Probably, there is no person who, having read Tyutchev's poems at least once, will remain indifferent to them. Tyutchev's poetry breathes freshness and purity, earthly beauty and cosmic perfection. Tyutchev knows how to describe the simple things that we see in the world in such unusual words that it appears before us in a completely different light. Only Tyutchev can compare the “mild smile of withering” with the “shamefulness of suffering” of a rational being (the poem “Autumn Evening”), raindrops with human tears (the poem “Tears of people, oh tears of people ...”). Tyutchev’s lyrics are diverse and unique, but all of it is imbued with philosophical meaning. We see this philosophical thought in the description of nature, in the themes of homeland and love. Nature in Tyutchev's lyrics is alive and unique, it has its own images. Spring is a time of awakening, a time of new life and new hopes. Poems "Spring Thunderstorm", "Spring Waters" were written on this topic. The poet seeks to understand and capture the life of nature in all its manifestations. With amazing artistic observation and love, Tyutchev created unforgettable poetic pictures of the “original autumn”, spring thunderstorms, summer evenings, mornings in the mountains. A beautiful image of such a deep, penetrating image of the natural world can be a description of a summer storm. Nature is beautiful in all forms. The poet sees harmony in "spontaneous disputes". The consonance of nature is opposed to eternal discord in human life. People are self-confident, they defend their freedom, forgetting that a person is just a “dream of nature”. Tyutchev does not recognize a separate existence, he believes in the World Soul as the basis of all life. A person, forgetting about his connection with the outside world, dooms himself to suffering, becomes a toy in the hands of Rock. Chaos, which is the embodiment of the creative energy of the rebellious spirit of nature, frightens people.
Tyutchev's literary heritage is small in volume, but A. Fet rightly noted in the inscription on Tyutchev's collection of poems:
Muse, observing the truth,
She looks, and on the scales she has
This is a small book
Volumes are much heavier.
Fatal beginnings, the attack of chaos on harmony determine human existence, its dialogue with fate. A man is waging a duel with "irresistible Fate", with disastrous temptations. He tirelessly resists, defends his rights.

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• INTRODUCTION
• 3. MAN AND NATURE IN THE LYRICS OF F. I. TYUTCHEV
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Russian classical literature has always actively participated in the social life of the country, ardently responding to the burning social problems of the time. This is especially characteristic of the 60s of the XIX century, when there was a demarcation of the noble, aristocratic and revolutionary-democratic literary groups. In this historical situation, the refusal of "pure" lyricists to touch upon topical issues of reality in their work could not but cause a negative reaction from critics. Probably, one had to have considerable courage in order to stubbornly and consistently defend one's creative credo in such an environment, to conduct a kind of "argument with the century."

The outstanding Russian lyric poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was in all respects the opposite of his contemporary and almost the same age as Pushkin. If Pushkin received a very deep and fair definition of the “sun of Russian poetry”, then Tyutchev is a “night poet”. Although Pushkin published in his Sovremennik in the last year of his life a large selection of poems by a then unknown poet who was in the diplomatic service in Germany, he was unlikely to like them very much. Although there were such masterpieces as "Vision", "Insomnia", "As the ocean embraces the globe", "The Last Cataclysm", "Cicero", "What are you howling about, night wind? ..", Pushkin was alien, before of all, the tradition on which Tyutchev relied: German idealism, to which Pushkin remained indifferent, and the poetic archaism of the 18th - early 19th centuries (primarily Derzhavin), with which Pushkin waged an irreconcilable literary struggle Chulkov G. Chronicle of the life and work of F.I. . Tyutchev. M., 2000 .

We get acquainted with Tyutchev's poetry in elementary school, these are poems about nature, landscape lyrics. But Tyutchev's main thing is not an image, but an understanding of nature - philosophical lyrics, and his second theme is the life of the human soul, the intensity of a love feeling. The unity of his lyrics gives an emotional tone - a constant vague anxiety, behind which stands a vague, but unchanging feeling of the approach of the universal end.

For me, poetry is music that excites the soul, filling it with boundless love for everything: for man, for nature, for the Motherland, for animals ... The very language of poetry tunes in to a deep understanding and inner comprehension of what is happening around. Poetry penetrates into the most secret corners of my soul. It is closer to me than prose. Maybe it's because as a child I was usually read works in poetic form? After all, childhood impressions are the most lasting. I remember by heart and now:

I love the storm in early May...

Winter is getting angry...

These lines were written by a poet who later became one of the most understandable and beloved for me - F.I. Tyutchev.

1. PHILOSOPHICAL MOTIVES IN F.I. TYUTCHEVA

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev stands alone in the Russian poetic pantheon. He is a contemporary of Pushkin. But it doesn't read at all. His poetry is devoid of temporal signs. Its core is not a sensual emotion of impression, but a single worldview concept. Tyutchev's poetics comprehends the beginnings and foundations of being. It has two lines. The first is directly related to the biblical myth of the creation of the world, the second, through romantic poetry, goes back to ancient ideas about the world and space. The ancient doctrine of the origin of the world is constantly quoted by Tyutchev. Water is the basis of being, it is the main element of life:

Snow is still whitening in the fields,

And the waters are already rustling in the spring -

They run and wake up the sleepy shore,

They run, and shine, and say ...

And here is another excerpt from "Fountain":

Oh, water cannon of mortal thought,

Oh, inexhaustible water cannon,

What law is incomprehensible

Does it aspire to you, does it bother you?

Sometimes Tyutchev is frank and magnificent in a pagan way, endowing nature with a soul, freedom, language - the attributes of human existence:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face -

It has a soul, it has freedom,

Nevertheless, Tyutchev is a Russian and, therefore, Orthodox. His religiosity is undeniable. Therefore, sometimes too frank pagan motives of his poetry should be regarded as a form of literary coquetry, but not as the true views of the author. The truth lies deeper, in the inner content of his poetry. It often happens that in his poems the poet is more of a theologian than a philosopher.

How can the heart express itself?

How can someone else understand you?

Will he understand how you live?

Thought spoken is a lie.

Blowing up, disturb the keys, -

Eat them and be quiet.

These lines are more like the words of a church sermon than a lyrical poem. It is necessary to say a few words about the specific Tyutchev pessimism, which requires its own explanation. Thus, the poet's love often takes on a tragically sensual heavy connotation. Let us recall only the poem "I love your eyes, my friend", which Tarkovsky used as a semantic code in the film "Stalker":

... And through lowered eyelashes

Gloomy, dim fire of desire.

Tyutchev's pessimism is deeply religious in nature. It is based on Orthodox ideas about the end of the world, on the book of Revelation of John, which completes the New Testament. Tyutchev draws his scenario for the end of the world:

And God's face will be depicted in them.

It is not for nothing that a cry of prayer bursts from the depths of his soul, so reminiscent of lamentation:

All that I managed to save

Hope, faith and love

All merged into one prayer:

Survive, survive.

But Tyutchev has answers to his questions of being. God is watching over us. His eyes are stars, his power is great:

He is merciful, almighty,

He, warming with his beam

And a lush flower blooming in the air,

And a pure pearl at the bottom of the sea.

Tyutchev is absolutely sure of the existence of a “better, spiritual world” here and now: “There is in the initial autumn // A short but marvelous time ...”

Poetry is not pure philosophy. She thinks in images, not categories. It is impossible to isolate philosophy and present it separately from poetry. In Tyutchev, everything is fused at the level of an image-symbol, an image-sign:

There are twins - for terrestrial

Two deities, then Death and Sleep,

Like a brother and sister wonderfully similar -

She is gloomier, he is meeker ...

Let us summarize the above briefly: as a poet, Tyutchev is the continuer of the philosophical traditions of Russian poetry, which go back to Lomonosov, Kapnist, Derzhavin. His aesthetics influenced subsequent literature, Solovyov, Annensky, the symbolic component of Russian lyrics turn out to be his free or involuntary students. His philosophical views are traditional. The talent of the master gives them novelty and brilliance.

“The one who does not feel him does not think about Tyutchev, thereby proving that he does not feel poetry,” Turgenev wrote in his letter to A.A. Feta. Surprisingly, this remark is true now.

2. THE IMAGE OF THE MOTHERLAND IN THE LYRICS OF F.I. TYUTCHEVA

Like any Russian poet, Fyodor Tyutchev could not be only a lyric poet. All his poetry is imbued with a deep, mystical feeling for the homeland. Recognizing the existence of a living soul in nature, he saw it in a similar way in Russia. Moreover, he considered Russia to be by nature a Christian kingdom. According to him, Russia is called upon to renew humanity internally and externally.

For Tyutchev, Russia was not so much an object of love as of faith - "one can only believe in Russia." His personal feelings for his homeland were complex and multicolored. There was alienation in them, and on the other hand, reverence for the religious character of the people.

All of you, dear land,

In the form of a slave, the King of heaven

Went out blessing.

Tyutchev, finally, had momentary fascinations with the most ordinary chauvinism.

Tyutchev did not love Russia with the love that Lermontov called for some reason "strange." He experienced very complex feelings towards Russian nature. The “fatal North” was for him “an ugly dream”, he directly called his native places “unlovable”.

So I saw you again

Places are not nice, albeit familiar.

Oh! No, not here, not this deserted land

Was for my soul a native land.

This means that his faith in Russia was not based on a genetic feeling, but was a matter of consciously developed conviction. He gave the first highly poetic expression of this belief in the beautiful poem "To the Capture of Warsaw". In its struggle with the fraternal people, Russia was guided not by brutal instincts, but only by the need to "observe the integrity of the state" in order to

Slavs native generations

Gather under the Russian banner

And the message of the feat of enlightenment

Unanimous army.

This belief in the lofty vocation of Russia elevates the poet himself above the petty and vicious feelings of national rivalry and the brutal triumph of the victors.

Later, Tyutchev's faith in Russia was expressed in more specific prophecies. Their essence is that Russia will become a world Christian power: "And it will never pass away // As the Spirit foresaw and Daniel foretold." However, this power will not be like an animal kingdom. Its unity will not be maintained by violence.

Howling can only be soldered with iron and blood ... "

And then we will see that it is stronger ...

The great vocation of Russia, according to Tyutchev, instructs her to adhere to unity based on spiritual principles:

Above this dark crowd

unawakened people

Will you rise when, freedom,

Will your golden beam shine?

Corruption of souls and emptiness.

What gnaws the mind and the heart aches ...

Who will heal and protect them?

You, pure robe of Christ...

If we accept the poet's point of view that Russia is the soul of mankind, then, as in any soul, the bright spiritual principle has against itself a dark chaotic energy, which has not yet been defeated, has not yet submitted to higher forces, which is still fighting for predominance and attracts death and death. Her life has not yet been finally determined, she is still moving, bifurcating, carried away in different directions by opposing forces. Will the light of truth be embodied in it, has it soldered the unity of all parts with love? The poet himself admits that she is not yet covered with the robe of Christ.

This means that the fate of Russia depends on the outcome of the internal moral struggle of light and dark beginnings in itself. The condition for the fulfillment of its cosmic mission is the internal victory of good over evil. And then everything else will follow her.

3. MAN AND NATURE IN THE LYRICS F.I. TYUTCHEVA

F.I. Tyutchev is a master of landscape, his landscape lyrics were an innovative phenomenon in Russian literature. In modern Tyutchev poetry, there was almost no nature as the main object of the image, and in Tyutchev's lyrics, nature occupies a dominant position. It is in the landscape lyrics that the peculiarities of the worldview of this outstanding poet are manifested.

Landscape lyrics are distinguished by philosophical depth, therefore, in order to understand Tyutchev's attitude to nature, his landscape lyrics, it is necessary to say a few words about his philosophy. Tyutchev was a pantheist, and in his poems God often dissolves into nature. Nature has the highest power for him. And the poem "Not what you think, nature ..." reflects the poet's attitude to nature, his embrace of nature, it concentrates the entire philosophy of the poet. Nature here is equal to individuality, it is spiritualized, humanized. Tyutchev perceived nature as something alive, in constant motion.

It has a soul, it has freedom,

It has love, it has a language...

Tyutchev recognizes the presence in nature of the world soul. He believes that nature, not man, has true immortality, man is only a destructive principle.

Only in your ghostly freedom

Discord we create with her.

And in order not to bring discord into nature, it is necessary to dissolve in it.

Tyutchev accepted the natural-philosophical views of Schelling, who singled out the idea of ​​polarity as the principle of unity. And two opposing principles that create a single whole will go through all of Tyutchev's lyrics, including landscape ones. He was attracted by nature in the struggle and play of two elements, in catastrophic states. His romanticism is based on the recognition of life as an unceasing struggle of opposites, so he was attracted by the transitional states of the human soul, the transitional seasons. No wonder Tyutchev was called the poet of transitional states. In 1830 he wrote the poem "Autumn Evening". Autumn is a transitional season, and the poet showed the moment of exhaustion of being. Nature here is mysterious, but in it

Damage, exhaustion - and on everything

That gentle smile of fading...

The beauty and deity of nature are associated with its withering. Death both frightens the poet and beckons him, he feels the loss of a person among the beauty of life and its inferiority. Man is only a part of the vast natural world. Nature is animated here. She takes in

An ominous brilliance in the variegation of trees,

Crimson leaves languid, light rustle.

Of the poems in which Tyutchev is trying to comprehend the transitional states, one can single out the poem "Shadows of gray mixed ...". The poet here sings of the twilight. Evening comes, and it is at this moment that the human soul is related to the soul of nature, merges with it.

Everything is in me, and I am in everything! ..

For Tyutchev, the moment of introducing a person to eternity is very important. And in this poem, the poet showed an attempt to "merge with the boundless." And it is the twilight that helps to carry out this attempt, in the twilight there comes the moment of introducing a person to eternity.

Silent dusk, sleepy dusk...

Mix with the dormant world!

Despite the fact that Tyutchev was attracted by transitional, catastrophic states, there are also daytime poems in his lyrics, in which the poet shows both a peaceful morning and the beauty of the day. Day for Tyutchev is a symbol of harmony and tranquility. Calm during the day and the soul of man. One of the daytime poems is "Noon". Ideas about nature here are close to ancient ones. A special place is occupied by the image of the great Pan, the patron saint of the steppes and forests. Among the ancient Greeks, "it was believed that noon is a sacred hour. At this hour, peace embraces all living things, because sleep here is also peace.

And all nature, like fog,

A hot slumber envelops.

The image of the great Pan merges with the picture of the afternoon noon. Here is the sultry harmony of nature. Absolutely opposite to this poem is the poem “What are you howling about, night wind? ..”. Here the poet showed the night world of the soul. The tendency towards chaos is growing. The night is both scary and seductive, because at night there is a desire to look into the secrets of dreams, philosophical depth is distinguished by Tyutchev's landscape lyrics. The image of nature and the image of man are contrasting images, but they are in contact, the border between them is very shaky, and they form a unity. Unity always dominates opposition. Immeasurably big, nature, and immeasurably small, man. They are always connected.

In our time, the problem of the relationship between nature and man is particularly acute. Man destroys nature, but he must live according to its laws. Nature can do without man, but man cannot live a day without nature. Man must merge with nature and not disturb its harmony.

4. THE IMAGE OF CHAOS IN THE LYRICS OF F.I. TYUTCHEVA

The image of chaos appears before us in many of Tyutchev's poems. He represents chaos as the earth and contrasts it with the sky, that is, the cosmos. This direction was supported by modern poets - such as Tsoi and Kinchev. For example, Tsoi has these lines: "There is a war between Earth and Heaven." The image of chaos appears in the form of darkness, ocean, soul, abyss, night. The critic Lavretsky commented on the image of chaos in Tyutchev's work as follows: “Chaos, according to Tyutchev, is formless and impersonal, dark, blind, disorganized and unsteady, like biblical waters, the boiling, stormy foundation of the World. From this coarse fabric the robe of the gods is created, a colorful, diverse world of forms. They are formed precisely by this, essentially formless, matter. Forces in a certain form for a while and can destroy the form and return to the previous, ugly state. The personal, as fragile, as completely unreal, in comparison with eternal matter, is something opposite to it, imperishable and omnipotent. Consider the image of chaos in some poems. One of the most striking poems, where there is an image of chaos, is "The Last Cataclysm".

When the last hour of nature strikes,

The composition of the parts will collapse earthly:

Everything visible will again be covered by water,

And God's face will be depicted in them!

The name itself has the motif of chaos. The same disorder, vanity pervades the entire poem.

In the poem "Madness" the image of chaos is clearly visible. Tyutchev describes disorderliness through metaphors:

Merged like smoke, the vault of heaven ...

... The miserable madness lives on.

The image of chaos in Tyutchev is closely connected with the motif of hydrophilia:

And he thinks that he hears boiling jets,

What hears the current of underground waters,

And their lullaby singing

And a noisy exodus from the earth!

In the poem "January 29th" the image of chaos is expressed in darkness: "But you, in timeless darkness..."

Tyutchev draws an image of chaos in the form of the sea. Again, chaos is closely related to hydrophilia.

And rebels and cries

Whistling, whistling, and tearing ...

In the poem "The Sea and the Cliff" Tyutchev contrasts the sea - chaos with the cliff - a state of rest.

Waves of violent surf

Continuous shaft marine

With a roar, a whistle, a squeal, a howl

It hits the coastal cliff, -

But calm and haughty...

Tyutchev also inscribes the fate of man in the image of chaos.

And are you happy or not happy

What does she need? .. Forward, forward!

The abyss in the eyes of Tyutchev is something incomprehensible, incredible, meaningless. We can say that the abyss represents chaos.

But the day fades - the night has come;

Came - and from the fatal world

The fabric of the fertile cover,

Tearing off, throwing away...

And the abyss is naked to us

With your fears and darkness

And there are no barriers between her and us -

That's why we are afraid of the night!

In the poem "Dream on the Sea" Tyutchev speaks openly about chaos.

I lay stunned in the chaos of sounds,

But my dream hovered over the chaos of sounds.

Here Tyutchev says that the body is an earthly belonging, which dissolves in chaos, and the soul is above chaos, it is in space when the body is dead. So here sleep is referred to as death.

About the originality of Tyutchev's work, which is initially important for him, Solovyov says: “But Goethe himself did not capture, perhaps as deeply as our poet, the dark root of world existence, did not feel so strongly and did not realize so clearly that mysterious basis of any life, both natural and human, is the basis on which the meaning of the cosmic process, and the fate of the human soul, and the whole history of mankind are based. Here Tyutchev is indeed quite original and, if not the only one, then probably the strongest in all poetic literature.

This point is the key to all his poetry, the source of its content and original charm.

I think that the image of chaos is one of the most important components of Tyutchev's lyrics. He is one of the first poets who began to oppose space to chaos, or heaven to earth. And this direction is supported by modern poets.

5. LOVE AS A "FATAL DUEL" IN THE LYRICS OF F.I. TYUTCHEVA

This "almighty lever" also moves F.I. Tyutchev. Tyutchev is a poet of love! But his love is not quiet, not calm, not blissful, like Goncharov's in the novel Oblomov. The main idea of ​​​​Tyutchev's work is the opposition of chaos and space: from this angle, Tyutchev shows love. I would like to quote the words of V. Solovyov: “But Goethe himself<...>didn't feel that much<...>that mysterious basis of all life - natural and human - the basis on which the meaning of the cosmic process, and the fate of the human soul, and the whole history of mankind are based ... ”Is this not love? "The mysterious basis of all life"?

Love, love - says the legend -

The union of the soul with the soul of the native -

Their union, combination,

And their fatal merger,

And... the fatal duel...

These lines are from a poem by F.I. Tyutchev "Predestination". Here we see love in the understanding of the poet. I want to draw attention to the strong pause after the union "and": in this way Tyutchev highlights the main words of the poem "fatal duel." He seems to be bringing them down on us, as if saying that there are no objections to this definition and cannot be! In this poem, the duel of love appears to us as a struggle of two souls, on the one hand, relatives, and on the other, opposing each other. And how is this reflected in terms of euphony? The sounds “l”, “m”, “r”, “o”, “e”, “i” predominate here, which at the same time represent things gentle, soft and loud, scary, gloomy. We again see opposition, duel.

And now I want to make out a poem in which we see a duel between love and fate. Of course, we cannot accurately speak about the struggle of love with fate, since love and fate are both connected and opposed at the same time.

...Oh, look around, oh wait,

Where to run, why run?

Love is behind you

Where in the world can you find the best?

Here Tyutchev, one might say, condemns a person for his insatiability: a person is given the highest good - love, but he still runs somewhere, wants something. The poet shows that a person is still powerless before love, before fate:

... From edge to edge, from city to city

Fate, like a whirlwind, sweeps people,

And are you happy or not happy

What does she need? .. Forward, forward! ..

And in order to strengthen this fatal meaning of fatal love, Tyutchev used a ring composition in this poem.

Indeed, love fatal to life appears before us in the poem "Gemini". Remember his last lines:

And who is in excess of sensations,

When the blood boils and freezes,

I did not know your temptations -

Suicide and Love!

That's for sure, that love can lead to suicide. Therefore, Tyutchev does not accidentally call them twins. At the same time, some twins - Death and Sleep - are opposed to other twins - Suicide and Love. Here it is again - "fateful duel"!

Continuing the theme of unification, I want to draw attention to the poem "Two Unities":

"Unity," proclaimed the oracle of our days,

Perhaps soldered with iron and blood only ... "

But we will try to solder it with love, -

And then we will see that it is stronger ...

Here love, of course, is not fatal. But I want to show the duel between "iron, blood" and love. In this poem, Tyutchev speaks of the Franco-Prussian war (“blood is overflowing ...”) and calls for peace - for love! What can be said about euphony: [zhl "e" z, kro "v" and l "ubo" v "]. In the first two words, gloomy and terrible things predominate: the sounds "r", "g", "I"; in the word "love" the sounds "l", "v", "o" denote things soft and tender - we see the opposition ...

And why does Tyutchev write about fatal love, why not about soft and calm love? We know that the poet has loved many times, and, obviously, he suffers from this, love for him is a “fatal duel” of two souls. For example:

... Do not believe, do not believe the poet, maiden;

Don't call him yours

And more than fiery anger

Fear poetic love!..

Obviously, here Tyutchev is writing about himself; talks about his love - "fiery anger", fatal "anger".

Now I want to analyze another autobiographical poem by Tyutchev, connected with the poet's love for E. A. Denisyeva. This is my favorite poem "Oh, how deadly we love ...". Here the poet says that love is not eternal and that it must be protected, otherwise it will die:

A year has not passed - ask and know,

What is left of her?

Tyutchev also shows how a wonderful feeling of love can become fatal for a person:

Fate's terrible sentence

Your love was for her

And undeserved shame

She lay down on her life!

Thus, in this poem we see the “fatal duel” of love in the soul of the poet: he wants to love, is not afraid to get burned, does not want to hurt anyone. And now I want to say that Tyutchev's love becomes fatal precisely because of his chaos-cosmos, because of his double being. In this very duality, which, it must be said, is also the main motive of Fet's lyrics, Tyutchev's love also bifurcates and begins to fight with itself: on the one hand, Tyutchev's love is affectionate and tender, and on the other, terrible, ruining people, fatal ... In connection with these motives of chaos, double being, the last poem that I would like to analyze will be “O my prophetic soul! ..”. It may seem that this poem is not connected with love, but “a heart full of anxiety beats on the threshold of a kind of double being”?!

...So, you are a resident of two worlds...

Here it is, our soul, which is constantly rushing about in a double existence, rushing about because of the “fatal duel” of love. We will also find the expression of love in this poem in euphony: sounds predominate

“e”, “o”, “a”, “l”, “v”, “n”, “w”, “g”, which denote gentle, affectionate, loving things and at the same time great, deep things, all-encompassing - chaos.

Thus, summing up, I want to say that love, like a "fatal duel", permeates all of Tyutchev's work, his whole soul. From love as a “fatal duel”, Tyutchev grew all the love lyrics of Blok and Tsvetaeva. What a legacy the great poet gave us!

Truly, "love with the power of the Archimedean lever moves the world." She "moved" Fet, Tyutchev, then Blok and still "moves" all of us. Indeed, in our life, love is also a “fateful duel”.

CONCLUSION

I believe that Tyutchev is now no less readable than our other classics. But still, the modern generation does not like to turn to the beautiful, it may not be of its own free will, but it is accustomed to cruelty and indifference. But Tyutchev did not pay any attention to this. The poet spoke about pure and perfect, that is, about love and nature, but what could be more perfect in this world? At present, we are accustomed to living in chaos and injustice, and therefore I believe that the purity of Tyutchev's lyrics can help us to feel at least a little bit of the holy and pure. I am sure that if we now read Tyutchev, then we enrich our intellect and, of course, our soul. We have forgotten what love and hate are, what spring and harsh winter are, what rain and clear blue skies mean, it seems to me that our duty is to remember this and never forget. And it is Tyutchev who will teach us pure love, instill in us peace and kindness, Tyutchev was loved then, and we need this poet now. I believe that Tyutchev's legacy had an impact on the poets of the 20th century, but not a strong one, since Tyutchev's poems were covered in light shades. However, the events of the beginning of the 20th century could not but leave a mark on the works of the poets of the Silver Age, and therefore many colors in their poems were thickened and overshadowed. Even if M.I. Tsvetaeva wrote about nature, there was always a feeling of sadness and sadness in her poems. Tyutchev was close to Sergei Yesenin and Andrei Bely, they spoke almost the same way as Tyutchev, although let's not forget that each poet has his own style. Yesenin most often wrote about the Motherland, describing it as carefully as Tyutchev described nature. Andrei Bely always admired Tyutchev's creations, wrote about love and nature, and sometimes Tyutchev's intonation was traced in his poems. In general, I believe that the most important followers of Tyutchev are us, his readers, who love and admire his work.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bryusov V.F.I. Tyutchev. The meaning of his work. - In the book: Bryusov V. Collected Works, v. 6. M., 2003

2. Darsky D.S. A wonderful invention. Cosmic consciousness in Tyutchev's lyrics. SPb. 2001

3. Zundelovich Ya.O. Etudes about Tyutchev's lyrics. Samarkand, 2001

4. Ozerov L. Tyutchev's poetry. M., 2001

5. Ospovat A. How our word will respond ... M., 2000

6. Pigarev KV Life and work of Tyutchev. - M., 2001

7. Soloviev V.S. Poetry of F.I. Tyutchev. On Sat. Solovyov V.S. Philosophy of art and literary criticism. M. 2000

8. Tyutchev F. Complete Works. Enter. article by B. Bukhshtab. St. Petersburg, 2002

9. Tyutchev F.I. Bibliographic index of works and literature about life and activity. 1818-1973. Comp. I. Koroleva, A. Nikolaev. Ed. K. Pigareva. M., 1978

10. Chulkov G. Chronicle of the life and work of F.I. Tyutchev. M., 2000

11. Shaitanov I.O. F.I. Tyutchev: poetic discovery of nature - M., 2001

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The main stages of the life and work of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, the fundamental motives of his lyrics. The connection of the literary work of the poet with his social and political activities. The place of the night in the work of Tyutchev, its connection with the ancient Greek tradition.

term paper, added 01/30/2013


Characteristics of the natural-philosophical worldview system of F.I. Tyutchev. The reasons for the discord of man with nature in the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev, tragic conflicts of the spiritual existence of modern man. The use of biblical motifs in the work of Tyutchev.

abstract, added 10/25/2009


Modern school programs for the study of the works of F. Tyutchev. Lyrical fragment as a genre of Tyutchev's lyrics. The accuracy of psychological analysis and the depth of philosophical understanding of human feelings in the lyrics of F. Tyutchev. Love lyrics of the poet.

thesis, added 01/29/2016


The history of the life and creative activity of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, his love poetry. The role of women in the life and work of the poet: Amalia Krudener, Eleanor Peterson, Ernestine Dernberg, Elena Denisyeva. The greatness, power and sophistication of Tyutchev's lyrics.

lesson development, added 01/11/2011


The origin and dawn of the work of F. Tyutchev and A. Fet. Analysis of common features and figurative parallels inherent in each poet. Romanticism as a literary direction of F. Tyutchev's lyrics. A. Fet as a singer of Russian nature. philosophical character of their lyrics.

control work, added 12/17/2002


Biography of Fyodor Tyutchev (1803-1873) - a famous poet, one of the most prominent representatives of philosophical and political lyrics. Literary creativity, thematic and motive unity of Tyutchev's lyrics. Public and political activity.

presentation, added 01/14/2014


Primary Russian poets. Analysis of Tyutchev's lyrics. Nature in the view of F.I. Tyutchev. Tyutchevskaya night. Tyutchev's understanding of the image of the night. The cornerstone features of Tyutchev's image of the night. The worldview of the poet.

creative work, added 09/01/2007


The place of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev in Russian literature. The first literary success of a young man. Appeal of a young poet to Horace. Admission to Moscow University. Attempts to unravel the historical meaning of what is happening. Tyutchev's romanticism, his understanding of nature.

1. Space and Chaos Theme
2. Nature as part of the whole

Tyutchev is a master of philosophical lyrics

Philosophical lyrics as a genre are always reflections on the meaning of being, on human values, on the place of man and his purpose in life.
We not only find all these characteristics in the work of Fyodor Tyutchev, but, rereading the legacy of the poet, we understand that Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics are the creations of the greatest master: in depth, diversity, psychologism, metaphor. Masters, whose word is weighty and timely, regardless of the century.

Philosophical motives in Tyutchev's lyrics

Whatever philosophical motives sound in Tyutchev's lyrics, they always force the reader, willy-nilly, to listen, and then to think about what the poet writes about. I. Turgenev unmistakably recognized this feature in his time, saying that any poem “began with a thought, but with a thought that, like a fiery point, flared up under the influence of a deep feeling or a strong impression; as a result of this ... it always merges with the image taken from the world of the soul or nature, is imbued with it, and it itself penetrates it inseparably and inseparably.

Space and Chaos Theme

“Inseparably and inseparably” the poet’s world and man, the entire human race and the Universe are interconnected, because Tyutchev’s poems are based on an understanding of the integrity of the world, which is impossible without a struggle of opposites. The motif of space and chaos, the primordial basis of life in general, the manifestation of the duality of the universe, like no other, is significant in his lyrics.

Chaos and light, day and night - Tyutchev reflects on them in his poems, calling the day a "brilliant cover", a friend of "man and the gods", and healing the "soul of the aching", describing the night as exposing the abyss "with its fears and darkness" in human soul. At the same time, in the poem “What are you howling about, night wind?”, referring to the wind, he asks:

Oh, do not sing these terrible songs
About ancient chaos, about dear!
How greedily the world of the night soul
Heeds the story of his beloved!
From the mortal it is torn in the chest,
He longs to merge with the infinite!
Oh, do not wake up the sleeping storms -
Chaos stirs beneath them!

Chaos for the poet is “darling”, beautiful and attractive, because it is he who is part of the universe, the basis from which light, day, the bright side of the Cosmos appears, turning into dark again - and so on ad infinitum, the transition from one to another is eternal.

But with the new summer - a new cereal
And a different sheet.
And everything that is will be again
And the roses will bloom again
And thorns too, -

we read in the poem "I sit thoughtful and alone ..."

The eternity of the world and the temporality of man

Chaos, abyss, space are eternal. Life, as Tyutchev understands it, is finite, the existence of man on earth is unsteady, and man himself does not always know how and wants to live according to the laws of nature. Speaking in the poem “There is melodiousness in the waves of the sea ...” about complete consonance, order in nature, the lyricist complains that we are aware of our discord with nature only in “illusory freedom”.

Where, how did the discord arise?
And why in the general choir
The soul sings not that, the sea,
And the thinking reed grumbles?

The human soul for Tyutchev is a reflection of the order of the universe, it contains the same light and chaos, the change of day and night, destruction and creation. “The soul would like to be a star… in the pure and invisible ether…”
In the poem “Our Century”, the poet argues that a person strives for light from the blackness of ignorance and misunderstanding, and finding it, “murmurs and rebels”, and so, restless, “he endures the unbearable today ...”

In other lines, he regrets the limit of human knowledge, the impossibility of penetrating into the mystery of the origins of being:

We will soon get tired in the sky, -
And not given insignificant dust
Breathe divine fire

And resigns itself to the fact that nature, the universe moves on in its development impassively and unrestrainedly,

All your children in turn
Performing their feat useless,
She welcomes her
An all-consuming and peaceful abyss.

In a short poem "Thought after thought, wave after wave ..." Tyutchev piercingly conveys the "affinity of nature and spirit, or even their identity" that he perceives:
Thought after thought, wave after wave
Two manifestations of the same element:
Whether in a tight heart, in a boundless sea,
Here - in prison, there - in the open, -
The same eternal surf and rebound,
The same ghost is disturbingly empty.

Nature as part of the whole

Another well-known Russian philosopher Semyon Frank noticed that Tyutchev's poetry permeates the cosmic direction, turning it into philosophy, manifesting itself in it, first of all, by the generality and eternity of themes. The poet, according to his observations, "directed his attention directly to the eternal, imperishable beginnings of being ... Everything in Tyutchev serves as the subject of artistic description not in their individual ... manifestations, but in their common, imperishable elemental nature."

Apparently, therefore, examples of philosophical lyrics in Tyutchev's poems attract our attention primarily in landscape art, whether the artist “writes” the rainbow in his lines, “the noise from a flock of cranes”, the “comprehensive” sea, the “recklessly-madly” impending thunderstorm, "radiant in the heat" river, "half-naked forest" spring day or autumn evening. Whatever it is, it is always a part of the nature of the universe, an integral part of the chain universe-nature-man. Observing in the poem “Look how in the open space of the river ...” the movement of ice floes in the open space of the river, he states that they are sailing “to the same meta” and sooner or later “everyone - indifferent, like the elements - will merge with the fatal abyss!” The picture of nature evokes reflections on the essence of the “human self”:

Isn't that your meaning?
Isn't that your destiny?

Even, it would seem, in the poem “In the Village”, which is quite simple in essence and perception, describing the usual and nondescript domestic episode of the dog’s pranks, which “disturbed the majestic peace” of a flock of geese and ducks, the author sees the non-randomness, conditionality of the event. How to disperse stagnation "in a lazy herd ... it became necessary, for the sake of progress, a sudden fatal onslaught",

So modern manifestations
The meaning is sometimes stupid ... -
... Another, you say, just barks,
And he performs the highest duty -
He, contemplating, develops
Duck and goose sense.

Philosophical sounding of love lyrics

Examples of philosophical lyrics in Tyutchev's poems can be found in any topic of his work: powerful and passionate feelings give rise to philosophical thoughts in the poet, no matter what he says. The motive for recognizing and accepting the impossibly narrow limits of human love, its limitations sounds endlessly in love lyrics. In the "violent blindness of passions, we most certainly destroy what is dear to our heart!" - the poet exclaims in the poem "Oh, how deadly we love ..". And in love, Tyutchev sees the continuation of the confrontation and unity inherent in the cosmos, he speaks about this in "Predestination":

Love, love - says the legend -
The union of the soul with the soul of the native -
Their union, combination,
And their fatal merger,
And ... a fatal duel ...

The duality of love is seen in the work of Tyutchev from the very beginning. An exalted feeling, a "ray of the sun", an abundance of happiness and tenderness, and at the same time an explosion of passions, suffering, a "fatal passion" that destroys the soul and life - all this is the world of the poet's love, which he so passionately narrates in the Denisiev cycle, in poems “I remember the golden time ...”, “I met you - and all the past ...”, “Spring” and many others.

The philosophical nature of Tyutchev's lyrics

The philosophical nature of Tyutchev's lyrics is such that it not only affects the reader, but also affects the work of poets and writers of completely different eras: the motives of his lyrics are found in the poems of A. Fet, symbolist poets, in the novels of L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky, works A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, I. Bunin and B. Pasternak, I. Brodsky, E. Isaev.

The great Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev left a rich creative legacy to his descendants. He lived in an era when Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Nekrasov, Tolstoy worked. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev the smartest, most educated person of his time, they called him "a real European." From the age of eighteen, the poet lived and studied in Europe, and in his homeland his works became known only in the early 50s of the XIX century.

A distinctive feature of Tyutchev's lyrics was that the poet did not seek to remake life, but tried to understand its secrets, its innermost meaning. That is why b about Most of his poems are permeated with philosophical thoughts about the mystery of the universe, about the connection of the human soul with the cosmos.

Tyutchev's lyrics can be thematically divided into philosophical, civil, landscape and love. But in each poem, these themes are closely intertwined, turning into a work of surprisingly deep meaning.

The poems "December 14, 1825", "Above this dark crowd ...", "The Last Cataclysm" and others belong to the civil lyrics. Tyutchev witnessed many historical events in Russian and European history: the war with Napoleon, revolutions in Europe, the Polish uprising, the Crimean War, the abolition of serfdom in Russia and others. As a state-minded person, Tyutchev could compare and draw conclusions about the development paths of different countries.

In the poem "December 14, 1825", dedicated to the Decembrist uprising, the poet angrily denounces the autocracy, which corrupted the ruling elite of Russia:

The people, shunning treachery,

Swears your names -

And your memory is from posterity,

Like a corpse in the ground, buried.

The poem "Over this dark crowd ..." reminds us of Pushkin's freedom-loving lyrics. In it, Tyutchev is indignant at the "corruption of souls and emptiness" in the state and expresses hope for a better future:

... When will you rise, Freedom,

Will your golden beam shine?

The poem "Our Age" refers to philosophical lyrics. In it, the poet reflects on the state of the soul of a contemporary person. There is a lot of strength in the soul, but it is forced to remain silent in the conditions of lack of freedom:

Not the flesh, but the spirit has become corrupted in our days,

And the man is desperately longing ...

He rushes to the light from the night shadow

And, having found the light, grumbles and rebels.

According to the poet, a person has lost faith, without the light of which the soul is "dried", and his torment is unbearable. In many poems, the idea is heard that a person has not coped with the mission entrusted to him on Earth and that Chaos should swallow him up.

Tyutchev's landscape lyrics are filled with philosophical content. The poet says that nature is wise and eternal, it exists independently of man. Meanwhile, it is only in her that he draws strength for life:

So connected, united from the ages

union of consanguinity

Intelligent human genius

With the creative power of nature.

Tyutchev's poems about spring "Spring Waters" and "Spring Thunderstorm" became very famous and popular. The poet describes the stormy spring, the revival and joy of the emerging world. Spring makes him think about the future. The poet perceives autumn as a time of sadness, withering. It sets you up for reflection, peace and farewell to nature:

Is in the autumn of the original

Short but wonderful time -

The whole day stands as if crystal,

And radiant evenings.

From autumn, the poet moves immediately to eternity:

And there, in solemn peace

Undressed in the morning

Shining white mountain

Like an unearthly revelation.

Tyutchev was very fond of autumn, it’s not for nothing that he says about it: “Long, last, charm.”

In the poet's love lyrics, the landscape is often connected with the feelings of the hero in love. So, in the wonderful poem "I met you ..." we read:

Like late autumn sometimes

There are days, there are hours

When it suddenly blows in the spring

And something stirs in us.

The masterpieces of Tyutchev's love lyrics include the "Denisyev cycle", dedicated to his beloved E. A. Denisyeva, with whom relations lasted 14 years until her death. In this cycle, the poet describes in detail the stages of their acquaintance and subsequent life. Poems are a confession, like a personal diary of the poet. The last poems written on the death of a loved one are shaking with tragedy:

You loved, and the way you love -

No, nobody has succeeded yet!

Oh Lord! .. and survive this ...

And the heart was not torn to shreds ...

Tyutchev's lyrics have rightfully entered the golden fund of Russian poetry. It is full of philosophical thoughts and is distinguished by the perfection of form. Interest in the study of the human soul made Tyutchev's lyrics immortal.

• The talented Russian poet F. Tyutchev was a man who knew how to love deeply, passionately and devotedly. In Tyutchev's understanding, love is a "fatal duel": both the merging of souls and their confrontation. The poet's poems about love are full of drama: Oh, how deadly we love, As in the violent blindness of passions We most surely destroy everything, What is dear to our heart! Tyutchev has a storm of feelings in his verses, he describes love in all its variety of manifestations. The poet believed that fate leads a person to true love. […]
• The great Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev left a rich creative legacy to his descendants. He lived in an era when Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Nekrasov, Tolstoy worked. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev the smartest, most educated person of his time, they called him "a real European." From the age of eighteen, the poet lived and studied in Europe. Tyutchev for a long life witnessed many historical events in Russian and European history: the war with Napoleon, revolutions in Europe, the Polish uprising, the Crimean War, the […]
• His literary heritage is small: several journalistic articles and about 50 translated and 250 original poems, among which there are quite a few unsuccessful ones. But among the rest there are pearls of philosophical lyrics, immortal and inaccessible in terms of depth of thought, strength and brevity of expression, scope of inspiration. As a poet, Tyutchev developed at the turn of the 1820s–1830s. The masterpieces of his lyrics belong to this time: “Insomnia”, “Summer Evening”, “Vision”, “The Last Cataclysm”, “As the Ocean Encompasses the Globe”, […]
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• The main features of the poet's lyrics are the identity of the phenomena of the external world and the states of the human soul, the universal spirituality of nature. This determined not only the philosophical content, but also the artistic features of Tyutchev's poetry. Attracting images of nature for comparison with various periods of human life is one of the main artistic techniques in the poet's poems. Tyutchev's favorite technique is personification ("the shadows mixed up", "the sound fell asleep"). L.Ya. Ginzburg wrote: "Details of the picture of nature drawn by the poet […]
• Tyutchev's poetry is a reflection of his inner life, his thoughts and feelings. All this created an artistic image and acquired a philosophical understanding. It is not for nothing that Tyutchev is called the singer of nature. The beauty of Russian nature from a young age entered the heart of the poet. True, Tyutchev wrote his first poems about nature back in Germany. It was there that his "Spring Thunderstorm" was born. Every time he comes to his native place, the poet presents us with wonderful poems about his homeland, creating a whole cycle of pictures of nature. So was his poem […]
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• In the 1850s-1860s. the best works of Tyutchev's love lyrics are created, stunning with psychological truth in revealing human experiences. F. I. Tyutchev is a poet of sublime love. A special place in the poet's work is occupied by a cycle of poems dedicated to E. A. Denisyeva. The poet's love was dramatic. The lovers could not be together, and therefore love is perceived by Tyutchev not as happiness, but as a fatal passion that brings grief. Tyutchev is not a singer of ideal love - he, like Nekrasov, writes about her "prose" and about his […]
• The nature of the native country is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for poets, musicians and artists. All of them were aware of themselves as part of nature, "breathed the same life with nature," as F. I. Tyutchev said. He also owns other wonderful lines: Not what you think, nature: Not a cast, not a soulless face - It has a soul, it has freedom, It has love, it has a language ... It was Russian poetry that turned out to be able to penetrate into the soul of nature, to hear its language. In the poetic masterpieces of A. […]
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Lesson 2. Topic: Stages of the biography and creativity of F.I. Tyutchev. The main themes and motives of the lyrics Grade 10

Target: to acquaint students with the biography of F. I. Tyutchev and its reflection in poetic works.

Tasks:

Show the meaning of Tyutchev's work, identify the main themes and motifs of the lyrics.

To develop the skills of comparative analysis, independence of judgment, creative abilities of students.

Raise interest in the life and work of F.I. Tyutchev, the study of art.

Lesson type: learning new material.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Learning new material.

Introductory speech of the teacher about the goals and objectives of the lesson.

“Stages of the biography and creativity of F.I. Tyutchev. The main themes and motifs of the lyrics ”(recording the date and topic of the lesson in a notebook).

This year (in November) marks the 205th anniversary of the birth of F.I. Tyutchev.

Tyutchev ... created speeches that are not destined to die. I.S. Turgenev

…for Tyutchev to live means to think. I.S. Aksakov

Look what wonderful words were said about Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev

(recording one epigraph in a notebook).

You have known Tyutchev's poetry since elementary school. What do you know about this poet?

What verses were taught, read?

What is this poet talking about?

So, this is basically the poet's landscape lyrics. And today at the lesson we are not only

we will get acquainted with the biography of the poet, but also read the poems and understand that the main thing is

Tyutchev is not an image of nature, but its comprehension, i.e. natural philosophical lyrics.

Tyutchev, new to you, will appear before you, that is, poems about love, about the Motherland, philosophical lyrics will be heard.

At the end of the lesson, we will conclude:

What are the main themes and motifs of Tyutchev's lyrics?

Prepare to fill in the chronological table “dates - events”.

(A pre-prepared student reads the message “The Life and Work of F.I. Tyutchev”, the rest of the students write down dates and events from the screen in a table).

3. Synopsis of the writer's biography.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23, 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province, into a well-born noble family of average income. Fyodor Ivanovich was the second, younger son of Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutchev. Father Ivan Nikolaevich did not aspire to a service career, he was a hospitable and kind-hearted landowner.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev both in appearance (he was thin and short) and in his inner spiritual order was the complete opposite of his father; they had one thing in common. On the other hand, he was extremely like his mother, Ekaterina Lvovna, a woman of remarkable intelligence.

The Tyutchevs' house did not stand out in any way from the general type of Moscow boyar houses - open, hospitable, willingly visited by numerous relatives and Moscow society.

In this completely Russian Tyutchev family, French prevailed and almost dominated, so that not only all conversations, but also all correspondence between parents and children and between children was conducted in French.

From the very first years, Fedor Ivanovich was the favorite and darling of grandmother Osterman, mother and everyone around. Thanks to his mental abilities, he studied unusually successfully. .

Tyutchev's parents spared nothing for the education of their son, and in the tenth year of his life they invited Semyon Yegorovich Raich to be his teacher. The choice was the best. A learned man and at the same time quite literary, an excellent connoisseur of classical ancient and foreign literature. Semyon Yegorovich stayed in the house of the Tyutchevs for seven years. Under the influence of the teacher, the future poet joined the literary work early and soon became the pride of the teacher. Already at the age of 14, Tyutchev translated into verse the message of Horace to the Maecenas, which was first published in 1819 .

Tyutchev was to spend 22 years abroad.

The student recites the poem “She stood silently before me…”

There was a fire on the Nikolai steamship, on which Eleanor and her three daughters were returning from Russia to Italy. Eleanor showed courage in saving her daughters. After a nervous and physical shock, Tyutchev's wife dies. According to family tradition, "Tyutchev, after spending the night at the tomb of his wife, turned gray with grief."

The student recites the poem “I strove for you with my soul ...”

Abroad, he lived outside the Russian language element, moreover, both of the poet's wives were foreigners who knew the Russian language.

French was the language of his home, his service, his social circle, and finally, his journalistic articles and private correspondence, only poetry was written in Russian.

As a poet, Tyutchev developed by the end of the 20s. A significant event in the literary fate of Fyodor Ivanovich was the publication of a large selection of his poems in Pushkin's Sovremennik in 1836 under the heading "Poems sent from Germany" with the signature "F.T."

After this publication, Tyutchev was noticed in literary circles, but Tyutchev's name was still unknown to readers.

In 1839 Tyutchev married Ernestine Dernberg (née Baroness Pfeffel).

Before you is a portrait of Ernestine Dernberg.

In moments of great joy and at a time of deep despair, the faithful Nesti bowed at the head of the poet, sick in spirit and body. So called Ernestina Tyutchev. One day he found her sitting on the floor, her eyes full of tears. The letters they wrote to each other were scattered around. Almost mechanically, she took them from the packs one by one, ran her eyes through the lines of love and confessions, and just as mechanically, like a wound up mechanical doll, threw thin sheets yellowed with age into the fire of the fireplace. Thus was born the poem “She was sitting on the floor…”

The student recites the poem “She was sitting on the floor…”

In 1844, Tyutchev and his family permanently moved to Russia.

He lived in St. Petersburg, had extraordinary success in high society, conquering everyone with his refined conversation and brilliant wit. Few people knew that the favorite of the St. Petersburg salons "under the influence of great political and social upheavals ... was an inspired prophet."

At this time, Tyutchev almost did not write poetry: in the fall of 1849, he began to create a large historical and philosophical tract in French, Russia and the West. This work remained unfinished.

When Tyutchev was 47 years old, a love affair began that enriched Russian poetry with an immortal lyrical cycle. The Denisiev cycle is the pinnacle of Tyutchev's love lyrics, 24-year-old Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva studied at the Smolensk Institute with Tyutchev's daughters. They fell in love and for 14 years were connected by civil ties and two children.

4. The main themes and motives of the lyrics. Teacher's word.

Tyutchev's poetry belongs to the enduring values ​​of the literature of the past, which today enrich the spiritual culture of every person. Tyutchev's work attracted the attention of many prominent writers, thinkers, scientists, but so far it has remained insufficiently studied and understood. Many opposite opinions have been expressed about Tyutchev's work: they admired him, they did not perceive him. Everyone will have to develop their own point of view on his work. But one cannot imagine his poetry without the lyrics of nature.

The fate of Tyutchev, the poet, is unusual: this is the fate of the last Russian romantic poet, who worked in the era of the triumph of realism and still remained faithful to the precepts of romantic art.

Tyutchev's romanticism affects, first of all, in the understanding and depiction of nature. And the poet entered the consciousness of readers, first of all, as a singer of nature.

The predominance of landscapes is one of the hallmarks of his lyrics. It is more correct to call it landscape-philosophical: the pictures of nature embody the deep, intense tragic thoughts of the poet about life and death, about man, humanity and the universe: what place does Man occupy in the world and what is his Fate.

Tyutchev uniquely captured all four seasons in his poems.

The student recites the poem "Fountain".

A person's thoughts about the meaning of being, the focus of the individual on himself, the tragic pages of life and at the same time the optimism of its perception - such is the content of most of Tyutchev's poetry.

The theme of the loneliness of modern man gets a tragic sound, most deeply revealed in the poem with the Latin name “Silentium”.

Pupils recite poems “Silentium”, “Shadows of gray mixed ...”

By the time Tyutchev returned to Russia, the formation of the political views of the writer, set out in three articles - "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question" had been completed.

In Russia, he sees a great empire, a confessor of the Christian faith in its Orthodox being. Significant changes are also taking place in Tyutchev's poetic work: the chaos of passions is gradually pacified. In mature works, an exit to the Orthodox faith is planned, designed to save the modern egoistic personality from spiritual devastation and self-destruction.

At the same time, in the lyrics of the late Tyutchev, a poetic discovery of folk Russia is made.

Thus, Tyutchev includes everything in the structure of his universe: Light, Chaos, Cosmos, nature, time, man, history, spiritual life.

5. Generalizations and conclusions.

What are the main themes and motifs of Tyutchev's lyrics:

• poet and poetry

  spiritual crisis of the modern generation

  freedom and happiness

  Christian motives.

6. Homework: memorize 2 poems.

7. Summing up. Grading.