Hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth.
Water on Earth. Parts of the hydrosphere. World water cycle.
Oceans. Parts of the World Ocean. Methods for studying the deep sea. Properties of the waters of the World Ocean. Movement of water in the Ocean. Using maps to determine the geographical location of seas and oceans, depths, directions of sea currents, and water properties. The role of the World Ocean in shaping the Earth's climate. Mineral and organic resources of the Ocean, their significance and economic use. Maritime transport, ports, canals. Sources of ocean water pollution, measures to preserve water quality and the organic world.
water sushi. Rivers of the Earth - their common features and differences. River system. Food and river regime. Lakes, reservoirs, swamps. Using maps to determine the geographical location of water bodies, parts of river systems, boundaries and areas of drainage basins, and the direction of river flow. The importance of surface waters for humans, their rational use.
Origin and types of groundwater, possibilities of their use by humans. Dependence of the groundwater level on climate, the nature of the surface, and the characteristics of rocks. Mineral water.
Glaciers are the main accumulators of fresh water on Earth. Ice sheets and mountain glaciers, permafrost: geographical distribution, impact on economic activity.
Man and the hydrosphere. Sources of fresh water on Earth. Problems associated with limited fresh water supplies on Earth and ways to solve them. Adverse and dangerous phenomena in the hydrosphere. Measures to prevent and combat hazardous phenomena, rules for ensuring personal safety.
Biosphere of the Earth. Diversity of flora and fauna on Earth. Features of the distribution of living organisms on land and in the oceans. Boundaries of the biosphere and interaction of natural components. Adaptation of living organisms to their environment. Biological cycle. The role of the biosphere. Latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonation in the flora and fauna. Human influence on the biosphere. Protection of the flora and fauna of the Earth. Observations of flora and fauna as a way to determine the quality of the environment.
Soil as a special natural formation. Soil composition, interaction of living and nonliving things in the soil, humus formation. Structure and diversity of soils. The main factors (conditions) of soil formation, the main zonal types of soils. Soil fertility, ways to increase it. The role of man and his economic activities in the conservation and improvement of soils.
Geographical envelope of the Earth. The structure, properties and patterns of the geographical shell, the relationships between its components. Territorial complexes: natural, natural-anthropogenic. The geographic envelope is the largest natural complex on Earth. Latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality. Natural zones of the Earth. Features of the interaction between the components of nature and human economic activity in different natural zones. Geographical envelope as the human environment.
Earth is the 3rd planet from the Sun, located between Venus and Mars. It is the densest planet in the solar system, the largest of the four, and the only astronomical object known to host life. According to radiometric dating and other research methods, our planet formed about 4.54 billion years ago. The Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and Moon.
The Earth consists of four main spheres or shells, which depend on each other and are the biological and physical components of our planet. They are scientifically called biophysical elements, namely the hydrosphere ("hydro" for water), the biosphere ("bio" for living things), the lithosphere ("litho" for land or earth's surface), and the atmosphere ("atmo" for air). These main spheres of our planet are further divided into various sub-spheres.
Let's look at all four shells of the Earth in more detail to understand their functions and meaning.
Lithosphere - the hard shell of the Earth
According to scientists, there are more than 1386 million km³ of water on our planet.
The oceans contain more than 97% of the Earth's water. The rest is fresh water, two-thirds of which is frozen in the planet's polar regions and on snowy mountain peaks. It is interesting to note that although water covers most of the planet's surface, it makes up only 0.023% of the Earth's total mass.
The biosphere is the living shell of the Earth
The biosphere is sometimes considered one big one - a complex community of living and nonliving components functioning as a single whole. However, most often the biosphere is described as a collection of many ecological systems.
Atmosphere - the air envelope of the Earth
The atmosphere is the collection of gases surrounding our planet, held in place by the Earth's gravity. Most of our atmosphere is located near the earth's surface, where it is densest. The Earth's air is 79% nitrogen and just under 21% oxygen, as well as argon, carbon dioxide and other gases. Water vapor and dust are also part of the Earth's atmosphere. Other planets and the Moon have very different atmospheres, and some have no atmosphere at all. There is no atmosphere in space.
The atmosphere is so widespread that it is almost invisible, but its weight is equal to the layer of water more than 10 meters deep that covers our entire planet. The lower 30 kilometers of the atmosphere contain about 98% of its total mass.
Scientists say many of the gases in our atmosphere were released into the air by early volcanoes. At that time there was little or no free oxygen around the Earth. Free oxygen consists of oxygen molecules not bonded to another element, such as carbon (to form carbon dioxide) or hydrogen (to form water).
Free oxygen may have been added to the atmosphere by primitive organisms, probably bacteria, during . Later, more complex forms added more oxygen to the atmosphere. The oxygen in today's atmosphere likely took millions of years to accumulate.
The atmosphere acts like a giant filter, absorbing most of the ultraviolet radiation and allowing the sun's rays to penetrate. Ultraviolet radiation is harmful to living things and can cause burns. However, solar energy is essential for all life on Earth.
The Earth's atmosphere has. The following layers extend from the surface of the planet to the sky: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Another layer, called the ionosphere, extends from the mesosphere to the exosphere. Outside the exosphere is space. The boundaries between atmospheric layers are not clearly defined and vary depending on latitude and time of year.
Interrelation of the Earth's shells
All four spheres can be present in one place. For example, a piece of soil will contain minerals from the lithosphere. In addition, there will be elements of the hydrosphere, which is moisture in the soil, the biosphere, which is insects and plants, and even the atmosphere, which is soil air.
All spheres are interconnected and depend on each other, like a single organism. Changes in one area will lead to changes in another. Therefore, everything we do on our planet affects other processes within its boundaries (even if we cannot see it with our own eyes).
For people dealing with problems, it is very important to understand the interconnection of all the layers of the Earth.
The water shell of the Earth as a habitat has many other properties that are important for its inhabitants. Water has a rather low content of oxygen dissolved in it. For large animals, whose body size does not allow breathing through the direct penetration of oxygen through the surface of the body, this circumstance has become a leading factor in the evolutionary formation of the principles of a respiratory system that works with high efficiency. [...]
The water shell of the earth - the hydrosphere - occupies approximately 71% of its surface. In nature there is a continuous water cycle.[...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, representing the totality of all water bodies on the planet: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, snow cover, groundwater. The hydrosphere also includes water in the atmosphere, soil moisture and water from living organisms. The hydrosphere presents the main phase states of water - liquid, solid and gaseous. This is the continuous shell of the Earth, although sometimes invisible, in the case when it is represented only by water vapor or soil moisture. [...]
Hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth. Due to the high mobility of water, it penetrates everywhere into various natural formations. Water is found in the form of vapors and clouds in the earth's atmosphere, forms oceans and seas, and exists in the form of glaciers in the highlands of continents. Atmospheric precipitation penetrates into the strata of sedimentary rocks, forming groundwater. Water is capable of dissolving many substances, so any waters of the hydrosphere can be considered as natural solutions of varying degrees of concentration. Even the purest atmospheric waters contain 10-50 mg/l of dissolved substances.[...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers), as well as underground waters.[...]
Hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth. Water is an important component of all components of the biosphere and one of the necessary factors for the existence of living organisms. The bulk of the water (95%) is contained in the World Ocean, which occupies more than 70% of the surface of the globe; The depth of the World Ocean is on average about 4 kilometers, the greatest is about 11 kilometers. Water is contained in the form of vapors and clouds in the earth's atmosphere, exists in the form of glaciers in a frozen state, atmospheric water penetrates into the thickness of sedimentary rocks, forming groundwater.[...]
Hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth. Due to its high mobility, water penetrates everywhere into various natural formations; even the purest atmospheric waters contain from 10 to 50 mg/dm3 of soluble substances. The predominant elements of the chemical composition of the hydrosphere: hydrogen, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, sulfur, carbon. The concentration of a particular element in water does not indicate anything about how important it is for the plant and animal organisms living in it. In this regard, the leading role belongs to N, P, Si, which are absorbed by living organisms. [...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, groundwater and glaciers, snow cover, as well as water vapor in the atmosphere. The Earth's hydrosphere is 94% represented by salty waters of the oceans and seas, more than 75% of all fresh water is conserved in the polar caps of the Arctic and Antarctica (Table 6.1).[...]
Hydrosphere - the water shell of the Earth; contains 1.4 billion km3 of water, of which land waters account for 90 million km3. Seas and oceans occupy 71% of the globe's surface. Freshwater reserves account for less than 2% of water resources. The total annual river flow is 37 thousand km3. The annual flow of underground rivers is 13 thousand km3. About 3/4 of the world's fresh water reserves are located in the ice of Antarctica, the Arctic, and glacial mountains. About 20% of the world's surface fresh water reserves are concentrated in Lake Baikal. The average salinity of the waters of the World Ocean is 3.5 g/l (there are 48.1015 tons of table salt in the oceans).[...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth; it includes the totality of surface water, as well as water located within the lithosphere and atmosphere. The bulk of surface water is contained in the World Ocean, which occupies 71% of the globe's surface and contains approximately 96% of the total free water supply. Ocean waters contain significant amounts of salts. The average salinity of ocean water is 3.5%, or 35 g/l. The share of fresh water is 2.5%, but 70% of this water is concentrated in glaciers.[...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which is a collection of waters of the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, snow cover, groundwater in liquid, solid and gaseous forms.[...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere and representing a combination of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ponds, swamps, groundwater, glaciers and atmospheric water vapor. The hydrosphere is connected with other elements of the Earth - the atmosphere and lithosphere. The waters of the Earth are in continuous movement. The water cycle links together all parts of the hydrosphere, forming a generally closed system. Without the hydrosphere, the existence of plants and animals is impossible, since their cells and tissues mainly consist of water. For example, a person consists of 65% water, and his daily physiological norm of water consumption is 1.5...2.6 liters. In addition, to meet hygiene needs, an average person needs about 35 liters of water daily.[...]
HYDROSPHERE is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers), and groundwater. Water plays a vital role in the history of the development of our planet, since the origin and development of living matter, and consequently the entire biosphere, is associated with it. The hydrosphere is in close relationship with the lithosphere (groundwater), atmosphere (vapor water) and living matter, of which it is an essential component. Water in the biosphere acts as a universal solvent, because it interacts with all substances, as a rule, without entering into chemical reactions with them. This enables the transport of solutes, such as the exchange of substances between land and ocean, organisms and the environment. From the table Figure 4 shows that the vast majority of the hydrosphere (94%) falls on the World Ocean, followed by groundwater and glaciers.[...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers), and groundwater. Water plays a vital role in the history of the development of our planet, since the origin and development of living matter, and consequently the entire biosphere, is associated with it.[...]
The totality of all water bodies on the globe: oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover - makes up the water shell of the Earth - the hydrosphere.[...]
The world ocean is the water shell of the Earth, with the exception of reservoirs on land and glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, polar archipelagos and mountain peaks. The world's oceans are divided into four main parts - the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans. The waters of the World Ocean, flowing into the land, form seas and bays. The seas are relatively isolated parts of the ocean (for example, the Black, Baltic, etc.), and the bays do not protrude into the land as much as the seas, and in terms of the properties of the waters they differ little from the World Ocean. In the seas, the salinity of water can be higher than the ocean (35%), as, for example, in the Red Sea - up to 40%, or lower, as in the Baltic Sea - from 3 to 20%.[...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, including the resources of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, and groundwater. The total amount of water on Earth reaches 1386 million km3, and the area of oceans and seas is 2.5 times larger than the land area. Of the total amount of water on Earth, the share of fresh water is slightly more than 2.5%, i.e. for each inhabitant of the Earth there are about 5.8 million m3. However, less than 30% of this water is accessible to humans, since the rest of it is concentrated in ice sheets (about 27 million km3) and hidden in underground formations (the volume of underground fresh water is approximately 100 times greater than the volume of surface water in lakes, rivers, swamps ).[...]
Origin of the Earth's geospheres. The age of planet Earth is about 4.6 billion years. During this time, processes of transformation and movement of matter took place on Earth, as a result of which the globe was divided into a number of shells, or geological spheres of geospheres). There are various spheres of the Earth: core, mantle, crust, pedosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, bcosphere, noosphere, etc. Atmosphere (Greek “atmos” - steam) is the air shell of the Earth. Hydrosphere (Greek “gidorah” - water) is the watery shell of the Earth. Lithosphere (Greek “cast” - stone) is the hard shell of the globe. The pedosphere (Latin “pedis” - leg, foot) is the shell of the Earth formed by the soil cover. The biosphere (Greek “bios” - life) is the shell of the Earth, transformed by living organisms. The noosphere (Greek “noo” - mind) is the shell of the Earth transformed by human activity.[...]
The hydrosphere is the discontinuous water shell of the Earth. It is located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere and includes all oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, as well as groundwater, ice, snow of polar and high mountain regions. The hydrosphere is divided into surface and underground.[...]
The hydrosphere is the discontinuous water shell of the Earth, located between the atmosphere and the earth's crust. It includes the totality of all the waters of the planet: continental (deep, soil, surface), oceanic and atmospheric. The hydrosphere is the cradle of life on our planet. It plays a huge role in shaping the natural environment of our planet.[...]
The World Ocean - the continuous water shell of the Earth surrounding continents and islands - occupies about 70.8% of the Earth's surface. Ocean waters are distributed unevenly between the hemispheres: in the Northern hemispheres they cover 66%, and in the Southern - 81% of the surface. According to geographical features, the World Ocean is divided into four parts, the main morphometric indicators of which are given in Table. 1.3.[...]
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers), as well as groundwater. The vast majority of hydrosphere waters come from the World Ocean (94%), followed by groundwater (4%) and glaciers (1.7%). Water acts as a universal solvent, as it interacts with all substances without entering into chemical reactions with them. Due to this feature, it ensures the exchange of substances dissolved in it between land and ocean, living organisms and the environment. Water played and continues to play a significant role in the formation and preservation of life on Earth. The first organisms appeared in bodies of water, and only much later did the spread of living creatures across the land surface begin. Also noteworthy is the fact that almost all functioning living systems consist mainly of water in the liquid phase: plants contain up to 85-95% water, in the human body - 57-66%.[...]
The hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth. It consists of land waters - rivers, swamps, glaciers, groundwater and waters of the World Ocean.[...]
HYDROSPHERE [gr. hydôr water + sphaire ball] the water shell of the Earth - the habitat of hydrobionts, the totality of the oceans, their seas, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams, swamps (some scientists also include underground waters of all types, surface and deep). ...]
Hydrosphere (Greek “gidor” - water) is the watery shell of the Earth. It is divided into surface and underground.[...]
The hydrobiosphere is the global world of water (the watery shell of the Earth without groundwater), inhabited by hydrobionts.[...]
The hydrosphere is understood as the water shell of the Earth, including oceans, seas, continental reservoirs and continental ice sheets. The hydrosphere is in constant interaction with the atmosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. All natural waters represent a single ecological system.[...]
The flow of energy reaching the solid and water shells of the Earth (lithosphere and hydrosphere) is qualitatively different from that which enters the upper rarefied layers of the atmosphere. From all ultraviolet radiation, only hundredths and thousandths of calories per 1 cmg per minute reach the earth's surface, and rays with a wavelength of 2800-2900 A are not detected here, while at an altitude of 50-100 km ultraviolet radiation still contains the entire range waves, including the shortest ones.[...]
Initially, the hydrosphere was understood as the water shell of the Earth, consisting of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers, as well as the ice shells of the continents. Later, underground gravitational (free) waters of reservoir horizons began to be included in the hydrosphere. The lower boundary of the underground hydrosphere was drawn along the deepest aquifers.[...]
The totality of the waters of the globe; water shell of the Earth.[...]
The process of dispersion in the geographical shell of the substance of the Earth's water shell is active. It is the most important supplier of water vapor into the air troposphere. Water vapor is an essential component of tropospheric air; as is known, it does not exist only in an ideal (theoretical) atmosphere, which does not exist in nature. The distribution of water vapor and its derivatives with height justifies the previously accepted term dispersion. If the water vapor content at the earth's surface fluctuates on average from 0.2% by volume in polar countries to 2.5% near the equator, then already at an altitude of 1.5-2 km it drops by half, and at an altitude of 10-12 km - 100 times.[...]
The global water cycle, connecting the Earth's water shell scattered in the air troposphere and the hydrosphere buried in the earth's crust, serves as convincing evidence of the unity of the geographical shell. All structural parts of the geographic envelope are involved in the cycle, including the biostrome (absorption of water by vegetation followed by transpiration). One aspect of the global water cycle is of exceptional importance for human life. In the process of the cycle and only thanks to it, fresh water resources are rapidly renewed. This is a gigantic, continuously operating natural water desalination plant. The degree of desalination depends on the activity of water exchange. The more active the water exchange, the less mineralization of the water. The greatest mineralization is inherent in dead-end, as M. I. Lvovich puts it, links in the moisture cycle (Ocean, deep groundwater, drainless lakes of a closed part of the land). The exception is the polar glaciers - a conserved hydrosphere.[...]
The hydrosphere, as noted above, is the intermittent water shell of the Earth, a collection of oceans, seas, continental waters (including groundwater) and ice sheets. Seas and oceans occupy about 71% of the earth's surface; they contain about 1.4 10 km3 of water, which is 96.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. The total area of all inland water bodies is less than 3% of its area. Glaciers account for 1.6% of the water reserves in the hydrosphere, and their area is about 10% of the area of the continents.[...]
Characteristics of hydro resources and wastewater. The hydrosphere is the watery shell of the Earth. This is a collection of oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, swamps and groundwater. The hydrosphere is the thinnest shell of our planet, it makes up only 10 3% of the total mass of the planet.[...]
Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element on Earth. Bound oxygen makes up about 6/7 of the mass of the Earth's water shell. The hydrosphere contains 85.82% oxygen by mass, the lithosphere 47%, and in the atmosphere oxygen is in a free state and makes up 23.15%.[...]
Hydrophysics, a branch of geophysics, studies the physical properties of natural water as a liquid and the physical processes occurring in the water shell of the Earth and its objects. The study of the composition and chemical properties of natural waters and their changes in time and space is the content of the section of geochemistry - hydrochemistry. [...]
Modern life is widespread in the upper part of the Earth's crust (lithosphere), in the lower layers of the Earth's air shell (atmosphere) and in the Earth's water shell (hydrosphere), Fig. 5.1.[...]
The scattered and buried hydrosphere constitutes an inextricable structure of the corresponding structural part of the geographic shell - the earth's crust and the air troposphere. Therefore they are not considered here. The water shell of the Earth consists of the World Ocean, lakes, rivers, glaciers, and perennial ice. Rivers, lakes, glaciers and perennial ice are included in the structural fabric of the Earth's landscape sphere, separating it in the rank of departments and classes of complexes. Their characteristics are given in Chapter. The World Ocean is subject to further consideration in this chapter.[...]
Currently, work on organizing irrigated agriculture for growing perennial herbs and vegetables in the steppe zone continues, but small irrigated fields with an area of tens (not more than 200-300) hectares are being created, water is drawn from artificial reservoirs in which spring snow waters accumulate. Irrigation from lakes is prohibited, where interference with the hydrological regime is especially dangerous, as it can lead to irreversible changes in their ecosystems (for example, the disappearance of fish and water blooms, i.e., the massive development of cyanobacteria, etc.). HYDROSPHERE (G.) - the water shell of the Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers. The structure of the Earth is shown in table. 16. 94% of the world is represented by salty waters of the oceans and seas, and the contribution of rivers to the planet’s water budget is 10 times less than the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.
The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers), and groundwater. Water plays a vital role in the history of the development of our planet, since the origin and development of living matter, and consequently the entire biosphere (?!), is associated with it.
The bulk of water is concentrated in the seas and oceans - almost 94%, and the remaining 6% falls on other parts of the hydrosphere (Table 4).
Table 4
Distribution of water in the Earth's hydrosphere (M.I. Lvovich, 1986)
The area of the hydrosphere is 70.8% of the surface area of the globe, while its volume is only about 0.1 % volume of the planet. The thickness of a uniformly distributed film over the Earth's surface is equal to only 0.03% of its diameter. The share of surface water in the hydrosphere is very small, but it is extremely active (changing on average every 11 days), and this marks the beginning of the formation of almost all sources of fresh water on land. The amount of fresh water is 2.5% of the total volume, with almost two thirds
This water is contained in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, polar islands, ice floes and icebergs, and mountain peaks. Groundwater is found at varying depths (up to 200 m or more); deep underground aquifers are mineralized and sometimes saline. In addition to water itself in the hydrosphere, water vapor in the atmosphere, groundwater in soils and the earth's crust, there is biological water in living organisms. With a total mass of living matter in the biosphere of 1400 billion tons, the mass of biological water is 80 % or 1120 billion tons (Table 5).
Table 5
Average annual water balance of the globe
Fresh water plays the main role in the life of living organisms on land. Fresh water is water whose salinity does not exceed 1%, i.e., containing no more than 1 g of salts per liter (the salinity of ocean water is about 35%). According to available estimates, the total global fresh water resources amount to a total runoff of 38-45 thousand km 3, water reserves in fresh lakes are 230 thousand km 1, and soil moisture is 75 thousand km 1. The annual volume of moisture evaporating from the surface of the planet (including transpiration by plants) is estimated at approximately 500-575 thousand km 1, with 430-500 thousand km 3 evaporating from the surface of the World Ocean, thus accounting for a little more than 70 thousand on land. km 3 of evaporating moisture. During the same time, 120 thousand km 3 of water falls in the form of precipitation on all continents (Table 6).
Analysis of the Earth's water balance shows that the total amount of precipitation falling on the surface of the World Ocean is always less than evaporation, since part of the evaporated water is carried to land and falls there in the form of precipitation. On average, a layer of water equal to 1400 mm evaporates from the ocean surface annually, and 1270 mm of precipitation falls. The difference is balanced by river flow into the ocean. On land, on the contrary, the amount of precipitation is greater than the amount of evaporated moisture, up to 38 % All precipitation that falls is carried away by river runoff into the ocean.
Table 6
Water balance and freshwater resources of continents and land as a whole*
|
Continents |
Area, million km |
River flow |
humidification territories |
Evaporation |
|
|
Northern America** |
|||||
|
South America |
|||||
|
Australia *** |
|||||
|
All land **** |
# In the numerator the values are given in mm, in the denominator the volume is in km 1.
- f Including Central America, excluding the Canadian Arctic archipelago.
- Including Tasmania, New Guinea. New Zealand.
Excluding Antarctica, Greenland, Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
South America is richest in water resources per unit area, followed by Europe, Asia and North America. In terms of river flow volume, Asia is the most endowed with water resources. Despite the uneven distribution of fresh water across the Earth's continents, in general it still supplies the biosphere.
Water is the most abundant mineral on Earth. IN AND. Vernadsky wrote that water stands apart in the history of our planet. There is no natural body that could compare with it in its influence on the course of the main, most ambitious geological processes. There is no earthly substance - a mineral, a rock, a living body that does not contain it. All earthly matter is permeated and embraced by it. Pure, free of impurities, water is transparent, colorless and odorless. This is the only mineral on our planet that occurs naturally in three states of aggregation: gaseous, liquid and solid. Water can be considered from a chemical point of view as hydrogen oxide or oxygen hydride. In table Table 7 shows the melting and boiling points of compounds similar in composition to water.
Data analysis table. 7, as well as Fig. 13 shows the illogical behavior of water: transitions of water from solid to liquid and gas occur at temperatures much higher than they should be. The anomalous behavior is due to the structure of the water molecule H 2 0; it is built in the form of an obtuse triangle: the angle between two oxygen - hydrogen bonds is 104°27" (Fig. 14). But, since both hydrogen atoms are located one hundred percent
ion from oxygen, the electrical charges in it are dispersed, and the water molecule acquires polarity. Polarity causes chemical interactions between different water molecules. The hydrogen atoms in the H 2 0 molecule, having a partial positive charge, interact with the electrons of the oxygen atoms of neighboring molecules. This chemical bond is called hydrogen. It combines water molecules into unique polymers of spatial structure; the plane in which the hydrogen bonds are located is perpendicular to the plane of the atoms of the same water molecule. The interaction between H 2 0 molecules explains the anomalously high melting and boiling temperatures. In order to “loose” hydrogen bonds, significant additional energy is needed, which in particular explains the high heat capacity of water.
Table 7
Melting and boiling points of hydrogen compounds of main elements
subgroups of group VI of the periodic table
Ice crystals are formed from similar associates (combinations of molecules). The atoms in an ice crystal are “packed” loosely and therefore ice is a poor conductor of heat. The density of liquid water at temperatures close to zero is greater than that of ice. At O °C, 1 g of ice occupies a volume of 1.0905 cm 3, 1 g of liquid water - 1.0001 cm 5. Therefore, ice has buoyancy and that is why reservoirs do not freeze to the bottom, but only have an ice cover.
Rice. 13.
four element hydrides
This reveals another water anomaly. After melting, water first contracts and only then, at a temperature of 4 °C and above, begins to expand.
Rice. 15. Phase diagram of water: /- VI- ice modifications
- 60 50 40 30 * 20 10 o
- -20 -30
- -40 -50
Using special methods, ice-N and ice-SH were obtained - heavier and denser crystalline forms of solid water (Fig. 15) (the hardest, densest and most refractory ice-UP was obtained at a pressure of 3 billion Pa; its melting point is +190 * C) .
Of the chemical properties of water, one of the most important is the ability of its molecules to dissociate, i.e., disintegration into ions, as well as the colossal ability (activity) to dissolve substances of various chemical natures.
The role of water as the main and universal solvent is determined primarily by the polarity of its molecules and, as a consequence, by its extremely high dielectric constant. Opposite electric charges, and in particular ions, are attracted to each other in water 80 times weaker than they would be attracted in air. In this case, it is easier for thermal movement to separate the molecules. This is why dissolution occurs, including of many sparingly soluble substances: it is not for nothing that they say: “Water wears away stones.”
The dissociation (decay) of water molecules into ions under ordinary conditions is very small: one molecule out of half a billion dissociates. It should be noted that of the above reactions, the first is conditional, since a proton H deprived of an electron shell cannot exist in an aqueous environment; it instantly combines with a water molecule, forming a hydronium ion H 3 CG:
H 3 0-> H + OH,
2H 2 0 -> H,0* + OH
It is fundamentally possible that associates of water molecules decompose into very heavy ions, such as: 8H 2 0 H 9 0^ + H 7 0 4 ,
and the reaction H 2 0 - “H + + OH” is just a schematic general representation of more complex reactions.
Water has weak reactivity. Some active metals are capable of displacing hydrogen from it:
- 2Na + 2H g O -> 2NaOH + H/G, and in an atmosphere of free fluorine the following can burn:
- 2Р 2 +2Н g О -> 4НР+0,
V.P. Zhuravlev et al. (1995) provides data from G.V. Vasiliev according to the very diverse characteristics of water, in particular, anomalous water (or superwater) reaches maximum density at { = = -10 °C, its viscosity is 10-15 times less than classical water, it has polymers (H.0) 5 and (H 2 0) 4.
The presence of super-anomalous water has been established, which does not have a maximum density, does not crystallize (even at -100 * C), but vitrifies like resin. Academician A.N. Frumkin believes that this new fourth state of aggregation of water is resinous and puts it in line with the discovery of new chemical elements.
Metabolic water is a special liquid that is produced by a living organism, which has the property of counteracting “drying”, in other words, “aging”; Metabolic water, according to some scientists, is itself capable of aging and turning into “dead” water.
G.V. Vasiliev releases “melt” water, which increases productivity; “magnetic” water, which prevents carbonate formation; “electric” water, which accelerates the flowering of some plants; "dry" water, consisting of 90 % H 2 0 and 10 % H 2 8Iu 4, as well as 71-water, “black”, “remembering”, etc. Many of these types of water have specific properties, some are hypothetical. However, it was noted that water dissolves almost all substances except fats and a very limited number of minerals. Therefore, in nature there is no practically pure water; it is always a solution of greater or lesser concentration.
Water is a liquid, i.e. a moving body, which allows it to penetrate into a wide variety of bodies and environments and move in different directions, while simultaneously transporting substances dissolved in it. In this way, it ensures the exchange of substances in the geographic envelope, including between living organisms and the environment. Water is able to overcome gravity even in a liquid state, rising through the thinnest capillaries. This determines the possibilities of water circulation in rocks and soils; blood circulation in animals; movement of plant juices up the stems. Water has the ability to wet and “stick” to various surfaces. Electrical interaction forces can bind water around solid mineral particles, significantly changing its characteristics. For example, its freezing temperature becomes equal to - 4 C, density - up to 1.4 g/cm
The origin of water on Earth has not yet been fully explained: some experts believe that it was formed as a result of synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen when they were released from the bowels of the Earth in the first stages of its existence, and others, following Academician. O.Yu. Schmidt, it is assumed that water came to Earth during the formation of the planet from outer space.
The world ocean is the water shell of the Earth, with the exception of reservoirs on land and glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, polar archipelagos and mountain peaks. The world's oceans are divided into four main parts - the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans. The waters of the World Ocean, flowing into the land, form seas and bays. The seas are relatively isolated parts of the ocean (for example, the Black, Baltic, etc.), and the bays do not protrude into the land as much as the seas, and in terms of the properties of the waters they differ little from the World Ocean. In the seas, the salinity of water can be higher than the ocean (35%), as, for example, in the Red Sea - up to 40%, or lower, as in the Baltic Sea - from 3 to 20 %.
The waters of the World Ocean and its constituent parts have some common characteristics:
- they all communicate with each other;
- the water surface level in them is almost the same;
- salinity averages 35%, has a bitter-salty taste due to the large amount of mineral salts dissolved in them (Fig. 16).
In addition to salts, various gases are dissolved in ocean water, the most important of which is oxygen, which is necessary for breathing.
Supralittoral
- 11000
Rice. 16. Ecological areas of the ocean
living organisms. In different parts of the World Ocean, the amount of dissolved oxygen is different, which depends on the temperature of the water and its composition. The presence of carbon dioxide in ocean water makes photosynthesis possible and also allows some marine animals to create shells and skeletons as a result of life processes.
Temperature,°C O 5 10 15 20 25
Fig. ]7, Typical distribution of water temperature by depth:
/ - high latitudes; 2- temperate latitudes (summer); 3 - tropics
Water temperatures in the oceans range from freezing in the polar seas to 28 °C at the equator (Fig. 17).
The waters of the World Ocean are in constant motion in the form of waves, sea currents and tidal phenomena. Waves arise under the influence of wind and seaquakes; sea currents are formed under the influence of constant winds and differences in the density of ocean water; the ebb and flow of ocean water is associated with the attraction of the Moon and the rotation of the Earth around its axis (Fig. 18).
Groundwater is water located in pores, cracks, cavities, voids, caves in the thickness of rocks under the surface of the Earth. These waters can be in liquid, solid and gaseous states. Groundwater and surface water are interconnected: in some cases, some are recharge zones, others are discharge zones, and in other cases, vice versa. Groundwater has different origins and is divided into:
- yuvetynye, formed (according to the hypothesis of M.V. Lomonosov) during magmagenic processes;
- infiltration, formed due to the seepage of atmospheric precipitation through the thickness of permeable soils and soils and accumulated on waterproof layers;
- condensation, accumulated in rocks during the transition of water vapor in the ground atmosphere into a liquid state;
- waters buried by sediments in surface bodies of water.
It is almost impossible to establish the genesis of groundwater based on its characteristics, and there is no particular need for this; the state of water in soils and soils is much more important. Water,
Rice. 18. The system of surface currents of the World Ocean in winter 1 - warm current; 2- cold current; 3 - areas of development of secondary monsoons; 4 -
tropical and and clones
held by molecular forces, it almost does not participate in the processes that ensure the vital activity of organisms; in particular, plants cannot use this water with the help of their root system. Capillary and gravitational water are suitable for these purposes. The latter includes underground water, which moves in the depths of the earth's crust under the influence of the Earth's gravity. Groundwater has different temperatures, mainly corresponding to the temperature of the host rocks, but deep groundwater located near magma chambers is a source of hot water. In Russia, they are discovered in Kamchatka and the North Caucasus, where their temperature reaches 70-95 °C. Fountaining hot springs are called geysers. More than 20 of them have been discovered in the valley of geysers in Kamchatka, among them the “Giant”, which produces a fountain 30 m high, or the “Old Faithful” (Yellowstone, USA), which gushes at regular intervals. Geysers are also common in Iceland and New Zealand.
When filtered through rocks with different mineral and chemical compositions, groundwater naturally replenishes itself with dissolved substances. This is how mineral waters are gradually formed, which are sometimes saturated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Some of these waters have medicinal and spa value.
Surface waters of land. Rivers. In general, on the surface of the earth's land, water moves in various forms: rivers, streams, springs, temporary watercourses. Recently, watercourses (canals) created by man have become of serious importance.
Rivers and streams are permanent watercourses located in natural depressions of the relief. The sizes of rivers are very different: from huge ones (the Amazon River) to rivers that are known to almost every person because they can be crossed. The high water content of the world's deepest river, the Amazon - 3160 km 3 per year - is explained by the huge area of the basin (about 7 million km 2) and the abundance of precipitation (more than 2000 mm per year). The Amazon has 17 tributaries of the so-called first order, each of which is equal in water content to the Volga River.
Streams are even smaller natural watercourses no more than 0.5-1.0 m wide.
Rivers form a river network in a certain area from the main channel and tributaries. Rivers receive their food from a certain area called its basin. Constant sources of river nutrition are groundwater, melt water from snow and glaciers, and rainfall. Depending on the feeding conditions, a regime is formed near the rivers; Based on the water level, periods of highest and lowest water are distinguished. They got the names: flood, high water and low water.
Rivers perform colossal work of erosion and accumulation. They erode rocks, form channels, and the resulting material is transported and deposited as alluvial (river) deposits, creating floodplains and accumulative terraces near the bedrock banks. There are young and old rivers. The latter, as a rule, have wide developed valleys with abandoned old winding channels (oxbow lakes), a large number of terraces and wide floodplains. Young rivers often have rapids and waterfalls (areas where water falls from high ledges). One of the largest waterfalls in the world is Victoria on the river. Zambezi - falls from a height of 120 m with a width of 1800 m; Niagara Falls - height 51 m, width of the stream 1237 m. Many mountain waterfalls are even higher. The highest of them is Angel on the river. Orinoco - 1054 m high.
Lakes. In addition to watercourses, where water moves from higher to lower elevations, there are permanent bodies of water on land in natural depressions in the relief. On the territory of our country there is part of the largest lake in the world - the Caspian Sea and the deepest - Lake Baikal. The lakes were formed in various ways: from volcanic craters to tectonic troughs and karst sinkholes; Sometimes dammed lakes appear during landslides and mudflows in the mountains. A large number of lakes, which are located in Finland, Sweden, Karelia (Russia), Canada, were formed during the advance and retreat of glaciers during periods of glaciation. Most lakes are filled with fresh water, but there are also salty ones, for example the Caspian, Aral and some others. Fresh ones have a salinity of less than 1%, brackish ones - more than 1%, salted ones - more than 24.7%.
Lakes develop depending on environmental conditions. Rivers and temporary water flows bring huge amounts of inorganic and organic substances into lakes, which are deposited on their bottom. Vegetation appears, the remains of which also accumulate, filling the lake basins, and give rise to the formation of swamps (Fig. 19).
Rice. 19.
I- moss cover (ryam); 2 - bottom sediments of organic residues; 3 - "window" go
space of clean water
6 )
Rice. 20. Lowland ( A) and raised (o) swamps
Swamps are excessively moist areas of land covered with moisture-loving vegetation. Waterlogging in forest belts often occurs as a result of deforestation. The tundra is a zone where permafrost does not allow water to penetrate into the soil and its gradual accumulation leads to the formation of swamps.
Based on nutritional conditions and location, swamps are divided into lowland And riding(Fig. 20). The former receive their nutrition from precipitation, groundwater and surface water. A large amount of mineral components supplied with groundwater contributes to the active development of vegetation and its high productivity. Under certain conditions, lowland swamps turn into so-called raised swamps. Peat formation takes place in these swamps - a very complex geochemical process of mineral formation and sedimentation. The accumulation of peat, on the one hand, increases fertility reserves in the bowels of the earth by increasing the volume of humus, and also contributes to the conservation of excess carbon, but, on the other hand, significantly depletes the mineral component that feeds plants in the swamp. They are being replaced by less demanding plants, such as sphagnum mosses, which produce organic acids that slow down peat formation. Water no longer gets into the zones of development of sphagnum mosses, and the process of destruction of vegetation gradually develops more and more.
Considerable attention has been paid to swamps due to the fact that they occupy vast spaces in the territory of our country and often represent the sources of significant surface watercourses. But the point is not only this, recently the fact of the decisive influence of the swamp on the existence of the forest has been established, that is, there is a deep connection between the optimal conditions for the development of forest ecosystems and the swamps existing in them, and many small lakes.
Water is of paramount importance for the functioning of living organisms. This is the main medium for biochemical reactions and, ultimately, an absolutely necessary component of protoplasm. Nutrients are transported inside living organisms in the form of aqueous solutions, and water also transports and removes dissimilation products from organisms (I.A. Shilov, 2000). The relative water content in living organisms ranges from 50 to 95% (95% of water is contained in the body of jellyfish, and up to 92% in the tissues of many mollusks). The amount of water and dissolved salts determines intracellular and intercellular metabolism, and in hydrobionts - osmotic relationships with the environment. Most terrestrial animals can exchange gases with their environment only in the presence of moist surfaces; Moisture also, when evaporated, contributes to the formation of a thermal balance between changing temperature parameters of the environment and the warmth of organisms.
I.A. Shilov (2000) describes water exchange between organisms and the environment as an exchange consisting of two opposing processes, one of which is the entry of water into the body, the other is its release into the external environment. In higher plants, this process is the “absorption” of water from the soil by the root system, carrying it (along with dissolved substances) to individual organs and cells and removing it through the process of transpiration. Of the total volume, 5% of water is used for photosynthesis, and the rest to maintain turgor (internal hydrostatic pressure in living cells, causing tension in the cell membrane).
Animals get water mainly by drinking, and this way for most of them, even aquatic ones, is not only necessary, but also the only one. Water is excreted through urine or excrement, as well as through evaporation. Individual organisms living in an aquatic environment are capable of receiving and releasing water either through their integument or through specialized areas of tissue that are permeable to water. This also applies to terrestrial inhabitants: many plants, invertebrate animals and amphibians typically receive water from sources such as dew, fog, and rain.
For animals, one of the sources of water is food. At the same time, its importance in water metabolism is not limited to the water content in the tissues of food objects. Increased nutrition is accompanied by the accumulation of fat reserves in the body, which are important both as an energy reserve and as an internal source of water supply to cells and tissues. Water exchange is directly related to salt exchange. A certain set of salts (ions) is a necessary condition for the normal functioning of the body, since salts are part of the composition of tissues and play a certain role in the metabolic mechanisms of cells. If disturbances occur in the amount of incoming water and, accordingly, the necessary salts, then the complete equilibrium is disturbed and shifts in osmotic processes occur.
For all living organisms, the most important thing is to maintain a stable water-salt metabolism as the main factor in the implementation of their vital functions.
The water shell of the Earth is the hydrosphere.
Didactic goal: create conditions for the primary assimilation, comprehension and comprehension of new educational information using developmental learning technology.
Content goals.
Educational : contribute to the formation of knowledge about the hydrosphere, how
the shell of the Earth, its components, the world cycle
Water in nature.
Educational: create conditions for the development of cognitive activity,
intellectual and creative abilities of students;
promote the development of skills to identify, describe and
explain the essential features of the main concepts of the topic;
promote the development of independent work skills
geographical texts, textbook, geographical map, with
multimedia presentation materials, diagrams, making
generalizations and conclusions.
Educational : contribute to the education of geographical culture,
culture of educational work, sense of responsibility, careful
attitude towards the environment, promote development
communication skills; develop interest in what is being studied
subject.
Planned results.
Personal : awareness of the value of geographical knowledge as an essential component of the scientific picture of the world.
Metasubject: the ability to organize one’s activities, determine its goals and objectives, the ability to conduct independent search, analysis, selection of information, the ability to interact with people and work in a team; express judgments, confirming them with facts; mastering practical skills in working with a textbook.
Subject: knowledge and explanation of the essential features of concepts, their use to solve educational problems.
Universal learning activities (UAL).
Personal : realize the need to study the topic.
Regulatory: plan your activities under the guidance of a teacher, evaluate the work of classmates, work in accordance with the assigned task, compare the results obtained with the expected ones.
Cognitive: extract, select and analyze information, obtain new knowledge from ESM sources, process information to obtain the required result.
Communicative: be able to communicate and interact with each other (in a small group and in a team).
Lesson type– a lesson in learning new knowledge.
Forms of organizing student activities– group (the class is divided into 5 working groups), individual.
Teacher equipment:- multimedia presentation;
Video film "Hydrosphere of the Earth";
Computer, projector;
Physical map of the hemispheres.
Equipment for students: a computer and a file folder with tasks on the table of each group; textbook by A. A. Letyagin “Geography. Beginning course: 5th grade" - M.: Ventana - Graf, 2012; atlas on geography; dictionaries and encyclopedias; EOR; equipment needed for experiments: measuring cup, raw chicken egg, two 0.5 liter bottles of drinking water, two bottles of mineral water (one chilled, the other at room temperature), 4-5 tbsp. spoons of table salt, a tablespoon, a glass, 2 plates, edible ice cubes.
During the classes.
1. Organizational stage.
Target: emotionally – a positive attitude towards the lesson, creating an atmosphere of success and trust.
Teacher: I'm glad to see you at the geography lesson. Today we work in groups.
Everything you need
each group for the lesson (computer, file folder with forms
assignments, textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias) is on your desks.
Coordinators help me organize the work of each group:
Anufrieva Varya
Zhidkova Lera Stepanova Katya
Ciobanu Grisha Saleev Sergei
We continue our acquaintance with the geospheres of the Earth.
---Slide 1. Geospheres of the Earth: lithosphere - let’s get acquainted
atmosphere - got to know each other
hydrosphere
biosphere
Find in the table of contents of the textbook the topic that we studied in the last lesson.
(Man and atmosphere).
---Slide 2. The water shell of the Earth is the hydrosphere (from the Greek “water” and “ball”)
Viewing text of paragraph 15 , name the main questions that we will consider in today's lesson (subheadings highlighted in the text ).
Highlight key concepts of the topic (highlighted in boxes and in the text).
On the board under the name of the topic, signs are hung one by one, formulating the main points of the lesson.
HYDROSPHERE
- meaning As you master the topic according to this plan, there will be
- properties to move the cursor indicating the stage on
- the composition of which we will be in a certain
- World moment of the lesson.
cycle
water
Group assignment: using various sources of information (dictionaries, encyclopedias, the Internet), formulate additions to the definition of the hydrosphere on the slide.
On the board around the concept of "hydrosphere" cards are posted with information from different sources of information components of this term:
Oceans seas underground water ice and snow rivers lakes
Swamps reservoirs cycle more than 70% of the earth's surface
4 billion years liquid state solid state gaseous state
2. Updating knowledge. Goal setting.
Target: Based on the students’ basic knowledge on the specified topic, formulate tasks for this lesson.
Teacher: Let's remember what you already know about water?
Where on Earth can you find water?
Give examples of reservoirs.
In what three states does water exist in nature? (Fig. 56, p. 85)
3. The stage of joint discovery and assimilation of new knowledge.
Target: To acquaint students during research and problem-search work with the meaning of water, its properties, the composition of the hydrosphere and the World water cycle in nature.
- Statement of a problematic question.
Teacher: speaking about the meaning of water, I suggest you listen to an excerpt from the story of the French writer, pilot, participant in World War II Antoine de Saint-Exupéry “Planet of Humans”.
--- Slide 3. Statement by Exupery: “Water!” You are not just necessary for life, you are life. ……you give us infinitely simple happiness.”
You have no taste, no color, no smell, you cannot be described, you are enjoyed without understanding what you are. You are not just necessary for life, you are life. With you, bliss spreads throughout your entire being, which cannot be explained only by our five senses. You are returning to us the strength and properties that we had already given up on. By your mercy the dry springs of the heart are opened again.
You are the greatest wealth in the world, but also the most fragile - you, so pure in the depths of the Earth...... You do not tolerate impurities, you cannot tolerate anything alien, you are a deity who is so easily frightened...
But you give us infinitely simple happiness.”
Students speak out about the importance of water.
Teacher: To formulate the basic properties of water, I invite each group to conduct small studies.
(3 min.) (* - properties)
Detailed instructions for the experiments are in the section “School of the Geographer-Pathfinder” to paragraph 15.
1 group– studies the taste, color, smell of water; and also turns ice into liquid and then into water vapor.
2nd group– finds out information about the processes associated with the transition of water from one state to another.
Exercise: establish a correspondence (performed using cards with concepts and wording from the file folder).
1. Evaporation. A. The transition of water from liquid to solid.
2. Freezing (crystallization) B. The transition of water from a gaseous state to a liquid state.
3. Condensation. B. The transition of water from liquid to gaseous state.
4. Melting (melting) D. The transition of water from solid to liquid.
Answers: 1 – B; 2 – A; 3 – B; 4 – G.
3 group– explores the density of fresh and salt water (an experiment with a chicken egg in a glass of fresh and salt water).
4 group– explores the property of water to dissolve gases (an experiment with chilled and warm bottles of mineral water).
5 group– working with the text of paragraph 15 (p. 84), formulates the basic properties of water.
In the process of work, each group fills out its technological maps and reports the results of its research.
--- Slide 4 . Three states of water. (after the performance of 1 group).
Checking the work of group 2 (the concepts selected for each term are spoken out). EVAPORATION
FREEZING (crystallization)
CONDENSATION
MELTING (melting)
--- Slide 5 . Study of the density of fresh and salt water (group 3).
1. The density of fresh (drinking) water is less than the density of an egg,
therefore the egg sinks in fresh water.
2. The density of salt water is greater than the density of an egg, so the egg
does not sink in salt water.
---Slide 6. Study of the properties of water to dissolve gases (group 4).
A lot of gases were released from the cooled mineral water, so
More gases can be dissolved in chilled water than in
mineral water at room temperature.
--- Slide 7 . Properties of water: (to the answer of group 5).
- has no smell, taste and color;
- dissolves more substances than any other liquid;
- destroys hard rocks;
- oxidizes metals;
- expands when frozen;
- absorbs a large amount of heat;
- conducts electricity well.
HOME TASK: write down conclusions based on the results of experiments in the DGS.
(* - compound)
(*-World cycle
Water)
It will help answer questions related to the composition of the hydrosphere and the global water cycle in nature. a video fragment that is viewed with pauses, so that the guys have time to catch the main points. During the viewing process, the children are invited do some work with an individual card , in the text of which you need to fill in the gaps using words for selection.
---Slides 8 – 11.
Video fragment “Why. Hydrosphere". (5 minutes.)
Card - task .
1. The Earth’s hydrosphere includes the World Ocean, ____________ and water in the atmosphere.
2. The world's _________ occupies 96% of the Earth's surface.
3. The World Ocean includes several oceans: the Pacific, _________, Indian, Arctic and Southern.
4. The largest of them is the _____________ ocean.
5. Fresh water plays a more important role in human life, concentrated in rivers, lakes, _________ and underground.
6. All parts of the hydrosphere participate in the World ___________water in nature.
Words for selection: Atlantic, glaciers, land water, Pacific, gyre, ocean.
After viewing, students' attention is drawn to water cycle diagram Earth - fig. 57, p.86.
--- Slide 12. Text with the completed task.
Self-test (test using sample ).
A text appears on the screen with the blanks filled in, students check their work and evaluate themselves (give themselves a + for each correct answer).
Guys, are there anyone among you who chose 4 answers correctly? You did a good job!
Do we have anyone who has chosen 5 correct answers? You did a good job!
Raise your hands if you have 6 answers found. Well done! You did a great job!
---Slides 13, 14, 15 Physical education minute.
We fly like seagulls: And the seagulls are circling over the sea,
Let's fly after them together.
Splashes of foam, sound of the surf,
And above the sea - you and I.
Swimming movements with arms : We are now sailing on the sea
And we frolic in the open space.
Have fun raking
And catch up with the dolphins.
Walking in place : Look: seagulls are important
They walk along the sea beach.
Sit down, children, on the sand,
Let's continue our lesson.
---Slide 16. “A person does not value water until the source dries up”
(Mongolian proverb).
? What idea does this Mongolian wisdom suggest to you?
? How can we help nature? (do not pollute water, save money, etc.)
Test and self-test (performed in groups on computers, each answer is immediately checked).
Let's go back to the lesson plan. All points of the plan have been completed.
--- Slide 17. Homework .
- Reflection.
Students are asked to fill out an individual card in which they need to highlight phrases that characterize the student’s work in the lesson in three areas (cards for each are in the file folder of each group).
And also give yourself a grade for your work in class, including test results.
| I'M AT CLASS | ||
| Interesting. Doesn't matter. | Helped others. | I understand the material. I learned more than I knew. Didn't understand the material. |
Hands up, who was interested. What would you like to tell your parents about what you learned in class?
Hands up, who worked in the lesson. What new things did you learn about yourself today?
Hands up, who understood today's material. What was the most difficult thing for you today?
There are some in the class who didn't understand material?
In the last file, the folders of each group contain balloons in light blue and dark colors. Everyone in the group is asked to choose and inflate matching ball. If a person was interested, he worked and understood the material, then he can inflate a blue balloon; and if a person was bored, indifferent and rested during the lesson, then the color of his ball will be dark. Each group forms a wave from their balls. Based on the color of the waves formed, one can draw a conclusion about the results of the lesson.
