History of the Nizhny Novgorod region Grade 7.
Generalization for section 3 "Nizhny Novgorod region under the first Romanovs"
A large notch line to protect the Russian lands from the raids of the Crimean Tatars and Nogais was built in:
XIV – XVcenturies 3. XVI-XVII centuries.
XV- XVIcenturies 4. XVII-XVIII centuries.
In Nizhny Novgorod in 1622-1682 lived:
10-15 thousand people 3. 20-35 thousand people
15-25 thousand people 4. 25-50 thousand people
Russia's first naval ship "Friedrich" was built in:
1616 3. 1666
1636 4. 1682
The leading place in this city of the Nizhny Novgorod region was given to the salt industry:
Zavolzhye 3. Lyskovo
Arzamas 4. Balakhna
5. Monk Abraham began to revive the Makariev Monastery in:
1. 1618 3. 1640
2. 1620 4. 1641
6. The Consecrated Council elected Metropolitan Nikon to the patriarchal throne in:
1646 3. 1658
1652 4. 1666
7. The uprising of Stepan Razin reached the Nizhny Novgorod lands in:
1. 1669 3. 1671
2. 1670 4. 1672
8. SourcesXVIIcenturies, according to which we learn about the armament of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, city churches, the names of Nizhny Novgorod residents of those ancient times, their occupations and served as the main document for establishing taxation, were called __________________________________.
9. New settlements created inXVIIcentury, Russians in the forest Trans-Volga region were called ____________________.
10. Well-known Nizhny Novgorod businessmanXVIIcentury, engaged in the production of soap, was called ________________________.
11. Boyar, who established the production of potash in the Nizhny Novgorod region, was called _____________________________________.
12. Fortress with baths with guards keeping order. Collectors of customs duties were located in its travel towers. Inside the fortress there were two-story shopping arcades. On the first floor there are trading shops, on the second floor there are living quarters for merchants. This fortress was called ________________________________.
13. "My birth is in the Nizhny Novgorod limits, beyond the Kudma River, in the village of Grigorov." This is how _________________ wrote about himself.
14. The rebels under the leadership of S. Razin sent appeals addressed to the peasants in order to win over to their side all those who were seeking freedom and wishing to serve him. These appeals were called _________________________________.
15. Match the names of officials and their functions:
16. Correlate social groups with their status and responsibilities:
17. Match the names and surnames of famous industrialists and entrepreneurs with their areas of activity:
18. Correlate historical concepts and their definitions:
19. Correlate the country of origin and goods at the Makariev Fair:
20. Correlate historical personalities and some facts of their biographies:
21. Correlate historical personalities and some facts of their biographies:
3. Ilya PonomarevB. Leadership of the rebel detachment near Arzamas
4.Yuri Dolgorukov
G. Sent by Razin to capture Nizhny Novgorod
22. Arrange the territories in the sequence of their administrative subordination inXVI- XVIIcenturies:
1. Parish 3. County
2. Stan 4. Sloboda
23. Choose from the list of nationalities below three associated with the Nizhny Novgorod region, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated:
1. Mari 4. Veps
2. Tatars 5. Mordva
3. Bashkirs 6. Permians
24. Choose from the list below three types of goods that, thanks to trade, came to Nizhny Novgorod from the lower reaches of the Volga, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated:
1. Beluga fish 4. Silk fabrics
2. Iron 5. Bread
3. Leather 6. Salt
25. Arrange the cities of the Nizhny Novgorod region according to the time of their foundation (in chronological order):
1. Pavlovo 3. Gorodets
2. Lyskovo 4. Balakhna
26. Arrange the buildings of the Makaryevsky monastery depending on the time of their construction:
1. Wooden Trinity Cathedral
2. Stone fortress walls
3. Stone refectory with the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God and the bell tower
4. Stone church in honor of the holy venerable Macarius of Zheltovodsky
27. Arrange the events in chronological order:
1. Execution of Habakkuk
2. The birth of Nikon
3. Birth of Habakkuk
4. The death of Nikon
28. Arrange the events in chronological order:
1. Uprising in Povetluzhye
2. Capture of the Makaryevsky Monastery by the Razintsy
3. The defeat of the rebels near Murashkin
4. Arrival to the borders of the Nizhny Novgorod land of a detachment of Cossacks led by an ataman
Maxim Osipov
Key
Scribe books
Pochinki
Afanasy Olisov
Morozov
Gostiny Dvor
Habakkuk
lovely letters
1B, 2C, 3D, 4A
1B, 2A, 3G, 4B
1G, 2B, 3V, 4G
1B, 2C, 3A, 4G
1V, 2G, 3B,4A
1B, 2G, 3A, 4C
1G, 2V, 3A, 4B
3 2 1 4
1 2 5
1 4 6
3 2 4 1
1 4 3 2
2 3 4 1
4 2 3 1
1656 Engraving from the work of A. Olearius. Nizhny Novgorod
0 state of agriculture, and even more so, very little is said about the methods of cultivating the soil by the Nizhny Novgorod peasants in the works of foreign travelers. Nevertheless, on the basis of their evidence, it can be argued that agriculture existed even among the conquered "small" peoples of the region, namely the Mordovians, who "cultivate the fields." Only in the 19th century, when random people or people far from agriculture ceased to act as foreign travelers around the province, did information about the state of affairs in the agricultural field become more detailed.
According to Gaksthausen, agriculture in the villages with a commercial specialization is at a low level.
“The rich cultivate as much land as they need for a home; the poor are engaged in gardening. But any other work and craft is better rewarded. Land relations, in addition to widespread serfdom, are also represented by rent: in the event of a long absence of the owner of the house and plot for work, he provides the land to someone. There is very little land in the serf villages: there is 1.5 acres of arable land and a meadow per capita. The field and housekeeping are run by women, old people and children, and whoever has a small family hires a worker for himself, paying him 45 rubles in banknotes for the summer. The quitrent to the landowner is 50 rubles. ass. from the tax. In that case, as in an infinite number of others, it is clear that the quitrent lies not on the land that the landowner gives to the peasant, but on his labor power and industry. Instead of feeding his people himself, clothing and taking care of them, the landowner gives them as much land as they need for housing and food.
Sowing and harrowing.
Based on travelers' data, it can be concluded that the local soil is fertile, potentially suitable for large crops. Nevertheless, with such fertility, the poverty of the peasant population sometimes struck the imagination of foreigners. The only salvation was the commercial income. Such was the state of affairs in the Nizhny Novgorod province - with the initial fertility of the land, the standard of living of the population continued to remain low, which is mentioned not only by foreign evidence, but also by domestic sources.
Back in the 17th century, Streis wrote about the plight of the peasants, from which the way out is any commercial production. Since agriculture is at a low level, the Nizhny Novgorod industry is forced to reach a high level. But it was by no means the only way to maintain the subsistence level of the population; gardening also existed as an auxiliary means. Small vegetable gardens surrounded every village house, and foreigners were amazed at the complete absence of fruit trees in some farms.
Haxthausen in the 19th century explained the tendency not to plant fruit trees as follows: “The fact that the Great Russians rarely plant trees, and fruit trees, is usually attributed to the fragility of the property of the peasants. But although in theory the redistribution of land could be done often, in practice it is rarely done , and in particular the garden always remains at the same house ... A Russian person does not care about the distant future, he lives too much in the present; a minute to do something that has a long-term result.
Not a single foreign traveler, including such an agricultural specialist as Gaksthausen, specifically studied and described the situation of animal husbandry (especially the breeding of cattle and small cattle) in the Nizhny Novgorod province. By the lack of material, one can judge the complexity of the study of this issue. It should even be said that the issue of animal husbandry is the least studied, since there is practically no information about it in foreign sources. All conclusions can be drawn only if indirect information is available.
Apparently, from the point of view of a foreign traveler, animal breeding is so common that it is not much different from the state of affairs in Western Europe, and therefore does not deserve detailed mention. The land relations in the province, which were discussed above, were of a much more specific nature, and therefore this issue is much easier to trace from foreign sources. All early references / indirect / to animal husbandry, dating back to the 17th century, are found in a text describing food products, the source of which can be unequivocally called animal husbandry. In a record dated 1636, Olearius mentions chicken breeding in the village of Barmino, 90 from Nizhny, and in 1669 Streis speaks of the following products that his expedition received in Nizhny as provisions: meat, butter, cheese, lard, etc. All this, in the opinion of a foreigner, is extremely cheap, and the conclusion suggests itself that this product was produced by the population for their own use in sufficient quantities. But at the same time, we must not forget that the cheapness of products is such only from the point of view of a foreigner, whose purchasing power in the 17th century. was much higher than the similar property of the Russian population of the region. Cheapness in this case is a relative concept.
Specifically, on the basis of the testimonies of travelers of the 17th century. it can be said that at this time the peasants of the region bred; horned lambing, derivatives of which were meat - dairy production. In addition, pig breeding was also an important component of the animal husbandry of the region /fat production/. There was also poultry farming, namely chicken farming. It is not known /based on data from foreign sources/ whether there was then such a form of poultry farming specific to the Nizhny Novgorod region as goose breeding. It should be added that it is specific only for Arzamas, where the dacha breed of geese was bred exclusively for arranging goose fights. Gaksthausen is the only one who mentions this issue, who specially visited Arzamas and saw on its streets "a breed of geese of extraordinary size, almost from a swan. This breed was bred exclusively for fighting, therefore this topic is more related to the field of entertainment inherent in the inhabitants of the province than to the topic of agriculture
Craft and Factory production. Trade.
The main income of the local population, in addition to agriculture, was handicraft / trade / production. Crafts were the prerogative of the peasant population of the province. Most of the information on this issue belongs to the 19th century, when the development of the topic of production in foreign literature was developed. Until the 19th century the craft already existed in the region, but information about it in foreign sources of that time is too scattered. Part of the population was employed in production, organized according to the factory principle, but mainly processing only raw materials / processing leather into material for sale to European countries /. Basically, all peasant household items were made in a handicraft way.
In historical literature, it is customary to divide crafts into home-based and out-of-home.
The home-based crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod region /based on foreign sources/ include; 1 / carpentry; 2/ making chests and boxes; 3/ sleigh and cart fishing; 4/web production; 5/ shoe industry; b/ blacksmithing; 7/ icon painting, seasonal trades include: I/ logging; 2/ transportation; 3/ ship fisheries; 4/ begging. Foreigners in their descriptions paid much more attention to the question of seasonal crafts, as more noticeable to them, than to cottage industries. Especially great attention was attracted by the shipping industry and carting. Detailed descriptions of some cottage industries appear only in the sources of the 19th century. The initial mention of the existence of handicraft production in the region refers to the message of foreign travelers of the 17th century.
Russian coins (Shoemaker's shop)
// Adam Olearius. Description of the journey to Muscovy and through Muscovy to Persia and back. - St. Petersburg, 1906. - S. 228
According to Olearius, in 1636, of all the named cottage trades, blacksmithing existed, but it was clearly not at a high level, since the blacksmith, to whom the crew of the Olearius ship made an order, “during the supply of iron and in work, committed great abuses and deceptions ... ". However, foreign shipbuilders treated the blacksmith's misconduct condescendingly, despite the permission of the Nizhny Novgorod governor to subject the fraudster to any punishment, up to the death penalty. In this case, the dependence of blacksmithing on state control bodies is quite obvious.
In 1669, during a visit to Nizhny by Jan Streis, blacksmithing continued to exist in an improved form, here because the ship's crew ordered blocks and an anchor here. There was also linen production, judging by the abundance of cheap fabrics. N.Novgorod artisans unite their production into "rope yards, where they made heavy ropes and other ropes ...". The existence of such yards was due to the fact that the production of such a complex product as ship equipment requires the unification of their actions. In the future, similar associations will also exist among home-based artisans /for example, in settlements specializing in the production of shoes, a product that requires division of labor and specialization of each individual manufacturer/.
The production of ship gear also indicates the presence of a certain level of Nizhny Novgorod shipbuilding proper, as already mentioned above. Consequently, there was both carpentry and craft.
Later, in the 18th century, factory production, as it developed, began to supplant handicraft production, especially in connection with the expansion of cities. So, Makariev is a city "famous for its linen factories." In the future, both methods continue to exist, but the handicraft method is especially characteristic of privately owned settlements.
In comparison with previous centuries, the craft and factory production of the 19th century was more developed. The factories were located mainly in the large cities of the province, Arzamas, described by Gaksthausen, specialized mainly in leather production. . "There are 34 factories in the city, of which 19 are large tanneries. Good yuft is produced here," An example is the leather factory, which belonged to Popov-Shchetinin in 1843. It processed the skins of the Kazan and Simbirsk provinces, "since the skins from the Podolsk and Volyn provinces are very are thick and suitable only for soles.Cooked leather is sent mainly to Austria and the waist, through the Volga, St. shoes, and not just raw leather.At this stage of capitalist development, shoe production was still in the hands of handicraftsmen.In addition to tanneries, Haxthausen mentions the existence of a candle factory.
Handicraft production by the 19th century. reached its apogee when privately owned villages specialized in the production of industrial products. The dressing of shoes, therefore, was carried out in a handicraft way in the village of Vesna, which belonged to Saltykov and is known throughout Russia for the production of shoes. The village has 1820 people, divided by elders, in total 18, under the command of each there are 100 souls. The majority of the inhabitants make up an association of shoemakers and shoemakers, "" Every year, goods worth 50 thousand rubles are sent to the Nizhny Novgorod fair, except for diverging in the surrounding area. Some families prepare up to 40 pairs of boots a week. Thus, the production is mainly family-based, cottage-based. The product of production is increasingly waders, winter shoes, ordinary cheap horse-skin boots, felted boots.
Resurrection Cathedral in Arzamas.
Mention should also be made of the production of chests that were supplied to the fair from Makariev, which Gauthier mentions. In addition, handicrafts included cart and sledge fishing, the manufacture of agricultural implements and household items. Iconography, which is so sharply different from other crafts, received coverage only in the work of Haxthausen. The main consumer of these products was the Orthodox Church, which specifically orders certain images for churches under construction. The "cheap images" mentioned by Gauthier in the chapter on the Nizhny Novgorod fair found a market among ordinary people, for whom they were intended. As for the church painting, its main producers were serf artists. An example of such work is the painting of the Arzamas Cathedral mentioned by Haxthausen, which was carried out by Osip Semenovich Serebryakov, Bezobrazov's serf. The iconostasis itself was made in the Russian style, which is natural, while in the painting of the icons themselves, the observance of Byzantine traditions was very strict. The frescoes were made in the Western European spirit and "were well copied from Rubens."
On the example of cottage industries, which were preserved along with the gradual development of factory production, one can study the picture of the changes that took place in the field of this side of culture. Whereas the outhouse trades were an example of conservatism: all the changes that were superior in this area depended on changes in the area of serfdom.
Already Olearius and Streis describe ship fishing and transportation. Olearius described ship fishing / burlachestvo / in great detail, who, while sailing from Nizhny near the village. Zimyonki / 20 versts from Nizhny / saw "a large plow or a boat ... with two hundred workers on it, the Russians, not having the wind exactly behind them, do not sail, but in the boat they bring one anchor after another forward 1/4 mile of the way , then 100 or more people, standing one by one, with the help of a rope from a bast, drag the ship against the current. At the same time, they, however, are not able to go more than two miles a day. Since the majority of foreign expeditions passed along the waterway, their interest in barge work is understandable.
Later, when foreigners combined land and water routes, more attention was paid to carting. But even in 1788, de Lessens speaks of such a class of people as "carriers" /apparently across the river/, confusing them with the then existing robbers. Actually, he began to mention cab drivers from the beginning of the 18th century. in. John Bell /. He spoke commendably about Russian drivers, who "incomparably faster manage horses, and are more accustomed to riding ...", contrasting Russian drivers with neighboring peoples, what was the opinion of de Dessens about the drivers, making the quality of their driving dependent on age : "I must praise the Russian drivers, nowhere do they know how to drive horses so well. The reason for this is that they are almost always quite old."
Chauffeurs in a teahouse.
The boxes, along with skillful driving, were credited with the property of recklessness, which was a serious test for the nervous system of a foreigner, "Russian coachmen, so skillful on the plain, turn into the most dangerous coachmen in the world in mountainous terrain, which, in essence, is the right bank of the Volga ... At the beginning of the descent the horses go at a walk, but soon, usually in the steepest place ... the wagon rushes like an arrow with ever increasing speed and career ... takes off onto the bridge, that is, on wooden boards, somehow laid on the crossbars, and not fastened by anything ... ". After the development of land communications, the quality of roads has not improved.
Coachman in an Armenian coat, belted with a sash.
Praise for the cabbies, only not Russian, but Tatar ones, is expressed in the work of Pr. Thomas: "By the quality of the horses, by the intelligence and calm disposition of the drivers, you can very soon notice that you are no longer dealing with Russians."
Haxthausen, August von.
Russian edition of Haxthausen's book.
This level of development has reached the cart industry. As far as bartering is concerned, the principle of transporting ships has not changed, but the crisis of the feudal system has affected the position of this class of people. The labor of barge haulers reached its greatest development in the 19th century. Negotiating with the so-called "boatmen" / barge haulers /, Gaksthausen writes about their way of life. From communication with them, he made the most favorable impression of their politeness and courtesy. Gaksthausen expressed his views on the origin of the very institution of barge haulers, and on the basis of his judgments one can see the attitude of a foreigner to the existence of the peasant crafts themselves.
Barge haulers on the Volga.
"This is an interesting class of people, having a very original structure. Most barge haulers are also serfs, rarely state peasants." In addition, when imposing quitrent "on the state peasants, the government does not take into account the difference in their well-being ... does not take into account the crafts produced by the peasants, and does not impose fees on it, ..., in this respect, the state peasants are completely free, they can engage in crafts, what they want... Therefore, they choose for themselves such crafts that, with the least amount of labor, give the greatest earnings... Private owners, on the contrary, determine the amount of dues, in accordance with the abilities and forces of people, with their property and possibilities... They force their people to certain trades... The landlord forces healthy and strong peasants to hard and lengthy work, and assigns lighter work to the weak, while the strongest state peasants are engaged in delivering rolls and other goods, among the serfs this work is carried out by the weakest. tedious barge work, which is why there are so few barge haulers and state peasants.
The landowner, on the other hand, directly orders the superfluous people of his village to go to barge haulers, or indirectly, by imposing a larger dues on them ... If there were no this coercion and high dues, the most important and necessary craft for inner Russia, navigation along the Volga, would have to stop, and with all industry would dry up with him.” As an example of such serf barge haulers, Haxthausen named the serfs of Prince Gagarin from a village 30 versts from Arzamas, hired by Haxthausen for a trip to Kazan. “... The land does not feed them, then they are forced to look for work on the side ... Therefore, most of the healthy men leave the village in the spring and return home by winter. year." The class of cab drivers and barge haulers thus formed finds great use at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. Travelers of the second half of the XIX century. report a large number of ships on the river near the fair, a ferry transporting those wishing from the city to the fair, a huge number of wagons and carts transporting people around the fair and Nizhny Novgorod. In the works of foreign travelers, information about handicraft production is often difficult to separate from information about trade in the province.
Trade as a way to sell their own products had its origin in the early history of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Even early sources / Olearius, Streis / speak of the sale by local residents to foreign travelers of both agricultural products and manufactured goods. But trade for the Nizhny Novgorod region was of particular importance because of the existence of such a peculiar trading institution as the Nizhny Novgorod fair. Its origin as a center of trade between East and West dates back to the 17th century.
At first, periodic large auctions on the Middle Volga took place in Kazan, then, from the beginning of the 16th century, in Vasilsursk, in a border and unreconciled city, which brought great inconvenience. Therefore, the city of Makariev was chosen. In 1641, a fair was officially established near the monastery walls of the restored Makariev Monastery. in 1817, after repeated flooding of the fair town with melt water,
in order to further centralize and facilitate trade, and especially in connection with a major fire in 1816, the fair was moved to Nizhny Novgorod. However, it remains under the patronage of St. Macarius Zheltovodsky, whose relics were transferred.
The fair had not only all-Russian, but also international significance. "The Nizhny Novgorod fair, which has now become the most significant on the globe, is a meeting place for peoples who are most alien to each other, peoples who have nothing in common with each other in appearance, clothing, language, religion and customs. The inhabitants of Tibet and Bukhara - neighboring countries China - here they encounter Finns, Persians, Greeks, British and French. "The following gives it a purely Nizhny Novgorod character as a phenomenon.
The income from the fair was brought to the province by keeping visitors in hotels and providing them with everything necessary, by selling their own handicraft and industrial products, as well as by reselling foreign goods to Nizhny Novgorod merchants. The only foreigner who described the Nizhny Novgorod fair during its placement in Makariev was K. de Bruin. Located near the walls of the monastery, "this is a place where a significant fair takes place every year in the month of July and where most of the Russian merchants come from everywhere, although the fair lasts only fifteen days.
Over a century later, the fair has grown in importance. The duration of the fair has increased to a month, while different foreign authors name different dates. So, Dumas and Gauthier call the period from July 15 to August 15, and the earlier Haxthausen in relation to them calls the period from July 25 to August 25, sometimes extended until September. "Different sources also determine the number of people staying at the Nizhny Novgorod fair by But everyone agrees that in this crowd the population of Nizhny Novgorod itself is only 20 thousand. The smallest figure of the city's population at the time of the fair is called by Pr. Thomas, defining it as exceeding the number of 80 thousand people. The rest of the authors agree on a figure of 200 thousand people /Dumas, Gauthier, Gaksthausen/. According to de Custine, “on especially busy days, trade even reaches three hundred thousand ... Gaksthausen even cites a message from an unnamed foreign author about a figure of 600 thousand people.
The national composition of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair is very diverse. In addition to the nationalities that existed on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod province itself, as already mentioned, there were residents of various countries of Europe and Asia. Speaking of the population of the Nizhny Novgorod province, Dr. Thomas also describes the Tatars in terms of their increased ability to trade. "Tatar merchants are the most active intermediaries of Russian trade with Asia. The unity of their origin, often even language, costume and religion, with many neighboring peoples of Asian Russia makes them very valuable for the government in this respect."
Dumas wrote in more detail about the organization of the fair and the course of trade operations, although many branches of the fair that trade in Russian goods did not interest him. During the fair, the river in front of her was forced by a huge number of ships. The embankment of the Lower Bazaar, where the ships of the travelers Gauthier and Dumas moored, was a place for selling goods for the people: boots, mittens, hats, sheepskin coats, "a shop of rough knick-knacks, small haberdashery, cheap images, gingerbread and green apples, sour milk, beer and kvass, .." This accumulation of household items and food supplies was limited on the one hand by the island, and on the other hand by the fair itself.
The fair rows at the fair were divided into several parts according to the types of goods. In front of the Makarievskaya Church there were shops of Chinese goods, called by Nizhny Novgorod residents "Chinese quarter". Under Gauthier /1861/ the Chinese had not come to the fair for three years, the last foreigner to follow them at the fair was Dumas. Near the Chinese shops nearby, there were shops of oriental goods, which most attracted the attention of Dumas. Of all the shopping arcades, de Custine singles out tea stalls /specializing in the sale of tea from Kyakhta/, a rag market, a wagon timber market /represents mountains of wood cleared of bark, harvested for the whole of Russia/, an iron market /to eat goods is a blank in the form of strips , beams and rods, some - finished products in the form of gratings, agricultural tools and household items /, cashmere wool market, salted and dried fish market, leather and furs market. The last three markets represent a place for selling mainly goods of oriental or inert origin. Merchants or people guarding accumulations of goods live right there with them: de Custine reports on entire camps of people assigned to furs, often sleeping among their own products. On the plain behind the fair, Gauthier observed similar gatherings of Siberian fur traders.
Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.
Such an accumulation of people of different tribes and customs did not cause much disorder at the fair, which foreigners explained in different ways: by the omnipotence of the Russian police, the omnipresence of guards from the Kalmyk Cossacks, the bruised Russian population, incapable of mass riots, etc.
According to de Custine, "the main trading figures of the fair are serfs. However, the law prohibits granting a loan to a serf in the amount of more than five rubles. And now deals are made with them on the word for huge amounts." Often unable to write or count, possessing only natural sharpness and wooden abacus, Russian serf merchants keep score of their trading operations.
It is hard to believe that all trade operations at the fair were carried out by serfs. But that they were present at the fair is confirmed by other foreign travelers. In Gaksthausen there is a mention of 200 serfs, who annually go to the Nizhny Novgorod fair for two months. Among the residents of this village, there used to be two rich peasants with a capital of 500 thousand rubles. In addition, at the same time in the same village about 15 houses / out of a population of 1820 people / live by trade, which brings them an income of 20-50 thousand rubles.
According to de Costine, "those who own the slaves - millionaires, can take away their fortune on any day and hour ... At the same time, no one remembers that a peasant deceived the trust of a merchant who had trade with him ..." The possibility of a dishonorable attitude of the landowner coexisted - the serf owner could demand a huge amount for the opportunity for those who wanted to redeem, and having taken the ransom, deceive the expectations of a person dependent on him, 0 that such cases were possible, but not typical, says Haxthausen's message about the stay at the fair of a merchant, an iron merchant, a former serf count
Sheremetev, and now the owner of a fortune of 4 to 5 million rubles.”
Naturally, according to Gautier, only "serious trade" could bring a solid income. An example of such transactions is the trade in thousands of bales of tea, 5-6 barks of grain worth several million rubles, and the sale of furs. These goods were either on the ships, or were not exhibited at all at the fair. Places for the conclusion of such transactions were small inconspicuous teahouses, where the auction took place. The merchants traded with an air of deliberate indifference, and despite the abundance of languages in this crowd, the Russian language was the language of these transactions.
Nizhny Novgorod. Fair. Engraving by E. Dammuller after a drawing by K. Broger. 1870s
Clothes, shoes, jewelry.
Such an important component of the material culture of the population and one of the main materials of ethnographic research as clothing and everything related to it has not received coverage in almost all sources. An exception is the work of Gaksthausen, who described mainly the clothes of the common people and the peasantry / as well as the rich stratum of this most numerous group of the population /.
A peasant in a caftan, belted with a long belt with tassels.
The fact that the clothes of the upper strata of the population could not be described is explained by their small difference from the clothes of similar strata of the population in the West, and therefore did not attract the attention of a European.
In general, the whole clothing of the common population of the Nizhny Novgorod province does not differ from the Great Russian. "Men's clothing, with slight differences in caps, is the same for all Great Russians; but women's clothing, in any case more diverse, consists of the same parts and has the same character throughout Great Russia." Without particularly dwelling on this subject, Gaksthausen does away with the theme of clothing in just a few lines. Men's clothing is limited to his headdress, outerwear - summer and winter, as well as shoes. Thus, the attire of a peasant requires, firstly, "high-colored hats, according to Russian custom, round with narrow brim ..., secondly, a caftan, thirdly," short fur coats, the most necessary thing for every Russian peasant.
Shoes are presented much more diversely. These are "large waders, winter boots, ordinary cheap horseskin boots, felted boots." Women's clothing is presented only by the description of "red silk warm jackets trimmed with fur or silver fringe, as rich peasant women wear." Gaksthausen does not see much difference in the clothes of poor and rich peasants.
As an example, we can give a description of the clothes of a wealthy peasant, a wax manufacturer: "The owner, a simple Russian peasant with a long beard, walked in a blue caftan; his wife, a simple mother, in peasant clothes with a warm jacket trimmed with fur, all the children are also in local clothes ." Many peasants of the province, who, thanks to their economic ingenuity, became rich industrialists, were largely able to retain in their clothes the features inherent in their ancestors when they did not need to flaunt their current wealth. However, as has already been noted, the desire for ostentatious luxury belonged rather to the area of \u200b\u200bthe situation in the dwellings of wealthy peasants.
In the field of jewelry, the female population did not limit itself to anything, the only deterrent could only be financial insufficiency. The piece of jewelry that Haxthausen describes is a pearl worn on occasions of holidays or folk festivals. "All the women I saw here, even the poorest fisherwomen, had at least
at least 3-4 threads of real pearls, more sufficient ones have 10-12 threads each, and even headdresses embroidered with pearls, like a diadem. Merchants come to the local merchant weddings completely studded with pearls and precious stones. "All the described clothing refers only to the 40s of the 19th century, the earlier one did not receive coverage in foreign sources.
Nutrition and hygiene of the population.
The issue of nutrition of the population of the region is closely connected with the production of agricultural products. Many of the products supplied to foreign expeditions were undoubtedly consumed by the peasants themselves. Since the process of food consumption by the local population was not specifically described by foreigners, it is impossible to imagine how it was arranged and took place in reality. A number of products remain unchanged throughout the 17th-19th centuries, and changes can only be traced by the use of drinks. Meat products include meat itself /it is not specified whose exactly/, lard and poultry. Dairy products include sour milk, butter and cheese. Bakery products include gingerbread and bread. In addition, fish, dried and dried, was eaten during the period of fasting.
With the development of trade with the East, tea was added to the traditional drinks for the province, both alcohol-containing - beer and kvass0, and non-alcoholic kvass, with the development of trade with the East. Tea is "more and more becoming the favorite drink of Russians," according to Gaksthausen. So much loved that many hot places are called teahouses, where alcohol largely alternates with tea drinking.
The question of hygiene in the Nizhny Novgorod province until the middle of the XIX century. in foreign sources covered one-sidedly. Many authors tried to show the local population not from the best side. Nizhny Novgorod was especially punished if a foreigner fell into especially unsanitary conditions and was not shy in expressions. Two of them, de Lessens in 1788 and de Custine in 1839, were treated with local remedies.
De Custine, who did not endure the Nizhny Novgorod climate well, the disease did not leave any terrible memories. De Leesens' impressions of communicating with local doctors were different. On the way to Nizhny, he was wounded in the head by a broken tire from his own cart. In one of the taverns, he underwent the “proper treatment” / in his own words /, where strong wine was poured on the wound and a compress was applied. In N. Novgorod, de Lessens underwent a much more barbaric re-treatment. The doctor, at whom the victim stopped, was absent, and a second doctor was sent to him.
"His arrival prejudiced me in his bad talents and not - modesty, he acted rudely, and walking, swayed like a drunk. The need to let him feel my wound overcame the desire to get rid of such hands, but this poor doctor forgot the instrument. did the pin that he took from others serve as a probe?" ^ It is clear that the foreigner preferred to get rid of such an operator as soon as possible, especially since he prescribed the same treatment as the people who gave de Lessens first aid. The deplorable state of medicine /and this is in the main city of the province/ at first glance did not leave hope for improvement. This state of affairs did not mean, however, that the entire population of the province was mired in unsanitary conditions for centuries.
The establishment of the fair, which attracted a huge number of people, created additional inconveniences, De Custine, who was negatively disposed to everything in advance, was nevertheless amazed by the smells and dirt that reigned in the institution and where the foreigner stopped. Such an environment contributed to the successful reproduction of the "unprecedented beast". These "insects are black, half an inch long, soft, sticky and run pretty fast." Bed bugs / de Custine himself calls them "peaches", because of their eastern origin / fairly bothered the foreigner, especially since all measures to combat them were reduced to their pressure and to the fact that de Custine's bed was hoisted in the middle of the room, and her legs were set into bowls of water.
To eliminate possible sources of diseases, a special fair sewage system was created. The construction "expelled plague and cholera from these places", since more than 400 thousand people used such facilities during the six weeks of the fair.
Foreigners, having changed their views on hygiene in the province, now sought to prove the opposite: the eternal desire of the Russian people for cleanliness. Describing only a fairground inn, Gaksthausen notes: "Russian customs dominate here in full force; there is no shortage of washstands hanging on chains at the entrance. As far as I remember, I have seen such washstands in every Russian hut, and if I'm not mistaken, they described even earlier, together with Russian steam baths, by Storch, who cited them in refutation of the accusation made by the Russians of uncleanness.
Hygiene, as can be seen from the descriptions of foreign travelers, was the topic where ethnic stereotypes dominated completely, and only through the efforts of conscientious foreign researchers did the picture of the true state of things gradually become within reach of the population of Western countries.
Sources and literature
1. Bell J. Belleva's travels through Russia to various Asian lands, namely to Ispagan, Beijing, Derbent and Constantinople. SPb., 1776.
2. Bruin de, Cornelius. Journey to Muscovy // RUSSIA XVIII century. through the eyes of foreigners. L., 1989.
3. Vasiliev F.V. Material culture of the peasants of the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region / middle of the XIX - beginning of the XX century /. Lectures. M., 1982.
4. Gaksthausen A. Research of the internal relations of people's life and especially rural institutions in Russia. T.I. M., 1869.
5. Herberstein S. Notes on Muscovy. M., 1988.
6. Gauthier T. Journey to Russia. M., 1988.
7. Dumas A. Works in 3 vols. T.Z. M., 1992,
8. Klyuchevsky D.O. Legends of foreigners about the Russian state. M., 1992"
9. Kyustin A.de. Nikolaev Russia. M., 1992.
10. Leseens J.B.B.de. Lessens' journey through Kamchatka and the inner side of Siberia. 4.III. M., 1801-1802.
11. Literary encyclopedic dictionary.
12. Olearius A. A detailed description of the travel of the Holstein embassy to Muscovy and Persia. in 1633, 1636 and 1639. M., 1906.
13. Slavs and their neighbors. Ethnopsychological stereotypes in the Middle Ages. Collection of articles. Y., 1990.
14. Smirnov D.N. Essays on the life and way of life of Nizhny Novgorod residents of the 17th-18th centuries. Gorky, 1978,
15. Soviet historical encyclopedia. Ch. ed. E.M. Zhukov. T.2, M., 1962.
16. Streis Ya.Ya. Three trips. M., 1935.
17. Thomas P. Journey in 1842 from Moscow to Kazan. //IOAIE, 1906.
T.22. Issue Z. pp.164-184.
The Nizhny Novgorod region is one of the oldest and most economically developed industrial regions in the center of the European part of the Russian Federation. The economic "face" of the region in the all-Russian division of labor is determined by the development of processing branches of heavy industry: mechanical engineering and metalworking, conversion metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical, oil refining, timber and pulp and paper industries.
Among the regions of the Russian Federation, the Nizhny Novgorod region is in the second ten regions in terms of socio-economic development. The share of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the formation of the total gross regional product is about 2%. But according to a number of indicators, the region noticeably stands out among other territories. In recent years, the region has accounted for more than 60% of the all-Russian production of buses, 55% of trucks, 54% of thermoplastic sheets, 20% of steel pipes, 15% of polymer films, 14% of paper, 7% of primary oil processing.
Initially, the Right Bank was mainly developed, more suitable for arable farming and livestock breeding on lands freed from forests. In the possessions of the feudal lords boyar Morozov, counts Sheremetyev, Buturlin, Vorotynsky, Gorbatov-Shuisky and others, forges, distilleries, potash (potassium salt) boiling mills and other fishing establishments were built. Feudal votchinniki exported a lot of grain, wine and potash (budy) for sale.
The large-scale development of the forest territories beyond the Volga began somewhat later, in the second half of the 15th century, and was associated with the mass resettlement of schismatics (Old Believers) and numerous fugitive peasants (smerds) to these lands. Economic activity in the Nizhny Novgorod region for a long time was represented by primitive agriculture, land shortage and scarcity of agro-climatic resources forced local residents to engage in various crafts.
in the 15th - 15th centuries in Balakhna, on the basis of the use of local salt brines, the salt industry was developed. In the Volga villages have long been engaged in the construction of wooden ships. In Pavlov-on-Oka, a blacksmith and metalwork trade was formed, in Murashkin - distillery, in Bogorodsk - leather, in Lyskovo - flour milling, in Arzamas - koshmovalny, in Gorbatovsky district - rope and rope, in Semenovsky - matting, wood chips, dishes, spoons and other crafts based on the processing of wood, birch bark and bast, etc. The great river Volga gave life to many occupations of Nizhny Novgorod, it was not without reason that it was called respectfully: “Mother Volga”, “Nurse”. In the 15th century and until the middle of the 19th century, the largest craft in the Nizhny Novgorod province was bartering. Over 500,000 peasants annually, from early spring until the freeze-up, were dragged up the Volga to the fair and beyond bark, loaded with salt, grain and other goods.
In the 15th century, in the Prioksky forests along the Zheleznitsa and Vyksunka rivers, the Batashov brothers built metalworks on the basis of local iron ore, and the metallurgical industry gradually formed on their basis. Due to the high demand for metal and proximity to the central consuming regions, Vyksa plants developed rapidly and became a significant competitor to the Ural and Tula metallurgical plants.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the influence of the trade fair, which arose in 1622 near the walls of the Makaryevsky monastery on the Volga and was transferred in 1817, after a devastating fire, to Nizhny Novgorod, came to the fore in the development of the region. The trade exchange of goods produced in the region took place at the annual All-Russian market, which gradually turned into an important exchange yard between Europe and Asia.
In 1849, a shipyard was built near the fair complex in the village of Sormovo, Balakhna district, where steam-powered metal ships and barges were created to meet the needs of trade cargo flows.
The advantages of the geographical position of N.Novgorod were further strengthened due to the launch in 1862 of the Moscow-N.Novgorod railway, and later, at the beginning of the 20th century, from N.Novgorod to the south to the "grain" provinces of Russia. Bread and metal in those years were the most important goods of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. This circumstance contributed to the development of the flour-grinding industry on the Oka, so in the village of Kunavino, mills were built by the merchant Bashkirov, near the Seima station there were mills of the merchant Bugrov, and in Nizhny Novgorod a mill equipment plant was built. Thus, the development of capitalism in the Nizhny Novgorod province had a peculiarity in that merchant capital played an important role in industry. Craftsmen, convenient and developed external relations, together with trading capital, contributed to the fact that one of the leading centers of the manufacturing industry in Russia was formed on the Nizhny Novgorod land with such industries as ferrous metallurgy, shipbuilding and metalworking, flour milling, woodworking, leather and fur, rope and some other types of industrial activity.
The influence of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory on the Russian economy is gradually becoming so significant that it was decided to hold the XVI All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in May-October 1896, the honor of which had previously belonged only to the capital of the state.
Thus, the Nizhny Novgorod province is gradually turning into a large commercial and industrial region, which made it possible in 1914 to place here a number of industrial enterprises evacuated from the front-line Riga, such as the Novaya Etna and Felzer metalworking plants (Engine of the Revolution, and now RUMO), a file and handicraft tool factory of the Otto Erbe joint-stock company (metallurgical), a telephone factory of Siemens and Halske (NITEL), a military uniform and shoe factory. Two factories for the production of explosives and gunpowder were located at the Rastyapino railway station (modern chemical plants in the Dzerzhinsky industrial zone), three tanneries were located in Bogorodsk. All this significantly increased the production potential of the Nizhny Novgorod province and, in combination with a favorable neighboring and transport-geographical position and the availability of qualified labor personnel, determined the industrial nature of the region's development.
During the years of the first five-year plans of the Soviet stage in the history of the country's development, heavy industry began to grow rapidly in the region. The central position, significant economic and labor potential contributed to the gigantic scope of new industrial construction here, which required the creation of its own energy base. In 1925, within the framework of the plan for the electrification of Russia (GOELRO), one of the first and largest in the USSR, the Nizhegorodskaya State District Power Plant in Balakhna, with a capacity of 200 thousand kW, was built and put into operation on the basis of the reserves of the Balakhna peatlands. Then Igumnovskaya (Dzerzhinsk) and Avtozavodskaya thermal power plants were built on coal fuel.
In 1927, the railway N. Novgorod - Kotelnich began to operate, which made it possible to develop the economy of the Trans-Volga part of the region through the development of forest resources. Opposite Nizhny Novgorod, on the left bank of the Volga, the city of Bor began to form as a center of shipbuilding, ship repair and the glass industry. A railway line from Nizhny Novgorod to Balakhninskaya GRES was built. On May 2, 1930, near the village of Monastyrka on the left bank of the Oka (slightly above Nizhny Novgorod), the foundation stone of the Gorky Automobile Plant, the first-born of the domestic automobile industry, was laid, and on January 29, 1932, the first truck had already rolled off its main assembly line. During this period, a number of other industrial enterprises were also built in the region: a milling machine plant, a machine-building plant, an aircraft plant in Nizhny Novgorod, an autotractor tool plant in Pavlov, a utility machine-building plant in Arzamas, etc. In 1952, a bus plant was established in Pavlovo on the basis of the Avtoinstrument enterprise.
Mechanical engineering is gradually becoming the main branch of the region's economy. At the same time, other branches of specialization are also emerging. To the west of Nizhny Novgorod, on the site of the Rastyapino railway station, chemical production and research institutes were created on the basis of powder factories, and a new city of chemists appeared - Dzerzhinsk with a huge industrial zone along the railway towards Nizhny Novgorod. In the north of the region, on the basis of local forest resources and thanks to the presence of the railway, a forestry and woodworking industry is being formed and woodworking and wood-chemical plants appear in the villages of Syava, Vakhtan, Vetluzhsky, Uren, etc. Near Balakhna, on the banks of the Volga, the Pravdinsky pulp and paper mill was built which became the main producer of newsprint in Russia (JSC Volga) and a cardboard factory. In 1946, in the south of the region in the Mordovian forests, a federal nuclear center and related production and scientific and technical institutions were founded, as a result of which a closed nuclear city grew up, which in different years bore the names Arzamas-16, Kremlev, Sarov.
The industrial power of the region grew and the problem of shortage of electrical energy again became acute. To overcome the energy shortage in 1956, a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 520 thousand kW was built near the city of Gorodets on the Volga. After the completion of the construction of a pressure dam, sluices and a hydroelectric power station, the vacated premises were used to house the production facilities of GAZ's subcontractors - an automobile engine plant and a caterpillar tractor plant. Part of the workers - builders of hydroelectric power stations remained to work at new enterprises, and the village of hydrobuilders gradually grew into the city of Zavolzhye. At the end of the 50s, a branch railway was built from Nizhny Novgorod to the Balakhninskaya State District Power Plant and further to the Volga region. At that time, the Novosormovskaya CHPP was being built in Gorky, but the need for electricity was not met from its own resources, and the region solves the problem by including the European part of the country in the unified energy system; Cheboksary HPP.
In order to provide chemical enterprises in Dzerzhinsk with raw materials and improve the supply of automotive fuel and lubricants to the region, in 1957, at the intersection of the Volga with a large oil pipeline from Tatarstan, near the village of Kstovo, the Novogorkovsky oil refinery was built - one of the largest in the country. Near this plant, a complex of related industries was formed: Novogorkovskaya CHP, a tire repair plant, a plant for protein and vitamin concentrates, and a mineral wool plant. As a result, a city of petrochemists appeared - Kstovo.
Thus, the modern territorial and production complex of the Nizhny Novgorod region was formed already in the middle of the 20th century, the leading industries operate on imported raw materials and fuel. The region's economy is dominated by manufacturing industries ("upper floors"). A feature of the development of the region's economy in the Soviet period was a high proportion of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, in 1990 they accounted for 26.4% of fixed production assets, 26.5% of the volume of industrial output and almost 1/3 of those employed in industry. During the transition to market economic conditions and after the collapse of the USSR, enterprises of the defense industries, as a result of a reduction in the state order for the production of military equipment and equipment, found themselves in a difficult economic situation and were forced to switch to the production of consumer goods (conversion).
ShareI wrote the original article for the site nn-stories.ru.
In ancient times, mammoths, big-horned deer and woolly rhinos lived on the local land. Bones and teeth of prehistoric animals continue to be found to this day. So, a few years ago, Georgy Blom, a geologist from Nizhny Novgorod, discovered in the Triassic deposits of the Vetluga River basin the skeleton of a Listosaurus that lived here 240 million years ago. The remains of the animal lizard are now in the Paleontological Museum in Moscow. In the 1970s, when developing an experimental quarry on the Volga opposite Sormovo, at a depth of about 30 meters, the remains of mammoths that lived here 10,000 years ago were found. And in 2007, in the area of Myzinsky Bridge, fishermen discovered mammoth teeth, which were transferred to the museum. In the 1930s, the most striking discovery was made: at the foot of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, the remains of a mammoth skull with two upper molars were dug up. It is the pride of the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Pedagogical University.
3. Global warming
4. Ancient people
7. Mordva, Mari, Muroma
8. First cities
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| The Nizhny Novgorod region has been inhabited since ancient times. It is believed that the first people appeared on the Nizhny Novgorod land, probably 50-25 thousand years ago. At that time, the ancient glacier retreated to the north and the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region was occupied by glacial tundras and cold forest-steppes with coniferous-birch woodlands. About 24 thousand years ago, the period of the Upper Valdai glaciation began, during which primitive hunters were forced to move south. Only after about 10 thousand years, with the beginning of another warming, people began to gradually return. The final development of the Nizhny Novgorod lands took place in the Mesolithic era (10-5 millennium BC), when the climate became warmer, and the cold glacial steppes were replaced by coniferous and birch forests. People settled in the valleys of the Volga, Oka, Sura and Tyosha, around which most of the modern population of the region is now concentrated. Archaeological excavations in many places have found traces of the life of primitive people here. The sites of Stone Age residents were found on the Mokhovy Gory (in the region of Nizhny Novgorod), near the village of Staraya Pustyn (Arzamas region), near the cities of Pavlov, Balakhna, Volodarsk, and others. People of that time owned stone and bone tools, hunted with a bow, could make clay vessels. Later, in the Neolithic, individual tribes of our ancestors began to engage not only in hunting, but also in fishing and beekeeping, and in the early period of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) - in primitive agriculture and cattle breeding. In the early Iron Age (the first half of the 1st millennium BC), iron tools appeared and handicrafts began to develop. By the beginning of the new era, Slavs, Muroma, Mordovian and Mari tribes lived on the territory of the region. Moreover, the Mordvins settled mainly in the valleys of the Sura, Tesha, Moksha, and the Mari - to the east of Vetluga. The ancient settlement of the Mari and Mordovians is evidenced, in particular, by the toponyms left by them (geographical names of settlements, reservoirs, tracts, etc.). In the first centuries of the new era, people began to settle in fortified settlements. In the 12th century, the first city, Gorodets, appeared on Nizhny Novgorod land as a stronghold, Nizhny Novgorod was founded in 1221, and the city of Arzamas was founded in 1578. By this time, the Russians gradually settled the entire territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The Nizhny Novgorod region is one of the old industrial regions of Russia. The economic development of the Right Bank by the 18th century was expressed mainly in the development of arable farming and deforestation. The development of the Trans-Volga region began somewhat later than the Right Bank. The population of the Trans-Volga region was small and rare. On the Nizhny Novgorod land, in addition to arable farming, various folk crafts and crafts developed, on the basis of which local industry began to form. So, in Balakhna in the 15th century, salt production developed, in Pavlov-on-Oka - blacksmithing, in the middle of the 18th century various metal products (locks, scissors, guns) were already made in Pavlov. In the village of Bogorodskoye, leather craft developed, and in Arzamas, felt production. In the 18th century, ferrous metal production began in Vyksa. In the 19th century, barbering was common on the Volga. The all-Russian market of this time was the Makariev Fair, which in 1817 was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod. In the 19th century, a machine-building plant was built in Sormov, which became the largest shipbuilding center in Russia. In 1862, a railway was laid from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod. During the years of the Soviet period, the region's economy continued to develop successfully. So, in 1925, the first stage of the Nizhny Novgorod State District Power Plant (state regional power plant) was launched in Balakhna. In 1930, the construction of an auto giant on the Oka River began, and in 1932, the first cars rolled off the assembly line of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Machine-tool, machine-building, aviation and other plants were also built in the city of Gorky. The industry also successfully developed in many cities and regional centers of the region. |
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first information | Nizhny Novgorod and Nizhny Novgorod region.
People inhabited the territory of our region already in ancient times. They settled near rivers, where they found water and food for themselves. Archaeological excavations have shown that in the territory of our region in the III-II millennium BC, tribes of the Balakhna Neolithic culture lived. It got its name from the most typical site excavated near Balakhna. Balakhna residents settled in small settlements of 25-30 adults. The villages were located in compact groups. Archaeologists have discovered such groups in the areas of Pavlov, Dzerzhinsk (Gavrilovka, Zhelnino, Volodarsk), Nizhny Novgorod (in Sormovo, Molitovka, on the Mokhovy Gory, on the Linda River - Lindovskaya, Balakhny (B. Kozino, M Kozine), the city of Gorodtsa (Serkovskaya, Sokolskaya). The sites of the Balakhnin people were found in Povetluzhye, in the valley of the Tesha River and in many other places. Archaeological excavations have helped to find out that the Balakhnin people lived in semi-dugouts of a round or oval shape. Narrow corridors led to dwellings , one of them was facing the river, the other connected the living quarters with a workshop for the manufacture of flint tools.Inside the dwelling, hearths of stones were arranged.Finds of archaeologists at the excavations of ancient sites recreate a picture of the life of the Balakhnin people.They were hunters and fishermen.
Stone tools tell us about this - a knife, a scraper, a harpoon, a hook, arrowheads, bone needles. The finds also tell us about who the Balakhnin people hunted: the bones of an elk, a wild boar, a bear, a hare, a river beaver were preserved at the site. The people of Balakhna, judging by the tools found, knew how to grind, polish, chisel and saw stone. They knew weaving from plant fibers. They knew how to make pottery. In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, the tribes of the Volosovo culture penetrated the lower reaches of the Oka. The first site of this type was opened near the village of Volosovo on the right bank of the Oka at the confluence of the Tesha and Veletma. The Volosovites occupied part of the territory of the Balakhna tribes. In the lower reaches of the Oka and along the banks of the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to Gorodets, the Balakhna people continued to develop their own, unique material culture.
In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, they learned how to smelt metal - the Bronze Age begins. The use of metal tools was a huge achievement in the development of human society. A few kilometers southeast of the Seima station, the Seima burial ground was discovered. People lived here in the XV-XII centuries BC. Fragments of vessels, bronze cast chisel-shaped socketed axes, large spearheads, knives, and daggers have been unearthed. Along with bronze tools, flint tools were also found: arrowheads, saws, and fragments of drilled tools. And some unexpected finds - objects made of jade (a milky white or greenish mineral), an amber bead. There are no deposits of jade and amber on the territory of the region, therefore ... Consequently, the people of the Seima site did not live in isolation, they did not communicate with the population of certain areas. The finds of this site, well known to world science, serve as one of the proofs of the extensive connections of ancient people from the northern seas of our Motherland to Central Asia and Baikal. Its most valuable materials were included in the exposition of the State Historical Museum in Moscow. The excavations of other sites and burial grounds also tell about the people of the Bronze Age, their life, occupations. In the Churkinsky burial ground (Balakhna region), bones of a pig, a cow, a horse, a ram, and a dog were found. So, people were already engaged in animal husbandry. A large number of flint wedge-shaped axes have been found, suitable for woodworking. Obviously, people knew hoe farming. Ancient people acquired more and more new skills - and their lives changed, work improved, the economy became more diverse and developed. The Sergachsky burial ground, discovered in Kozhina Sloboda (I-III centuries AD), Gaginsky and Khirinsky - near Arzamas (middle of the 1st millennium AD), Bogorodskoye, Rusinikhinskoye, Odoevskoye, Devil's settlements on Vetluga testify that people, who lived in the region at that time, entered the Iron Age. Monuments of the 1st millennium AD give us such curious information: 2.5 times more bones of domestic animals were found here than wild ones. This means that cattle breeding prevails among other occupations of the inhabitants, and hunting recedes into the background. The role of agriculture is also growing: from an auxiliary occupation, it becomes the leading branch of the economy.
Settlement of tribes on the territory of the region.
Historians and archaeologists, based on the data of archaeological excavations, on the evidence of chronicle materials, come to the conclusion that in the 1st millennium AD, the ancient tribes of Mordovians and Mari lived on the territory of the region, the now disappeared peoples of Murom and Merya. The Tale of Bygone Years informs us about this: “And along the River Oka, where the Murom flows into the Volga, your tongue and Cheremis your tongue, Mordovians your tongue.” Mordovian tribes occupied lands along the rivers Tesha, Pyana, Alatyr, Kudma, Oka. At the confluence of the Oka with the Volga, on the territory of modern Nizhny Novgorod, there were no Mordovian tribes. The Mari tribes lived in Povetluzhye. Muroma occupied a small area along the left bank of the Oka until it flows into the Volga, as well as along the left bank of the Volga. In the XII century, the first Slavic settlements appeared at the mouth of the Oka. These were mostly Suzdal peasants. First of all, the lands of the current Gorodetsky, Balakhna and Borsky regions were developed.
History of the Gorky region. A.I. Tyurina. L.A.Chemodanov
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The work program of the course "History of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory" grades 6-9 page 2
Willingness to apply historical and cultural knowledge to identify and preserve the historical and cultural monuments of their native land and other regions of the country.
History of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
From ancient times to the beginning of the XV century.
Introduction.
School local history, its main subject branches. Historical local history is an integral part of school historical education. Its significance in the formation of patriotism and national identity.
The origin and development of local history in Russia and the Nizhny Novgorod region.
Sources on the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Legends of the native land.
Training course "History of the Nizhny Novgorod region from ancient times to the present day": its purpose, objectives and main content components.
Section 1. Ancient inhabitants of the Nizhny Novgorod region
Nizhny Novgorod land in the primitive era. Nizhny Novgorod land before human settlement. What does archeology study? Stone Age in the Nizhny Novgorod Territory. Archaeological sites of the Bronze Age. Ancient cultures of the Iron Age.
The ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the Nizhny Novgorod land. Ancient Finno-Ugric peoples on the territory of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region. Mordva in antiquity. Ancient Mari. Murom. Their habitat and activities.
Volga Bulgaria and the ancient history of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The appearance of the Bulgars in the territory to the east of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region. Volga Bulgaria and Ancient Russia under Vladimir the Red Sun. Traces of the stay of the Bulgar merchants in the south of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region.
Eastern Slavs in the ancient history of the Nizhny Novgorod land. Descendants of the ancient Slavs on the territory of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region. Pagan survivals among the descendants of the ancient Slavs. The economy of the ancient Russian population.
Section 2. Nizhny Novgorod lands in the middle of the XII - beginning of the XIII century.
Gorodets on the Volga under Yuri Dolgoruky and Andrei Bogolyubsky. The struggle of Yuri Dolgoruky for Kyiv. Foundation of Gorodets and its ancient fortifications. Andrey Bogolyubsky and ancient Gorodets.
Gorodets on the Volga at the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th century. Campaigns of Vsevolod the Big Nest to the Volga Bulgaria. Life and way of life of the inhabitants of ancient Gorodets according to archeology. The development of the Russian people around Gorodets and the banks of the Uzola.
The founder of Nizhny Novgorod is Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich. Yuri Vsevolodovich and Bishop Simon. The war of Yuri Vsevolodovich with the Bulgars in 1213-1220. Foundation of Nizhny Novgorod. Yuri Vsevolodovich and the Mordovian princes Puresh and Purgas.
Section 3. Nizhny Novgorod lands in the era of the Mongol invasion.
Yuri Vsevolodovich and the Mongol invasion. Help Yuri Vsevolodovich Ryazan principality. Battle on the River City. The Mongols in the territory of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region in 1239
Alexander Nevsky in the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Nizhny Novgorod lands after the invasion of Batu. Alexander Nevsky and Nizhny Novgorod region. The memory of Alexander Nevsky in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
Section 4. Nizhny Novgorod lands in the middle of the XIII - XV century.
Nizhny Novgorod lands in the second half of the XIII - the first half of the XIV century. The son of Alexander Nevsky is Andrey Gorodetsky. Nizhny Novgorod in the period of rivalry between Moscow and Tver. Nizhny Novgorod lands under Alexander Vasilyevich Suzdalsky and Ivan Kalita. The emergence of the Ascension Caves Monastery.
infourok.ru
| XVII-XVIII centuries are characterized by the rapid development of the economy in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region. New lands are being plowed up, a social division of labor is being established, and a commodity-money economy is developing. One of the industries was the production of potash, a chemical used in glass production, soap making, dyeing, and the manufacture of gunpowder. It was produced in large quantities in the Arzamas district, and then exported abroad through Arkhangelsk. Balakhna is famous for its salt mines. Wooden shipbuilding is also developing here. Skilful blacksmiths, carpenters, potters, and tailors lived in Lyskovo. The fame of Pavlovsk casters and gunsmiths went far beyond the borders of the region. The village of Bogorodskoye with nine villages was famous for leather craft. At the beginning of the 18th century, a large anchor factory appeared in the Gorodetsky volost, and near Vorotynets in the middle of the 18th century, Demidov's iron and iron factories. Nizhny Novgorod became the largest industrial center of the region. It was a center for rope production, shipbuilding, and metalworking. Master shipbuilders participated in the preparation of the Volga fleet for the transportation of artillery and ammunition to Azov. Metalworkers cast bells and anchors, made weapon locks. There were tanneries, malt factories, breweries, a brick factory, steel, pottery, and linen factories. According to the decrees of Peter I (1714-1719), the Nizhny Novgorod province was formed. Nizhny Novgorod became its center. The province included the cities of Alatyr, Arzamas, Balakhna, Vasilsursk, Gorokhovets, Kurmysh, Yuryevets, Yadrin. Nizhny Novgorod merchants conducted major operations with the cities of the Volga, Moscow, Vologda, Solikamsk, had connections with Siberia, went beyond the borders of the country. Enormous quantities of fish flowed along the Volga from Astrakhan, and wholesale trade in grain and salt began in Nizhny Novgorod. From the first years of the 17th century, the Makaryevsky Monastery, founded in the 15th century opposite Lyskov, became widely known in the trading world. Here, near the walls of the monastery, an annual fair has existed for almost 200 years. It was the largest international marketplace. Merchants from the countries of the East, England, Denmark, Sweden and many other countries brought their goods here. Travelers noted that Makariev's shopping festival was larger and richer than the fairs known in Europe in Frankfurt and Leipzig. In 1816, after a fire, the fair was revived in Nizhny Novgorod In the second half of the 18th century, according to a new administrative division, the Nizhny Novgorod province was divided into 11 counties: Arzamas, Ardatovsky, Balakhninsky, Vasilsky, Gorbatovsky, Knyagininsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Makaryevsky, Lukoyanovsky, Sergachsky, Semenovsky. This administrative division did not change until the October Revolution. |
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Presentation on the History of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory in grade 6 on the topic "Archaeological past of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory"
Paragraph 1. The archaeological past of the Nizhny Novgorod land
Nizhny Novgorod land before human settlement.
2. What archeology studies.
3. Stone Age on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
4. Archaeological sites of the Bronze Age.
5. The most ancient cultures of the Iron Age.
1. Nizhny Novgorod land before human settlement. The natural conditions on the territory of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region have changed many times. Its surface was either a rocky lifeless desert, or it turned out to be the bottom of the sea, or it was overgrown with dense forests, or it was covered with an ice shell up to two meters thick.
150 thousand years ago, the border of the glacier passed along the Volga in the area of the modern cities of Kostroma and Yaroslavl. The border of the glacier sometimes moved further south, sometimes moved north. The tundra stretched out at its borders. It was followed by the forest-tundra. Here lived giant elephants, overgrown with shaggy hair - mammoths. Big-horned deer, woolly rhinoceroses and huge bulls - rounds - wandered right there. The bones of these animals can be seen in many museums in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
In the 1930s, at the foot of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, the remains of a mammoth skull with two upper molars were discovered. Now it is kept in the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Pedagogical University. The remains of the woolly rhinoceros were found in the area of Sennaya Square in Nizhny Novgorod and in the Kstovsky district. The attention of visitors to the Pavlovsk Historical Museum is invariably attracted by the Tur skull with huge horns.
Approximately 10 - 15 thousand years ago, a sharp warming occurred in the world. Nature has taken on a modern look. After that, people began to settle in the territory of the current Nizhny Novgorod region.
2. What archeology studies. The life of people of that distant era is studied by the science of archeology.
REMEMBER WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT ARCHEOLOGY.
Archaeologists are digging up the remains of ancient settlements and tools in the ground. At different times, people made tools from different materials: first from stone, then from copper and bronze, and finally from iron. Therefore, scientists divide the history of mankind into stone, bronze and iron ages. The Stone Age is subdivided into the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and Neolithic (New Stone Age).
3. Stone Age on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Man began to develop the territory of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region in the VIII - VI millennia BC, during the Mesolithic period. Traces of the settlement of people of that era were found near the village of Staraya Pustyn, Arzamas region, on the right bank of the Serezha River, near the village of Ugolnova, Navashinsky region (9-8 thousand years ago).
Places associated with the life of ancient people are called archaeological sites. These, for example, include: parking lots (remains of unfortified settlements of the Stone Age), burial grounds (traces of ancient burials), settlements (fortified settlements). A group of monuments of the same time and type is united by the concept of archaeological culture. Often it gets its name from a nearby settlement. So the Balakhna culture of the Neolithic era (IV - III millennium BC) is named after the city of Balakhna. Settlements and camps of the "Balakhna" were found not only near Balakhna, but also in other places of the Nizhny Novgorod region. For example, near the village of Sakony, Ardatovsky district and in Arzamas. Scientists have established that representatives of the Balakhna culture were hunters. This is evidenced by the finds of stone arrowheads discovered during excavations. "Balakhnintsy" hunted moose, wild boars, bears, hares, beavers. (The bones of these animals were preserved at the sites). Clothes were sewn from the skins of dead animals with the help of bone needles.
infourok.ru
9 facts about the prehistoric Lower: mammoths, ancient tribes, ice age |
Roads, cars, skyscrapers, people always in a hurry - this is the center of Nizhny Novgorod today. Dinosaurs lived here several million years ago. Tens of thousands of years ago, mammoths walked on the site of the modern Minin Square, where large office centers now rise, several hundred years ago, ancient people were engaged in farming and hunting. Today it is quite difficult to imagine these pictures from the distant past. But let's try anyway. So, what was on the territory of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region in different eras?
1. Desert, sea, forests, glaciers
Natural conditions on the territory of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region have changed over millions of years. Once its surface was a rocky lifeless desert, in other eras it became the seabed, turned into an impenetrable forest, covered with an ice shell up to two meters thick.
2. Mammoths, rhinos, dinosaurs
In ancient times, mammoths, big-horned deer and woolly rhinos lived on the local land. Bones and teeth of prehistoric animals continue to be found to this day. So, a few years ago, Georgy Blom, a geologist from Nizhny Novgorod, discovered in the Triassic deposits of the Vetluga River basin the skeleton of a Listosaurus that lived here 240 million years ago. The remains of the animal lizard are now in the Paleontological Museum in Moscow. In the 1970s, when developing an experimental quarry on the Volga opposite Sormovo, at a depth of about 30 meters, the remains of mammoths that lived here 10,000 years ago were found. And in 2007, in the area of Myzinsky Bridge, fishermen discovered mammoth teeth, which were transferred to the museum. In the 1930s, the most striking discovery was made: at the foot of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, the remains of a mammoth skull with two upper molars were dug up. It is the pride of the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Pedagogical University.
3. Global warming
Approximately 10-15 thousand years ago, there was a sharp warming in the world, the glaciers melted, and nature took the form in which we see it today. After that, people began to settle in the territory of the current Nizhny Novgorod region.
4. Ancient people
The first inhabitants appeared on the Nizhny Novgorod land 50-25 thousand years ago. At that time, when the ancient glacier retreated to the north and the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region was occupied by glacial tundras and cold forest-steppes with coniferous-birch woodlands. About 24 thousand years ago, the period of the Upper Valdai glaciation began, and primitive hunters were forced to go south. Only after 10 thousand years, when the climate began to soften on local lands, people began to gradually return.
5. Final land development
A person moved to a permanent place of residence in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the VIII-IX millennia BC, during the Mesolithic period. Traces of the settlement of people of that era were found near the village of Staraya Pustyn, Arzamas region, on the right bank of the Serezha River. Man chose for life the valleys of the Volga, Oka, Sura and Tyosha rivers, near which most of the modern population of the region is now concentrated. Archaeologists continue to find traces of the life of primitive people there.
6. Stone, bronze, iron
The sites of the inhabitants of the Stone Age were discovered by modern archaeologists in the region of Nizhny Novgorod, near Pavlov, Balakhna, Volodarsk and other cities of the region. People of that time owned stone and bone tools, hunted with a bow, and created clay vessels. During the Neolithic period, the ancient tribes began to engage in fishing and beekeeping, and in the Bronze Age, dating back to the second millennium BC, they began to master agriculture and cattle breeding. In the first half of the first millennium BC, iron tools appeared in man and handicrafts began to develop. This era is called the Iron Age.
7. Mordva, Mari, Muroma
At the turn of the century, Slavs, Muroma, Mordovian and Mari tribes lived on the territory of the present Nizhny Novgorod region. The Mordva settled mainly along the valleys of the Sura, Tesha and Moksha rivers, and the Mari chose their camps east of Vetluga. The people of that time had a cult of ancestors, who were worshiped in sacred groves and tracts, the so-called keremets.
8. First cities
With the advent of a new era, people began to settle in fortified settlements. The first such city in Nizhny Novgorod was Gorodets, it was founded in 1152. After 69 years, Nizhny Novgorod appeared, and in 1578 - Arzamas. By the middle of the 16th century, the Russians gradually settled the entire territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
9. Before the founding of Nizhny Novgorod
There are several opinions about what was on the site of Nizhny Novgorod before its founder Yuri Vsevolodovich came here. According to the first legend, the area belonged to the pagans - the Turkic and Finno-Ugric tribes, who were the ancestors of the Meshcheryak Tatars. Civilization flourished on these lands with its rites, laws and religion. They have inhabited the Volga basin since the ninth century. Yuri Vsevolodovich, with the blessing of the Bishop of Suzdal, brought Orthodoxy to the savages, after which the history of Nizhny Novgorod began.
The second version says that in 1220, Prince Mstislav Vladimirsky tried to capture the Bulgar settlement Oshel, the ruler of Murza Ibrahim, which was located on the Dyatlovy mountains. Murza was killed, but the inhabitants defended their city. And a year after these events, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich came here, captured the city, razed it to the ground and founded Nizhny Novgorod.
According to the third version, the lands of the modern Nizhny Novgorod region from the sixth century belonged to the Khazar Khaganate - the most ancient state that owned territories from the coast of the Caspian and the Black Sea to the Volga region and the borders of modern Azerbaijan. And on the site of Nizhny Novgorod at that time there was already a fortress to protect the borders of the city.
The modern system of education and upbringing should be focused on the affirmation in the minds and behavior of the younger generation of universal human moral and humanistic values, the principles of tolerant and non-violent behavior and patriotism.
Regional history, addressed to the knowledge of the history and culture of the native land, creates favorable conditions for the formation of basic national values, for our students to realize their involvement in the labor and military achievements of fellow countrymen. Lessons according to the new training course "History of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory", developed by the SBEI DPO NIRO, with the skillful guidance of a teacher, can directly or indirectly have a beneficial effect on the spiritual, moral, civil, patriotic, political and legal education of students
The urgent tasks of modern school education in the formation of a citizen and patriot of Russia, defined by the Federal State Educational Standards and other federal regulations, require the school to pay more attention to regional history. Regional history- this is the history of a separate region, the boundaries of which, as a rule, coincide with the boundaries of the historical region, region (subject of the Russian Federation).
Regional history has enormous educational potential. The famous writer Leonid Leonov once rightly noted that "great patriotism begins with love for the small - for the place where you live." Regional history, addressed to the knowledge of the history and culture of the native land, creates favorable conditions for the formation of the regional identity of students (the awareness of their involvement in the generations of fellow countrymen, in their labor and military achievements), which in turn, together with the study of the history of the Fatherland, contributes to the formation of Russian civil identity (awareness of being a citizen of Russia). Involving students in the historical past of their native land, their acquaintance with the cultural and spiritual heritage of previous generations contributes to the formation of basic national values, important facets of the personality of students. Lessons using local history materials of regional and local (local) history, with the skillful guidance of a teacher, can directly or indirectly have a beneficial effect on the spiritual, moral, civil, patriotic, political and legal education of students.
Today, there are the necessary regulatory and legal foundations for the study of regional history at school. In the section "General Provisions" of the Federal State Educational Standard of each level of education, the principle of taking into account the regional, national and ethno-cultural needs of the peoples of the Russian Federation is formulated, which is revealed in the provisions of this section through the specification of the goals for the implementation of new standards at each level of general education, as well as through the content of the personal characteristics of students (" portrait of a graduate". The concept of spiritual and moral development and education of the personality of a citizen of Russia contains the provision that one of the stages of development of a citizen of Russia is the adoption by a person of traditions and values, special forms of cultural, historical, social and spiritual life of his native village, city, district, regions, territories... In addition, according to the Concept of the new teaching materials on national history, the curriculum of Russian history should combine the history of the Russian state, the history of regions and local history (the past of the native city, village). defines regional and local history as an integral and mandatory part of modern school history education.
In Nizhny Novgorod schools, for the study of regional history, an educational and methodological kit (TMK) "History of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory from ancient times to the present day" is recommended. It was developed in 2013-2015. Department of History and Social Sciences, SBEI DPO NIRO (group of authors: Doctor of History V.K. Romanovsky, Doctor of History F.A. Seleznev, Candidate of History B.L. Ginzburg and E. S. Itkin). In the 2015-2016 academic year, the CMD was tested in 16 Nizhny Novgorod schools, and after testing was completed, the Regional Expert Council in June 2016 recommended it for use in educational institutions of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Starting from September 1, 2016, Nizhny Novgorod schools are introducing a new curriculum "History of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory" (based on a preliminary decision on its inclusion in the school curriculum).
The educational and methodological package "History of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory" includes:
- work program and educational and thematic planning for the training course,
- textbooks for students in grades 6,7,8,9 and 10,
- anthology for teachers and students,
- teacher's guide,
- control and measuring materials for the course.
The educational and methodological package on regional history has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard and the Concept of a new TMD on national history, is based on the methodology of the activity approach in teaching, is structurally and meaningfully synchronized with the program of the federal course "History of Russia". On the pages of textbooks, students will find many interesting facts about their native land, get acquainted with the daily life of Nizhny Novgorod residents, labor and military exploits, cultural and spiritual achievements of great countrymen. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, Kuzma Minin, Ivan Kulibin, Bishop of Damascus, Pyotr Nesterov, Alexander Busygin, Boris Korolev, Rostislav Alekseev are outstanding personalities of the Nizhny Novgorod land, whose activities can serve as a civil and moral guide for young Nizhny Novgorod residents. To help the teacher, a methodological guide is offered with the topics of educational projects throughout the course, methodological advice on the use of different methods and technologies, scenarios for conducting excursions, games and competitions. Schoolchildren have the opportunity to engage in design, search and research, historical and local history activities under the guidance of a teacher, discover the history of their “small motherland” and develop cognitively and spiritually, joining national values, traditions and heritage of their ancestors.
