Importance of the Question for Primary School Teachers »

Pronoun- part of speech used instead of noun, adjective, numeral or adverb, not naming the object (phenomenon) or its characteristics, but only pointing to them.

There are also classes of lexemes that have the properties of pronouns and are formed from pronouns - first of all, these are pronominal adverbs, and some scientists distinguish and pronominal verbs, - but usually they are not combined with "nominal" pronouns.

Pronouns are verbal signs that do not have their own subject content, do not name persons, objects, signs, but only point to them or act as substitutes for words that name them.

In a sentence, pronouns can act as any member of the sentence: subject, predicate, addition, definition, circumstance: I saw a stranger (subject); The teacher was(included in the predicate); This was their home(definition), He learned something(addition); Father has gone away(circumstance).

Terms pronoun and pronominal words are traditionally used in relation to a wide range of words united by a common substitution function. Yes, the word he(him, him etc.) can indicate a male person, denoted by a masculine or common noun (student, sweetie) as well as to any object denoted by a masculine noun: a living being (father, chick, mosquito) specific subject (TV, chair) event or situation (repetition, conflict, briefing). The words what, such can indicate any sign, and words where, when, how to any circumstance with the meaning of the place, time and nature of the course of the situation or event. As a lexical category, pronominal words are a closed, non-replenishing group of words.

There are two points of view on the position of pronouns in the system of parts of speech as a whole. According to the first point of view, the pronoun is a special part of speech with a categorical meaning of indicative. According to the second point of view, pronouns do not constitute a single part of speech, but are distributed among those parts of speech, the forms and functions of which they correspond to.

Pronouns, pointing to things, have some characteristics nouns:

answer questions who? what? : you, he, someone, something, someone, something; change in cases: she - her - her, what - what - what - about what; indicate masculine, feminine or neuter nouns: who, someone, someone, he - m.r., she - f. r., it, that, something, something, nothing - cf. R.; indicates a male or female person: I did, I did, you decided, you decided; indicate animate and inanimate objects: I, you, we, you, who - soulful, what - inanimate; can be singular or plural: he, it, she - they.

Pronouns indicating a sign, have grammatical features adjectives:

answer questions which? whose? : sort of, the most, someone's, some, no one's; change in cases: yours - yours - yours - about yours, each - each - each - each - each; change in numbers: yours - yours, each - each; change by gender: yours - yours - yours, each - each - each; agree with nouns: any work, some news, someone's ideas.

Unlike adjectives, they do not have a short form.
Pronouns indicating quantity, correlate with numerals:

answer the question How many? : some, some, not at all; change in cases: so many - so many - so many - so many.

In school grammar, pronouns stand out as a separate independent part of speech.

In Russian, pronouns are divided into personal, returnable, possessive, interrogative, relative, index, defining, negative, mutual and indefinite.

Personal pronouns

	Unit h.	Mn. h.
	he she is it

Personal pronouns refer to the person in question. Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person designate the participants in the speech ( I I love Tatyana so much mine(Pushkin)). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( He I couldn't think of anything but her(Kataev)). They vary in persons, numbers and (in the third person singular) gender, and also decline in cases.

reflexive pronoun conveys the meaning of the direction of the action to the subject of the action (I erected a monument yourself miraculous (Pushkin); I see myself in the mirror).

Declines in cases:

myself(genitive, accusative), yourself(dative, prepositional cases), yourself, yourself(instrumental case ).

Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, theirs) indicate the belonging of one or another object (object, property, etc.) or several objects to one or another subject or group of subjects (I, in fact, did not have to ask your name (Greene)).

They change according to persons, numbers and genders, and also decline according to cases, consistent with the noun being defined. 3rd person pronouns ( him, her, them) are not inclined.

Interrogative pronouns used in interrogative sentences. This group includes the most heterogeneous words from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change in numbers and genders, as well as to decline in cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words they replace:

Relative pronouns. Same pronouns as interrogatives. Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause. At the same time, they become allied words and play the role of a union, while being a member of a sentence. (Perhaps it would help those who interested in literature ... (Kaverin); That soldier what carried a shell box on his shoulder, continued to walk with him (Baklanov)).

Demonstrative pronouns indicate objects, qualities of objects, their quantity: that day, this book, such is custom, so many days, etc.

Pronouns this and that differ in that the first usually indicates an object that is close to something or someone, and the second - to a more distant one. ( it the gun is expensive (Gogol). AT those there was a war (Pushkin)). Their functions are often close to those of a gesture pointing to an object.

Pronoun both (both) means "both this and that": both friend, both birches.

Pronouns such, such is on the identity of the attributes of objects ( What subject, such is and answer).

	declines in cases, agreeing with the noun being defined (So many Flowers bloomed overnight!
this this is that such such is then sort of one (us.) this (us.) what a	decline in cases, change in gender and number, consistent with the noun being defined (AT such you can’t shoot for days: a bird, fluttering out from under your feet, immediately disappears in the whitish haze of a motionless fog (Turgenev); In those days there was a war (Pushkin); What a hello such is and answer; My poor Lensky, his heart is for this life was born (Pushkin)).
	does not change (Here again a trace, measured and rare ... (Bunin)).

Definitive pronouns. Pronoun the whole indicates a complete object or complete coverage of homogeneous objects (No, the whole I will not die (Pushkin); Everything it had to be hemmed, repaired, cleaned and ironed (Paustovsky); We all almost burst with laughter (Nosov)).

Pronouns each, any they also have a generalized meaning - they indicate an object selected from a number of homogeneous ones in order to show that all of them, like him, have some kind of attribute. (He was seated at the table there. Everyone they were treated to food (Pushkin); It can do each student). The pronoun sam is used in relation to persons and has the meaning "on its own, without help" ( Myself Sima rushed along the fence to detain the grandmother in the garden for this time (Gaidar); I myself thought about it (Chekhov)). Pronoun close in meaning - most. It emphasizes identity, indicates the extreme closeness of place, time (An old man lived with an old woman at the most blue sea (Pushkin)).

Pronoun different indicates the difference between this object or person from something or someone (Do not sing, beauty, you are sad songs of Georgia with me. They remind me of other life and the distant shore ... (Pushkin)).

negative pronouns. These pronouns are formed from relative ones with the help of prefixes not- and neither-. They indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantities, which are mentioned in the sentence, and are usually used with negative predicates. (can't see draws traces around that empty place (Pushkin)). This also includes pronouns no one, nothing (no one, nothing, no one, nothing etc.), used only in the forms of indirect cases as a predicate with an adjoining infinitive. (Let death be destined for me - I there is nothing sorry! (Pushkin); Kiprensky no one was to draw (Paustovsky)).

Comment. In negative pronouns neither is always unstressed, and not is under stress.

indefinite pronouns. Formed using prefixes and postfixes from relative pronouns:

someone something some some somewhat once (= don't know when) indefinite pronouns with a prefix something or suffixes -then, -or, someday are written with a hyphen: someone, someone, something, etc.

They point to unknown or insufficiently known, indefinite objects, qualities, quantities. ( Something native is heard in the long songs of the coachman (Pushkin); Some anxiety was seen in her eyes, movements, gait (Sholokhov)). Pronouns with postfix - then point to objects unknown to the speaker and listener (You somebody phoned). Pronouns with postfix - someday“one of…” (Does anyone know you? someday in Troekurov's house? (Pushkin)). Pronouns with a postfix have the same meaning - or, they are typical for book forms of speech. Prefix pronouns something- indicate objects or signs of objects known to the speaker, but not known to the listener ( some- which I already talked about).

Comment. Indefinite pronouns contain a stress particle not, with which they are written together.

Ranks of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech

1. pronouns related to nouns(generalized subject): I, we, you, you, he (she, it), they, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something and others;
Some pronouns are sometimes distinguished into a special part of speech - pronominal noun, which includes the pronouns of the different classes indicated above on the basis of syntactic and morphological characteristics common with the noun (for example: all personal, reflexive, part of interrogative - who what, negative - nobody, nothing, indefinitely personal - someone, something and etc.)

2. pronouns related to adjectives(generalized-qualitative): mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, which, which, whose, that, this, the most, everyone, each and others;

3. pronouns related to numbers(generalized-quantitative): as much as.

4. pronouns related to adverbs(pronominal adverbs): where.

Transition of pronouns to other parts of speech

Some pronouns under certain conditions may lose their demonstrative functions and acquire features of other parts of speech. Yes, pronouns mine, ours, myself, draw, that, this and others can act as nouns (Today they are going my to the village (Pushkin); Our here they forgot their language, they also forgot our native custom (Pushkin);
That got married - managed, and that gave a miss (Griboyedov); The players agreed to draw.)

Pronouns several, so many in modern Russian they are used in the meaning of indefinitely quantitative names: (Wandering along the street several chickens (Pushkin); Nobody has so many strength, how much we have (Fadeev)).

Using other parts of speech as pronouns

The following words functionally pass into the category of pronouns: nouns (for example, sister, brother, business, thing, etc.), adjectives and participles (for example, known, whole, last, given, next, etc.), numerals (one). All these words under certain conditions lose their lexical meaning and perform a demonstrative function, acquiring the features of pronouns, most often demonstrative or indefinite (“This,” he said, “is necessary for our brother serviceman (Pushkin); We went hunting. A business was in September). In both cases, the noun is used in the sense of a demonstrative pronoun.

Importance of the Question for Primary School Teachers

In the first lessons of studying the pronoun as a part of speech, the teacher pays great attention to the selection of riddles, dialogues, excerpts from familiar stories by the children themselves, including pronouns of a different person and number, as well as compiling sentences with pronouns. Expressively reading and analyzing the selected texts, students find personal pronouns in them, realize the dependence of pronouns on other words, determine the syntactic role of a pronoun in a sentence, pay attention to the prevalence of pronouns in speech and their important role: pronouns not only help to diversify our speech, but also serve as the only original names for designating the face of the speaker and the interlocutor.

In the works they read, younger students come across pronouns that are used in different case forms (with and without prepositions). The teacher is faced with the task of teaching children to practically correlate indirect forms of pronouns with the initial one, to bring students to understand that the forms me, to me, me are forms of the personal pronoun known to them I. To this end, the teacher organizes the observation of children that pronouns, like nouns, change in cases, the same questions are posed before pronouns that are usually posed before nouns (who? what? to whom? what?).

The elementary school program does not aim to teach students to determine any case form of pronouns. However, students should be able to recognize 1st, 2nd, 3rd person pronouns.

In order for children to learn to recognize pronouns, it is necessary to conduct systematic exercises not only during the hours allotted by the program, but before and after studying the topic. So, long before the study of pronouns, practical exercises with them are possible. For example, when studying the case forms of nouns, exercises for replacing nouns with pronouns are very useful.

After studying the topic, one should not forget about this part of speech: it is useful from time to time to include pronouns for grammatical analysis in exercises or refer to their characteristics when they occur in exercises on the current topic.

Serious attention should be paid to the spelling of pronouns with prepositions ( me, to you, behind us...), although the spelling rule itself should not cause difficulties in its application, since there are no pronouns with prefixes. Meanwhile, errors in the spelling of prepositions with pronouns are quite common in elementary school.

PRONOUN-NOUN

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Pronoun he (she is, it) when inflecting, it does not formally express the difference between indicating a person or a non-person: gender. P.: Without him (professors) lectures not started; Without him (electric Sveta) lecture not started; wines P.: His (profccopa) saw off two students; His (light) turned on hour back.

In agreement, adjectives and participles that determine the pronoun he(in plural - they), successively in the forms of wines. n. indicate the animateness or inanimateness of the nouns replaced by the pronoun: I saw his (house), high and beautiful; She is noticed them (bushes), lush, covered fresh greenery, but: I saw his (comrade), pale and tired; She is noticed them (friends), funny and lively.

Generalized meaning acquire pronouns I and you in such conditions of the context or in such situations when referring to a single and specific person at the same time implies the possibility - in a similar situation - of referring to any other persons: I human and nothing human to me not alien; Hear court fool and laugh crowds cold, But you stay hard, calm and sullen. You tsar: Live one. dear free go, where entails you free mind(Pushk.); It turned out, what most main in singing deed – skill breathe. spend breath. You dialing complete breast air, a after few-little by little, slowly, very slowly, how can slower release his iso mouth. If a you not you will learn this, you never and nothing plainly not sing, because what the whole spirit from you will come out on the first same notes and you suffocate on the mid-sentence(Rekemch.).

Pronoun you can be used by the speaker to refer to himself: You wanted secondarily taste happiness in life, – spoke he myself yourself(Turg.).

In the use of a pronoun-noun he (she is, it) to a greater extent than in the use of words I and you, the ability of pronominal words in their specific meaning to be applied to a particular situation is revealed. So, he, she is(more often with negation) can mean (exactly the one, the one who is needed, who is being discussed, who is implied): Wife my drew to to me pale his face. I wanted It was her kiss... She is cried out: "Ai, not he! not he!" – and fell without memory(Pushk.); name same me, name, who I? – You?.. – Sick suddenly fixed eyes in face Lara and after long considerations answered: You – not she is(Lesk.).

In addition, the pronoun he (she is, it) has several specific uses.

1) Pronoun he, she is can be used in meaning. (beloved (beloved)) , (hero (heroine) of the novel) (obsolete): But why and you so many distressed? And who fault? Spouse, father, certainly... – Not then, my friend! – But what and? – I her not he (Pushk.).

2) Pronoun he can replace the name of a person (or a set of persons), as well as the name of any creature (animal, human), the mention of which for one reason or another is undesirable or prohibited (these are the words enemy, enemy, as well as crap, devil, impure strength): This-then white shaft and there is enemy – he , how they say soldiers and sailors(L. Tolst.); watchman useful It was on ladder, to open window, but ladder was bad, and he, not climbed, fell. Glafira seemed, what this is So and should. AT people started talking, what "he " not lets go, her interested, who this is "he"(Lesk.).

3) In colloquial speech and in common speech, the pronoun he in the form of media. R. it used in the meaning (this is) : Let poet fooling around; in eighteen years It pardonably(Pushk.).

Paradigm
AND.	-
R.	seb - I
D.	seb - e
AT.	seb - I
Tv.	sob - oh (- oyu )
Etc.	about seb - e

Case forms yourself and yourself entered into phraseological combinations with various qualifying meanings: So yourself, not on yourself, nothing yourself; from myself(freely, arbitrarily stating, interpreting something), myself on yourself, yourself on the mind, not in yourself: He was yourself on the mind (Dost.); [Kseniya :] He – not in yourself , at him son killed(Bitter.); It became suddenly how-then not on yourself , how-then boring and alone(Yu. Kazak.); Mother my, paramedic, always was busy, and I grew up myself on yourself (Gaidar).

TV form. P. yourself also included in a number of phraseological combinations: to be by ourselves yourself, self yourself (of course). Combinations that determine the appearance, appearance of a person have a stable character: handsome yourself, good yourself, yourself well done: rich, good yourself, Lensky Everywhere was adopted how groom(Pushk.); by myself guy well done (Pushk.); BUT saw whether elephant? What yourself on the sight? (wings); older you..., a yourself well done (Nekr.).

INTERROGATION
PRONOUNS-NOUNS

Expression by indefinite and negative pronouns morphological categories of gender and number, as well as the attitude to the meaning of animateness / inanimateness does not differ from pronouns who and what(cm. § , ).

§ . Indefinite and negative pronouns-nouns do not have a morphological category of gender. Pronouns with a component who syntactically (i.e., in conjunction with the form of the agreed word or verb-predicate in the past tense and subjunctive infl.) behave like a noun. husband. R. (1), and pronouns with a component what- just like noun. avg. R. (2): 1) It has come night; in cart dark fire nobody not spread out , Nobody under roof lifting Before morning sleep not rested (Pushk.); At Rostov always on Sundays dined something-who from relatives acquaintances(L. Tolst.); Watched whether who-someday from you in window? – asked deadlift(Czech.); City worst, – said someone , similar on the John falstaff(Bitter.); And came out this is So, like asked not he, a who-then another (Fad.). 2) BUT Ivan Ivanovich too where-then went, too where-then visited, did what-then his , small , extremely small (Bunin); Not once experienced I something miraculous (Bunin); jumping in hole, she-wolf fell In front of them paws and breastfeeding on the what-then soft and warm , must to be on the ram, and in this is time in barn what-then suddenly screeched , barked and flooded thin, howling voice (Czech.); Of people, similar friend on the friend, – No, each It has what-someday his (Bitter.); Tanya surprised, why is silent this such attentive general. And suddenly saw something such , what forced her shut up. It was what-then strange and dreary in these smart vigilant eyes(Kazakevich).

Note. Pronouns who-someday, who-or and who-then when referring to a female person in non-strictly standardized speech, the defining word is allowed in the form of wives. R. or coordination with the form of wives. R. past temp. and exiled. incl. verb-predicate: Was whether who-someday from you, though one, satisfied his destiny? (colloquial speech).

§ . Like the pronouns who, what, indefinite and negative pronouns are opposed to each other on the basis of personality/impersonality. This opposition is expressed by rows of words in the totality of their forms. Words that form one row and designate a person (less often - a living being in general) - who-someday, who-then, who-or, something-who, someone, nobody, no one- opposed to the words of another series, denoting the subject and (rarely: pronouns what-then and something) creature: what-someday, what-then, what-or, something-what, something, nothing, there is nothing.

Declension of indefinite and negative pronouns with components who and what different: for pronouns with a component who match the inflections of the genus. and wine. P.; for pronouns with a component what- inflections to them. and wine. P.

§ . Pronouns with a component what do not express opposition in number and have the meaning of singularity: what-then incomprehensible, something strange, nothing human to me not alien. Pronouns with a component who predominantly express singularity, but in some cases they allow syntactic indication of several persons: And nobody , afraid Zeus, From goddesses or gods Visit his not dare , God lyre and pipes(Pushk.); By Wednesdays at her are going something-who from old acquaintances(Gonch .); Coy-to whom , very few interested , became known on what-then rumors, what Nastasya Filippovna on the another same day after Yekateringof fled(Dost.).

§ . Case category for negative and indefinite pronouns, it is expressed in rows of case forms with the same inflections (both in phonemic composition and spelling) as in case forms of pronouns who and what(cm. § ). Changes in stems in case forms also completely coincide: who – kt-about-someday, something-kt-about, neither-kt-about; what – thu-about-someday, something-thu-about, nothing-about; whom – to-wow-someday, something-to-wow, Nick-wow; what – nobody-his, h-his-someday, something-h-his; to whom – Nick-about-mu; what – nobody-to him.

Pronouns no one and there is nothing have no form. n. Pronoun someone has only the form of them. n., and the pronoun something- just a form for them. and wine. P.: He sang separation and sadness, And something, And foggy distance(Pushk.); lived someone mister Dolgov FROM wife and daughter Nadia(Nekr.); Shubin came up to to me after table and said: "Here this and someone another (he your name pronounce not maybe) – both practical people, a look, which difference"(Turg.); She is So sincerely believed, what I not human, a something, standing immeasurably below her(Czech.).

Note. In the role of cosv. pad. pronouns someone in Literature sometimes notes the use of the corresponding forms of pronouns. adj. some: some, to some, some(or some), some, about some: someone ...said: "what you per pig, cattle", getting ready continue edification, a Lopukhov did full turnover to to some , took some in armful and put in ditch(Black); We see how would first gentle face some in gray(Andr.). This usage does not meet the modern norm.

In the forms of negative and indefinite pronouns with prepositions, the preposition is placed after the prefix, that is, between the prefix and the root: not at whom, neither from whom, something With by whom; not about how, not to what; dreams children's neither With by whom I not shared, Neither from whom speeches reasonable not heard(Nikit.); I'm going coy With by whom see you Through Nikolaevsky bridge(Nekr.); [Lydia:] Not, already to you willy-nilly have to watch coy on the what through fingers(A. Ostr.).

Note 1. Pronouns nobody and nothing used as a noun. in meaning (

nullity) , ( insignificant person) , ( priceless item) . In these cases, the bridge nobody, nothing and cosv. pad. not separated by a preposition: Did from nothing useful thing; turned into in nothing ; A lot of noise from nothing ; And us per nobody thinks(Mushroom.); And in conversations about nothing getting hardened I mind(Polonsky); Yesterday in the evening powdered from nothing , how as if this is co stars fell snowflakes(Prishv.).

Note 2 speech in indefinite places. prefixed something-, coy- the preposition can be not only after the prefix ( something With by whom, something to to whom, something on the what), but also before it: from something-what refused, for something-whom will try do, about something-how asked, With something-by whom consulted.

ACCENT
PRONOUNS-NOUNS

§ . All pronouns except negative no one, there is nothing, have a fixed stress on inflection: I (me, pl-e, me, pl-oh, both to me), you (you, you, you, tob-oth, about you), we (n-ace, n-am, n-ace, on themi, about n-ace), you (in-ace, in-am, in-ace, in-ami, about in-ace); he (it, she is): his (her), to him (her), his (her), them (her, e Yu), about him (about her); they (them, them, them, and mi, about them); myself [myself, self-e, myself, so-oth(-about Yu), about self-e]; who (kt-about, to-wow, to-omu, to-wow, to-eat, about k-om), what (thu-about, h-his, h-to him, thu-about, h-eat, about h-eat), who-then (to-wow-then, to-omu-then, to-wow-then, to-em-then, about k-om-then), something-who (something-to-wow, something-to-omu, something-to-wow, something-to-em, something about k-om); nobody (Nick-wow, Nick-omu, Nick-wow, nick-em, neither about k-om), nothing (nobody-his, nobody-to him, nothing, nothingm, neither about how). Negative places. no one, there is nothing have a constant accent on the prefix not-: no one, nothing, not about com, not about how. Prefix something- may have collateral stress: which With by whom.

Pronoun- this is independent part of speech, which indicates objects (things, persons, their number), but does not name them: you, they, so many. Pronouns answer questions of nouns who? what?, adjectives which? whose? and numerals How many?: I laughing my sister, several horses.

Morphological and syntactic features of the pronoun depends on which part of speech in this case it replaces.

Classes of pronouns.

Ranks of pronouns differ by lexical and grammatical features.

According to lexical terms pronouns are:

• personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in a dialogue or conversation, as well as objects.

• possessive pronouns: mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers. Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to someone or something: my house, your bed.

• demonstrative pronouns: that, this, such, such, so many, and obsolete this and this. As you might guess from the name, these pronouns indicate the quantity or attribute of an object: this closet, so many hands.

• reflexive pronoun: myself. This pronoun means that the person or thing that acts as the subject is identical to another person or thing (which is called the pronoun itself): He loves himself very much.

• interrogative pronouns: what, who, which, what, whose, how much. These pronouns serve to form questions and indicate objects, persons, signs or quantities: Who's come? What kind of students? How many?

• relative pronouns- the same interrogative ones, but they do not serve to form questions, but to connect in complex sentences, acting as allied words: I understand, who was my secret admirer. It was a guy which the studied with me at the same faculty.

• defining pronouns: most, himself, everyone, all, each, other, any, obsolete - everyone and all kinds. Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object: the best husband, every rogue, every Tuesday.

• negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one, no one, nothing, no one, none. These pronouns do not indicate, but, on the contrary, deny the presence of an object or feature: I not at all was not offended. Nobody was not to blame for my distraction.

• indefinite pronouns: something, someone, some, some, several. The remaining indefinite pronouns are formed using suffixes something, something, something and the bases of the interrogative pronoun: some sweets, someone knocked, give me at least something.

According to grammatical pronouns can be divided into:

• Noun pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, we, you, they, someone, something, nobody, yourself and others. These pronouns have their peculiarities.

1. They point to objects or persons.
2. They answer the same questions that nouns answer: who?
3. They decline according to cases: who, whom, whom, whom, etc.
4. They have such syntactic links in the sentence as a noun.

• Pronouns-adjectives: yours, mine, yours, ours, what, such, that etc. They also have their own peculiarities.

1. Like an adjective, they indicate a sign of an object.
2. Answering the question what? whose?
3. They change in numbers, genders and cases in the same way as adjectives.
4. Associated with nouns as adjectives.

• Pronouns-numerals: how many, how many, several.

1. Answer the question of how many numbers?
2. They indicate the number of objects, but do not name it.
3. Usually declined in cases.
4. They interact with nouns like numerals.

The syntactic role of the pronoun.

Pronoun maybe protrude in a sentence in roles

• Subject: You will you come to the meeting?
• Predicate: it he.
• Definitions: I want to return my notebook.
• Add-ons: Mom called me.
• Circumstances: How could this happen?

The pronoun each other is an indecomposable combination, the components of which coincide with the forms of the word friend, but historically go back (like the word friend itself) to the currently unused short forms of the pronoun other [ESSYA 1978: 131-132]. The pronoun of each other changes in cases and combines with prepositions, but - like the reflexive pronoun of oneself - does not have forms of gender, number and form of names.
case. Flexion joins its second part, while the first remains unchanged.
In casual speech, there is a variant of this pronoun with a diminutive suffix of nouns -k- (which, apparently, indicates that in the mass linguistic consciousness it is associated with the word friend); compare:

1. In a clear, starry sky there were only two clouds (...): one large, the other smaller; they are lonely, like a mother with a child, running after each other in the direction where the evening dawn was dying down (A. Chekhov. Fear);
2. Outside the orphanage, they always come to each other's aid (V. Shefner. Name for a bird).

This diminutive form is not currently used outside of the reciprocal pronoun: the case forms of the noun buddy have different endings and/or stresses.
In examples (193), (195), (196), where one of the symmetrical actants is the subject, each other's pronoun is subject-oriented, but this pronoun can also be object-oriented if the core-referential symmetrical relation connects direct and indirect objects; compare:

1. Quietly, carefully setting aside words from each other, she began to read "Monument" (E. Nosov. Varka);
2. It seemed to them that fate itself had destined them for each other, and it was not clear why he was married, and she was married (A. Chekhov. Lady with a dog).

In turn, subject-oriented constructions can refer to direct reciprocal if the second participant in the coreference relation is the direct object of the transitive verb, or to indirect reciprocity if the second participant is the indirect object; compare:

1. What is fifth grade? (...) They throw hats at light bulbs, beat each other with briefcases (...) and tear apart each other's bagels (M. Roshchin. Reminiscence).

In addition, the pronoun of each other can also be used in complicated constructions of the possessive type, when, on the one hand, the subject and object of the action are connected by symmetry relations, and on the other hand, their attributes, which are with each of them in the possessive (in the broad sense of the word) relationships. Depending on whether the object of the action is direct or indirect, one can distinguish between direct possessive reciprocation and indirect possessive reciprocation; compare:

1. They kissed, and then picturesquely kissed each other's hands crosswise (V. Kaverin. Illuminated windows);
2. The guests, trying not to push and step on each other's feet, rush to the dining room (A. Chekhov. At the leader's).

Usually the antecedent of each other's pronoun is the subject or direct object; cf. examples (197), (198), but other IGs can be its antecedent; compare:

1. The rocky mountain near which they rode was knocked together by nature from huge stones that crushed each other with such terrible force that every time Samoylenko looked at them, he involuntarily groaned (A. Chekhov. Duel);
2. Fate did a good job of letting a black cat between us and instilling in us disrespect for each other's virtues (A. Chekhov. Unnecessary victory);
3. It seemed to them that fate itself had destined them for each other (A. Chekhov. Lady with a dog);
4. Sasha jumps up again and rummages around me in the papers. Her chewing and the rustle of paper affect me like the clanging of knives rubbing against each other (A. Chekhov. Love).

In addition, this pronoun can be used in adverbial phrases, cf. example (193), in sentences with a predicate name; compare:

1. And there was their short love and devotion to each other, love, which, as happens in such cases, knows how to fit all its stages into three days / M. Roshchin. Bunin in Yalta);
2. - Well, good night. Put out the lamp! - I still want to read ... - You read, but I want to sleep - But, I believe, one should not restrict each other's freedom ... - So

do not restrict my freedom... Extinguish! (A. Chekhov. Flute and double bass),
as well as in various non-nominative sentences: indefinitely personal; compare:

1. We don't talk to each other like that [Testelets 2001:312]; generalized-personal; compare:
2. When you like each other, you go everywhere together [Ruzicka 1978: 22],

but especially common in impersonal sentences with a personal semantic subject:

1. It's time to put an end to countless attacks on each other (V. Kaverin. Illuminated windows);
2. [Elena Andreevna] The demon of destruction sits in all of you. You do not feel sorry for the forests, or the birds, or the women, or each other (A. Chekhov. Uncle Vanya);
3. We sat in armchairs side by side, our shoulders touched, I silently took binoculars from her hands and at that time I felt that she was close to me, that she was mine, that we could not be without each other (A. Chekhov.

About love).
Discussing the syntactic aspects of using the reflexive pronoun self, which can also be used in such sentences, E. V. Paducheva distributes them between constructions with a “semantic subject”, “semantic subject” and constructions with an “implied controller”, which also includes various infinitive and imperative structures [Paducheva 1985: 190-197]. They can also use a mutual pronoun; compare:

1. It is a great joy for us to see each other again;
2. Love each other!

The reciprocal pronoun can also be used in passive constructions when expressing cross-referencing between the subject and one of the objects of the verb; compare:

1. Just now everything was connected, chained to each other (V. Kaverin. Illuminated windows);
2. There are a lot of boxes, they are piled on top of each other (V. Kaverin. Illuminated windows).

At the same time, its use in the position of an agentive object is difficult, although sentences with participles of emotive verbs sound quite acceptable; compare:

1. a.7 They were wounded by each other;

b. They were fascinated by each other.
As for the lexical and semantic restrictions on the use of each other's reciprocal pronoun, then, as mentioned in § 3.3.5, it does not combine with most reciprocal verbs; one cannot say: *They are pushing (biting, scratching, dousing, kicking, butting) with each other, although with some of them it sounds quite natural; cf .: They swear (kiss, hug) with each other. In addition, this pronoun is used only in such reciprocal constructions in which symmetrical actants have a different type (mismatched) morphological design; therefore, it cannot be combined with lexical reciprocals to distinguish, separate, separate, requiring the same type of actants.

Pronoun- this is an independent non-significant part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun acts as a substitute in the text.

Pronoun ranks by meaning

There are 9 categories of pronouns by meaning:

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).

2. returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing called the subject, the person or thing called the word itself ( He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).

3. Possessive : . Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).

4. pointing : this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.

5. Determinants : himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities.

7. relative : the same as interrogative ones, in the function of linking parts of a complex sentence ( allied words).

8. Negative : nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. indefinite : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns by the prefix something- or suffixes - then, either, something.

Ranks of pronouns by grammatical features

According to their grammatical features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronominal nouns indicate a person or an object, pronominal adjectives indicate an attribute of an object, pronominal numbers indicate a quantity.

To noun pronouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive self, interrogative-relative who and what and negative and indefinite formed from them ( no one, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, etc.).

To adjective pronouns all possessives, all definitives, demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, this, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and negative and indefinite ones formed from them (none, nobody, some, some, some, etc.).

To pronouns-numerals pronouns are as many as those formed from them ( a few, some and etc.).

Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns

Pronominal nouns include the following pronouns: personal self , you, he, she, it, we, you, they, returnable myself, interrogative-relative who and what and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, nobody, nothing, someone, something, someone, something, anything and etc.).

These pronouns have grammatical features similar to the grammatical features of nouns, but they also have certain differences from significant nouns. Who can ask them questions? or what ?, in a sentence, these words act mainly as subjects or objects.

Consider the morphological features of pronouns-nouns.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :

1 person: me, we;

2 person: you you;

3rd person: he, she, it, they.

The morphological feature of the person of pronouns is expressed out of word - personal endings of the verb in the present or future tense of the indicative mood and forms of the imperative mood of the verb, i.e. those verbal forms that have a morphological feature of the person:

1st person: I'm going, we're going;

2nd person: you go-eat, go-and-, you go-e, go-and-te;

3rd person: he, she, it goes, let it go, they go, let it go.

For other pronouns-nouns, as well as for all significant nouns, it is not customary to determine the person.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . Personal pronouns are singular ( I, you, he, she, it) and plural ( we you they) numbers.

Noun pronouns have a constant feature kind . This question, like the question of number, is poorly covered in school textbooks. We will proceed from the following provisions. All personal pronouns have a constant gender sign, which, like significant nouns, is expressed out of word.

Pronouns I and you are of the general gender: I, you came - I, you came.

The pronoun he is masculine: he came.

The pronoun she is feminine: she came.

The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.

Plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. ( no you - I see you).

All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. inclined.

In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to pronouns of the 3rd person: him, to them, from her. The addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, contrary to, etc .: thanks to her, according to him.

The reflexive pronoun-noun itself has no gender or number. It declines in the same way as the personal pronoun you, except that the pronoun yourself does not have the form I. p.

Interrogative-relative pronouns who are masculine singular ( who came, but not who came or who came), and the pronoun that is the neuter singular ( what happened).

Formed from the pronouns who and what, negative and indefinite pronouns have the same features as the pronouns who and what. A feature of the indefinite pronouns someone and something is that someone has the form only I. p., and something- I. p. and V. p. A negative pronouns no one and there is nothing, on the contrary, do not have the form I. p.

Negative and indefinite pronouns with prefixes not- and ni-, when used with prepositions, “pass” the preposition into themselves: with no one, with no one.

Grammatical features of pronouns-adjectives

All possessive pronouns are adjectives ( mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs), all determinants ( himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, other, everyone, everyone), demonstrative this, that, such, such, this, this, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and negative and indefinite formed from them ( none, nobody, some, some, some and etc.).

Pronouns-adjectives have grammatical features similar to those of significant adjectives: they have inconstant signs of gender, number and case , in which they agree with the noun to which they refer, in the sentence they are the definition or (rarely) the nominal part of the predicate.

Possessive pronouns deserve special mention. him, her and them. Unlike the words my, yours, ours, yours, the pronouns his, her, and theirs are invariable (cf.: his house, desk, window; his houses, desks, windows). Immutability is their constant feature.

Pronouns-adjectives such and such do not change by case and are used only in the function of a predicate.

Grammatical features of pronouns-numerals

Pronouns-numerals are few. These are the words how many, how many and the pronouns formed from them are several, how much, how much.

Like significant numerals, these words do not have morphological signs of gender and number, they change by cases and are combined with nouns in a special way: they control R. p. pl. noun numbers in I. p. and V. p. and agree with the noun in oblique cases. These words are declined the same way:

I. p. how much

R. p. how many

D. p. how many

V. p. how much

Etc. how many

P. p. how many.

The word is not at all usually referred to as pronouns, but as adverbs, since it is invariable.

Morphological analysis of the pronoun

Pronouns are morphologically sorted according to the following plan: I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (i. p., singular). II. Morphological features: 1. Permanent signs: a) rank by value, b) person (for personal pronouns), c) number (for pronounsme, you, you ) 2. Variable signs: a) case, b) number (if any), c) gender (if any).

III. Syntactic role

SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF PRONOUNS

In the gallery, some dismayed citizen found in his pocket a pack tied up in a bank method and with the inscription “One thousand rubles” on the cover ... A few seconds later, the rain of money, getting thicker, reached the chairs, and the audience began to catch pieces of paper (M. A. Bulgakov).

I. Some (what?) - a pronoun, the initial form of some.

inconsistent signs: in husband. kind, unit number, I. p.

III. Citizen (what?) Some (definition).

I. (U) yourself (who?) - pronoun, the initial form of yourself (R. p.)

II. Permanent signs: recurrent;

non-permanent signs: in R. p.

III. I found (where?) in myself (circumstance).

I. Several (how many?) - pronoun, initial form several.

II. Permanent signs: indefinite;

non-permanent signs: in V. p..

III. Reached (when?) in a few seconds (circumstance).