Bulgakov embodies the idea of the natural socio-economic and spiritual development of society, and not of a violent revolutionary invasion of life.
Slide number 15 “We are coming to you, professor!”
This story was filmed by director Vladimir Bortko in 1988. I suggest watching an excerpt from this film.
Slide number 16 Intelligentsia and revolution
The best writers of the early 20th century did not ignore the theme of revolution in their work, showed it through personal empathy, and each reflected it in their work in their own way. The slide shows covers of works written on this topic, but at different times.
Slide No. 17 D. Furmanov “Chapaev”
The revolution brings forward people who have organizational abilities.
These people left a noticeable mark on the history of our country. Dmitry Andreevich Furmanov wrote his work in 1922, but this topic also worries our contemporaries.
Slide No. 18 Sergey Shcherbin and the film “Passion of
I'm drinking" (2012)
In 2012, director Sergei Vasilyevich Shcherbin made a film about the legendary division commander Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev based on the script of the famous film playwright Eduard Volodarsky. This is a new look at the beginning of the 20th century, at the revolution, at the civil war and the figure of Vasily Ivanovich.
Slide number 19 Revolution and the new man
Writers saw new heroes of their time. These heroes devoted their lives to the development of society; for them, the public was higher than the personal.
Slide number 20 Memory is sacred
2017 is a special year in our modern history; it marks the 100th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
No matter how we feel about this event, it changed the life of society. 100 years have not passed without a trace for us either. The class struggle has gone away, people have become more tolerant of opponents of the revolution. Everyone knows the famous saying that “without the past there is no future.” In order for you to love our Motherland and be proud of it, you must know its history, and for this you need to read books, therefore the memory of the historical events of October 1917 is sacred .
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“Presentation Turning the Pages of the October Events of 1917”
Educational event dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Great Russian Revolution “Turning through the pages of the October events of 1917”
head of the library
MBOU BGO Secondary School No. 10
Leafing through the pages of the October events of 1917
V. Serov “Speech by V.I. Lenin"
“Russian literature... has always been the conscience of the people. Her place in the public life of the country has always been honorable and influential. She educated people and strived for a just reconstruction of life.” D. Likhachev
D.S. Likhachev
Poets of the early 20th century
V. Mayakovsky
S. Yesenin
Intelligentsia revolution
Revolution and the new man
“I would make nails out of these people:
There couldn’t be any stronger nails in the world.”
N. Tikhonov
Memory is sacred
A. Plotnov “Winter taken”
V. Meshkov “Introduction
Red Guard in the Kremlin"
A. Segal “The First Decree
Soviet power"
- https://yandex.ru/images/search?text=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0 %BE%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%201917&lr=10675&noreask=1&family=yes
- Blok A., Mayakovsky V., Yesenin S. Selected works / Editorial Board: G. Belenky and others; Entry art., comp. O. Resins. – M.: Khudozh. lit., 1991.-702 p.
- Bulgakov M.A. Stories. Stories.- M.: Bustard: Veche, 2002.- 416 p.
- https://yandex.ru/images/search?text=Sergey%20shcherbin%20about%20movie%20passion%20on%20drinking
Poetic crossroads: poetry of revolution.
Dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917...
Artemyeva Svetlana Gennadievna
1. Introduction
The revolutions of 1917 are one of the most controversial topics in all of Russian historiography.
In February 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, which resulted in the overthrow of tsarism. Little time passed between February and October 1917, however, this period was filled with intense political disputes, a rapidly changing situation, and changes in the balance of political forces.The February Revolution marked only the initial stage in the democratic transformation of the country. In Russia, it was necessary to choose and constitutionally consolidate a new form of government, form unified and stable state structures, resolve aggravated national contradictions, determine the attitude towards the war and, finally, resolve the agrarian question.
The choice of paths for social development was determined by the alignment of political forces, the complex relationship between parties, government organizations and their leaders.
For many decades now, the subject of debate has been the question of the attitude towards the October Revolution. Was October inevitable? Did the October Revolution have a nationwide character? Has it accelerated or slowed down the development of our country? Is the revolutionary path promising? How did the October Revolution affect the destinies of all humanity?
Answering these questions requires knowledge of the course of events and a thoughtful approach to assessing it.
2. Class location, equipment
The lesson (extracurricular activity) is held in the assembly hall.
Equipment: multimedia projector, presentation “Russia in 1917”.
3. Duration: 1,5 hour.
4. Type of activity: extracurricular activity, literary and musical composition, research activity.
Methods: verbal, textual, visual, creative, partially search level of students’ work.5. Goals and objectives of extracurricular activities:
- Educational: to replenish students’ knowledge about Russian society on the eve of the revolution, to identify the reasons for the fall of the monarchy in Russia, to consider the events of the February revolution and the October coup of 1917.
- Educational: develop the cognitive sphere of students’ educational activities, continue to develop students’ ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
- Educational: fostering deep respect for the history of the Fatherland and a sense of patriotism.
7.
Extracurricular activity plan:
I. Organizational moment
II. Introduction. Updating the topic.
III. Literary and musical composition.
IV. Reflection. Student survey.
8. Progress of extracurricular activities
- Introduction. Updating the topic.
Teacher 1.
Greetings.
Today we are holding an event dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917.
Why do you think we solemnly celebrate this date? What should we learn at this event? Today we will talk about revolution. What is a revolution? Does the concept of “revolution” have a negative or positive connotation?
Let's look into this topic together, feel the spirit of that era, and feel the mood of revolutionary events. Watch and listen carefully to everything that happens on stage. At the end we will discuss and summarize.
It sounds like "Marseillaise".
Teacher 1:
Poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “Prediction” (excerpt)
The year will come, Russia's black year,
When the kings crown falls;
The mob will forget their former love for them,
And the food of many will be death and blood...
1917 was an amazing year in our history, filled with turbulent political events. Russia found itself at the crossroads of historical roads, and it was necessary to choose the one that led not to a historical dead end, but “to a better tomorrow.” Everyone dreamed of changing life for the better, ending the war, prosperity at home and stability in society. They dreamed of order, but by the will of fate they became participants in grandiose historical cataclysms.
During this event, we will get to know these historical events, hear voices from the past and evaluate for ourselves the significance of what happened. You have to be not just students, but researchers of this problem. You need to find out:
- the situation in the country on the eve of October 1917;
- reasons for the revolution;
- the course of the revolution and its political results;
- The February and October revolutions through the eyes of contemporaries, writers, poets and historians. Try to understand the main problem of that period. What did people dream about, what did they strive for?
Teacher 2:
“The hurricane of time is revolution,
ship of existence
dancing on the waves
flies into the stormy darkness.
The foundations are cracking and falling,
the sails of consciousness are torn to shreds..."
So, on the one hand, unwittingly resurrecting images of the biblical flood, an apocalyptic catastrophe, and on the other hand, the picture of the creation of the world, the birth of light from darkness and firmament in the middle of the water, was written by the chronicler of these days, Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy in 1922. What is this - a preface, a loud epigraph to the era, a complex moral obligation? Hard to say. But the image of the revolution - a ship, an impressive picture of an unknown painful path in the stormy darkness, among the “roar of the tribe”, the abysses turned out to be not just symbolic, but also prophetic.
Today you will hear poems and songs about the revolution. Think about what the emotional mood of poetic passages is? What common motifs are heard in all works?
Teacher 1:
Before moving on to the events of 1917, let us remember what a social revolution is in general.
Social revolution is understood as a deep violent revolution in the life of society, leading to the transfer of state power from one class to another. In other words, a revolution is a change in social elites.
What was Russia like before the revolution? At the beginning of the 20th century, our country was a huge empire with an autocratic form of government, the largest army in Europe and the status of a great power. In terms of industrial growth rates and bread exports, Russia ranked first in the world. It seemed that in just a little while the empire would catch up with the developed capitalist countries and be able to solve the age-old problem of economic backwardness...
However, these hopes were not destined to come true. The economic successes of Tsarist Russia had their unsightly downside, which negated the positive results. Suffice it to say that the sale of huge volumes of grain abroad was ensured at the terrible cost of chronic malnutrition of peasants and the highest infant mortality rate in Europe, and the industrial boom was achieved through the widespread attraction of foreign capital, which in turn led to the economic enslavement of the country by the West.
The tragic consequence of Russia's economic dependence on the West was its participation in the First World War. Russia had to bear the brunt of the fighting with Germany and thereby minimize the losses of England and France. In fact, Russia was destined for the inhumane role of cannon fodder in the war, and by agreeing to which the tsarist regime imposed a death sentence on itself. For two and a half years, Russian soldiers shed their blood for other people's interests, working off the debts of the tsarist government to the European "allies", and at the beginning of 1917 the patience of the people ended. A revolution began in the country.
Teacher 2:
The epigraph for the event will be the ancient Chinese proverb “Don’t forget the past, it is the teacher of the future.” Since it is history, events and processes of past times that give the young present generation the experience of life. You cannot create a new world bypassing the past. Knowledge of history helps to understand the present, avoid the mistakes of the past, and create a forecast for the future. Historical events provide answers to the most pressing questions of our time. From these examples, people learn to live, are brought up in respect for eternal human values: peace, goodness, justice, freedom, equality, beauty.
II.Literary and musical composition.
Presenter 1:
Doomland, icy,
Cursed by iron fate -
Mother Russia, oh evil Motherland,
Who made fun of you like that?
These lines from the poem “Motherland” by the poet Andrei Bely convey the acute feelings of all thinking people in Russia about the fate of their homeland at the beginning of the 20th century.
Waltz “Amur Waves” (3 pairs)
.
The presenters come out.
Presenter 1:
The brilliant balls and measured lifestyle of the elite of Russian society were interrupted by the First World War, which turned into an unprecedented catastrophe for our country.
Presenter 2:
At the beginning of the war in 1914, the air was saturated with inspired, patriotic thoughts and a feeling of unity between the authorities and the people. The soldiers went on the attack with the words “For the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland!”
The song “When We Were At War” is playing.
Video with tragic music.
Reader 1:
The Petrograd sky was clouded with rain,
The train was leaving for the war.
Without end - platoon after platoon and bayonet after bayonet
Filled the car behind the car.
On this train a thousand lives bloomed
The pain of separation, the anxiety of love,
Strength, youth, hope... In the sunset distance
There were smoky clouds in the blood.
Reader 2:
And, sitting down, they sang Varyag alone,
And others are not in tune - Ermak,
And they shouted hurray and they joked,
And the hand quietly crossed itself.
Reader 3:
Suddenly a falling leaf flew up in the wind,
Swinging, the lantern began to blink,
And under the black cloud a cheerful bugler
The departure signal began to play.
And the horn cried with military glory,
Filling my heart with anxiety.
Reader 4:
Don't save me, dear,
In a fatal battle,
You keep without leaving,
My homeland.
Give her glory, give her strength -
Here is my prayer.
I'll go to my grave without a murmur
I'll lie down if it's fate.
Presenter 1:
“The wolfhound age is throwing itself on my shoulders,” the poet Osip Mandelstam said in one of his poems, and he was prophetically right.
Presenter 2:
The 20th century was marked by three revolutions in Russia: in 1905 (“Bloody Sunday”) and two in 1917, the centenary of which we celebrate today, in 2017.
Presenter 1:
The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century in Russia was a period of powerful crisis that gripped almost all aspects of Russian life. This is what Mikhail Prishvin wrote in his Diaries on March 30, 1917.
Reader.
Mikhail Prishvin (slide):
“The Tsar’s close associates have long since sucked up the Tsar like candy and left only a piece of paper for the people. But the whole state proceeded as if the king was somewhere. That part of the people that called for loyalty to the king did not believe in anything. There was no time, and one could recognize its speed only in the rapid change of ministers and rising prices. In the silence of timelessness, everyone had long ago begun to turn away from the concerns of state and lived with personal interest: everyone was robbed. This led to a shortage of food in the cities and the army. The lack of bread caused a riot..."
Reader.
Marina Tsvetaeva
(slide):
Obscurantism. - Tornado. - Sodom.
Take care of the Nest and Home.
Duty and Loyalty unleashed,
Young man - don't sleep!
At the gates, like Good News,
Let Honor stand as a white guard.
Circle your house - boundary,
May the Stranger not enter into it.
Protect from the evil of the waves
Son and grandfathers garden hill.
Under the blows of evil fate -
Above are the great-grandfather's oaks.
It sounds like “Varshavyanka”.
Presenter 1:
The year 1917, with its two revolutions - the February and the October - determined the path along which Russian history and culture would develop for many decades. Through works of Russian literature, one can hear the voices of a bygone era, and become a participant in the debates that took place in all layers of Russian society.
Presenter 2:
It all started with the bread crisis. At the end of February 1917, due to snow drifts, the schedule for freight transportation of bread was disrupted and rumors began to circulate about an imminent transition to bread rationing. Queues formed at the bread shops, and then riots began. On February 21, a crowd with the slogan “Bread, bread!” began to destroy bakery shops.
Reader.
Sergey Yesenin (slide):
He was the son of a simple worker,
And the story about him is very short.
The only thing about him was that his hair was like night
Yes, the eyes are blue, meek.
Martin lived and no one knew about him.
The days pounded sadly, like rain on iron.
And only sometimes over a meager lunch
His father taught him to sing the Marseillaise.
“When you grow up,” he said, “you will understand...
You’ll figure out why we’re so poor!”
And his chipped knife trembled dully
Over a stale crust of daily food.
But here under the plank
Window -
Two winds waved
Wing;
Then with the spring flood
Waters
Russian shot up
People...
Presenter 1:
This is what Zinaida Gippius wrote in her diary.
Reader.
Zinaida Gippius (slide):
“February 23, 1917: “Today there are riots. No one, of course, knows anything for sure... so far no picture of an organized protest has been observed, but it very much seems that this is an ordinary hungry riot, the kind that happens in Germany. True, parallels cannot be drawn, because here we must take into account the enormous fact of the self-decomposition of the government... as if in water, and even muddy water, we look and do not see how far we are from collapse. It is inevitable."
Sounds like "Internationale".
Reader.
Alexander Blok(slide):
Those born in the year are deaf
They don’t remember their own paths.
We are children of the terrible years of Russia -
I can't forget anything.
Sizzling years!
Is there madness in you, is there hope?
From the days of war, from the days of freedom -
There is a bloody glow in the faces.
There is muteness - then the sound of the alarm
He forced me to stop my mouth.
In hearts that were once delighted,
There is a fatal emptiness.
And let over our deathbed
The crow will screech, -
Those who are more worthy, God, God,
Let them see your kingdom!
Presenter 1:
On February 25, economic strikes developed into a general political strike, held under the slogans “Down with tsarism!”, “Down with war!” More than 300 thousand people took part in it.
Presenter 2:
Emperor Nicholas II sent a telegram from Headquarters in Mogilev: “I command you to stop the unrest in the capital tomorrow!”
Scene
(slide):
Nicholas II sits at his desk and reads (with a thoughtful expression on his face, a slow, confused voice) a telegram from the Chairman of the State Duma M.V. Rodzianko
“The situation is serious. There is anarchy in the capital. The government is paralyzed. There is indiscriminate shooting in the streets. It is necessary to entrust a person enjoying the confidence of the country to form a new government. We must not hesitate... I pray to God that at this hour the responsibility does not fall on the crown bearer... Answer (writes): “I command the State Duma to be dissolved!”
Reader.
Osip Mandelstam (slide):
My age, my beast, who can
Look into your pupils
And with his blood he will glue
Two centuries of vertebrae?
Throat from earthly things,
The backbone only trembles
On the threshold of new days...
Blood - the construction worker is gushing
Throat of earthly things
And splashes with burning fish
The warm cartilage of the seas hits the shore.
And from a high bird's net,
From azure wet blocks
Indifference pours, pours
To your fatal bruise.
Presenter 1:
February 27. The rebels captured the Arsenal, train stations, the most important government institutions, and freed political and criminal prisoners from prisons. We took possession of the Winter Palace.
Presenter 2:
28th of February. The Admiralty fell. The Tsar's ministers were arrested.
Reader 1:
Revolution is the roar of the streets,
it is the tramp of crowds read aloud.
Only in a revolution can you face bullets,
winnowing them away with my breasts like fluff.
Reader 2:
Revolution is souls wide open!
The heart has knocked down all the grievances,
and into empty ribs, no matter how blinding your eyes are,
the sky is filled with lumps of blue.
Reader 3:
The revolution is a holiday for the idle,
To those who were out of work - hello:
only in the revolution for the cause of execution,
There are no executions for idleness!
Presenter 1:
On February 28, Nicholas II left his headquarters for Tsarskoe Selo; on the night of March 1, he was informed that the railway tracks were occupied by rebel troops.
Presenter 2:
“The situation apparently does not allow for any other solution,” the high military command responded to the question about the abdication of Nicholas II. The Emperor was shocked. On March 2, he signed an act of abdication in favor of his brother Mikhail.
On the slide is the Manifesto on the abdication of Nicholas II.
Reader:
Wide wide, wide open
Royal Doors!
The blackness faded away, subsided.
Pure heat
The altar is burning.
- Christ is Risen,
Yesterday's king!
Fell without glory
Double headed eagle.
- Tsar! - You were wrong.
Will be remembered by posterity
More than once again -
Byzantine treachery
Your clear eyes.
Your judges -
Thunderstorm and storm!
Tsar! Not people -
God has sought you.
The song by A. Vertinsky “What I have to say...” is playing.
Presenter 1:
On March 3, Mikhail abdicated the throne and declared that the fate of the country should be decided by the Constituent Assembly.
Presenter 2:
The monarchy has fallen. Nicholas II and his family were initially under arrest in Tsarskoe Selo, and in August 1917 they were sent into exile in Tobolsk. A dual power was established in the country: the Provisional Government headed by Prince Lvov and the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
Reader.
Anthem of free Russia
- a version of the Russian anthem proposed after
February Revolution
composer
A. T. Grechaninov
to words
K. Balmont
:
A mighty power, a boundless ocean!
Glory to the freedom fighters who dispelled the fog!
Long live Russia, a free country!
The free element is destined to be great!
Forests, fields, and fields, and steppes, and seas,
We are free and happy, the dawn is burning for us all!
Long live Russia, a free country!
The free element is destined to be great!
Reader
Valery Bryusov (slide):
Age-old dreams come true
All the best, all living hearts.
Transformed Russia
Finally free!
Presenter 1
The February Revolution of 1917, which was greeted with enthusiasm, although it put an end to the absolute monarchy in Russia, very soon disappointed the revolutionary-minded “lower strata” - the army, workers and peasants, who expected it to end the war, transfer land to the peasants, ease working conditions for workers and democratic power devices.
Presenter 2
The country has developed a powerful system of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which has become an alternative to the bodies of the Provisional Government.
Presenter 1
In July 1917, the Provisional Government carried out mass arrests of deputies of the Petrograd Soviet, and at the same time, demonstrations took place in Petrograd under the slogan “All power to the Soviets!”
Presenter 2
The Bolsheviks headed for an armed uprising in August 1917. Events developed rapidly.
Presenter 1
Presenter 2
At 10 a.m. on October 25, the Military Revolutionary Committee issued an appeal in which it announced that all “state power had passed into the hands of the body of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies.” At 21:00, a blank shot from the Baltic Fleet cruiser Aurora signaled the start of the assault on the Winter Palace, and at 2 a.m. on October 26, the Provisional Government was arrested.
The sound of a gun.
Reader.
Sergey Yesenin:
The sky is like a bell
The month is a language
My mother is my homeland,
I am a Bolshevik.
For the sake of the universe
Brotherhood of Man
I rejoice in the song
Your death.
Sturdy and strong
To your death
The bell is blue
I've been hitting for a month.
Lay brothers
My song to you.
I hear in the fog
Good news.
Presenter 2:
The attitude towards the revolutionary events of 1917 was ambiguous and contradictory: from “My revolution, I went to Smolny” by Mayakovsky to “Cursed days” by I. Bunin. This is how the poet Alexander Blok reacted to them.
Reader.
Alexander Blok:
« The revolution of October 25... greeted joyfully, with a new faith in the cleansing power of the revolution... I walked around young, cheerful, vigorous, with shining eyes and listened to that “music of the revolution”, to that noise of the fall of the old world, which was constantly heard in my ears "
Presenter 1:
Mayakovsky was also enthusiastic about the revolution, and this attitude runs like a red thread through all the poet’s work. However, the author is well aware that a change of power is a serious social upheaval, which brings not only freedom to the common people, but also devastation, hunger, disease and drunken revelry. “Ode to the Revolution” is a landmark poem in this regard.
The song “We will bravely go into battle for the power of the Soviets...”
Reader.
Vladimir Mayakovsky (slide):
You,
booed,
ridiculed by batteries,
you,
ulcerated by the slander of bayonets,
I exalt with enthusiasm
over the swearing
solemn ode
"ABOUT!"
Oh, bestial!
Oh, children's!
Oh, cheap!
Oh, great one!
What other name did you have?
How else will you turn around, two-faced?
Who you are?
We
peddlers of the new faith,
beauty that sets an iron tone.
So that the frail natures do not defile the public gardens,
We're throwing reinforced concrete into the sky.
winners,
we walk around the world
through the angry roar of the old people.
And everyone
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“History of our native country”, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the 1917 revolution in Russia
Preface By the beginning of the 20th century, in the most developed countries of the world there were no longer autocratic monarchs, and in Russia the government still remained autocratic. Russia was ruled by Emperor Nicholas II. In autocratic Russia, a lot depended on the personality of the tsar and his ability to find intelligent assistant ministers. The Romanovs ruled Russia for 300 years. And kings often became leaders of the nation in the fight against foreign invaders. Let us remember the Patriotic War of 1812 or the Time of Troubles. Nicholas II turned out to be a weak ruler. Under him, the autocracy was unable to solve the country's aggravated problems. In 1914, Russia was forced to enter the First World War unprepared. Its burden turned out to be beyond the strength of the Russian Empire. The gap between the common people and the authorities grew ever wider. And in this difficult situation, Nicholas II failed to become the leader of the nation and turned out to be powerless to stop the impending catastrophe. internal strife. And
February Revolution of 1917 The February Revolution was a democratic revolution that overthrew the autocratic form of government in Russia. It was called upon to solve the problems put forward by the revolution of 1905 -1907: the elimination of the monarchy, landownership and the establishment of democratic freedoms. The reason for the start of the revolution (February 23, 1917) was a strike of 50 industrial enterprises in St. Petersburg, caused by a lack of bread. On February 25, the strike became general, with over 300 thousand people participating. The soldiers stationed in Petrograd also joined the working population of the city. The commander of the Petrograd Military District, General Khabalov, failed to summon troops loyal to the government. Soldiers en masse went over to the side of the rebellious people. They captured the Arsenal, occupied the Admiralty, the Winter Palace and captured the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The only body that was created was the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. capable of preventing bloodshed during the transfer of power was the State Duma. On March 2, 1917, the Duma delegation achieved the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. The history of the Romanov dynasty, which ruled Russia for 300 years, has ended. By agreement of the Petrograd Soviet and the Duma, a Provisional Government was created headed by Prince Lvov. The February Revolution effectively ended with the creation of the Provisional Government. The political revolution had taken place: the police, gendarmerie, and governors were replaced, but the old bureaucratic apparatus remained intact, Russia continued to conduct military operations and suffer huge human and territorial losses, the old class system was preserved, the solution to the agrarian question was postponed indefinitely. affected, first of all, in
The provisional government did not have any real levers of power. The security forces, primarily the army, supported another, spontaneously formed government - the Councils of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies, which, in turn, did not have legitimate power. A situation developed in the country in which the Provisional Government was power without power, and the Soviets were power without power. This was the essence of the so-called dual power, which lasted until July 1917, when the Provisional Government gathered military units loyal to it to Petrograd, which shot at a peaceful demonstration of workers that took place under the slogan “All power to the Soviets.” After this event, the course towards the peaceful development of the revolution became impossible. The Bolshevik wing of the RSDLP accepted the government's decision by force. dual power. State of the overthrow of the Provisional
February revolution in fine arts N. Pavlov “Down with the war!” M. Vladimirov “Down with the Eagle” A. Vanetsian “February Days in Moscow” G. Savitsky “Dispersal of the Workers’ Demonstration”
I. Vladimirov “Rally in the soldiers’ barracks” I. Lyubimov “Execution of a demonstration” I. Vladimirov Arrest of the generals in the February days of 1917 V. Shcheglov “Storm of the Arsenal in Petrograd”
October Revolution As a result of the October Revolution in Russia, the Provisional Government was overthrown and Bolshevik rule was established. The most energetic revolutionary force turned out to be the Bolshevik party, led by V.I. Lenin. The Bolshevik slogans: “Land to the peasants,” “Factories to the workers,” and “Peace to the peoples” were understandable to ordinary people. But most of all they were supported by people who saw in the revolution an opportunity to take revenge on the richer and more successful - the owners of factories and factories, merchants. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies. The signal for the uprising was a blank shot from the cruiser Aurora, which was anchored in the immediate vicinity of the Winter Palace. On the night of October 25-26, 1917, Zimny was taken by storm, and the Provisional Government, which was meeting in the palace, was arrested. The uprising was timed to coincide with the start of work
that’s what they said. Speaking at the Second Congress of Soviets, Lenin announced: “The socialist revolution, the need for which the Bolsheviks spoke of, has been accomplished.” On October 26, 1917, the Congress of Soviets adopted the Decrees on Peace (Russia was withdrawing from the First World War (the land was declared a world war), land was the property of the state and rights were transferred free of charge to the peasants), the Declaration of the Peoples of Russia (the class division of society was abolished and the right of peoples to self-determination was proclaimed until secession). from Russia). At the congress, a new government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). Lenin was elected chairman of the government.
October revolution in the fine arts B. Kustodiev “Bolshevik” V. Serov “Speech by V. I. Lenin at the Second Congress of Soviets” V. Serov “Winter taken” N. Kochergin “Storm of Winter”
S. Gerasimov “V.I. Lenin at the 2nd Congress" D. Nalbandyan "Power to the Soviets, peace to the peoples" V. Serov "Decree on Peace" V. Serov "Decree on Land"
The place of revolution in poetry In the works of the three greatest poets of the early 20th century - Blok, Yesenin and Mayakovsky - the theme of revolution after 1917 became one of the main ones. These poets had different attitudes to the changes that had occurred in the country and artistically embodied them in their works. V.V. had the most positive attitude towards the revolution. Mayakovsky. He fully accepted all the events that happened to his country and sided with the Bolsheviks. illuminated them, in their Citizens, for their guns! To arms, citizens... Mayakovsky assigned a large place in this matter to the poet, whom he compared to the sun. The poet is in many ways the arbiter of destinies; he helps people learn the “correct” truths: Shine always, shine everywhere, until the last days, shine and no nails! This is my slogan and the sun! G. Sorgin “Poets of the Revolution”
A.A. Blok enthusiastically accepted the revolution as an update, as a change, as a step towards something new and better. In his poem “The Twelve,” Blok reflected his own understanding and attitude towards the revolution: So they walk with a sovereign step – Behind is a hungry dog, Ahead – with a bloody flag, And invisible behind the blizzard, And unharmed by a bullet, With a gentle tread above the blizzard, A scattering of snowy pearls, In white corolla of roses - Jesus Christ is ahead. S.A. Yesenin had the hardest time accepting the events that had happened. He saw in the revolution, first of all, the loss of his homeland, the former Rus', which was replaced by a completely different country, where the poet no longer had a place. The poet concludes: I accept everything. I take everything as is. Ready to follow the beaten tracks. I will give my whole soul to October and May, But I will not give up my dear lyre.
Without a doubt, the October Revolution of 1917 was a continuation of the February Revolution, but with a number of changes. The February Revolution was for the most part spontaneous, while the October Revolution was carefully planned. The change of political regime and the rise of the Bolsheviks to power hit the country's international authority. There was “devastation” in the country. The new government needed to quickly restore everything that was destroyed as a result of the revolution.
Materials and sources used 1. Vanyukov D.A. The formation of the Soviet state. – M.: OOO TD “Publishing House World of Books”, 2007. 2. Lannik L.V. The fall of the Russian monarchy. – M.: OOO TD “Publishing House World of Books”, 2008. 3. http://voynablog.ru/ Revolution in poetry O.E. Mandelstam 4. http://www.litra.ru/ Image of the revolution in the works of Blok, Yesenin, Mayakovsky 5. http://istoriarusi.ru/ October Revolution of 1917 and the rise of the Bolsheviks to power 6. http://www.finteoria .ru/ Revolutions of 1917 7. http://history.sgu.ru/Russian history in the mirror of fine art: - “Down with the war!” Pavlov N.I. - “Down with the Eagle.” Vladimirov I.A. - “February days in Moscow.” Vanetsian A.V. - “Dispersal of a working demonstration.” Savitsky G.K. - “Rally in the soldiers’ barracks.” Vladimirov I.A - “Arrest of generals in the February days of 1917.” Vladimirov I.A - “Storm of the arsenal in Petrograd.” Shcheglov V.V. - “Shooting down a demonstration.” Lyubimov I.V. - “Bolshevik”. Kustodiev B.M. - “Storm of the Winter Palace”. Kochergin N.M. - “Winter has been taken.” Serov V.A. - “Speech by V.I. Lenin at the Second Congress of Soviets." Serov V.A. - "IN AND. Lenin at the Second Congress." Gerasimov S.V. - “Power to the Soviets, peace to the peoples.” Nalbandyan D.A. - “Decree on Land”. Serov V.A. - “Decree on Peace.” Serov V.A. 8. Musical composition: “Revolutionary songs - We will boldly go into battle for the power of the Soviets.” "Poets of the Revolution". Sorgin G.P.
