(about 1/3 of the world maritime cargo turnover), yielding to Atl-ke in terms of traffic volume, ahead of it in growth rates. A characteristic feature of the sea routes in the Pacific Ocean is their very large latitudinal extent (twice as long as the transatlantic ones). Transoceanic routes connecting the west. and east. shores are grouped in two directions: American-Asian and American-Australian. On the first of them, three cargo-intensive routes were formed. Intensive shipping routes connect the Pacific ports of the USA and Canada (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Vancouver) with the ports of Japan, China, Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila). Coal, timber, grain, ore, semi-finished products and finished products are exported to Japan from North American ports. In the opposite direction, there are various types of industrial products (steel pipes, electrical and radio devices, fabrics, fish and fish products). Less intense shipping on the second route from the Panama Canal and the western ports of South America to the ports of Southeast (Singapore, Manila) and East (Shanghai, Yokohama) Asia. From Latin American ports, mainly mining and agricultural raw materials are exported (to Japan), and industrial products in the opposite direction. The second US-Australian transoceanic route connects the ports of North America and Australia and New Zealand. There are lines from the ports of the USA and Canada to Sydney and other ports of southeastern Australia (Newcastle, Melbourne). Machinery and equipment are transported from American ports, and industrial raw materials and agricultural products are transported in the opposite direction. Equipment for the mining industry, machinery and finished products are transported from the USA to Latin American ports. The highest concentration of cargo turnover is noted in the ports of the East (Japan, Rep. Korea, China) and South-East. Asia (more than 3/4 of the total cargo turnover of the Pacific Ocean). The largest oil terminals in the Pacific Ocean are concentrated in Japanese (Chiba, Yokohama, Kawasaki), American (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Francisco, Valdez) and international transit (Singapore, Think) ports.

30. Economic-geographical provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their characteristics.

NW: In the economy respect, the province is distinguished by a high level of economic development and a large scientific and technical potential, rich in mines. resources of its individual territories, huge fish stocks and the largest catches in the world, intensive maritime transport and a developed economy. Huge human resources are concentrated here and the third world economic center has been formed, the core of which is Japan, and the “new industrial countries” (Republic of Korea, Taiwan) and the rapidly growing economy of modern China play a complementary role. Oil and gas, solid minerals (iron ore, coal) are extracted on the shelf of the province, TiMg placers, deposits of cassiterite, table salt are explored. Iron marg have been found in the open part of the ocean. and phosphorite nodules. Z: Its characteristic feature is its advantageous position on the routes of intensive maritime navigation and the presence of large sea communications nodes in the straits of the Malay Archipelago. Zap. The province has large reserves of mineral raw materials and biological resources, but is inferior to the North-West. provinces in terms of industrial and scientific and technical potential, as well as the level of development of marine industries. The bowels of the province contain deposits of world importance. Up to 70% of tin, significant volumes of oil, Fe, Mn and Cu ores, Ni, chromites, tungsten, bauxites and phosphate raw materials are obtained from this region of the world. Ferromanganese nodules and phosphates occur in the northeast of the province, and deposits of oil, cassiterite, iron ore, and glauconite have been discovered on the shelf. SW: fishery has not received wide industrial development. The position of the province away from the main world markets predetermines the leading role of maritime communications to ensure links with the North. America, East and Southeast. Asia and Europe. are Sydney and Melbourne and the outport of Geelong (specialized in grain and oil cargo). In the state of New South. Wales has 9 seaports (Newcastle, Port Kembla, Hunter, etc.) YU.: The natural resource potential of the province is poorly studied. Oil is being produced on the Tongo Islands, and phosphorite deposits are being developed on the Society Islands. The waters of the province are characterized by a low content of zooplankton biomass and low fish productivity (less than 10 kg / km 2. A characteristic feature of the Southern Province is the weak development of the economy, which does not allow for a wide study and development of marine resources. The basis of the economy of most island states is the plantation economy (cultivation of coconut palm , citrus fruits, bananas, pineapples, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, peanuts, breadfruit), canned fish and copra. Fish catches of the island states and territories are small. Fiji's economy is most diversified, it is based on the sugar industry, tourism, forestry and woodworking industry. N-E: oil and natural gas (Alaska, the Los Angeles area and the coastal waters of California), phosphorites (California coast), ores of precious and non-ferrous metals (gold, platinum, mercury). A significant role is played by the exploitation of marine gold placers (off the coast of the Seward Peninsula) and platinum sands (Goodnews Bay). The open waters of the province are characterized by extremely low fish productivity. The North-East is a zone of very intensive traffic. There are routes from the Pacific ports of North America to the ports of the East. Asia (Japan, China) and from the ports of the west coast of the USA and Canada to the ports of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. SE-E and B: Coastal countries (Peru, Chile, Bolivia) form a capacious regional raw material market that exports mining raw materials, agricultural and fishery products by sea. In Peru, large deposits of iron ore (the area of ​​the port of San Juan), polymetals, and phosphorites are being developed; oil and gas are being extracted on the sea shelf. The province is an important global fishing area.

Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver

It is rather difficult to determine which port is the largest port in the Pacific Ocean today. The problem is that there are several criteria against which to evaluate.

However, the largest of the existing ones can be called such Pacific ports as Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver. For example, Shanghai, since 2010, has been considered the world's largest port in terms of cargo turnover. The port is located near the metropolis of the same name and occupies an advantageous position, as it has open access to the sea. Thanks to the port, China communicates with 200 countries. About 99% of the country's entire foreign trade turnover is carried out through these gates. The port operates around the clock, regardless of holidays and weekends. Oil, coal, metal ore, building materials are transported through Shanghai.

Another major Pacific port is Singapore. Since 1997, the port has been considered the largest in the world in terms of tonnage of ships. Previously, this port was the largest in terms of cargo turnover, until it lost 1st place to Shanghai. Singapore is able to receive 150 ships daily and serves up to 250 lines. The berthing front of the naval base stretched for more than 3 kilometers. The total value of sea transportation of the port is 112 million tons.

Sydney vs Vancouver

Sydney is inferior to its competitors in cargo turnover, its throughput is approximately 1.8 million tons. However, this port has a mooring front about 0.6 km long. 100 berths with a depth of 3.5 meters are capable of receiving aircraft carrier-class vessels. Today, wool, coal, dairy products, grains, fruits, hides, cocoa, oil, and industrial equipment are transported through Sydney.

Vancouver is the largest port in Canada, located in the northeastern part of the Strait of Georgia. The harbor is perfectly protected from the wind and does not freeze in winter. The total length of the Vancouver berths is about 16 kilometers. The total turnover of cargo transportation is 45 million tons. Timber, grain, non-ferrous metals, paper, fish, plywood, cellulose pass through Vancouver.

Russian ports

Since Russia also has access to the Pacific Ocean, it is not surprising that there are also quite large Russian ports. One of them is Vladivostok, located in the south of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. The advantage of the port is that it is quite accessible to any class of ships that exists today. True, in the period from November to March, navigation in this area is carried out with the help of icebreakers. Up to 7 million tons of cargo passes through the port annually. Railway lines pass through the territory of the port, with a total length of 21 kilometers. The length of the berths is 3.1 kilometers. The port specializes in coastal transportation to Russian ports located in the Pacific Ocean and in the east of the Arctic.

Nakhodka is a Russian seaport of federal importance. It is located in the northwestern part of the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. It includes oil and universal sea terminals. The port's cargo turnover reaches 15 million tons. Basically, oil, metal, coal, refrigerated cargo, containers are transported through Nakhodka.

Of course, Vladivostok and Nakhodka do not compete with foreign ports located on the Pacific Ocean, such as Shanghai, Vancouver or Singapore. However, these are one of the largest ports in Russia.

The longest transoceanic routes lie in the Pacific Ocean: the central route Singapore-Panama has a length of 10.8 thousand miles, and crossings of 6-7 thousand miles without calling at intermediate ports are considered common in the Pacific Ocean. In the vast areas of the Pacific Ocean, hydrometeorological conditions are more complex than in other oceans.

From the point of view of the intensity of world shipping, three main directions can be distinguished: American-Asian, American-Australian and Asian-Australian.

The US-Asian direction is the main one and, in turn, includes the three most used routes. The route of the first, busiest shipping route runs from the ports of North America (Vancouver, San Francisco, Los Angeles) to the Western Pacific Ocean and back from the ports of Japan, China, the Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila) to the USA and Canada. It takes place in severe hydrometeorological conditions of a stormy seasonal region. Without calling at intermediate ports, its length is more than 4.5 thousand miles. This is the main route for deliveries to Japan and other countries of various ores, coal, grain cargoes from the USA, and from Canada coal, grain, timber and lumber, other cargoes and various semi-finished products.

The second route runs from the Panama Canal and the ports of the western coast of South America (through the Hawaiian Islands) to the ports of the Philippines, Malaysia, China, Taiwan and Japan. The central route runs from the Panama Canal to Singapore. This path passes through an area of ​​rare storms in the equatorial region.

The third, rather rarely used, route is laid from Cape Horn to the ports of Asian countries. In the southern part, its path lies in a stormy area (seasonal) with difficult hydrometeorological conditions.

The American-Australian direction connects the main ports of Australia (Sydney, Melbourne) and New Zealand (Wellington, Auckland) with various ports of the American continent along three main shipping routes: Sydney - Hawaiian Islands - ports of North America; Sydney - Panama Canal and Sydney - ports of South America (Valparaiso, Callao). Ships going to South America during a dangerous period plot a course for ports of destination within the boundaries of a seasonal region of rare storms; in the period of favorable weather conditions - bypassing the New Zealand Islands from the south and using the fair current of the westerly winds. Wool, lead, zinc and other raw materials are delivered to American ports on regular lines, and in the opposite direction, to Australia - machinery and equipment, machine tools, instruments, various equipment.

The Asian-Australian, unlike the previous ones, has a general North-South direction and connects Australian and New Zealand ports with Japanese ones. Intensive shipping on this ocean route in the second half of the 20th century is associated with the growth of the economic and technical potential of Japan and a number of countries in Southeast Asia, the development of shipbuilding and the growth of world trade. Shipping companies in Japan and other Southeast Asian countries have organized regular cargo lines on this route for the transportation of iron ore, coal, wool and other raw materials, grain and food products from Australia to the ports of Southeast Asia and Japan.

Ocean paths run along the coast of South America, | | connecting the ports of South American countries with the Pacific and Atlantic (through the Panama Canal) US ports. The main raw material flows (iron ore and non-ferrous metal ores, saltpeter, sulfur and other minerals) are directed from the ports of the western coast of South America to the ports of the east coast of the United States, where the main industrial base of the United States is located, through the Panama Canal.

North America

3. Indian Ocean

Asia and Africa

* - the 50 largest ports by cargo turnover are indicated in italics.

Task 2. Study the geographical types of ports in the world (using the ports listed in Table 4). Present the results in the form of table 5.

Table 5

Geographic types of ports in the world

PRACTICAL WORK № 4

Exercise 1. Plot on the previously compiled map (practical work No. 3) the largest container handling ports in the world based on the data in Table 6.

Table 6

World's largest seaports for container handling, 2003

(thousand conditional twenty-pound containers*)

* - A conventional twenty-foot container is an international unit of measurement in container transportation. Standard container: 20 feet (6.1 m) long, 8 feet (2.44 m) wide and 8.5 feet (2.59 m) high. The volume of such a container is 38.5 m³.There are also forty-foot (12.2 m) and forty-five-foot (13.7 m) ones. Most of the containers in use today are forty feet.

The volume of transshipment of containers (thousand conditional twenty-pound containers) is shown in color inside the punch indicating the volume of cargo turnover. The volume of transshipment of containers should be presented in gradations (for example): 1 - 1.0-2.0; 2 - 2.1-5.0; 3 - 5.1-10.0; 4 - 10.1-15.0; 5-more than 15.0. If the port is not marked on the map as the largest in terms of cargo turnover, but is included in the 50 largest ports for the processing of containers, then sign its name on the map with the color corresponding to the volume of transportation in the above gradations.

Task 2. To study the regional features of maritime transportation (based on the data of tables 4, 6) for the fifty largest ports in terms of cargo turnover and container transshipment volume. Use the compiled map "World Maritime Transport". To study the geography of shipping:

1) build pie charts by the volume of cargo turnover and the volume of container handling, highlighting the following regions: Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Southwest Asia, North America, Latin America, Australia. Make a conclusion.

2) compile ranked rows of the five largest ports in terms of cargo turnover and container traffic in each region. Make a conclusion, substantiating the differences in the composition of the leaders.

3) build diagrams showing the volume of cargo turnover and the volume of container handling in the context of the oceans (for the fifty largest ports). Inside the diagrams, display the volume of cargo turnover and transshipment of containers by country. Make a conclusion.

4) to rank the five largest ports in terms of cargo turnover and container handling volume in each ocean. Make a conclusion, substantiating the differences in the composition of the leaders.

Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean in the autumn of 1520 and called the ocean the Pacific Ocean, “because, according to one of the participants, during the transition from Tierra del Fuego to the Philippine Islands, more than three months, we never experienced the slightest storm.” By the number (about 10 thousand) and the total area of ​​the islands (about 3.6 million km²), the Pacific Ocean ranks first among the oceans. In the northern part - the Aleutian; in the western - Kuril, Sakhalin, Japanese, Philippine, Greater and Lesser Sunda, New Guinea, New Zealand, Tasmania; in the central and southern - numerous small islands. The bottom relief is varied. In the east - the East Pacific Rise, in the central part there are many basins (North-Eastern, North-Western, Central, Eastern, Southern, etc.), deep-water trenches: in the north - Aleutian, Kuril-Kamchatsky, Izu-Boninsky; in the west - Mariana (with a maximum depth of the World Ocean - 11,022 m), Philippine, etc.; in the east - Central American, Peruvian, etc.

The main surface currents: in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean - warm Kuroshio, North Pacific and Alaska and cold California and Kuril; in the southern part - warm South Trade Winds and East Australian and cold West Winds and Peruvian. The water temperature on the surface near the equator is from 26 to 29 ° C, in the subpolar regions up to −0.5 ° C. Salinity 30-36.5 ‰. The Pacific Ocean accounts for about half of the world's fish catch (pollock, herring, salmon, cod, sea bass, etc.). Extraction of crabs, shrimps, oysters.

Important sea and air communications between the countries of the Pacific basin and transit routes between the countries of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans run through the Pacific Ocean. Major ports: Vladivostok, Nakhodka (Russia), Shanghai (China), Singapore (Singapore), Sydney (Australia), Vancouver (Canada), Los Angeles, Long Beach (USA), Huasco (Chile). The International Date Line runs along the 180th meridian across the Pacific Ocean.

Plant life (except bacteria and lower fungi) is concentrated in the upper 200th layer, in the so-called euphotic zone. Animals and bacteria inhabit the entire water column and the ocean floor. Life develops most abundantly in the shelf zone, and especially near the coast at shallow depths, where the flora of brown algae and a rich fauna of mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, and other organisms are diversely represented in the temperate zones of the ocean. In tropical latitudes, the shallow water zone is characterized by the widespread and strong development of coral reefs, and mangroves near the shore. With the advancement from cold zones to tropical ones, the number of species sharply increases, and the density of their distribution decreases. About 50 species of coastal algae - macrophytes are known in the Bering Strait, over 200 off the Japanese Islands, over 800 in the waters of the Malay Archipelago. In the Soviet Far Eastern seas there are about 4000 known species of animals, and in the waters of the Malay Archipelago - at least 40-50 thousand . In the cold and temperate zones of the ocean, with a relatively small number of plant and animal species, due to the mass development of some species, the total biomass greatly increases; in the tropical zones, individual forms do not receive such a sharp predominance, although the number of species is very large.

With distance from the coasts to the central parts of the ocean and with increasing depth, life becomes less diverse and less abundant. In general, the fauna of T. o. includes about 100 thousand species, but only 4-5% of them are found deeper than 2000 m. At depths of more than 5000 m, about 800 species of animals are known, more than 6000 m - about 500, deeper than 7000 m - slightly more than 200, and deeper than 10 thousand m - only about 20 species.

Among coastal algae - macrophytes - in temperate zones, fucus and kelp are especially distinguished by their abundance. In tropical latitudes, they are replaced by brown algae - Sargasso, green - Caulerpa and Galimeda and a number of red algae. The surface zone of the pelagial is characterized by the massive development of unicellular algae (phytoplankton), mainly diatoms, peridiniums and coccolithophorids. In zooplankton, the most important are various crustaceans and their larvae, mainly copepods (at least 1000 species) and euphausids; a significant admixture of radiolarians (several hundred species), coelenterates (siphonophores, jellyfish, ctenophores), eggs and larvae of fish and benthic invertebrates. In T. o. one can distinguish, in addition to the littoral and sublittoral zones, a transitional zone (up to 500-1000 m), bathyal, abyssal and ultraabyssal, or a zone of deep-water trenches (from 6-7 to 11 thousand m).

Planktonic and benthic animals serve as abundant food for fish and marine mammals (nekton). The fish fauna is exceptionally rich, including at least 2,000 species in tropical latitudes and about 800 in the Soviet Far Eastern seas, where, in addition, there are 35 species of marine mammals. The most commercially important fish are: anchovies, Far Eastern salmon, herring, mackerel, sardine, saury, sea bass, tuna, flounder, cod and pollock; from mammals - sperm whale, several species of minke whales, fur seal, sea otter, walrus, sea lion; from invertebrates - crabs (including Kamchatka), shrimps, oysters, scallops, cephalopods and many others; from plants - kelp (seaweed), agaronos-anfeltia, sea grass zoster and phyllospadix. Many representatives of the fauna of the Pacific Ocean are endemic (pelagic cephalopod nautilus, most Pacific salmon, saury, greenling fish, northern fur seal, sea lion, sea otter, and many others).

The large extent of the Pacific Ocean from North to South determines the diversity of its climates - from equatorial to subarctic in the North and Antarctic in the South. Most of the ocean surface, approximately between 40 ° north latitude and 42 ° south latitude, is located in the zones of equatorial, tropical and subtropical climates. The circulation of the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean is determined by the main areas of atmospheric pressure: the Aleutian Low, the North Pacific, South Pacific and Antarctic Highs. The indicated centers of action of the atmosphere in their interaction determine the great constancy of northeast in the North and southeast in the South winds of moderate strength - trade winds - in the tropical and subtropical parts of the Pacific Ocean and strong westerly winds in temperate latitudes. Especially strong winds are observed in the southern temperate latitudes, where the frequency of storms is 25-35%, in the northern temperate latitudes in winter - 30%, in summer - 5%. In the West of the tropical zone, from June to November, tropical hurricanes - typhoons are frequent. The monsoon circulation of the atmosphere is typical for the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. The average air temperature in February decreases from 26-27°C near the equator to -20°C in the Bering Strait and -10°C off the coast of Antarctica. In August, the average temperature varies from 26-28°C near the equator to 6-8°C in the Bering Strait and to -25°C off the coast of Antarctica. Throughout the Pacific Ocean, located north of 40 ° south latitude, there are significant differences in air temperature between the eastern and western parts of the ocean, caused by the corresponding dominance of warm or cold currents and the nature of the winds. In tropical and subtropical latitudes, the air temperature in the East is 4–8 °C lower than in the West. In the northern temperate latitudes, the opposite is true: in the East, the temperature is 8–12 °C higher than in the West. The average annual cloudiness in areas of low atmospheric pressure is 60-90%. high pressure - 10-30%. The average annual precipitation at the equator is more than 3000 mm, in temperate latitudes - 1000 mm in the West. and 2000-3000 mm to the east. The least amount of precipitation (100-200 mm) falls on the eastern outskirts of the subtropical regions of high atmospheric pressure; in the western parts, the amount of precipitation increases to 1500-2000 mm. Fogs are typical for temperate latitudes, they are especially frequent in the area of ​​the Kuril Islands.

Under the influence of the atmospheric circulation developing over the Pacific Ocean, surface currents form anticyclonic gyres in subtropical and tropical latitudes and cyclonic gyres in northern temperate and southern high latitudes. In the northern part of the ocean, circulation is formed by warm currents: the Northern Trade Wind - Kuroshio and the North Pacific and cold California currents. In the northern temperate latitudes, the cold Kuril Current dominates in the West, and the warm Alaska Current dominates in the East. In the southern part of the ocean, the anticyclonic circulation is formed by warm currents: the South Equatorial, East Australian, zonal South Pacific and cold Peruvian. To the north of the equator, between 2-4° and 8-12° north latitude, the northern and southern circulations are separated during the year by the Intertrade (Equatorial) countercurrent.

The average temperature of the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean (19.37 °C) is 2 °C higher than the temperature of the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which is the result of the relatively large size of that part of the Pacific Ocean area, which is located in well-heated latitudes (over 20 kcal/cm2 per year). ), and limited communication with the Arctic Ocean. The average water temperature in February varies from 26-28 °С near the equator to -0.5, -1 °С north of 58° north latitude, near the Kuril Islands and south of 67° south latitude. In August, the temperature is 25-29 °С near the equator, 5-8 °С in the Bering Strait and -0.5, -1 °С south of 60-62 ° south latitude. Between 40 ° south latitude and 40 ° north latitude, the temperature in the eastern part of the T. o. 3-5 °C lower than in the western part. To the north of 40 ° north latitude - on the contrary: in the East, the temperature is 4-7 ° C higher than in the West. To the south of 40 ° south latitude, where zonal transport of surface waters prevails, there is no difference between water temperatures in the East and in the West. In the Pacific Ocean, there is more rainfall than evaporating water. Taking into account the river runoff, more than 30 thousand km3 of fresh water comes here annually. Therefore, the salinity of the surface waters of the T. o. lower than in other oceans (average salinity is 34.58‰). The lowest salinity (30.0-31.0‰ and less) is observed in the West and East of the northern temperate latitudes and in the coastal regions of the eastern part of the ocean, the highest (35.5‰ and 36.5‰) - respectively in the northern and southern subtropical latitudes. At the equator, water salinity decreases from 34.5‰ or less, in high latitudes - to 32.0‰ or less in the North, to 33.5‰ or less in the South.

The density of water on the surface of the Pacific Ocean increases fairly evenly from the equator to high latitudes in accordance with the general nature of the distribution of temperature and salinity: near the equator 1.0215-1.0225 g/cm3, in the North - 1.0265 g/cm3 and more, in the South - 1.0275 g/cm3 and more. The color of the water in the subtropical and tropical latitudes is blue, the transparency in some places is more than 50 m. In the northern temperate latitudes, the dark blue color of the water prevails, off the coast it is greenish, the transparency is 15-25 m. In the Antarctic latitudes, the color of the water is greenish, the transparency is up to 25 m .

Tides in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean are dominated by irregular semidiurnal (height up to 5.4 m in the Gulf of Alaska) and semidiurnal (up to 12.9 m in the Penzhina Bay of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk). Near the Solomon Islands and off part of the coast of New Guinea, daily tides, up to 2.5 m. 40° north latitude. The maximum height of wind waves in the Pacific Ocean is 15 m or more, the length is over 300 m. Tsunami waves are characteristic, especially often observed in the northern, southwestern and southeastern parts of the Pacific Ocean.

Ice in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean is formed in seas with severe winter climatic conditions (Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Yellow) and in bays off the coast of Hokkaido, the Kamchatka and Alaska peninsulas. In winter and spring, ice is carried by the Kuril current to the extreme northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Small icebergs are found in the Gulf of Alaska. In the South Pacific, ice and icebergs form off the coast of Antarctica and are carried by currents and winds into the open ocean. The northern limit of floating ice in winter passes at 61-64 ° S, in summer it shifts to 70 ° S, icebergs at the end of summer are carried up to 46-48 ° S. Icebergs form mainly in the Ross Sea.