In this article, you are offered the problems found in the texts for preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, and literary arguments for them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the page.

1. Genuine and false heroism is revealed before us on the pages novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The people carry within themselves a true love for the Motherland, they defend it with their breasts, die for it in the war, without receiving orders and ranks. A completely different picture in high society, which only pretends to be patriotic, if it is fashionable. So, Prince Vasily Kuragin went both to the salon glorifying Napoleon and to the salon opposing the emperor. Also, nobles willingly begin to love and glorify the fatherland when it brings benefits. So, Boris Drubetskoy uses the war to advance his career. It was thanks to the people with their true patriotism that Russia freed itself from the French invaders. But its false manifestations nearly ruined the country. As you know, the Russian emperor did not spare the troops and did not want to delay the decisive battle. The situation was saved by Kutuzov, who with the help of delay exhausted the French army and saved thousands of lives of ordinary people.
2. Heroism is manifested not only in war. Sonya Marmeladova, Mr. the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", had to become a prostitute to help the family not die of hunger. The believing girl transgressed the commandments and went to sin for the sake of her stepmother and her children. Without her and her dedication, they would not have survived. On the other hand, Luzhin, shouting at every corner about his virtue and generosity, and exposing his undertakings as heroic (especially his marriage to the dowry Duna Raskolnikova), turns out to be a pitiful egoist who is ready to go over his head for the sake of his goals. The difference is that Sonya's heroism saves people, while Luzhin's falsehood destroys them.

Heroism in war

1. A hero is not a person without fear, it is someone who can overcome fear and go into battle for the sake of their goals and beliefs. Such a hero is described in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" in the image of Andrei Sokolov. This is a completely ordinary person who lived like everyone else. But when thunder struck, he became a real hero: he was carrying shells under fire, because it was impossible otherwise, because his own people were in danger; endured captivity and a concentration camp without betraying anyone; endured the death of his loved ones, having been reborn for the sake of the fate of the orphan Vanka he had chosen. Andrey's heroism lies in the fact that he made the salvation of the country the main task of his life and fought to the end for this.
2. Sotnikov, hero story of the same name by V. Bykov, at the beginning of the work it seems not at all heroic. Moreover, it was he who became the reason for his captivity, and Rybak suffered along with him. However, Sotnikov is trying to atone for his guilt, to take everything upon himself, to save a woman and an old man who accidentally fell under investigation. But the brave partisan Rybak is a coward and tries only to save his own skin, denouncing everyone. The traitor survives, but is forever covered in the blood of innocent sufferers. And in the clumsy and unfortunate Sotnikov, a real hero is revealed, worthy of respect and inextinguishable historical memory. Thus, in war, heroism is especially important, because other lives depend on its manifestation.

The Purpose of Heroism

1. Rita Osyanina, heroine B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", lost her beloved husband in the first days of the war, left with her little son. But the young woman could not stay away from the general grief, went to the front, hoping to avenge her husband and protect tens of thousands of children from the enemy. The real heroism was to go to an unequal battle with the Nazis. Rita, her friend from the department, Zhenya Komelkova, and their boss, foreman Vaskov, opposed the Nazi detachment and prepared for a mortal battle, and the girls really died. But it is impossible otherwise, behind not just a junction, behind the back is the Motherland. Thus, they sacrificed themselves, saving the fatherland.
2. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, the hero of the story A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", showed heroic qualities in the defense of the Belogorodskaya fortress. He remains steadfast and does not hesitate, he is supported by a debt of honor, a military oath. When the rebels captured the commandant, Ivan Kuzmich remained true to his oath and did not recognize Pugachev, although this threatened with death. Military duty forced Mironov to take on a feat, despite the fact that he had to pay for it with his life. He sacrificed himself to stay true to his beliefs.

moral feat

1. It is extremely difficult to remain human when you have gone through blood and bullets. Andrey Sokolov, hero story "The fate of man" M.A. Sholokhov, not only fought, but also was captured, in a concentration camp, fled, and then lost his whole family. It was the family that was the guiding star for the hero, having lost it, he waved his hand at himself. However, after the war, Sokolov met the orphan boy Vanka, whose fate the war also crippled, and the hero did not pass by, did not allow the state or other people to take care of the orphan, Andrei became a father for Vanka, giving himself and him a chance to find a new meaning in life. The fact that he opened his heart to this boy is a moral feat, which was given to him no easier than courage in battle or endurance in the camp.
2. In the course of hostilities, it is sometimes forgotten that the enemy is also a person and, most likely, was sent by war to your homeland by necessity. But it is even more terrible when the war is civil, when a brother, a friend, or a fellow villager can turn out to be an enemy. Grigory Melekhov, hero novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don", in the new conditions of confrontation between the power of the Bolsheviks and the power of the Cossack chieftains, constantly fluctuated. Justice called him to the side of the first, and he fought for the Reds. But in one battle, the hero saw the inhuman execution of captured, unarmed people. This senseless cruelty turned the hero away from his past views. Finally entangled between the parties, he surrenders to the winner, just to see the children. He realized that the family for him is more important than his own life, more important than principles and views, for the sake of it it is worth taking risks, giving up so that the children at least see their father, who always disappeared in battles.

Heroism in love

1. The manifestation of heroism is possible not only on the battlefield, sometimes no less is required in ordinary life. Zheltkov, hero story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet", accomplished a real feat of love, laying his life on her altar. Only once seeing Vera, he lived only for her. When the husband and brother of his beloved forbade Zheltkov even to write to her, he could not live and committed suicide. But he even accepted death with the words to Vera: "Let your name shine." He did this act in order for his beloved to find peace. This is a real feat for the sake of love.
2. Mother's heroism reflected in the story L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara". Alya, the main character, gave birth to a daughter, Milochka, with Down syndrome. The woman devoted her whole life to raising her daughter with a rare diagnosis then. Her husband left her, she had to not only take care of her daughter, but also work as a nurse. And later, the mother fell ill, was not treated, but arranged Milochka better: work in a workshop for gluing envelopes, marriage, education in a special school. Having done everything she could, Alya left to die. The heroism of the mother is everyday, imperceptible, but no less important.

Since the theme of the essay is the problem of heroism, arguments from the literature should be paid attention to works familiar to most of our fellow citizens, brought up on the exploits of Soviet soldiers who saved the world from the brown plague. There were other examples of courage, heroism and selfless love for the Motherland in history. For example, the war of the mid-20th century became the most terrible and bloody.

One of the works that glorify heroism not only in war, but also in civilian life, is the story “The Fate of a Man” by Alexander Sholokhov, in which the author introduces the reader to Andrei Sokolov. He went through the entire war, showing himself to be a brave soldier. Every day, he courageously faced death, which took away his comrades-in-arms one by one. The worst thing that happened to Andrei was the loss of his family. Wife, son and daughter died in the rear at the hands of the Nazis.

Not every person will be able to adequately survive such grief. However, Sokolov was able, having gathered all his will into a fist, he stayed afloat. He did not become embittered, did not hate the whole world, but became more sensitive and responsive to someone else's misfortune. These qualities pushed him to a heroic deed already in civilian life.

Having met an orphaned boy on the dusty post-war roads, Andrei takes him under his “wing”. Deciding to adopt a boy is a real feat. Indeed, in this way, the hero saved the child from the orphanage life, from loneliness, from ordeals, playing a decisive role in the fate of this little man.

Another work has a similar title. This is "The Tale of a Real Man" by Boris Polevoy.

The prototype of the protagonist was the legendary pilot Alexei Meresyev, who went down in history forever thanks to his courage, unbending will to defeat himself and the enemy.

The reader, with bated breath, follows the events described by the author. It exacerbates the experience of realizing that all this took place in real life. Meresyev's plane was shot down over the occupied territory. The pilot managed to survive, although he received terrible injuries.

Bleeding, Alexei tries to get through to his own. With the last of his strength, he crawls through the wooded area, overcoming span after span. Meresyev was lucky - three weeks later he got to the partisans and his life was saved.

Having lost both legs, Alexei did not register himself as disabled and did not remain in captivity. He learned not only to walk, but even to dance on prostheses and continued to fly. He managed to accomplish many more feats before the end of the war, significantly replenishing the "piggy bank" of enemy aircraft shot down by him.

Thanks to Boris Polevoy, readers have an invaluable opportunity to get to know an outstanding personality. Meresyev's heroism will live for centuries, and his memory will be passed down from generation to generation. Such people never die.

The problem of heroism in war has numerous arguments from the literature. In this article, only two works were considered. However, no less poignant - "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", "Not on the List" by B. Vasiliev, "In the Trenches of Stalingrad" by V. Nekrasov, "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov and other cult books. Many generations grew up and were brought up on them.

In this article, you are offered the problems found in the texts for preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, and literary arguments for them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the page.

1. Genuine and false heroism is revealed before us on the pages novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The people carry within themselves a true love for the Motherland, they defend it with their breasts, die for it in the war, without receiving orders and ranks. A completely different picture in high society, which only pretends to be patriotic, if it is fashionable. So, Prince Vasily Kuragin went both to the salon glorifying Napoleon and to the salon opposing the emperor. Also, nobles willingly begin to love and glorify the fatherland when it brings benefits. So, Boris Drubetskoy uses the war to advance his career. It was thanks to the people with their true patriotism that Russia freed itself from the French invaders. But its false manifestations nearly ruined the country. As you know, the Russian emperor did not spare the troops and did not want to delay the decisive battle. The situation was saved by Kutuzov, who with the help of delay exhausted the French army and saved thousands of lives of ordinary people.
2. Heroism is manifested not only in war. Sonya Marmeladova, Mr. the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", had to become a prostitute to help the family not die of hunger. The believing girl transgressed the commandments and went to sin for the sake of her stepmother and her children. Without her and her dedication, they would not have survived. On the other hand, Luzhin, shouting at every corner about his virtue and generosity, and exposing his undertakings as heroic (especially his marriage to the dowry Duna Raskolnikova), turns out to be a pitiful egoist who is ready to go over his head for the sake of his goals. The difference is that Sonya's heroism saves people, while Luzhin's falsehood destroys them.

Heroism in war

1. A hero is not a person without fear, it is someone who can overcome fear and go into battle for the sake of their goals and beliefs. Such a hero is described in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" in the image of Andrei Sokolov. This is a completely ordinary person who lived like everyone else. But when thunder struck, he became a real hero: he was carrying shells under fire, because it was impossible otherwise, because his own people were in danger; endured captivity and a concentration camp without betraying anyone; endured the death of his loved ones, having been reborn for the sake of the fate of the orphan Vanka he had chosen. Andrey's heroism lies in the fact that he made the salvation of the country the main task of his life and fought to the end for this.
2. Sotnikov, hero story of the same name by V. Bykov, at the beginning of the work it seems not at all heroic. Moreover, it was he who became the reason for his captivity, and Rybak suffered along with him. However, Sotnikov is trying to atone for his guilt, to take everything upon himself, to save a woman and an old man who accidentally fell under investigation. But the brave partisan Rybak is a coward and tries only to save his own skin, denouncing everyone. The traitor survives, but is forever covered in the blood of innocent sufferers. And in the clumsy and unfortunate Sotnikov, a real hero is revealed, worthy of respect and inextinguishable historical memory. Thus, in war, heroism is especially important, because other lives depend on its manifestation.

The Purpose of Heroism

1. Rita Osyanina, heroine B. Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", lost her beloved husband in the first days of the war, left with her little son. But the young woman could not stay away from the general grief, went to the front, hoping to avenge her husband and protect tens of thousands of children from the enemy. The real heroism was to go to an unequal battle with the Nazis. Rita, her friend from the department, Zhenya Komelkova, and their boss, foreman Vaskov, opposed the Nazi detachment and prepared for a mortal battle, and the girls really died. But it is impossible otherwise, behind not just a junction, behind the back is the Motherland. Thus, they sacrificed themselves, saving the fatherland.
2. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, the hero of the story A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", showed heroic qualities in the defense of the Belogorodskaya fortress. He remains steadfast and does not hesitate, he is supported by a debt of honor, a military oath. When the rebels captured the commandant, Ivan Kuzmich remained true to his oath and did not recognize Pugachev, although this threatened with death. Military duty forced Mironov to take on a feat, despite the fact that he had to pay for it with his life. He sacrificed himself to stay true to his beliefs.

moral feat

1. It is extremely difficult to remain human when you have gone through blood and bullets. Andrey Sokolov, hero story "The fate of man" M.A. Sholokhov, not only fought, but also was captured, in a concentration camp, fled, and then lost his whole family. It was the family that was the guiding star for the hero, having lost it, he waved his hand at himself. However, after the war, Sokolov met the orphan boy Vanka, whose fate the war also crippled, and the hero did not pass by, did not allow the state or other people to take care of the orphan, Andrei became a father for Vanka, giving himself and him a chance to find a new meaning in life. The fact that he opened his heart to this boy is a moral feat, which was given to him no easier than courage in battle or endurance in the camp.
2. In the course of hostilities, it is sometimes forgotten that the enemy is also a person and, most likely, was sent by war to your homeland by necessity. But it is even more terrible when the war is civil, when a brother, a friend, or a fellow villager can turn out to be an enemy. Grigory Melekhov, hero novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don", in the new conditions of confrontation between the power of the Bolsheviks and the power of the Cossack chieftains, constantly fluctuated. Justice called him to the side of the first, and he fought for the Reds. But in one battle, the hero saw the inhuman execution of captured, unarmed people. This senseless cruelty turned the hero away from his past views. Finally entangled between the parties, he surrenders to the winner, just to see the children. He realized that the family for him is more important than his own life, more important than principles and views, for the sake of it it is worth taking risks, giving up so that the children at least see their father, who always disappeared in battles.

Heroism in love

1. The manifestation of heroism is possible not only on the battlefield, sometimes no less is required in ordinary life. Zheltkov, hero story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet", accomplished a real feat of love, laying his life on her altar. Only once seeing Vera, he lived only for her. When the husband and brother of his beloved forbade Zheltkov even to write to her, he could not live and committed suicide. But he even accepted death with the words to Vera: "Let your name shine." He did this act in order for his beloved to find peace. This is a real feat for the sake of love.
2. Mother's heroism reflected in the story L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara". Alya, the main character, gave birth to a daughter, Milochka, with Down syndrome. The woman devoted her whole life to raising her daughter with a rare diagnosis then. Her husband left her, she had to not only take care of her daughter, but also work as a nurse. And later, the mother fell ill, was not treated, but arranged Milochka better: work in a workshop for gluing envelopes, marriage, education in a special school. Having done everything she could, Alya left to die. The heroism of the mother is everyday, imperceptible, but no less important.

This is the end of schooling. Now the focus of all students It's no secret that a very large number of points can be obtained by writing an essay. That is why in this article we will write in detail a plan for an essay and discuss the most common topic in the exam, the problem of courage. Of course, there are quite a few topics: the attitude to the Russian language, the role of mother, teacher, childhood in a person's life, and many others. A particular difficulty for students is the argumentation of the problem of courage.

Many talented writers have devoted their works to the theme of heroism and courage, but they do not settle so firmly in our memory. In this regard, we will refresh them a bit and give the best arguments to defend your point of view from fiction.

Essay plan

To begin with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the correct essay plan, which, if all the points are available, will bring you the maximum possible points.

The composition of the exam in the Russian language is very different from an essay in social science, literature, and so on. This work has a strict form, which is better not to break. So, what does the plan of our future essay look like:

1. Introduction. What is the purpose of this paragraph? We need to smoothly bring our reader to the main problem raised in the text. This is a small paragraph that consists of three or four sentences, but clearly relates to the topic of your essay.
2. Problem designation. In this part, we say that we have read the text proposed for analysis and identified one of the problems. When you state a problem, think about the arguments beforehand. As a rule, there are two or more of them in the text, choose the most beneficial for you.
3. Your comment. You need to explain and characterize it. This should take you no more than seven sentences.
4. Note the position of the author, what he thinks and how he relates to the problem. Maybe he's trying to do something?
5. your position. You must write whether you agree with the author of the text or not, justify your answer.
6. Arguments. There should be two of them (from literature, history, personal experience). Teachers still offer to rely on arguments from the literature.
7. Concluding no more than three sentences. Draw a conclusion to everything that you have said, sum it up. There is also such a variant of ending as a rhetorical question. It will make you think, and the essay will be completed quite spectacularly.

As you can see from the plan, the hardest part is the argument. Now we will select examples for the problem of courage, we will use exclusively literary sources.

"Destiny of Man"

The theme of the problem of courage is the main idea of ​​Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man". Selflessness and courage are the basic concepts that characterize the protagonist Andrei Sokolov. Our character is able to step over all the obstacles that fate has prepared for him, to carry his cross with his head held high. He shows these qualities not only during military service, but also in captivity.

It seemed that the worst was over, but the trouble does not come alone, there is another very difficult test ahead - the death of people close to him. Now Andrei speaks selflessness, he gathered his last strength into a fist and visited the very place where there was once a quiet and family life.

"And the dawns here are quiet"

The problem of courage and stamina is also reflected in such a work as Vasiliev's story. Only here these qualities are attributed to fragile and delicate creatures - girls. This work tells that Russian women can also be real heroes, fight on an equal footing with men and defend their interests even in such global senses.

The author tells about the difficult fate of several women who are completely different from each other, who were brought together by a great misfortune - the Great Patriotic War. Although their lives used to develop in different ways, but the end was the same for everyone - death during the performance of a combat mission.

A story about a real person

Which is also found in many in the "Tale of a Real Man" by Boris Polevoy.

The work deals with the plight of the pilot, who loved the sky very much. For him, flight is the meaning of life, like wings for a bird. But they were cut off by a German fighter. Despite his injuries, Meresyev crawled through the forest for a very long time, he had neither water nor food. He overcame this difficulty, but more were waiting for him ahead. He lost his legs, he had to learn how to use prostheses, but this man was so strong in spirit that he even learned to dance on them.

Despite a large number of obstacles, Meresyev regained his wings. The heroism and selflessness of the hero can only be envied.

"Not listed"

Since we are interested in the problem of courage, we selected arguments from the literature about the war and the hard fate of the heroes. Also, Boris Vasilyev’s novel “Not on the Lists” is dedicated to the fate of Nikolai, who had just graduated from college, went to work and came under fire. He did not appear at all in any documents, but it did not occur to him to run away like a “rat from a ship”, he bravely fought and defended the honor of his homeland.

Arguing your opinion on the chosen problem is one of the most important tasks when writing an essay-reasoning. Since arguments from the literature are ranked higher, it is very important to prepare them in advance. On this page, I present a series of arguments on several popular issues.

PROBLEM: Meanness, betrayal, dishonor, envy.

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "The Captain's Daughter"

Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: he takes revenge on Masha Mironova for her refusal, during a duel with Grinev, he strikes him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor and dignity provokes him to treason: he goes over to the camp of the rebel Pugachev.

1. Karamzin "Poor Lisa"

Erast, the beloved of the heroine, betrayed his feelings for the girl, choosing material well-being

1. N.V. Gogol, story "Taras Bulba"

Andriy, the son of Taras, being captivated by love feelings, betrays his father, brother, comrades, Motherland. Bulba kills his son because he cannot live with such shame

1. A.S. Pushkin, tragedy "Mozart and Salieri"

The envious Salieri, jealous of the success of the great composer Mozart, poisoned him, although he considered him his friend.

PROBLEM: Reverence, servility, servility, opportunism.

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Death of an official"

The official Chervyakov is infected with the spirit of servility: Having sneezed and splashed the general's bald head, he was so frightened that, after repeated humiliations and requests, he died of fear.

2. A.S. Griboedov, comedy "Woe from Wit"

Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that you need to please everyone without exception. This will allow you to climb the career ladder. Caring for Sofya, Famusov's daughter, he pursues this very goal.

PROBLEM: Bribery, embezzlement

1. N.V. Gogol, comedy "The Government Inspector"

The mayor, like all officials of the county town, is a bribe taker and embezzler. He is convinced that all issues can be solved with the help of money and the ability to splurge.

1. N.V. Gogol, poem "Dead Souls"

Chichikov, drawing up a bill of sale for "dead" souls, gives a bribe to an official, after which things go faster.

PROBLEM: Rudeness, ignorance, hypocrisy

1. A.N. Ostrovsky, drama "Thunderstorm"

Wild is a typical boor who offends everyone around him. Impunity has created in this man utter unbridledness.

1. DI. Fonvizin, comedy "Undergrowth"

Mrs. Prostakova considers her boorish behavior to be normal, so the people around her are “cattle” and “boobs”.

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Chameleon"

Police warden Ochumelov grovels before those who are above him in the ranks, and feels himself the master of the situation, in front of those who are below. This is reflected in his behavior, which changes depending on the situation.

PROBLEM: The destructive influence of money (material wealth) on the human soul, hoarding

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Ionych"

Dr. Startsev, a promising and talented doctor in his youth, turns into Ionych's accumulator. The main passion of his life is money, which became the cause of the moral decay of the individual.

1. N.V. Gogol, poem "Dead Souls"

The stingy landowner Plyushkin personifies complete spiritual degradation. The passion for hoarding became the cause of the destruction of all family and friendly ties, Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance.

PROBLEM: Vandalism, unconsciousness

1. I.A. Bunin "Cursed Days"

Bunin could not even imagine that the brutality and vandalism brought by the revolution would turn people into a maddened crowd, destroying everything in its path.

1. D.S. Likhachev, the book "On the Good and the Beautiful"

The Russian academician was outraged when he learned that a monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. This is a terrible example of vandalism and unconsciousness.

1. V. Rasputin, story "Farewell to Matera"

During the flooding of villages, not only people's dwellings, but also churches, graveyards went under water, which is a terrible example of vandalism.

PROBLEM: The role of art

1. A.T. Tvardovsky, poem "Vasily Terkin"

Front-line soldiers talk about how the soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from front-line newspapers, where the chapters of the poem were published. So, an encouraging word was sometimes more important than food.

Natasha Rostova sings beautifully, at these moments she becomes unusually beautiful, and the people around her are drawn to her.

1. A.I. Kuprin, story "Garnet Bracelet"

Listening to Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata, Vera experienced, thanks to the hopelessly in love Zheltkov, a feeling similar to catharsis. Music awakened in her sympathy, compassion, the desire to love.

PROBLEM: Love for the motherland, nostalgia

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Motherland"

The lyrical hero loves his homeland as it is, and is ready to go through all the trials with his people.

1. A. Blok, poem "Russia"

For the lyrical hero Blok, love for the motherland is like love for a woman. He believes in the great future of his country.

1. I.A. Bunin, stories "Clean Monday", "Antonov apples"

I.A. Bunin in the 20th year left Russia forever. A feeling of nostalgia haunted him all his life. The heroes of his stories recall the great past of Russia, which is irretrievably lost: history, culture, traditions.

PROBLEM: Loyalty to this word (duty)

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "Dubrovsky"

Masha, married to an unloved man, refuses to break the oath of allegiance given in the church when Dubrovsky tries to save her.

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "Eugene Onegin"

Tatyana Larina, true to her marital duty and given word, is forced to refuse Onegin. She became the personification of the moral strength of man.

PROBLEM: Self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy, cruelty, humanism

1. M.A. Bulgakov, novel "The Master and Margarita"

Margarita, who loves the Master, in spite of everything, is true to her feelings, she is ready for any sacrifice. A woman flies to Woland's ball to save her beloved. In the same place, she asks to free the sinner Frida from suffering.

1. A.I. Solzhenitsyn, story "Matrenin Dvor"

Matryona lived all her life for people, helped them, asking nothing in return. The author calls her a “righteous woman”, a person who lives according to the laws of God and conscience

1. L. Andreev, the story "Kusaka"

Having tamed a dog and left it for the winter in a holiday village, people showed their selfishness, showed how cruel they can be.

The Cossack Gavrila, having lost his son, fell in love as a native, a stranger, an enemy. Hatred of the "Reds" grew into paternal love and care.

PROBLEM: Self-education, self-education, introspection, self-improvement

1. I.S. Turgenev, novel "Fathers and Sons"

The nihilist Bazarov believed that "every person should educate himself." And this is the lot of strong people.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, trilogy "Childhood. Adolescence. Youth"

Nikolenka is an autobiographical hero. Like the author himself, he strives for self-improvement, for creative self-realization.

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, novel "A Hero of Our Time"

Pechorin in his diary talks with himself, evaluates his actions, analyzes life, which indicates the depth of this personality.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, novel "War and Peace"

The writer showed us the "dialectics of the soul" of Bolkonsky and Bezukhov, told us how difficult a person's path to truth, truth, love is. His heroes made mistakes, suffered, suffered, but this is the idea of ​​human self-improvement.

PROBLEM: Courage, heroism, moral duty, patriotism

1. B. Vasiliev, “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”

Anti-aircraft gunners, destroying a detachment of saboteurs, died, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy.

1. B. Polevoy, "The Tale of a Real Man"

Pilot Alesey Maresyev, thanks to fortitude and courage, not only survived after the amputation of his legs, but also became a full-fledged person, returned to his squadron.

1. Vorobyov, story "Killed near Moscow"

The Kremlin cadets, having shown courage and heroism, fulfilled their patriotic duty, defending the approaches to Moscow. Lieutenant Hawks is the only one left alive.

1. M. Sholokhov, story "The fate of man"

The hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, went through the entire war: he fought bravely, was captured, and fled. He honorably fulfilled his civic duty. The war took his family away from him, but, fortunately, fate gave him a meeting with Vanyushka, who became his son.

1. V. Bykov "Crane cry"

Vasily Glechik, still quite a boy, did not leave his position during the war. The thought of salvation was unacceptable to him. He did not violate the order of the battalion commander, fulfilled it at the cost of his own life, remained faithful to the oath and duty to his homeland.

1. (56 words) Feat is a big word. But this is how one can describe the act of Guli Koroleva, described in the book dedicated to her “The Fourth Height” by Elena Ilyina. During the battle, she took out 50 wounded soldiers from the field, and after the death of the commander, she took command. And even being mortally wounded, she continued to fight until her last breath. One can only admire the courage of this girl.
2. (47 words) Despite the fact that the hero of A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" does not consider his act a feat, he can be considered a hero. The man, ignoring the great risk, selflessly swims across the river to convey an important report to the command. It could cost him his life, but he still decided on this act.
3. (48 words) In M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", the theme of not only a military feat, but also a moral one, is raised. The driver Andrey Sokolov, being at the front, learns about the death of his entire family. Despite this, he found the strength not to break down and adopt an orphaned boy. The strength of the character of the hero cannot but delight.
4. (50 words) B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” tells about the military feat of a whole group. During reconnaissance, the women's detachment and the foreman have to engage in a desperate battle with the enemy. Each of the women dies heroically and painfully. Even realizing the danger, they broke out to the front and sacrificed their lives on a par with men.
5. (52 words) "The Tale of a Real Man" by B. Polevoy is not by chance that it has such a name. The author tells about the real story of the pilot Alexei Meresyev. The hero was shot down by a fighter over the territory occupied by the Germans, tried to find his way back through the forests until he went out to his own. Even having lost both legs, the man continues to repulse the enemy. Such a person can truly be called great, and his deed - a feat.
6. (61 words) In the story "Obelisk" by V. Bykov, a controversial attitude to the hero's deed arises. Teacher Ales Morozov creates an anti-fascist group with his students during the war. Not listening to the teacher, the guys commit the murder of a brutal policeman. After their capture, Ales is offered to surrender voluntarily. The man comes, realizing that the students will not be released. Subsequently, they are all executed. Years later, someone considers this act reckless, and the witness of the events - a feat.
7. (44 words) In the epic novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy shows us that a feat is not always noticeable. Captain Tushin, who practically took the bullets on himself, was reprimanded for going out without an order, although the courageous resistance of his battery shocked even the enemy. The feat was noticed only thanks to the intercession of Prince Andrei.
8. (52 words) Thomas Keneally's novel Schindler's Ark tells the story of a real person - the German Oskar Schindler. The man saved a huge number of Jews during the Holocaust. He illegally hired them as his workers, sheltering them from persecution. After the capitulation of Germany, the hero was forced to flee, but entire generations of Jews remained, grateful to him for the moral feat that he accomplished.
9. (53 words) "Alpine Ballad" by V. Bykov is a story about bitter self-sacrifice. Ivan Treshka, who accidentally escaped the concentration camp, meets Julia. The sudden feeling that flared up between them is interrupted by the fascists pursuing them. Here the hero accomplishes his feat: having reached a dead end, Ivan saves the girl, throwing her from the gorge into a snowdrift, while he himself remains to be torn to pieces, sacrificing his life.
10. (59 words) B. Vasiliev's story "He Wasn't on the Lists" tells about the defense of the Brest Fortress. Undoubtedly, everyone who rebuffed the enemy in that battle accomplished a feat. But the only surviving lieutenant Pluzhnikov is striking in his stamina. Deprived of his comrades, he continues to fight valiantly. But even being taken prisoner, he so admired the Nazis with his courage that they took off their caps in front of him.

Examples from life, cinema and media

1. (57 words) In The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, the son of a concentration camp commandant befriends a Jewish boy on the other side of the fence. Eventually, the parents find out about it and insist on moving. However, the boy manages to get over the fence to help his friend in search of his father. Despite the tragic outcome of events, even such a sincere desire to help can be considered a feat.
2. (41 words) Rescuers or firefighters constantly risk their lives to save others. Each change is a new test. Such work requires incredible courage and fearlessness, it takes a lot of nerves. Often they themselves do not consider this a feat, but for the people who receive their help, they are real heroes.
3. (42 words) Not all feats are on a grand scale. A boy who is afraid of heights, but takes a small kitten from a tree, also accomplishes a feat. He struggles with his fear, stepping over it in order to ultimately save a defenseless animal. Within himself, he overcomes a great barrier. It deserves respect.
4. (56 words) Once my friend and I were sunbathing on the beach. Nearby, in shallow water, a girl was wandering, but suddenly she abruptly disappeared from sight. We got excited and my friend went to check out that place. It turned out that there was a double bottom - she fell and began to sink. A friend, not afraid of danger, dived after her and saved her life. I consider this a real feat.
5. (43 words) A feat can be completely different. My friend is constantly helping homeless animals. I can call this a feat, as she sincerely cares for them, takes them home and keeps them warm and comfortable. Despite all the difficulties, she picks up the rejected pets, keeping them alive.
6. (47 words) I once came across an article about a young man who saved a little girl who had fallen out of a window. The guy just walked by, reacted incredibly quickly and managed to catch the child. With this action, he accomplished a real feat. Heroes are among us. And they do not wear developing raincoats at all, but ordinary jeans and T-shirts.
7. (42 words) In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows II, the protagonist performs an incredible feat when he decides to sacrifice his life to save the entire wizarding world. He meets with the main evil face to face. Ignoring the persuasion of friends who are ready to fight, Harry remains steadfast.
8. (40 words) I have always considered the adoption of a child to be a moral feat. I admire how people are able to take on such responsibility, to give love and warmth to a stepchild. Such a feat was accomplished by my uncle and aunt. I respect them immensely for such a complex and generous decision.
9. (47 words) People very often become attached to their pets. The hero of a story I stumbled upon on a news website wanted to protect his pet so much that he rushed at the bear when it attacked his puppy. The man showed inhuman courage, thanks to which his pet survived. This can be called a real feat.
10. (62 words) In my opinion, Stephen Hawking's first wife accomplished an incredible feat. Jane did not leave the scientist when he began to develop an illness that later led to paralysis. She continued to look after him as long as possible, gave him three children, literally devoted all her youth to him. Even though the couple divorced many years later, this choice of a woman still fascinates me.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

The problem of courage and steadfastness in war cannot but excite modern man. V.P. Nekrasov also thought about it.

Reflecting on this issue, the author tells us a real story that happened during the Great Patriotic War. Courage, steadfastness, ingenuity, modesty, courage - all these qualities were in the hero of the work of Vasily Konakov. That is why the author does not hide his delight about the feat accomplished by the soldier: “this man, together with the foreman, fought off several attacks a day and called it only“ it was difficult ””.

The writer wants to convey to us that a real soldier, a man will not turn away from problems and will go to the end without complaining about life. Only such people survive in the war, there is no place for cowards. The publicist often draws our attention to Konakov's smile: "he smiled, as usual, with only the corners of his lips." So, the writer wants to show us that even in times of war and huge human losses, people remained people! Only a true warrior is able to overcome obstacles in doing so without succumbing to the madness of war.

Confirming the above, I will give an example from the literature.

I would like to believe that readers will think about the problem posed by V.P. Nekrasov and will even more honor the heroes of the war, the current veterans, of whom there are very few left.

Updated: 2019-03-06

Attention!
If you notice an error or typo, highlight the text and press Ctrl+Enter.
Thus, you will provide invaluable benefit to the project and other readers.

Thank you for your attention.

.

Useful material on the topic

This is the end of schooling. Now the focus of all students It's no secret that a very large number of points can be obtained by writing an essay. That is why in this article we will write in detail a plan for an essay and discuss the most common topic in the exam, the problem of courage. Of course, there are quite a few topics: the attitude to the Russian language, the role of mother, teacher, childhood in a person's life, and many others. A particular difficulty for students is the argumentation of the problem of courage.

Many talented writers have devoted their works to the theme of heroism and courage, but they do not settle so firmly in our memory. In this regard, we will refresh them a bit and give the best arguments to defend your point of view from fiction.

Essay plan

To begin with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the correct essay plan, which, if all the points are available, will bring you the maximum possible points.

The composition of the exam in the Russian language is very different from an essay in social science, literature, and so on. This work has a strict form, which is better not to break. So, what does the plan of our future essay look like:

1. Introduction. What is the purpose of this paragraph? We need to smoothly bring our reader to the main problem raised in the text. This is a small paragraph that consists of three or four sentences, but clearly relates to the topic of your essay.
2. Problem designation. In this part, we say that we have read the text proposed for analysis and identified one of the problems. When you state a problem, think about the arguments beforehand. As a rule, there are two or more of them in the text, choose the most beneficial for you.
3. Your comment. You need to explain and characterize it. This should take you no more than seven sentences.
4. Note the position of the author, what he thinks and how he relates to the problem. Maybe he's trying to do something?
5. your position. You must write whether you agree with the author of the text or not, justify your answer.
6. Arguments. There should be two of them (from literature, history, personal experience). Teachers still offer to rely on arguments from the literature.
7. Concluding no more than three sentences. Draw a conclusion to everything that you have said, sum it up. There is also such a variant of ending as a rhetorical question. It will make you think, and the essay will be completed quite spectacularly.

As you can see from the plan, the hardest part is the argument. Now we will select examples for the problem of courage, we will use exclusively literary sources.

"Destiny of Man"

The theme of the problem of courage is the main idea of ​​Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man". Selflessness and courage are the basic concepts that characterize the protagonist Andrei Sokolov. Our character is able to step over all the obstacles that fate has prepared for him, to carry his cross with his head held high. He shows these qualities not only during military service, but also in captivity.

It seemed that the worst was over, but the trouble does not come alone, there is another very difficult test ahead - the death of people close to him. Now Andrei speaks selflessness, he gathered his last strength into a fist and visited the very place where there was once a quiet and family life.

"And the dawns here are quiet"

The problem of courage and stamina is also reflected in such a work as Vasiliev's story. Only here these qualities are attributed to fragile and delicate creatures - girls. This work tells that Russian women can also be real heroes, fight on an equal footing with men and defend their interests even in such global senses.

The author tells about the difficult fate of several women who are completely different from each other, who were brought together by a great misfortune - the Great Patriotic War. Although their lives used to develop in different ways, but the end was the same for everyone - death during the performance of a combat mission.

A story about a real person

Which is also found in many in the "Tale of a Real Man" by Boris Polevoy.

The work deals with the plight of the pilot, who loved the sky very much. For him, flight is the meaning of life, like wings for a bird. But they were cut off by a German fighter. Despite his injuries, Meresyev crawled through the forest for a very long time, he had neither water nor food. He overcame this difficulty, but more were waiting for him ahead. He lost his legs, he had to learn how to use prostheses, but this man was so strong in spirit that he even learned to dance on them.

Despite a large number of obstacles, Meresyev regained his wings. The heroism and selflessness of the hero can only be envied.

"Not listed"

Since we are interested in the problem of courage, we selected arguments from the literature about the war and the hard fate of the heroes. Also, Boris Vasilyev’s novel “Not on the Lists” is dedicated to the fate of Nikolai, who had just graduated from college, went to work and came under fire. He did not appear at all in any documents, but it did not occur to him to run away like a “rat from a ship”, he bravely fought and defended the honor of his homeland.

Text essay:

Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy - Russian Soviet writer and public figure, author of historical and science fiction novels, novels and short stories.

In his article, the writer reflects the problem of courage and resilience. The author argues that even a crippled person in the war, full of courage, will defend his homeland to the end!
This problem is relevant today, since in the modern world there are very few people who are truly brave and courageous.
Alexei Nikolaevich speaks of the hero's optimism in the following sentence: "It happens worse," he said, "but you can live with it."
Speaking about the need to defend Russia, the author writes: "... I am a freak, but this will not interfere with the matter, I will fully restore combat capability."
Tolstoy admires the simple, human courage of an ordinary soldier: "... and a great strength rises in him - human beauty."

I agree with Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy. Indeed, courage revives new character traits.

Firstly, in the work "War and Peace", written by L.N. Tolstoy describes the feat. Tushin shifted shells from one place to another, creating the illusion that there were a lot of them!
Secondly, how many times do we hear on TV that some unknown guy saved a little girl or boy from a fire. But not everyone can do it! NOT everyone will climb into the fire to save a person. Only a truly brave, courageous person is capable of this.

Thus, I want to conclude. Courage is a special character trait, which is the highest value in a person. And in order to possess it, you need to understand how much your help is needed by people and what result it can bring.

Text by Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy:

(1) Russian character! (2) Go ahead and describe him ... (Z) Should I talk about heroic deeds? (4) But there are so many of them that you get confused which one to prefer.
(5) In war, constantly spinning around death, people become better, all nonsense peels off them, like unhealthy skin after a sunburn, and the core remains in a person. (6) Of course, one is stronger, the other is weaker, but those with a flawed core are stretching, everyone wants to be a good and faithful comrade.
(7) My friend, Yegor Dremov, even before the war was of strict behavior, extremely respected and loved his mother, Marya Polikarpovna, and his father, Yegor Yegorovich, fulfilled his testament: “You will see a lot in the world, son, and you will visit abroad, but be proud of the Russian title ... "
(8) He also did not like to rant about military exploits: he would frown and smoke. (9) We learned about the military affairs of his tank from the words of the crew, in particular, the driver Chuvilev surprised the listeners.
- (10) You see, he leads the tiger with a barrel, and the comrade lieutenant will give him in the side, how he will give him another tower - he lifted his trunk, as he will give in the third - smoke poured out of the tiger from all the cracks, the flame how it bursts out of it a hundred meters up...
(11) This is how Lieutenant Yegor Dremov fought until misfortune happened to him. (12) During the Battle of Kursk, when the Germans were already bleeding and faltering, his tank - on a hillock, in a wheat field - was hit by a shell, two of the crew were immediately killed, the tank caught fire from the second shell. (13) The driver Chuvilev, who jumped out through the front hatch, again climbed onto the armor and managed to pull the lieutenant out: he was unconscious, his overalls were on fire. (14) Chuvilev threw handfuls of loose earth on the lieutenant's face, on his head, on his clothes to bring down the fire. (15) Then he crawled with him from funnel to funnel to the dressing station ...
(16) Yegor Dremov survived and did not even lose his sight, although his face was so charred that bones were visible in places. (17) He spent eight months in the hospital, he underwent plastic surgery one after another, and his nose, lips, eyelids, and ears were restored. (18) Eight months later, when the bandages were removed, he looked at his and now not his face. (19) The nurse, who gave him a small mirror, turned away and began to cry. (20) He immediately returned the mirror to her.
(21) It happens worse, he said, but you can live with it.
(22) But he no longer asked the nurse for a mirror, he only often felt his face, as if he was getting used to it.
(23) The commission found him fit for non-combatant service. (24) Then he went to the general.
(25) I ask for your permission to return to the regiment. "(26) But you are an invalid," said the general.
(27) No way, I'm a freak, but this will not interfere with the matter, I will fully restore combat capability!
(28) The fact that the general during the conversation tried not to look at him, Yegor Dremov noted and only grinned with purple, straight as a crack, lips.
(29) Yes, here they are, Russian characters! (30) It seems that a person is simple, but a severe misfortune will come, in big or small, and great power rises in him - human beauty.

(According to A.N. Tolstoy *)

* Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945) - Russian Soviet writer and public figure, author of socio-psychological, historical and science fiction novels, novels and short stories, journalistic works