The life of A. T. Tvardovsky in dates and facts
1910, June 8 - the birth of the poet on the farm Zagorye, Smolensk province, in the family of a rural blacksmith.
1918-1924 - years of study at a rural school, early interest in poetry.
1924 - work as a village correspondent of the Smolensk newspapers, where in 1925 his poems were published.
1925-1936 - poems about collectivization: "The Path to Socialism", "Introduction", "Country Ant". The story "The diary of the chairman of the collective farm." The publication of a collection of poems, which included works of 1930-1935.
1939 - graduated from the Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (MIFLI). Release of the poetry collection "Rural Chronicle".
1939-1940 - participation in the Soviet-Finnish war as a war correspondent. Cycle of poems "In the snows of Finland". Rewarding with the Order of Lenin, awarding the Stalin Prize of the 2nd degree for the book "Country Ant".
1941-1945 - work in military newspapers, publication of numerous correspondence, essays and poems. Creation of the poem “Vasiliy Terkin. A book about a fighter. (State Prize of the USSR, 1946)
1946 - The poem "The House by the Road" (State Prize of the USSR, 1947). Publication of poems about the war: "I was killed near Rzhev", etc.
1950-1954 - Work as editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine. Publication of the poem "For the distance distance" (Lenin Prize, 1961). The first edition of the poem "Terkin in the next world."
1961 - Publication of the poetry collection "Poems from a Notebook", a book of literary criticism "Articles and Notes on Literature".
1963 - Publication of the final edition of the satirical poem "Terkin in the Other World". material from the site
1963-1968 - Work as vice-president of the European Society of Writers. Lyrics of recent years: "From the lyrics of these years" (1967), the cycle "In Memory of the Mother" (1965), the cycle of poems "From the Notebook". Active state activity.
1971 - the death of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky in a holiday village near Krasnaya Pakhra, Moscow Region.
Soviet literature
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky
Biography
TVARDOVSKY, ALEXANDER TRIFONOVICH (1910−1971), Russian poet. Born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the village of Zagorye, Smolensk province. Tvardovsky's father, a peasant blacksmith, was dispossessed and exiled. The tragic fate of his father and other victims of collectivization is described by Tvardovsky in the poem By the Right of Memory (1967−1969, published 1987).
Tvardovsky wrote poetry from childhood. In 1931 his first poem, The Path to Socialism, was published. While studying at the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute, and then at the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History (MIFLI), from which he graduated in 1939, Tvardovsky also wrote articles. He became famous for the poem Country Ant (1936, State Prize, 1941), which tells about the search for a country of universal happiness by a peasant Nikita Morgunok.
After the release of the Land of Ants, collections of poems by Tvardovsky Poems (1937), Road (1938), Rural Chronicle (1939), Zagorye (1941) were published one after another. In 1939-1940, Tvardovsky served in the army as a military journalist, participated in the campaign against Poland and in the Finnish campaign. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a front-line correspondent for various newspapers. The poet called his lyrics of the war years "front-line chronicle", defining by this name its content and stylistic features.
In 1941, Tvardovsky began working on a poem by Vasily Terkin, which he subtitled The Book of a Fighter. The first chapters were published in September 1942 in the Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda newspaper, in the same year an early version of the poem was published as a separate book. The final version was completed in 1945. In the article How "Vasily Terkin" was written, Tvardovsky wrote that the image of the main character was invented in 1939 for a permanent humorous column in the newspaper of the Leningrad Military District "On Guard of the Motherland". Accidentally found image, wrote Tvardovsky, "captured me without a trace." The original humorous idea took the form of an epic narrative, the poem became for the author "my lyrics, my journalism, a song and a lesson, an anecdote and a saying, a heart-to-heart talk and a remark to the occasion." In the poem "just a guy by himself" Vasily Terkin became the main character of the people's war. Like all the heroes of the world epic, he was granted immortality (it is no coincidence that in Terkin's 1954 poem in the next world he finds himself in the afterlife, reminiscent of Soviet reality with his carrion) and at the same time - a lively optimism that makes him the personification of the national spirit. The poem was a huge success with readers. Vasily Terkin became a folklore character, about which Tvardovsky remarked: "Where he came from, he goes there." The book received both official recognition (State Prize, 1946) and high praise from contemporaries. I. Bunin wrote about it: “This is a truly rare book. What freedom, what wonderful prowess, what accuracy, accuracy in everything, and what an extraordinary folk language - not a knot, not a hitch, not a single false, ready-made, that is, literary word! Defining the main direction of his work, Tvardovsky wrote: "Personally, I probably will not be able to move away from the harsh and majestic, infinitely diverse and so little revealed in the literature world of events, experiences and impressions of the war period." The poetic embodiment of this thought was his famous lyric poems I was killed near Rzhev ... and I know it was not my fault ... The poem about the tragic fate of the soldier Sivtsov and his family House by the Road (1946), which Tvardovsky called "lyrical chronicle", is also devoted to the military theme. In 1950, Tvardovsky was appointed editor-in-chief of the journal Novy Mir, but in 1954 he was removed from his post for democratic tendencies that emerged in the journal immediately after Stalin's death. In 1958, Tvardovsky again headed Novy Mir, inviting his like-minded critics and editors V. Lakshin, I. Vinogradov, A. Kondratovich, A. Berzer and others. In this post, Tvardovsky, according to the definition of critic I. Rostovtseva, "brought literature and creative people out of the dead ends into which they were driven by History, Time, Circumstances." Thanks to his efforts, the works of V. Ovechkin, V. Bykov, F. Abramov, B. Mozhaev, Yu. Trifonov, Yu. publish A. Solzhenitsyn's story One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. In 1970, Tvardovsky was removed from his post as editor-in-chief. This exacerbated the difficult mental situation in which he was, being, on the one hand, a major figure in the party-Soviet hierarchy, and on the other, an "unofficial oppositionist." Despite the official recognition of the poem Beyond the Far Far (1950−1960, Lenin Prize, 1961), Tvardovsky's poems By Right of Memory and Terkin in the next world were not published. Tvardovsky died in Krasnaya Pakhra near Moscow on December 18, 1971.
Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich, is a famous Russian poet. He was born on June 8, 1910 in the village of Zagorye, which is located in the Smolensk region. The father of the future poet was a blacksmith, who was dispossessed during the revolution and sent into exile. About the fate of many victims of collectivization of that time, Tvardovsky wrote in his work "By the Right of Memory".
Alexander wrote poems from childhood. His first work was published in 1931. This poem was called "The Path to Socialism". During his studies at the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute and at the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, he did not forget to write articles. Tvardovsky became famous after his poem "Country Ant" was released to a wide circle of readers.
From 1939 to 1940 he served in the army as a military journalist. He took part in campaigns against Poland and in the Finnish war. During World War II, he was a war correspondent. He wrote articles for many newspapers. In addition, he was engaged in creativity, wrote his "chronicles of the front years." This title defines the content of this work. Due to the fact that he was the director of the "New World", he managed to publish the works of many Soviet writers. And in 1961, Tvardovsky was able to publish Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". By the will of senior officials, in 1970, Tvardovsky was removed from the post of editor-in-chief. This greatly influenced the state of mind of the poet, who was at the same time a big man in the party and an "unofficial oppositionist." Despite the fact that his poem "For the Far Far" was recognized by Soviet critics and awarded the Lenin Prize in 1961, his other works were never published.
Brief biography of Alexander Tvardovsky
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky - Soviet writer and poet, winner of many awards, editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine. Tvardovsky was born on June 8 (21), 1910 in the Smolensk province on the Zagorye farm. The writer's family, although peasant, always had a lot of books. Therefore, Alexander quite early became addicted to them and began to write poetry. At the age of 14, he already left his notes in newspapers. M. V. Isakovsky liked his works, who became a good friend and mentor of the young poet.
In 1931, his first poem appeared in print, entitled "The Path to Socialism." By that time, the entire family of the writer was dispossessed, and his native farm was burned down. Despite this, he supported collectivization and Stalin's ideas. Since 1938 he became a member of the CPSU (b). A year later, he was drafted into the Red Army, and also participated in the Finnish War as a war correspondent. During the Great Patriotic War, the most famous poem of the writer, Vasily Terkin, was published. This poem became the embodiment of the Russian character and national patriotism.
In 1946, Tvardovsky finished work on the poem "House by the Road". In the 1960s, the writer wrote the poem "By the Right of Memory", where he told the whole truth about the life of his father and the consequences of collectivization. This poem until 1987 was banned for publication by censors. Along with poetry, the writer was also fond of prose. So, in 1947, his book about the past war "Motherland and Foreign Land" was published. In the 1960s, the poet showed himself as a professional critic and wrote articles about the work of S. Marshak, M. Isakovsky, I. Bunin.
For many years, Tvardovsky was the editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine. He boldly defended the rights of talented writers and their works. With his help, the works of such writers as Aitmatov, Solzhenitsyn, Abramov and others were allowed to print. In 1970, the writer was forced to leave the post of editor. Most of the team left with him. A. T. Tvardovsky died on December 18, 1971 from lung cancer. The poet was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The main theme of all the writers' work was the Great Patriotic War. And the soldier hero Vasily Terkin created by him received such huge popularity that, one might say, surpassed the author himself. We will talk about the life and work of the amazing Soviet writer in this article.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky: biography
The future poet was born according to the old style on June 8 (June 21 - according to the new one), 1910, in the village of Zagorye, which is located in His father, Trifon Gordeevich, was a blacksmith, and his mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, looked like from a family of odnodvortsev (farmers who lived on the outskirts of Russia and were supposed to protect its borders).
His father, despite his peasant origins, was a literate man and loved to read. There were even books in the house. The mother of the future writer also knew how to read.
Alexander had a younger brother Ivan, born in 1914, who later became a writer.
Childhood
For the first time Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky got acquainted with the works of Russian classics at home. A brief biography of the writer tells that there was a custom in the Tvardovsky family - on winter evenings, one of the parents read aloud Gogol, Lermontov, Pushkin. It was then that Tvardovsky acquired a love for literature and even began to compose the first poems, having not yet really learned how to write correctly.
Little Alexander studied at a rural school, and at the age of fourteen he began sending small notes to local newspapers for publication, some of them were even printed. Soon Tvardovsky ventured to send poetry as well. The editor of the local newspaper "Working Way" supported the young poet's undertaking and helped him in many ways to overcome his natural timidity and start publishing.
Smolensk-Moscow
After graduation, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky moved to Smolensk (whose biography and work are presented in this article). Here, the future writer wanted to either continue his studies or find a job, but he failed to do either - this required at least some specialty that he did not have.
Tvardovsky lived on the pennies that brought intermittent literary earnings, for which he had to fight off the thresholds of the editorial offices. When the poet's poems were published in the capital's magazine "October", he went to Moscow, but even here luck did not smile at him. As a result, in 1930 Tvardovsky was forced to return to Smolensk, where he spent the next 6 years of his life. At this time, he was able to enter the Pedagogical Institute, which he did not graduate from, and again went to Moscow, where in 1936 he was admitted to the MIFLI.
During these years, Tvardovsky began to actively publish, and in 1936 the poem “Country of the Ant” was published, dedicated to collectivization, which glorified him. In 1939, Tvardovsky's first poetry collection, Rural Chronicle, was published.
War years
In 1939, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky was drafted into the Red Army. The biography of the writer at this moment changes dramatically - he finds himself in the center of hostilities in Western Belarus. Since 1941, Tvardovsky worked in the Voronezh newspaper "Red Army".
This period is characterized by the flourishing of the writer's work. In addition to the famous poem "Vasily Terkin", Tvardovsky creates a cycle of poems "Frontline Chronicle" and begins work on the famous poem "House by the Road", which was completed in 1946.
"Vasily Terkin"
The biography of Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich is replete with various creative achievements, but the greatest of them is the writing of the poem "Vasily Terkin". The work was written throughout the Second World War, that is, from 1941 to 1945. It was published in small parts in military newspapers, thereby raising the morale of the Soviet army.
The work is distinguished by its precise, understandable and simple style, the rapid development of actions. Each episode of the poem is connected with each other only by the image of the main character. Tvardovsky himself said that this was due to the fact that he and his reader could die at any moment, so each story should be ended in the same issue of the newspaper in which it was started.
This story made Tvardovsky a cult wartime author. In addition, the poet was awarded the orders of the Patriotic War of the 1st and 2nd degrees for the work.
Post-war creativity
Continues active literary activity after the war, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. The biography of the poet is supplemented by the writing of a new poem "For the distance - the distance", which was written in the period from 1950 to 1960.
From 1967 to 1969, the writer worked on the autobiographical work "By the Right of Memory". The poem tells the truth about the fate of Tvardovsky's father, who became a victim of collectivization and was repressed. This work was banned for publication by censorship and the reader was able to get acquainted with it only in 1987. The writing of this poem seriously spoiled Tvardovsky's relations with the Soviet authorities.
The biography of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky is also rich in prosaic experiences. All the most important, of course, was written in poetic form, but several collections of prose stories were also published. For example, in 1947, the book "Motherland and Foreign Land", dedicated to the Second World War, was published.
"New world"
Do not forget about the journalistic activities of the writer. For many years, Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky served as editor-in-chief of the literary magazine Novy Mir. The biography of this period is full of all sorts of clashes with official censorship - the poet had to defend the right to publish for many talented authors. Thanks to the efforts of Tvardovsky, Zalygin, Akhmatova, Troepolsky, Molsaev, Bunin and others were published.
Gradually, the magazine became a serious opposition to the Soviet regime. Writers of the sixties were published here and anti-Stalinist thoughts were openly expressed. The real victory for Tvardovsky was the permission to publish Solzhenitsyn's story.
However, after the removal of Khrushchev, the editors of Novy Mir began to exert strong pressure. This ended with the fact that Tvardovsky was forced in 1970 to leave the post of editor-in-chief.
Final years and death
This is where the biography comes to an end. Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky, whose death was dated December 18, 1971, died of lung cancer. The writer died in a place that is located in the Moscow region. The body of the writer was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Alexander Tvardovsky lived a rich and vibrant life and left behind a huge literary legacy. Many of his works were included in the school curriculum and remain popular to this day.
Alexander Trifonovich
Tvardovsky
Born June 21, 1910 on the farm Zagorye near the village of Seltso in the Smolensk province (now the museum-estate of Tvardovsky in the Smolensk region). The most interesting fact in his biography is that the first poetic work dates back to the year when little Alexander could not write at all.
Alexander's family belongs to blacksmiths and artisans, his father, Trifon Gordeevich, was a blacksmith, an educated and very well-read person, and his mother, Maria Mitrofanovna, comes from the same palace.
In addition to Alexander, the family had his younger brother, Ivan Tvardovsky, whose fate turned so that Ivan became a dissident, writer and writer.
The childhood years of the poet fell on the post-revolutionary period, and youth - on the period of collectivization.
Alexander Tvardovsky's craving for literary creativity manifested itself early: Alexander's father, Trifon, often read the poetic works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Nekrasov and others aloud at home.
Getting an education in a rural school, in 1925 Alexander began working in Smolensk publications, which soon learned about his work and began to publish his essays, articles and poems.
1928 for Alexander was the year of moving to Smolensk, where he received a higher pedagogical education. At the same time, Alexander Trifonovich was studying the higher school of poetic art under Isakovsky, and was actively involved in the literary and social life of Smolensk.
Further, continuing the path of education, in 1939 Alexander graduated from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History. In the same year, 1939, Alexander Trifonovich was drafted into the army.
Already at the age of 14, Alexander wrote several poems and poems about painful topics.
Dispossession and collectivization did not leave Alexander indifferent. The poet actively supported the movement of activists. During the hostilities with Finland, Tvardovsky, being a member of the Communist Party, was a participant in the union of Belarus and the USSR. After the war, Tvardovsky migrated to Voronezh, where he continued his literary work and worked in the Red Army publication.
The subsequent years of Alexander Trifonovich's life are filled with philosophical thoughts, which can be traced in his lyrics of the 1960s. Further, Alexander changes his place of work, and gets a job at the Novy Mir publication, where, communicating with completely different people, he reconsiders his political views on Stalin's rule.
The end of the 1960s for Alexander Trifonovich was a memorable significant event - the work of GlavLit started against the Novy Mir publication. But, soon, in 1970, Alexander was forced to leave the editorial office. Together with him, a significant part of the editors and writers left it. So, gradually the magazine was destroyed.
The last years Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich spent seriously ill. So, having suffered in illnesses, in 1971, on December 18, Alexander Trifonovich died of lung cancer in the holiday village of Krasnaya Pakhra in the Moscow Region. The funeral of Alexander Trifonovich took place at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Moscow, Voronezh, Novosibirsk and Smolensk streets are named after him.
