Russian grammar is one of the most important parts of the language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words at the same time sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, after all, everyone has heard how some foreigner is trying to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't work and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like they need to know grammar.

The noun is one of the most important independent parts of speech, which is practically the most common part of speech. It has such inconsistent features as number, case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in the sentence. In this article, you will learn how to determine cases for nouns what are indirect cases, how to ask them questions correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.

Cases

The only rule for the correct change of nouns is the correct setting of the ending in connection with the question asked. For native speakers, this is an easy task, but foreigners need to memorize the endings and correctly determine them.

Declension

Also exists 3 types of declension at nouns.

• First decline. The name of the creatures. masculine and feminine with the ending -a, -я. For example, a flask, a pig.
• Second decline. The name of the creatures. masculine and neuter with the ending -o, -e. For example, a tree, a well.
• Third declension. The name of a feminine being with a null ending, or in -ь. For example, horse, horse.

Noun change different declensions.

	Question	1 declension (plural)	2 declension (plural)	3rd declension (plural)
Nominative pad.	who what?	tire (tires), moms (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horse (horses)
Parental fall.	who?, what?	tires (tires), moms (moms)	spaceship(s)	horses (horses)
Dative pad.	to whom; to what?	tire (tires), mom (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horses (horses)
Accusatory pad.	who?, what?	tire (tires), mom (moms)	spaceship (spaceships)	horse (horses)
Creative pad.	who?, what?	tire (tires), mother (mothers)	by spaceship(s)	horse(s)
Prepositional fall.	About who about what?	about a tire (about tires), about mom (about moms)	about a spaceship (about spaceships)	about a horse (about horses)

In Russian there is such a thing as indirect cases- these are all cases, except for the nominative.

All of them have their meaning:

Determinants

There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most efficient way to date is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.

The use of determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, it is enough to put this word before the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to memorize one word.

In addition, the question is of great importance for determining the case. The table gives an idea of ​​what prepositions are used with case forms of nouns in Russian.

Cases are the foundation of the grammar of the Russian language and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But remembering all of them is very easy, two days of cramming is enough to remember them for a lifetime. Good luck!

The case of nouns is the grammatical form of a word. What does this mean? The fact that when putting a word in one or another case, we will establish its connection with other words in the sentence. We'll see if it's really a noun, or if the word behaves like another part of speech. Therefore, being able to identify cases is very important.

It's done like this:

1. Look closely at the word. The prefix, root and suffix are completely unnecessary for us now. I'm only interested in the ending. This is the case, relatively speaking. Specialists easily determine the case at the end, even if they don’t even see the whole sentence. For example: mom (nominative), mom (creative) and so on.
2. But we have to look at the entire proposal as a whole. Not for separate words, not for some part of the sentence, but to embrace it with your consciousness completely, completely. And ask the right question. Do not hurry. Think about how to do this, from which word to ask, so that it turns out correctly and does not sound funny. And then we will act on such an auxiliary tablet, using the best word in the world - "mother":
3. Mother("Mom went to the store"). Who (went to the store)? - Mother. This is the nominative case. memo: Her name is Mom. We will not be able to ask another question than "who?", we will not be able to substitute any preposition for the form "mother". In a sentence, the word is the subject. All these are characteristic signs of the nominative case.
4. mothers("Mom was not in the room"). Who (was not in the room)? - Moms. Genitive. memo: "mother's parent".
5. Mom("I'll give my mother flowers"). To whom (give flowers)? - Mom. Dative. Memo: "I give to my mother."
6. Mom("I love my mom"). Who (I love)? - mom. Accusative. memo: "I blame my mother."
7. Mom("I'm proud of my mom"). Who (am I proud)? - mom. Instrumental. memo: "created by mother".
8. About mom("I'm talking about my mother"). Who (am I talking about)? - about my mother. Prepositional. memo: "proposal about mom." It is characteristic that the prepositional case is absolutely impossible to use without a preposition. Will not work.
9. Difficulties can arise when the nominative and accusative cases or the genitive and accusative cases coincide. In this case, only a careful analysis of the proposal can help us.
10. Plural nouns are in sentences under the same prepositional questions as the singular. But the words will sound very different, of course. Moms, moms, moms, moms, moms, oh (in) moms.
11. In Russian, there are a huge number of indeclinable nouns. Whatever question we ask them in the sentence, they will still be in the same form, as if in the nominative case. For example: I hang up my coat (accusative). I admire a chimpanzee (creative).

Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From the correct definition of which, by the way, the spelling correctness of the written depends.

Case category

The case of nouns is such a grammatical category that indicates the relation of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.

In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.

Case name	Issues of cases of nouns
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? What?
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental
Prepositional	About whom? About what?

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common speech. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.

Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative case

In addition to grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative case. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. can be an integral part of the predicate.

Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject wood(Name p., predicate Birch- the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Genitive case meanings

Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• object of any action: boiling water;
• definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used in the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: issue a receipt;
• used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting the exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
• the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a full one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.

Noun declension

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.

Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjectival declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. We ask a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain- feminine, ends in b, so the declension is third.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you want to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension, you must know. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.

first declension

	solid type	soft type
Nominative			Provocation
Genitive			Provocations
Dative			Provocations
Accusative			Provocation
Instrumental			Provocation
Prepositional			About provocation

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.

Second declension

	masculine		Neuter gender
	solid type		solid type	soft type
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.

third declension

Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.

	1 declination		2 declension		3 declension
	solid type	soft type	masculine	Neuter gender
Nominative		pans
Genitive		saucepans
Dative	Pictures	pots
Accusative		pans
Instrumental	paintings	pans	barracks
Prepositional	About the paintings	About pots	About barracks

Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet, but leaves (of a tree) and sheets (of a book).

Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.

Inflected nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

	Singular		Plural
Nominative			stirrups
Genitive	stirrup
Dative	stirrup		stirrups
Accusative			stirrups
Instrumental	stirrup		stirrups
Prepositional	about the stirrup		about stirrups

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is invariables. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - bought kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.

2. New highways are laid.

In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(singular h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).

Invariable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.

The study of cases and their differences.

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world. Of course, it is difficult for anyone to learn non-native vocabulary. But, precisely because of the transformation of words into cases, the Slavic dialect becomes too difficult to understand. Yes, and many native speakers often get confused on this issue, so we will try to figure it out further.

Change of nouns by cases: what is the name?

Change of nouns by cases - called declension.

declination- this is our transformation of the words at the end. And it is necessary so that the words are properly fastened together. In this way, statements are obtained in the Russian lexicon.

Noun- this is the component of the phrase that implies the subject. Both living and non-living. Therefore, it gives answers to the questions posed: who? So what?

Covers very broad concepts:

• the name of the items(chair, knife, book)
• designation of persons(woman, baby, vegetarian)
• naming living beings(dolphin, cat, amoeba)
• name of substances(coffee, gelatin, starch)
• terms of various factors and cases(fire, intermission, correspondence)
• designation of all stays, actions and properties(tearfulness, optimism, running)

There are six different cases:

• nominative
• genitive
• dative
• accusative
• instrumental
• prepositional

Cases of nouns in Russian: a table with questions, prepositions and auxiliary words in the singular

For perception and the fastest assimilation of information, tables are often used. They perfectly show what questions are used.

• first declension- nouns of feminine and masculine gender, the ending of which is - a, i
• Second declension- masculine nouns without an ending and which end in a soft sign, neuter with an ending - o, e
• third declension- these are feminine words that finish with a soft sign at the end

In the plural, also, for better perception, a table is used, which differs, however, only in the ending.

Incorrect use of cases: what kind of error?

It seems that you look at the tables and examples, and everything becomes clear. And you think, what's so difficult about it? And in fact, it turns out that many make mistakes. Despite the fact that they know the material. And, as a rule, these are very common mistakes that require special attention.

Allocate 2 major mistakes which are connected:

• with an incorrect definition of the declension of the noun
• with inappropriate use of prepositions

Prepositions require special attention:

• thanks to
• according to
• despite
• like
• contrary to
• across

IMPORTANT: These prepositions are used in the dative case.

For example, to maneuver according to (what?) Law. Or, thanks to (what?) friendship with the Fedorov family.

There are also a number of other statements that should be noted. often used in the wrong case:

• In view. The current preposition is practiced only in the genitive case. For example, due to an excess (what?) of money.
• Such a statement as "together with" requires the instrumental case, since it has the weight of a joint action. For example, to play with (who?) nephew.
• Also, suggestion "along with" also asks for the instrumental case. For example, along with other (what?) things.
• But after the expression "on" the adverb asks for a prepositional case. If there is a meaning "after something". For example, at the end of the contract.

How to distinguish the nominative from the accusative?

Every student faces these questions. And adults often face a similar choice. And it is not surprising that these aspects are often confused. After all, the questions are the same inanimate word endings the same, but animate noun endings totally different.

How the nominative case differs from the accusative case: instructions.

• Certainly, the question is raised.
  Above in the table there was already a reminder that the nominative is guided by questions who? what?(as the main member of the sentence). And accusative - (I see) whom? what?(minor member of the sentence).
• And there is a little trick. Because the word in the nominative case will always be main member in a sentence, then we determine the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
• If our word is not the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the accusative case, and will be a secondary member of the sentence.
• Another technique: put a question to the word being checked in an animated form. For example: who? parrot (subject in the nominative case) pecks what?(whom?) grain (secondary member of the sentence, accusative case).
• Also, a significant role goes to the preposition, which is associated with an independent part of speech (or not). In the first variant (nominative case), the noun is always used without pretext. But in the second (accusative case), on the contrary, more often with him ( in, on, for, through and others).
• Recognizing the case will also help ending. The table above has already mentioned what kind of completions each case has.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case?

• The most important helper is the question you need to ask yourself in your mind. The genitive case is known to respond to questions whom or what No? And here is the accusative case on - see who? Hear what? Question whom? the same in both cases.

Read the instructions below.

1. Mentally replace an animate object with an inanimate one.
2. The question is suitable for the inanimate in the genitive case - what is not? But in the accusative, an inanimate object reacts to a question what do I see, what do I hear?
3. Example: I caught ( whom?) a butterfly. We pose an inanimate question. I caught ( what?) a butterfly. Question what? does not fit. So it's an accusative case.

• By the way, in genitive case would mean attachment someone or something. Bought a suitcase for what?) travel (genitive). Nightstand made ( Of what?) from wood (genitive). Also point to a particle of something. A flower is a part (of what?) of a plant (genitive). Or is it going comparison of objects. Smartphone is better what?) push-button telephone (parent).
• It is also important that in the genitive case the verb will be with negative particle. In the shop not It was ( what?) sour cream (genitive).
• But in accusative has the place is spacious or intermediate touch. Define ( what?) the weather for tomorrow (accusative). And also, the effect passes to the object entirely. For example, I closed ( what?) door (accusative). Drank (what?) milk (accusative). Or will express desire and intention. I want to eat ( what?) Apple.

Indeclinable nouns: list

It seems that all the nuances have been considered, and a little clarification has begun. But it was not there! The Russian language has come up with some more traps - these are nouns that do not decline. And this is where foreigners get a shock.

In short, these are foreign words (practically). But to make it a little clearer, below is a list.

• Nouns of foreign origin (proper and common nouns) ending in -о, -е, -у, -ю, -и, -а:
  • highway
  • interview
  • flamingos
• Again words of foreign origin. But! Feminine and with a consonant ending:
  • madam
  • Carmen
• Surnames. Russian and Ukrainian, the ending of which ends in -o and -s, their:
  • Ivanchenko
  • Korolenko
  • Sedykh, etc.
• And, of course, abbreviations and abbreviations:

Declension of nouns by cases: an example

Rules are rules, and the example is much easier to understand. To make it easier visually, we will also resort to the help of a table.

How to quickly learn cases and their questions?

In principle, there is nothing complicated. If soundly to understand and delve into. And it’s hard not only for visitors from other countries, but also for our children. Therefore, in order for information to be assimilated faster, now they just haven’t come up with anything. But we taught in school years, put a book under the pillow. And, most importantly, it worked! I read it before going to bed, slept all night on a book and already remembered everything.

• Of course, many teachers resort to the help of rhymes or games. But parents should help their children in this matter.
• First of all, you need to remember how many cases there are. There are only 6 of them.
• And then, using the most common and everyday examples, explain to the child what questions the noun answers. This means that cases are easier to determine.
• The most important thing is practice! They took the child from the educational institution and go on the bus. Forward! Practice on the words you observe. Even on the bus.
• By the way, a small sample of a light rhyme. He and the kids like it, and will help to learn the educational information as soon as possible.

Poem about cases: Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag a diaper

All parents can repeat this rhyme in unison. After all, he was remembered as "twice two." And most importantly, it is easy for children to perceive.

• Ivan (I - nominative)
  Gave birth (P - genitive)
  Girl, (D - dative)
  Velel (V - accusative)
  Drag (T - creative)
  Diaper (P - prepositional)

Video: How easy is it to learn cases? A simple memorization technique

Parts of speech are taught in elementary school. Some of them are combined into special groups on special grounds. The pronoun, the numeral, the noun and the adjective are included in the group of inflected parts of speech, that is, they change in numbers and cases. You need to understand what declension is in order to correctly write the endings of the forms of one word that changes by case.

How to determine the case of a noun - learning to determine the declension

The Russian language divides all nouns into 3 declensions:

• Type 1 - words m.r. and f.r. ending in -a or -я. For example, rainbow, road, snake, track.
• Type 2 - words m.r. and cf., ending in -o or -e or having a zero ending. For example, education, house, oatmeal.
• Type 3 - words of female language ending in a soft sign. They have a null ending. For example, doe, tribute, spruce, night.

Words of the same type of declension have the same endings when changing in cases. Therefore, when doubts arise when spelling case endings, you need to look at the change rules for the entire declension group to which the word belongs.

How to determine the case of a noun - features of cases

• We ask the question to the noun from those members of the sentence with which it is associated.
• Nominative case - questions who? what? For example, healer, forest. You can use an additional word: ( there is) who? – medicine man, (is) what? - forest.
• Questions whom? what? answers the genitive case with an additional word No. For example, ( no) who? - medicine man, (no) what? - the woods.
• Dative. Questions about the noun to whom? what? with an added word to give. For example, (give) to whom? - healer, (give) what? – forest.
• Accusative. Using questions whom? what? with an added word see. For example, ( see who? - healer, (see) what? - forest.
• Instrumental. Asking questions by whom? how?. You can use an additional word admire. For example, ( admire) who? - a healer, (admire) what? - forest.
• Last, Prepositional, answers questions about whom? about what? with the help of a word think. For example, who to think about? - sorcerer, think about what? - forest.

How to determine the case of a noun - how to distinguish the Nominative from the Accusative

Some forms of the Nominative and Accusative sometimes overlap because they answer the same question. what?

Consider suggestions:

• The snow was falling in big flakes.
• When we went outside, we saw snow.

Word snow answers the question what? in both sentences, has the same form, but different syntactic meaning.

In the first case, snow is the subject, in the second, the circumstance. That is snow performs the action in the first sentence, and in the second the action is performed on it.

Noun snow in 1 sentence is in the Nominative case, in 2 - in the Accusative.

We examined the questions and auxiliary words of each of the cases. We considered the case of the coincidence of the word forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases. We analyzed how the syntactic role helps to determine the case in case of difficulties.